Tài liệu Oxford Collocations Dictionary for students of English_ Chương 2.24 pdf

greata soldier famed for his great valour e VERB + VALOUR demonstrate, display, show He showed valour and skill on the battlefield.. excellent, good, great, outstanding | poor e PHRASES

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Vv

vacancy noun

e ADJ unfilled | suitable The agency will let you know if

they have any suitable vacancies | casual, temporary |

job, presidential, senate, staff

e VERB + VACANCY have | create, leave Her going on maternity leave will create a temporary vacancy | fill

e VACANCY + VERB arise, exist, occur A vacancy has arisen in our sales department

e PREP ~fora vacancy for head chef~ina vacancy in the catering department

vacant adj

e VERBS be | become, fall (only used of jobs) A seat became vacant and he sat down init © A job fell vacant in the accounting department | remain | leave sth The office of president had been left vacant since her retirement | keep

sth The job will be kept vacant for a few more weeks

vaccination noun

e ADJ flu, measles, rubella, smallpox, etc

e VERB + VACCINATION have | give sb

e VACCINATION + NOUN campaign, programme

e PREP ~against a vaccination against tetanus vaccine noun

e ADJ effective, safe | measles, rubella, etc The polio vaccine has saved millions of lives | live a live vaccine containing the polio virus

e@ QUANT dose one dose of BCG vaccine

e VERB + VACCINE give sb | have, receive | develop

e VACCINE + VERB protect sb The vaccine protects children against tuberculosis | prevent sth a vaccine to prevent rubella

e PREP ~against Researchers are trying to develop a vaccine against the disease ~ for a vaccine for meningitis vacuum noun

e ADJ perfect | moral, political, spiritual The writer criticized the moral vacuum in society | power Her resig- nation left a power vacuum in the government

e VERB + VACUUM create, leave, produce The machine then creates a vacuum | fill Other gases rush in to fill the vacuum

vagina noun

e VERB + VAGINA enter, penetrate

e PREP in/into/inside the/your~

vague adj

e VERBS be, look, sound ‘Where did you leave it?’ Isobel looked vague | become, get She seems to be getting rather vague as she grows older: | remain | leave sth The identity of the city in the novel is deliberately left vague

e ADV extremely, hopelessly, very Her directions were hopelessly vague | a bit, fairly, a little, pretty, quite, rather, somewhat | enough, sufficiently 7t was a vague enough concept for the liberals to unite around | suitably

| deliberately, intentionally You’re being deliberately vague | necessarily Since the officers knew little themselves their reassurances were necessarily vague | inherently an inherently vague and subjective concept | notoriously The law is notoriously vague on this point

e@ PREP about J am vague about what happened during

the rest of the night as to Iwas suitably vague as to exactly how I had acquired the money in The statement was vague

in its wording

valid adj

1 legally acceptable

e VERBS be | become | remain, stay | deem sth, hold

sth The original written contract was held valid

e ADV still Js your passport still valid? | no longer | legally Is the contract legally valid?

@ PREP for Vouchers are only valid for races taking place before 31 December

2 strong and convincing

e VERBS be, seem | become | remain | accept sth as, consider sth, deem sth, regard sth as We accepted several different approaches as valid

e ADV extremely, very | absolutely, completely, perfectly This is a perfectly valid question to raise | not entirely | reasonably | equally using a different, but equal-

ly valid technique | universally a universally valid set of moral principles | not necessarily | not strictly That ar- gument is not strictly valid in this case | still | no longer The old assumptions are no longer valid | logically, sci- entifically, statistically a logically valid deduction validity noun

e© ADJ great | equal Don’t you think that both views have equal validity? | doubtful, dubious, questionable | face The theory has the face validity of being consistent with recent findings | legal, scientific The legal validity

of the claims has been challenged

e VERB + VALIDITY have | give sth, lend sth His repu- tation lends a certain validity to the approach that it might not deserve | cast doubt on, challenge, deny, question

| accept, confirm, uphold The judges upheld the validity

of the previous judgement | assess, test to assess the scientific validity of new treatments

