Tóm tắt luận án nonstate engagement in higher education in viet nam at present

Research hypotheses - Non-state engagement in higher education in Viet Nam is the process of involvement of the whole society in promoting higher education development under the State's

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION MINISTRY OF AND TRAINING HOME AFFAIRS

NATIONAL ACADEMY OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

TA THI BICH NGOC

HA NOI, 2021

The doctoral dissertation was completed at:

National Academy of Public Administration

Supervisors: 1 Assoc.Prof.Dr Truong Quoc Chinh

2 Assoc.Prof.Dr Dang Khac Anh

Reviewer 1: Reviewer 2:

The doctoral dissertation is defended before the Doctoral Dissertation Assessment Council at the institutional level

Venue: Room for Doctoral Dissertation Defense ……,

National Academy of Public Administration

77, Nguyen Chi Thanh, Dong Da, Ha Noi

Time: At ………… Date: …………

The doctoral dissertation can be found at the National Library of Viet Nam and the Library of the National Academy of Public Administration

2 Ta Thi Bich Ngoc, Policies for non-state engagement

in higher education in Viet Nam to develop higher education towards international integration, Journal of

Social Sciences and Humanities, Volume 3, 1b (2017), pp 165-180, ISSN 2354-1172

3 Ta Thi Bich Ngoc, The current state of non-public higher education in the context of non-state engagement in higher education in Viet Nam, Viet Nam

Social Sciences Review, Volume 4, Issue 2b (2018), pp 143-156, ISSN 2354-1172

4 Ta Thi Bich Ngoc, Strengthening attraction of budget financial sources to promote transformation and development of public higher education, Journal of

off-Social Sciences and Humanities, Volume 5, Issue 2b (2019), pp.138-150, ISSN 2354-1172

5 Ta Thi Bich Ngoc, Higher education in the context of

“new normality”, Journal of Social Sciences and

Humanities, Volume, Issue 2b (2020), pp 218-228, ISSN 2354-1172

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INTRODUCTION

1 Reasons for choosing the research topic

Non-state engagement in public services is seen from the public management perspective as diversification of service providers In Western economic theories, non-state engagement is considered the government’s solution to market failures; and non-state engagement

in public service provision implies the State organizes public service provision which is publicly funded In Viet Nam, non-state engagement in public service provision is understood as the mobilization of non-state engagement in public service provision, organization of the process under the sate management Given the difference in notion in different countries, the engagement of non-state actors in performing public tasks is seen from the perspective of public management an inevitable, common trend in the world Higher education is post-upper-secondary education, aiming at providing learners with knowledge, skills and attitudes concerning a particular discipline or specialization Non-state engagement in higher education has been remarkable in the recent years in Viet Nam There has been strong but uneven development in non-public higher education and inadequacies still remain There is a lack of a strategy for receiving off-budget financial sources which results in limited implementation Receiving non-financial sources is not under control and much depends on the capacity of individual higher education institutions Autonomy is strongly promoted and needs a mechanism and a drive to be exercised widely International cooperation in higher education has been implemented but not commensurate with its potential With the desire to describe the actual situation of non-state engagement in higher education in Viet Nam, analyze its reasons, and propose solutions to promote non-state

engagement in higher education, the author choses the topic state engagement in higher education in Viet Nam at present" as the

- To propose viewpoints and solutions to promote non-state engagement in higher education in Viet Nam

3 Research object and scope

- Scope of time: review of the Communist Party of Viet Nam’s guideline and the legislation on non-state engagement in higher education from 1986 to 2020; viewpoints and solutions to promote non-state engagement in higher education in the 2021-2030 period

- Scope of space: 06 selected universities representing geographical location, type of university, and the piloting of operation transformation according to Resolution No 77/NQ-CP, namely: Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HUTECH), University of Social Sciences and Humanities (Viet Nam National University Ho Chi Minh City), Ho Chi Minh City University of Law, University of Home Affairs, Thuongmai University, and Phuong Dong University

