Tài liệu Hanbook of LASERS P1 doc

Thus today we have lasing without inversion, quantumcascade lasers, lasing in strongly scattering media, lasing in biomaterials, lasing in photoniccrystals, a single atom laser, speculat

111 Uuu

112 Uub (272)

2 He 4.002602 2 0

K Shell

17 VIIB VIIA

16 VIB VIA

15 VB VA

14 IVB IVA

13 IIIB IIIA

10 Ne

20.1797 2-8

0 9

F

18.9984032 2-7

-1 8

O

15.9994 2-6

-2 7

N

14.00674 2-5

+1 +3 +5 -1 -3

6 C

12.0107 2-4

+2 -4

5 B

10.811 2-3 +3

18 Ar 39.948 2-8-8

0 17

Cl 35.4527 2-8-7

+1 +7 -1

16 S 32.066 2-8-6

+4 -2

15 P 30.973761 2-8-5

+3 -3

14 Si 28.0855 2-8-4

+2 -4

13 Al 26.981538 2-8-3 +3

36 Kr 83.80 -8-18-8

0 35

Br 79.904 -8-18-7

+1 -1

34 Se 78.96 -8-18-6

+4 -2

33 As 74.92160 -8-18-5

+3 -3

32 Ge 72.61 -8-18-4

+2 31

Ga 69.723 -8-18-3 +3

54 Xe 131.29 -18-18-8

0 53

I 126.90447 -18-18-7

+1 +7 -1

52 Te 127.60 -18-18-6

+4 -2

51 Sb 121.760 -18-18-5

+3 -3

50 Sn 118.710 -18-18 -4

+2 49

In 114.818 -18-18-3 +3

86 Rn (222) -32-18-8

0 85

At (210) -32-18-7

84 Po (209) -32-18-6

+2 83

Bi 208.98038 -32-18-5

+3 82

Pb 207.2 -32-18-4

+2 81

Tl 204.3833 -32-18-3 +1

1 Group

IA

30 Zn 65.39 -8-18-2

+2 29

Cu 63.546 -8-18-1

+1 28

Ni 58.6934 -8-16-2

+2 27

Co 58.933200 -8-15-2

26 Fe 55.845 -8-13-2

+2 25

Mn

54.938049 -8-13-2

+2 +4

24 Cr 51.9961 -8-13-1

+2 +6

23 V 50.9415 -8-11-2

+2 +4

22 Ti 47.867 -8-10-2

+2 +4

21 Sc 44.955910 -8-9-2

+3 20

Ca 40.078 -8-8-2

+2 19

9.012182 2-2

+2 3

+2 11

3 IIIA IIIB

4 IVA IVB

5 VA VB

6 VIA VIB

7 VIIA VIIB

11 IB IB

12 IIB IIB

10 9 VIIIA VIII 8

48 Cd 112.411 -18-18-2

+2 47

Ag 107.8682 -18-18-1

+1 46

Pd 106.42 -18-18-0

+2 45

Rh 102.90550 -18-16-1

44 Ru 101.07 -18-15-1

+3 43

Tc (98) -18-13-2

42 Mo 95.94 -18-13-1

+6 41

Nb 92.90638 -18-12-1

+3 40

Zr 91.224 -18-10-2

+4 39

Y 88.90585 -18-9-2

+3 38

Sr 87.62 -18-8-2

+2 37

+1 79

Au 196.96655 -32-18-1

+1 78

Pt 195.078 -32-17-1

+2 77

Ir 192.217 -32-15-2

76 Os 190.23 -32-14-2

+3 75

Re 186.207 -32-13-2

74 W 183.84 -32-12-2

+6 73

Ta 180.9479 -32-11-2

+5 72

Hf 178.49 -32-10-2

+4 57*

La 138.9055 -18-9-2

+3 56

Ba 137.327 -18-8-2

+2 55

109 Mt (268) -32-15-2

108 Hs (269) -32-14-2

107 Bh (264) -32-13-2

106 Sg (266) -32-12-2

105 Db (262) -32-11-2

104 Rf (261) -32-10-2

+4 89**

Ac (227) -18-9-2

+3 88

Ra (226) -18-8-2

+2 87

+4 +7

71 Lu 174.967 -32-9-2

+3 70

Yb 173.04 -32-8-2

+2 69

Tm 168.93421 -31-8-2

+3 68

Er 167.26 -30-8-2

+3 67

Ho 164.93032 -29-8-2

+3 66

Dy 162.50 -28-8-2

+3 65

Tb 158.92534 -27-8-2

+3 64

Gd

157 25

63 Eu 151.964 -25-8-2

+2 62

Sm 150.36 -24-8-2

61 Pm (145) -23-8-2

+3 60

Nd 144.24 -22-8-2

+3 59

Pr 140.90765 -21-8-2

+3 58

Ce 140.116 -19-9-2

+3

* Lanthanides

+3

97 Bk (247) -27-8-2

96 Cm (247) -25-9-2

95 Am (243) -25-8-2

94 Pu (244) -24-8-2

93 Np (237) -22-9-2

92 U 238.0289 -21-9-2

91 Pa 231.03588 -20-9-2

+5 90

Th 232.0381 -18-10-2 +4

+2

** Actinides

103 Lr (262) -32-9-2

+3 102

No (259) -32-8-2

+2 101

Md (258) -31-8-2

+2 100

Fm (257) -30-8-2

+3 99

Es (252) -29-8-2

+3 98