e PREP of ~ The results are of doubtful validity |

~for the theory’s validity for parent-child relationships valley noun

e ADJ broad, deep, high, long, steep, wide | little, nar-

row, shallow, small | steep | lower, upper | fertile, for-

ested, green, wooded | mountain, river | Rhine, Thames, etc

@ VALLEY + NOUN bottom, floor, side e@ PREP ina/the~ The cottage was in a wooded valley

valour noun

e ADJ greata soldier famed for his great valour

e VERB + VALOUR demonstrate, display, show He showed valour and skill on the battlefield

e PREP an act/a deed of valour valuable adj

1 worth a lot of money

e VERBS be,look | become | remain

e ADV extremely, really, very | quite, rather | commercially commercially valuable expertise

2 very useful

e VERBS be, prove, seem | become | remain | make sb/sth They have skills and qualities which make them highly valuable | consider sth

e ADV eminently, enormously, especially, exceeding-

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847 vanish

ly, exceptionally, extremely, highly, immensely, most,

particularly, really, truly, very | increasingly | quite |

equally The subject could be equally valuable for scien-

tists | inherently, intrinsically The Romantics believed

that the life of the imagination was intrinsically valuable

| potentially | ecologically, educationally, scientifical-

ly, socially ecologically valuable species

e PREP as The survey was valuable as an indicator of

local opinion for Good eyesight is a quality which is ex-

tremely valuable for a hunting animal to documents that

are enormously valuable to historians

valuation noun

e ADJ high, low | detailed | independent | actuarial |

market | land, mortgage, property | share, stock

e VERB + VALUATION carry out, do, make, prepare

e VALUATION + NOUN fee, report

value noun

1 amount of money that sth is worth

e ADJ high, low the high value of the dollar | full, total |

real, true | nominal a share with a nominal value of £20 |

face At yesterday’s auction an old coin sold for many times

more than its face value of 20 pence | residual a residual

value of 10% of its original cost | resale Regular servicing

will add to the resale value of your PC

e VERB + VALUE place, put, set Jt’s hard to put a value

on a company with large assets and turnover but low

profits | add | increase, raise | double, triple, etc Dra-

matic developments on the stock market tripled the value of

his shares | lower, reduce | hold, keep The piano has

held its value | calculate, work out

e VALUE + VERB double, triple, etc | appreciate, go

up, increase | decrease, depreciate, fall, go down

e@ PREP in~ The land has dropped in value to the ~ of

Jewellery to the value of a million pounds was stolen last

night

e PHRASES an increase/a rise in value, a drop/fall/re-

duction in value

2 how much sth is worth compared with its price

e ADJ excellent, good, great, outstanding | poor

e PHRASES value for money Though a little more expen-

sive, the larger model gives better value for money

3 importance

e ADJ enormous, great, high, immense, incalculable,

tremendous | doubtful, dubious, limited, low His pub-

lished account of his travels is of dubious value to other ex-

plorers | lasting | main, real, true | practical, senti-

mental, symbolic

e VERB + VALUE have The stolen necklace only had sen-

timental value for her | attach, place, put, set He places a

high value on marriage

@ VALUE + VERB be, lie The real value of the book lies in

its wonderful characterization

e PREP of ~ He didn’t say anything of value | ~ to Pot-

tery fragments are of great value to archaeologists

4 values set of beliefs

e ADJ dominant the dominant values of a society | con-

servative, conventional, traditional | common, shared,

universal What shared values do you have with your

friends? | human | aesthetic, cultural, educational, eth-

ical, moral, political, social, spiritual We need to be guided

by our moral values | family The party’s election cam-

paign emphasized its belief in family values | middle-

class, Victorian, Western | parental the rejection of par-

ental values by a child | democratic, liberal

® QUANT seta prevailing set of cultural values

e VERB + VALUES have, hold They hold very middle-

class values | cherish, encourage, foster Is it the role of

schools to foster spiritual values? | hold onto, preserve a

society that has failed to preserve its traditional values

e VALUE + NOUN systemacommon value system

value verb

1 decide how much sth is worth

e ADV officially

e PREP at The company has recently been valued at

$6 billion

2 think sb/sth is very important

e ADV greatly, highly, particularly | increasingly |

positively | negatively Housework is negatively valued

as a retreat from a disliked alternative—employment work | rightly the fear of losing the independence that they rightly value | socially one of the most socially valued roles in contemporary society—being a parent