4 Methodology and research methods

4.1 Methodology

The dissertation uses the methodology of the dialectical, historical materialism and are based on the systems of the viewpoints of the

- Survey questionnaire: The questionnaire was distributed to 10 lecturers and 50 students who are selected randomly in each university and asked to assess the actual situation of non-state engagement in higher education in Viet Nam The collected data were processed with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS Statistics)

- The in-depth interview method was used to collect information from the stakeholders to assess non-state engagement in higher education in Viet Nam at present, provide inputs for developing solutions to promote non-state engagement in higher education in the coming time Two groups were in-depth interviewed, including managers in the authorities under the Ministry of Education and Training in charge of management of the issues related to the research and the current managers at university/faculty/department levels in the selected universities

5 Research questions and hypotheses

5.1 Research questions

- What is non-state engagement in higher education in Viet Nam?

- Why is it necessary to promote non-state engagement in higher education in Viet Nam?

- What is the actual situation of non-state engagement in higher education in Viet Nam?

- What solutions are needed to promote non-state engagement in higher education in Viet Nam?

5.2 Research hypotheses

- Non-state engagement in higher education in Viet Nam is the process of involvement of the whole society in promoting higher education development under the State's management

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- It is necessary to promote non-state engagement in higher education in Viet Nam to reduce the budget burden while ensuring the provision of the human resources at higher education level; providing learning opportunities to build a learning society and meet the lifelong learning needs; creating competition in the system, setting requirements for enhancing capacity in state management of higher education; and promoting the potentials in society, increasing activeness of the stakeholders to improve the quality of higher education

- The key expressions of non-state engagement in higher education

in Viet Nam are present, specifically: Non-public higher education is developed earliest with the fast growth rate but the effectiveness has not yet been gained as desired Receiving non-financial resources for higher education is a regular and widespread activity; however, the stakeholders remain inactive and have not promoted their potential University autonomy has been piloted in the initial stage on a small scale; therefore, the impact has not bean clear; Attraction of off-budget financial sources for higher education and international cooperation in higher education has not been implemented but not commensurate with the potential

- To promote non-state engagement in higher education in Viet Nam, it is necessary to raise awareness of the importance of non-state engagement in higher education; to complete policies and legislation on non-state engagement in higher education; to organize the effective non-state engagement in higher education; to ensure conditions to promote non-state engagement in higher education Despite the current limitations, non-state engagement in higher education will play a productive role if the solutions are well implemented

6 New contributions of the doctoral dissertation

First, the doctoral dissertation studies non-state engagement in higher education from the public management perspective as non-state engagement in a specific public service Non-state engagement

in higher education is systematically examined through specific expressions in five aspects, which makes the dissertation different from the existing research works that study this activity in a single aspect The dissertation contributes to formation of a systematic perspective concerning non-state engagement in higher education

Third, in terms of practical contribution, based on the research findings, the doctoral dissertation has made specific assessment of the actual situation of non-state engagement in higher education in Viet Nam The concluding statements are based on serious research, originality, contributing to the depiction of the actual situation of non-state engagement in higher education in Viet Nam and the reasons of the actual situation From the public management perspective, the dissertation has developed viewpoints and proposed specific solutions to promote non-state engagement in higher education in Viet Nam The solutions are proposed based on the reasons of the actual situation, therefore, are specific, evidence-based, and different from those stated in the published research works on individual aspects of non-state engagement in higher education

7 Scientific and practical significance of the doctoral dissertation

The research findings contribute evidence of non-state engagement

in a specific public service, assert and develop arguments on state engagement in public services, non-state engagement in education, and non-state engagement in higher education They also give a review of non-state engagement in higher education in the country and in the world

non-The doctoral dissertation provides an assessment of the actual situation of non-state engagement in higher education in the five key aspects and recommendations to complete the system of policies on non-state engagement in higher education in Viet Nam and promote higher education institutions to implement non-state engagement in higher education