Cf (251) -28-8-2

+3 +3 +3

+5 +3 +5

+3 +3

+5 +3 +5

The new IUPAC format numbers the groups from 1 to 18 The previous IUPAC numbering system and the system used by Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) are also shown For radioactive

elements that do not occur in nature, the mass number of the most stable isotope is given in parentheses.

50 Sn 118.710 -18-18-4

+2

Key to Chart

Oxidation States

Electron Configuration

Atomic Number Symbol

1995 Atomic Weight

PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS

New Notation Previous IUPAC Form CAS Version

of Lasers

Marvin J Weber Ph.D.

Lawence Berkeley National Laboratory

University of California Berkeley, California

PrefaceLasers continue to be an amazingly robust field of activity, one of continually expandingscientific and technological frontiers Thus today we have lasing without inversion, quantumcascade lasers, lasing in strongly scattering media, lasing in biomaterials, lasing in photoniccrystals, a single atom laser, speculation about black hole lasers, femtosecond-duration laserpulses only a few cycles long, lasers with subhertz linewidths, semiconductor lasers withpredicted operating lifetimes of more than 100 years, peak powers in the petawatt regime andplanned megajoule pulse lasers, sizes ranging from semiconductor lasers with dimensions of

a few microns diameter and a few hundred atoms thick to huge glass lasers with hundreds ofbeams for inertial confinement fusion research, lasers costing from less than one dollar tomore than one billion dollars, and a multibillion dollar per year market

In addition, the nearly ubiquitous presence of lasers in our daily lives attests to theprolific growth of their utilization The laser is at the heart of the revolution that is marryingphotonic and electronic devices In the past four decades, the laser has become an invaluabletool for mankind encompassing such diverse applications as science, engineering,

entertainment and displays, data storage and processing, environmental sensing, military,energy, and metrology It is difficult to imagine state-of-the-art research in physics,chemistry, biology, and medicine without the use of radiation from various laser systems.Laser action occurs in all states of matter—solids, liquids, gases, and plasmas Withineach category of lasing medium there may be differences in the nature of the active lasing ion

or center, the composition of the medium, and the excitation and operating techniques Forsome lasers, the periodic table has been extensively explored and exploited; for others—solid-state lasers in particular—the compositional regime of hosts continues to expand Inthe case of semiconductor lasers the ability to grow special structures one atomic layer at atime by liquid phase epitaxy, molecular beam epitaxy, and metal-organic chemical vapordeposition has led to numerous new structures and operating configurations, such asquantum wells and superlattices, and to a proliferation of new lasing wavelengths Quantumcascade lasers are examples of laser materials by design