e VERB + VALUE learn to learning to value the ordinary things in life

e PREP as J value her very highly as a friend for He hated to be valued for his looks alone

valueless adj

e VERBS be,seem | become

e ADV completely, quite Our shares became completely valueless overnight

e PREP as Some of the royal forests had become valueless

as hunting grounds

valve noun

e ADJ safety | non-return, one-way | drain, pressure- relief | fuel, water, etc | heart, radiator, etc

e VERB + VALVE fit The plumber will fit some new safety valves | open You need special tools to open the valve | close

van noun

1 vehicle for transporting goods, etc

e ADJ light | transit | camper | delivery, furniture, ice-

cream, mail, removal | armoured, police

e VERB + VAN drive | park | load, unload

e VAN + NOUN driver

2 type of railway carriage

e ADJ goods, guard’s, luggage

vandal noun

e ADJ car Carvandals caused more than £10 000 worth of damage to vehicles last Saturday

e VERB + VANDAL deter, discourage The windows are covered with grilles to deter vandals

e VANDAL + VERB damage sth, wreck sth

vandalism noun

e ADJ mindless, wanton | criminal | environmental

e VERB + VANDALISM discourage, prevent

e PHRASES anactof vandalism

vanish verb

1 disappear suddenly and completely

e ADV just, simply J turned round and she had simply vanished | abruptly, instantly, promptly, suddenly | quickly, rapidly Her feelings of shyness rapidly vanished

| mysteriously a man who mysteriously vanished from his home last month

e VERB + VANISH seem to | make sb/sth

e PREP from All thoughts of romance vanished from his mind into She vanished into the mist

e PHRASES vanish from the face of the earth, vanish from sight, vanish into thin air Ata stroke she could make things vanish into thin air vanish without trace

2 disappear over a period of time

e ADV altogether, completely, entirely, totally Many of these old cinemas have now vanished altogether | all but, almost, virtually country inns of a type that has now all

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vanity 848

but vanished | long since The people who built this tem- variety noun

ple have long since vanished | forever Much of the land

we loved has vanished forever

e PREP from This plant is vanishing from the British

countryside

vanity noun

e ADJ great | female, human, male, personal

e VERB + VANITY appeal to, flatter My suggestion ap-

pealed to her vanity

vapour noun

e ADJ water

e QUANT cloud There was a hissing sound, and clouds of

vapour were emitted

e VERB + VAPOUR form, turn to The particles then form

avapour | emit, give off/out

e VAPOUR + VERB condense

variability noun

e ADJ considerable, extreme, great, high, wide There is

considerable variability in all the test scores | low, slight

@ QUANT degree

e PREP ~ among/between variability among different

health authorities ~in variability in crop yields

variable adj

e VERBS be,seem | become

e ADV extremely, highly, very, widely Polar habitats

are harsh and highly variable | infinitely These systems

are infinitely variable | increasingly | quite, slightly,

somewhat

e PREP invariable in shape

variation noun

e ADJ considerable, dramatic, enormous, extreme,

great, major, marked, significant, striking, substantial, tremendous, wide | minor, slight, small, subtle subtle

@ VERB + VARIATION show The businesses showed a

dramatic variation in how they treated their staff | find,

observe Considerable variation was found in the terms offered by different banks | analyse

e VARIATION + VERB occur

e PREP ~according to variation according to the time of

year ~ across She is studying language variation across

the social range ~among variation among the students in terms of ability ~ between variations between different ac- cents ~by There is little variation by sex or social class in

these attitudes ~ in slight variations in pressure ~ with temperature variation with altitude ~within There may be striking variations within a species

e PHRASES arange of variation, a variation on a theme

His numerous complaints are all variations on a theme

varied adj

e VERBS be | become | remain

e ADV enormously, extremely, highly, immensely,

richly, tremendously, very, widely, wonderfully a richly varied cultural life | endlessly, infinitely an endlessly