8 The structure of the dissertation

In addition to the introduction, conclusion, references, the doctoral dissertation has four chapters

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CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW OF THE RESEARCH WORKS RELATED TO NON-STATE ENGAGEMENT IN EDUCATION AND NON-STATE ENGAGEMENT IN HIGHER EDUCATION 1.1 International research works

Engagement of actors in society in improving the quality and competitiveness of higher education attracts interest of many scholars

in the world The expressions of engagement are different in different countries due to specific historical conditions and social contexts In the United States, university autonomy is the main philosophy and the strongly development of the educational system provides abundant practices for research In Europe, the implementation of academic and student exchange (Erasmus), the effectiveness of mass open online courses (MOOCs), and university autonomy are getting more attention for research Meanwhile, in China, non-state engagement in higher education is associated with financial contribution and under transformation in the cause of education modernization

1.2 Domestic research works

Viet Nam places education and training along with science and technology on the top of the national policies Development and strong investment in education is not only the Communist Party of Viet Nam’s guideline and public policies but also a tradition practices in each Vietnamese family, which creates a foundation to inspire and promote non-state engagement in education Generally, research works on non-state engagement in education are varied

1.2.1 Research works on non-state engagement in education

Higher education is the highest level in the national education system While non-state engagement in higher education is not studied yet, non-state engagement in lower education levels are thoroughly examined There have been no research works addressing non-state engagement in higher education as a research object, which is a theoretical gap for conducting the doctoral dissertation

`1.2.2 Research works on aspects of non-state engagement in

higher education

Non-state engagement in higher education is seen a series of activities Non-state engagement in higher education in Viet Nam

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takes places in the five key aspects Therefore, the research works are divided into groups by aspects on non-state engagement in higher education for review

1.3 Review of the related research works and issues to be further studied in the doctoral dissertation

The research works are mainly in the form of academic articles, reference books and doctoral dissertations and examine non-state engagement in education in general Most theoretical studies on non-state engagement in education focus on introducing state institutions

on non-state engagement and solutions to perfect state institutions on non-state engagement in education in general and non-state engagement in preschool education, primary and secondary education There have not been any research works on reviewing and clarifying theoretical issues and examining the practice of non-state engagement in higher education, which is a research gap in Viet Nam

at present

The research works in the literature review examine non-state engagement in higher education by expressions mentioned in the theoretical framework of the doctoral dissertation The research works on non-public higher education have clarified the formation and development of non-public higher education in Viet Nam, analyzed its advantages and limitations, and pointed out solutions based on the management practice The research works on attraction

of off-budget financial sources for higher education focus on public universities and considered the attraction of off-budget financial sources a prerequisite for university autonomy The research works

on receiving non-financial resources for higher education study the

"hot" and "difficult" legacy issue which are the relation between research institutes and universities They have mentioned the role of enterprises in its relation with universities but not clarified other stakeholders’ contribution to higher education The research works

on university autonomy focus on theoretical issues, identifying the conceptual content and the scope of autonomy for universities based

on the lessons learned from other countries There are not many research works on international cooperation in higher education which are case studies with specific recommendations These studies analyze each specific aspects of higher education as an independent issue, and there are no studies that analyze these issues as

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expressions of non-state engagement in higher education This is a gap for the dissertation to comprehensively examine non-state engagement in higher education through connecting these issues There is a gap in research on non-state engagement in higher education in Viet Nam The doctoral dissertation aims to clarify the key theoretical issues of non-state engagement in higher education, assess the actual situation of non-state engagement in higher education in Vietnam, identify the achievements, limitations and their reasons It develops viewpoints and solutions to promote non-state engagement in higher education in Viet Nam in the coming time The dissertation studies five main aspects of non-state engagement in higher education in Viet Nam from the public management perspective The practice of these five aspects is examined as the actual expressions of non-state engagement in higher education in Viet Nam