The number and type of lasers and their wavelength coverage continue to expand.Anyone seeking a photon source is now confronted with an enormous number of possiblelasers and laser wavelengths The spectral output ranges of solid, liquid, and gas lasers areshown in Figure 1 and extend from the soft x-ray and extreme ultraviolet regions tomillimeter wavelengths, thus overlapping masers By using various frequency conversiontechniques—harmonic generation, parametric oscillation, sum- and difference-frequencymixing, and Raman shifting—the wavelength of a given laser can be extended to longer andshorter wavelengths, thus enlarging its spectral coverage

This volume seeks to provide a comprehensive, up-to-date compilation of lasers, theirproperties, and original references in a readily accessible form for laser scientists andengineers and for those contemplating the use of lasers The compilation also indicates thestate of knowledge and development in the field, provides a rapid means of obtainingreference data, is a pathway to the literature, contains data useful for comparison withpredictions and/or to develop models of processes, and may reveal fundamentalinconsistencies or conflicts in the data It serves an archival function and as an indicator ofnewly emerging trends

Solid-state lasers:

Liquid lasers:

Gas lasers:

Far infrared Infrared Millimeter-

microwave Vacuum

ultraviolet Soft

Masers

Figure 1 Reported ranges of output wavelengths for various laser media.

In this volume lasers are categorized based on their media—solids, liquids, and gases—with each category further subdivided as appropriate into distinctive laser types Thus thereare sections on crystalline paramagnetic ion lasers, glass lasers, polymer lasers, color centerlasers, semiconductor lasers, liquid and solid-state dye lasers, inorganic liquid lasers, andneutral atom, ionized, and molecular gas lasers A separate section on "other" lasers whichhave special operating configurations or properties includes x-ray lasers, free electron lasers,nuclear-pumped lasers, lasers in nature, and lasers without inversion Brief descriptions ofeach type of laser are given followed by tables listing the lasing element or medium, host,lasing transition and wavelength, operating properties, and primary literature citations.Tuning ranges, when reported, are given for broadband lasers The references are generallythose of the initial report of laser action; no attempt is made to follow the often voluminoussubsequent developments For most types of lasers, lasing—light amplification bystimulated emission of radiation—includes, for completeness, not only operation in aresonant cavity but also single-pass gain or amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) Thus,for example, there is a section on amplification of core-valence luminescence

Because laser performance is dependent on the operating configurations and experimentalconditions used, output data are generally not included The interested reader is advised toretrieve details of the structures and operating conditions from the original reference (in manycases information about the output and operating configuration is included in the title of thepaper that is included in the references) Performance and background information aboutlasers in general and about specific types of lasers in particular can be obtained from thebooks and articles listed under Further Reading in each section

An extended table of contents is provided from which the reader should be able to locatethe section containing a laser of interest Within each subsection, lasers are arrangedaccording to the elements in the periodic table or alphabetically by materials, and may be

This Handbook of Lasers is derived from data evaluated and compiled by the contributors to Volumes I and II and Supplement 1 of the CRC Handbook Series of Laser

Science and Technology and to the Handbook of Laser Wavelengths These contributors are

identified in following pages In most cases it was possible to update these tabulations to

include more recent additions and new categories of lasers For semiconductor lasers, wherethe lasing wavelength may not be a fundamental property but the result of materialengineering and the operating configuration used, an effort was made to be representativewith respect to operating configurations and modes rather than exhaustive in the coverage ofthe literature The number of reported gas laser transitions is huge; they constitute nearly80% of the over 16,000 laser wavelengths in this volume Laser transitions in gases are wellcovered through the late 1980s in the above volumes An electronic database of gas lasersprepared from the tables in Volume II and Supplement 1 by John Broad and Stephen Krog

of the Joint Institute of Laboratory Astrophysics was used for this volume, but does notcover all recent developments