varied repertoire of songs | increasingly | quite |

enough, sufficiently

e PHRASES many and varied The opportunities the job

offers are many and varied

1 not being the same; different kinds of sth

e ADJ amazing, astonishing, bewildering, considerable, endless, enormous, exciting, extraordinary, fas- cinating, good, great, huge, impressive, incredible, in- finite, large, remarkable, rich, surprising, tremendous, vast, wide, wonderful The market sold a bewildering variety of cheeses © the rich variety of the local bird life

e VERB + VARIETY add, give, offer Dealing with cus- tomers adds variety to the job

e PREP of ~ a country of great variety | ~in There is wide variety in shape and colour ~ of Menus offer a good variety of seafood

2 particular type of sth

e ADJ distinctive | common-or-garden, standard | rare, unusual | different There are hundreds of different varieties of apple | new, old Old varieties of rose can be less resistant to diseases

varnish noun

e ADJ clear, colourless, transparent | gloss, glossy | matt (see also nail varnish)

@ QUANT coat The table needed two coats of varnish

e VERB + VARNISH apply Apply the varnish evenly over the whole surface | remove, scrape off, strip off

e VARNISH + VERB dry | protect sth You need a good quality varnish to protect the timber

e VARNISH + NOUN remover

vary verb

e ADV considerably, dramatically, enormously, a great deal, greatly, a lot, markedly, sharply, significant-

ly, substantially, tremendously, widely, wildly | hardly

The sword hardly varied in form from the 12th to the 15th century | (a) little, slightly, somewhat | constantly, continuously the continuously varying intensities of natural light | never | inevitably, necessarily What can be found will inevitably vary according to the area under study | naturally, obviously Personal preference natural-

ly varies | systematically | accordingly Dictionaries

are produced with specific markets in mind, and their con- tents vary accordingly | inversely The availability of good medical care tends to vary inversely with the need for

it | geographically, historically Voting behaviour varies geographically

e VERB + VARY can, may Prices can vary enormously |

be likely to, tend to

e PREP according to The leafs size varies widely according to the area where it grows among Services offered vary among the main high street banks between The rate of growth varies considerably between different industries © The doses used for surgical anaesthesia vary between 2 and 10mg/kg by Access to this information varies by social class depending on Costs are likely to vary depending on where you live from to The situation varies slightly from country to country © Its speed varies from 20 mph to 85 mph in The rooms vary in size with The danger