CHAPTER 2: THE SCIENTIFIC RATIONALES OF

NON-STATE ENGAGEMENT

IN HIGHER EDUCATION 2.1 Concepts

2.1.1 Concept of "non-state engagement"

Non-state engagement is understood in Viet Nam as the process of mobilizing and organizing the wide, active participation of people, organizations in provision on the basis of promoting creativity and contribution of everyone to build a responsible community to meet the social demand This concept is differently perceived in Western countries The term non-state engagement emphasizes the engagement of non-state actors in public service provision, affirming the role of these actors as different members in society

2.1.2 Concept of "higher education"

Higher education is non-compulsory education after general education The goal of higher education is to provide learners with knowledge, skills and attitudes concerning a particular discipline, specialization; to increase learners' professional understanding and their employability for earning a living Higher education comprises teaching, research, and supporting activities for teaching and research In our country, higher education includes undergraduate,

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master, and doctoral training conducted in higher education institutions

2.1.3 Concept of "non-state engagement in higher education"

Non-state engagement of higher education is the process of mobilizing the participation of society as a whole in promoting higher education development under state management The participation of the whole society is expressed in many aspects and

in the form of mobilized resources Public management aims to realize public goals; therefore, non-state engagement in higher education is seen a solution to improve the quality of higher education towards fundamental, comprehensive educational transformation

2.2 Aspects, characteristics, and role of non-state engagement

in higher education

2.2.1 Aspects of non-state engagement in higher education

Development of non-public higher education; Attraction of budget financial sources for higher education; Receiving non-financial resources for higher education; Autonomy exercise of higher education institutions; International cooperation in higher education

off-2.2.2 Characteristics of non-state engagement in higher education

Non-state engagement in higher education is characterized with diversity of actors in provision of higher education service Non-state engagement in higher education does not reduce the State’s responsibility for management of higher education; rather, it takes place under the State’s macro management Non-state engagement in higher education is a society-oriented activity, serving the shared interests of the community

2.2.3 The role of non-state engagement in higher education

Non-state engagement in higher education reduces the burden on the budget while ensuring the supply of human resources at higher education level; providing learning opportunities to build a learning society, meeting the lifelong learning needs; creating competition in the system, setting requirements for enhancing capacity of state management of higher education; promoting potentials in society, encouraging the stakeholders' active engagement to improve the

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quality of higher education

2.3 Factors influencing non-state engagement in higher education

Socio-economic development level; public policies and legislations

on non-state engagement in higher education; awareness, consensus and capacity of higher education institutions and communities in promoting non-state engagement in higher education; the reality of deep, wide international integration and foreign partners' investment

in higher education; the actual situation of higher education and the initial results of the implementation of non-state engagement in higher education

2.4 International experience concerning non-state engagement

in higher education and lessons for Viet Nam

Though the term of non-state engagement in higher education may

be interpreted differently in different countries, governments promote mobilization of the participation of society as a whole in higher education development under the State’s regulation at macro level The common practice of non-state engagement in higher education in the world has revealed three lessons learnt which are: sharing higher education costs, expanding the autonomy of higher education institutions, and developing the model of enterprise university

CHAPTER 3: THE ACTUAL SITUATION OF

NON-STATE ENGAGEMENT

IN HIGHER EDUCATION IN VIET NAM

3.1 Overview of higher education in Viet Nam

3.1.1 Higher education institutions

Viet Nam’s higher education system comprises 237 higher education institutions including 172 public, 65 non-public higher education institutions by the end of the 2018-2019 academic year and

52 and 17 respectively in the 1999-2000 academic year These figures reflect remarkable growth

3.1.2 Enrollment

In the 2018-2019 academic year, the total enrollment was 1,526,111 students, reaching 212% compared to the enrollment in the 1999-2000 academic year (in which the number was 719,842