Although there is a tremendous diversity of laser transitions and types, only a few lasersystems have gained widespread use and commercial acceptance In addition, some lasersystems that were of substantial commercial interest in past years are becoming obsolete andare likely to be supplanted by other types in the future Nevertheless, separate subsections oncommercially available lasers are included thoroughout the volume to provide a perspective

on the current state-of-the-art and performance boundaries

To cope with the continued proliferation of acronyms, abbreviations, and initialismswhich range from the clever and informative to the amusing or annoying, there is anappendix of acronyms, abbreviations, initialisms, and common names for lasers, lasermaterials, laser structures and operating configurations, and systems involving lasers Otherappendices contain information about laser safety, the ground state electron configurations ofneutral atoms, and fundamental physical constants of interest to laser scientists andengineers

Because lasers now cover such a large wavelength range and because researchers invarious fields are accustomed to using different units, there is also a conversion table forspectroscopists (a Rosetta stone) on the inside back cover

Finally, I wish to acknowledge the valuable assistance of the Advisory Board whoreviewed the material, made suggestions regarding the contents and formats, and in severalcases contributed material (the Board, however, is not responsible for the accuracy orthoroughness of the tabulations) Others who have been helpful include GuiuseppeBaldacchini, Eric Bründermann, Federico Capasso, Tao-Yuan Chang, Henry Freund, ClaireGmachl, Victor Granatstein, Eugene Haller, John Harreld, Stephen Harris, ThomasHasenberg, Alan Heeger, Heonsu Jeon, Roger Macfarlane, George Miley, Linn Mollenauer,Michael Mumma, James Murray, Dale Partin, Maria Petra, Richard Powell, David Sliney,Jin-Joo Song, Andrew Stentz, Roger Stolen, and Riccardo Zucca I am especially grateful toProject Editor Mimi Williams for her skill and help during the preparation of this volume

Marvin J WeberDanville, California

General Reading

Bertolotti, M., Masers and Lasers: An Historical Approach, Hilger, Bristol (1983) Davis, C C., Lasers and Electro-Optics: Fundamentals and Engineering, Cambridge

University Press, New York (1996)

Hecht, J., The Laser Guidebook (second edition), McGraw-Hill, New York (1992).

Hecht, J., Understanding Lasers (second edition), IEEE Press, New York (1994).

Hitz, C B., Ewing, J J and Hecht, J., Understanding Laser Technology, IEEE Press,

Piscataway, NJ (2000)

Meyers, R A., Ed., Encyclopedia of Lasers and Optical Technology, Academic Press,

San Diego (1991)

Milonni, P W and Eberly, J H., Lasers, Wiley, New York (1988).

O'Shea, D C., Callen, W R and Rhodes, W T., Introduction to Lasers and Their

Applications, Addison Wesley, Reading, MA (1977).

Siegman, A E., Lasers, University Science, Mill Valley, CA (1986).

Silfvast, W T., Ed., Selected Papers on Fundamentals of Lasers, SPIE Milestone Series,

Vol MS 70, SPIE Optical Engineering Press, Bellingham, WA (1993)

Silfvast, W T., Laser Fundamentals, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1996) Svelto, O., Principles of Lasers, Plenum, New York (1998).

Townes, C H., How the Laser Happened: Adventures of a Scientist, Oxford University

Press, New York (1999)

Verdeyen, J T., Laser Electronics, 2nd edition, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ

(1989)

Yariv, A., Quantum Electronics, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1989).