of a heart attack varies with body weight

e PHRASES vary over/with time studying moral values and how they vary over time

vase noun

e ADJ flower | china, crystal, cut-glass, glass, porcel- ain, silver, stone

e VASE + VERB be filled with sth, contain sth, hold sth

| stand A silver vase stood on the mantelpiece

e PREP in a/the~ flowers arranged ina vase | ~of avase

of fresh flowers

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849 vendetta

vault noun

1 strong, underground room

e ADJ secure | bank,museum | treasure

e VERB + VAULT keep/store sth in

e PREP ina/the~ The jewels were kept ina bank vault

2 room under a church where dead people are buried

e ADJ burial, family, royal

e VERB + VAULT bury sb in She is to be buried in the

family vault

veer verb

e ADV sharply, violently, wildly The ship veered round

wildly in the rough sea | (to the) left, (to the) right |

away, round The plane veered away to the left

e PREP between (figurative) He veered between calm ac-

ceptance and hysterical accusations from (figurative) The

play veers from loopy comedy to serious moralizing off

The car veered off the road to The path veers sharply to the

right towards He veered left towards them

vegetable noun

e ADJ green, leafy, root, salad The children don’t eat

enough green vegetables | crisp a salad of crisp, raw vege-

tables | cooked, raw | fresh, frozen, tinned | organic |

early, seasonal, spring, summer, winter | rotten

e VERB + VEGETABLE grow They grow all their own

vegetables | eat, have | boil, cook, overcook, parboil,

steam, stir-fry | chop, peel, purée

e VEGETABLE + NOUN garden, patch, plot | market,

stall | rack | crop | produce | dish, soup, stew, stock,

terrine | fat, oil | protein | dye | fibre, matter

= Special page at FOOD

vegetarian noun

e ADJ strict They are strict vegetarians

e VEGETARIAN + NOUN cookery, dish, food, meal |

diet | restaurant

e PHRASES suitable for vegetarians All our cheeses are

suitable for vegetarians

vegetation noun

e ADJ green | dense, lush, luxuriant, thick | scrub,

scrubby, sparse As we drove towards the desert, the vege-

tation became sparse | decaying, decomposing, rotten,

rotting piles of rotting vegetation | natural Removal of the

natural vegetation has resulted in a loss of nutrients in the

soil | aquatic, woodland, sub-tropical, tropical

e VERB + VEGETATION be covered in/with The hills

are covered in lush green vegetation

@ VEGETATION + VERB grow

e VEGETATION + NOUN cover

vehicle noun

1 used for transporting people or things

e ADJ moving, oncoming, passing She was blinded by

the lights from an oncoming vehicle | parked, stationary

The bus crashed into a stationary vehicle | unattended |

stolen The thieves escaped in a stolen vehicle | horse-

drawn, motor | electric, diesel, petrol/petroi-driven |

wheeled The city centre is off-limits to wheeled vehicles |

road | four-wheel-drive | all-terrain, off-road | vintage

| private | commercial, delivery, (heavy) goods |

emergency | police | armoured, military

e QUANT convoy The president’s car was being followed

by a convoy of vehicles

e VERB + VEHICLE own | hire Hire a four-wheel-drive

vehicle—there are lots of spots to discover off the beaten

track | drive | park | impound, tow away The vehicle

was impounded as part of the police investigation |

abandon Sniffer dogs were brought in to follow the men after they abandoned the vehicle in a ditch

e VEHICLE + VERB arrive An eyewitness said, ‘We saw loads of smoke, and then the emergency vehicles arrived.’ | break down | collide, crash (into sth) Two drivers escaped injury when their vehicles collided near Thirsk | run on sth vehicles running on lead-free petrol

e VEHICLE + NOUN emission tighter controls on vehicle emissions | manufacture

2sth used for communicating ideas/achieving sth

e ADJ excellent, ideal, perfect | important, main, major

e PREP ~for The play is a perfect vehicle for her talents

~of The Students’ Union is the main vehicle of communi- cation for students in the college

veil noun

1 piece of material for covering a woman’s head

e ADJ bridal The bridal veil was fringed with lace

e VERB + VEIL wear | lift (back), remove, take off

e VEIL + VERB cover sth A veil covered her face

e PREP behind a/the~ J couldn’t see her face behind the veil

2 sth that stops you knowing the full truth about sth

e VERB + VEIL lift The government has decided to lift the veil on its plans | draw It would be better to draw a veil over what happened next (= not talk about it)

e PREP behind/under~of The work is carried out behind

a veil of secrecy

vein noun

1 tube carrying blood in the body

e ADJ blue A blue vein throbbed in his forehead | broken, thread, varicose She uses make-up to hide the thread veins in her cheeks | jugular

e VERB + VEIN’ course/run’ along/through, flow through, pump through, race through, rush through He felt the adrenalin coursing through his veins

e VEIN + VERB bulge, pulse, stand out, throb The veins stood out on her throat and temples

2 particular style/quality

e ADJ rich

e VERB + VEIN hit, strike The team have hit a rich vein

of form recently | tap (into)

e PREP ~of The writer tapped into a rich vein of humour

in the play

e PHRASES ina different vein, in a lighter/more serious vein Fortunately, the rest of the evening continued in a lighter vein in the same vein/in a similar vein

velocity noun

e ADJ enormous, high | low | constant, uniform | average, mean | maximum

e VERB + VELOCITY achieve, attain, reach Zventually, the star attained the velocity of light | move with to move with a uniform velocity | increase, raise