The Author

Marvin John Weber received his education at the University of California, Berkeley,

and was awarded the A.B., M.A., and Ph.D degrees in physics After graduation, Dr.Weber continued as a postdoctoral Research Associate and then joined the Research Division

of the Raytheon Company where he was a Principal Scientist working in the areas ofspectroscopy and quantum electronics As Manager of Solid State Lasers, his groupdeveloped many new laser materials including rare-earth-doped yttrium orthoaluminate.While at Raytheon, he also discovered luminescence in bismuth germanate, a scintillatorcrystal widely used for the detection of high energy particles and radiation

During 1966 to 1967, Dr Weber was a Visiting Research Associate with ProfessorArthur Schawlow's group in the Department of Physics, Stanford University

In 1973, Dr Weber joined the Laser Program at the Lawrence Livermore NationalLaboratory As Head of Basic Materials Research and Assistant Program Leader, he wasresponsible for the physics and characterization of optical materials for high-power lasersystems used in inertial confinement fusion research From 1983 to 1985, he accepted atransfer assignment with the Office of Basic Energy Sciences of the U.S Department ofEnergy in Washington, DC, where he was involved with planning for advanced synchrotronradiation facilities and for atomistic computer simulations of materials Dr Weber returned

to the Chemistry and Materials Science Department at LLNL in 1986 and served asAssociate Division Leader for condensed matter research and as spokesperson for theUniversity of California/National Laboratories research facilities at the Stanford SynchrotronRadiation Laboratory He retired from LLNL in 1993 and is presently a scientist in theCenter for Functional Imaging of the Life Sciences Division at the Lawrence BerkeleyNational Laboratory

Dr Weber is Editor-in-Chief of the multi-volume CRC Handbook Series of Laser

Science and Technology He has also served as Regional Editor for the Journal of Crystalline Solids, as Associate Editor for the Journal of Luminescence and the Journal of Optical Materials, and as a member of the International Editorial Advisory Boards of the

Non-Russian journals Fizika i Khimiya Stekla (Glass Physics and Chemistry) and Kvantovaya

Elektronika (Quantum Electronics).

Among several honors he has received are an Industrial Research IR-100 Award forresearch and development of fluorophosphate laser glass, the George W Morey Award of theAmerican Ceramics Society for his basic studies of fluorescence, stimulated emission and theatomic structure of glass, and the International Conference on Luminescence Prize for hisresearch on the dynamic processes affecting luminescence efficiency and the application of thisknowledge to laser and scintillator materials

Dr Weber is a Fellow of the American Physical Society, the Optical Society of America,and the American Ceramics Society and has been a member of the Materials ResearchSociety and the American Association for Crystal Growth

Orlando, FloridaDavid J E Knight, Ph.D.

DK Research

Twickenham, Middlesex, England

(formerly of National Physical Laboratory)

Electrical Engineering and Applied Physics

California Institute of Technology

AT&T Bell Laboratories

Holmdel, New Jersey

Optical Information Systems, Inc

Elmsford, New York

College Park, MarylandRobert S DavisDepartment of PhysicsUniversity of Illinois at Chicago CircleChicago, Illinois

Bruce DunnMaterials Science and EngineeringUniversity of California

Los Angeles, California

J Gary EdenDepartment of Electrical Engineering/PhysicsUniversity of Illinois

Urbana, IllinoisRaymond C EltonNaval Research LaboratoryWashington, DC

Michael EttenbergRCA David Sarnoff Research CenterPrinceton, New Jersey

Henry FreundScience Applications International Corp.McLean, Virginia

Claire GmachlLucent TechnologiesMurray Hill, New JerseyJulius Goldhar

Department of Electrical EngineeringUniversity of Maryland

College Park, MarylandVictor L GranatsteinNaval Research LaboratoryWashington, DC

Twickenham, Middlesex, England

(formerly of National Physical Laboratory)

Henry Kressel

RCA David Sarnoff Research Center

Princeton, New Jersey

AT&T Bell Laboratories and

Bell Communications Research

Holmdel, New Jersey

Roger M Macfarlane

IBM Almaden Labortory

San Jose, California

Brian J MacGowanLawrence Livermore National LaboratoryLivermore, California

Dennis L MatthewsLawrence Livermore National LaboratoryLivermore, California

David A McArthurSandia National LaboratoryAlbuquerque, New MexicoGeorge Miley

Department of Nuclear EngineeringUniversity of Illinois

Urbana, IllinoisLinn F MollenauerAT&T Bell LaboratoriesHolmdel, New JerseyJames M MoranRadio and Geoastronomy DivisionHarvard-Smithsonian Center for AstrophysicsCambridge, Massachusetts

Peter F MoultonMIT Lincoln LaboratoryLexington, MassachusettsJames T Murray

Lite Cycles, Inc

Tucson, ArizonaJoseph NilsenLawrence Livermore National LaboratoryLivermore, California

Robert K ParkerNaval Research LaboratoryWashington, DC

Dale PartinDepartment of PhysicsGeneral Motors,Warren, MichiganStephen PayneLawrence Livermore National LaboratoryLivermore, California

Alan B Peterson

Spectra Physics, Inc

Mountain View, California

Center for Research and Education in

Optics and Lasers

University of Central Florida

Orlando, Florida

David H Sliney

U.S Army Environmental Hygiene Agency

Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland

Jin-Joo Song

Center for Laser Research

Oklahoma State University

Stillwater, Oklahoma

Phillip A SprangleNaval Research LaboratoryWashington, DC

Andrew StentzLucent TechnologiesMurray Hill, New JerseyRichard N SteppelExciton, Inc

Dayton, OhioStanley E StokowskiLawrence Livermore National LaboratoryLivermore California

Rogers H StolenAT&T Bell LaboratoriesHolmdel, New JerseyHenryk TemkinAT&T Bell LaboratoriesMurray Hill, New JerseyAnne C TropperOptoelectronic Research CentreUniversity of SouthhamptonHighfield, Southhampton, EnglandRiccardo Zucca

Rockwell International Science CenterThousand Oaks, California

Contents of previous volumes on lasers from the

CRC HANDBOOK OF LASER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

VOLUME I: LASERS AND MASERS

FOREWORD — Charles H Townes

SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION

SECTION 2: SOLID STATE LASERS

2.1.1 Paramagnetic Ion Lasers — Peter F Moulton

2.1.2 Stoichiometric Lasers — Stephen R Chinn

2.1.3 Color Center Lasers — Linn F Mollenauer

SECTION 3: LIQUID LASERS

3.2.1 Rare Earth Chelate Lasers — Harold Samelson

3.2.2 Aprotic Liquid Lasers — Harold Samelson

SECTION 4: OTHER LASERS

4.1.I Infrared and Visible Lasers — Donald Prosnitz

4.1.2 Millimeter and Submillimeter Lasers — Victor L Granatstein,

Robert K Parker, and Phillip A Sprangle

SECTION 5: MASERS

SECTION 6: LASER SAFETY

VOLUME II: GAS LASERS

SECTION 1: NEUTRAL GAS LASERS — Christopher C Davis

SECTION 2: IONIZED GAS LASERS — William B Bridges

SECTION 3: MOLECULAR GAS LASERS

SECTION 4: TABLE OF LASER WAVELENGTHS — Marvin J Weber

SUPPLEMENT 1: LASERS

SECTION 1: SOLID STATE LASERS

SECTION 2: LIQUID LASERS

SECTION 3: GAS LASERS

SECTION 4: OTHER LASERS

SECTION 5: MASERS

HANDBOOK OF LASER WAVELENGTHS

Marvin J Weber

FOREWORD — Arthur L Schawlow

PREFACE

SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION

SECTION 2: SOLID STATE LASERS

SECTION 3: LIQUID LASERS

SECTION 4: GAS LASERS

SECTION 5: OTHER LASERS

SECTION 6: COMMERCIAL LASERS

APPENDICES

for Types and Structures of Lasers and Amplifiers