e VELOCITY + VERB increase, rise | decrease, fall

e PREP ata/the~ Light travels at a constant velocity

velvet noun

e ADJ heavy | rich | faded, worn | crushed

e@ PREP of~curtains of heavy crimson velvet

vendetta noun

e ADJ personal, political

e VERB + VENDETTA conduct, pursue, run

e PREP ~ against For years he pursued a vendetta against the Morris family

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veneer

veneer noun

e ADJ thin | false | civilized

e VERB + VENEER acquire | strip (off), strip sb/sth of

They have stripped the veneer of jingoism from the play, by

showing war in its true horror

e VENEER + VERB disguise sth, hide sth, mask sth He

managed to acquire a thin veneer of knowledge to mask his

real ignorance | crack For the first time her veneer of po-

liteness began to crack

e PREP behind/below/beneath/under a/the ~ They’re

brutal people behind their civilized veneer | ~ of

vengeance noun

e ADJ terrible

e VERB + VENGEANCE exact, take, wreak She is deter-

mined to wreak vengeance on those who killed her cousin |

be bent on, demand, seek, swear, vow, want He stormed

out, eyes blazing, bent on vengeance

e PREP ~ against They sought vengeance against the

countries that had humiliated France in 1814 ~ for ven-

geance for the murder of the princess ~ on He silently

vowed vengeance on them all

venom noun

1 poisonous fluid from a snake, etc

e ADJ deadly | snake, spider, etc

e VERB + VENOM inject, spit The snake injects the

venom immediately after biting its prey

2 extreme anger or hatred

e ADJ pure, real, undisguised a look of pure venom

e VERB + VENOM spit She surveyed him coldly with

eyes that spat venom

®© PREP with~ She said it quickly and with venom

venomous adj

e VERBS be

e ADV highly a highly venomous snake | actively There

are two types of mollusc that are actively venomous

vent noun

e ADJ air, heating | roof, side

e VERB + VENT open,close | fit, install

e PREP through a/the~ Air passes through a vent

ventilate verb

e ADV adequately, properly, well Make sure that the

room is well ventilated | badly, poorly

ventilation noun

e ADJ adequate, good Inspectors checked that there was

adequate ventilation | inadequate, poor | artificial,

mechanical | natural | through The windows at the back

are blocked up, so there is no through ventilation

e VERB + VENTILATION give, provide Zips up the sides

of the jacket give good ventilation

hole, opening, pipe, shaft, slit, tube

venture noun

e ADJ exciting | new | profitable, successful | cost-

ly, expensive, unprofitable | ill-fated, unsuccessful |

ambitious, bold, brave, high-risk, risky, speculative |

collaborative, cooperative, joint | private | non-

commercial | business, commercial, financial, pub-

lishing, tourism/tourist, trading

e VERB + VENTURE embark on, undertake The direct-

ors of the company refused to undertake such a risky ven-

ture | establish, set up The company has set up a joint

venture with a firm in Austria | join (in), join sb in His son Mark will be joining him in the new venture

e VENTURE + NOUN Capital, funds, money

e PREP ~by a cooperative venture by firms at the science park

> Special page at BUSINESS

venture verb

e ADV cautiously She ventured cautiously into the room

| rarely, seldom | far, further (afield) Some of the men ventured further out to sea | abroad, forth, out, outside

A few people ventured out into the street

e VERB + VENTURE dare (to) She would not have dared venture here alone

e PREP away from, beyond, into, out of They rarely ventured beyond their local market town

venue noun

e ADJ ideal, perfect, popular, prestigious, top Europe’s top venue for indoor athletics | intimate With room for only 200 people, this is the most intimate venue the band has played for years | all-seater, 500-seater, etc | out- door | home, neutral The match will be played at a neutral venue | tourist | cabaret, concert, conference, en- tertainment, exhibition, performance, rock, sport- ing/sports

e@ VERB + VENUE be, provide The Holiday Inn provided the venue for this year’s conference | hire | play | pack (out) The musical has been packing out venues around the world

e PREP at a/the~ The meeting will be held at a venue in the south of the city in a/the~ She has performed in venues around Europe | ~ for The hall is a popular venue for weddings

e PHRASES achange of venue verb noun

e VERB + VERB use Jn this essay he has used the same verbs over and over again | take ‘Government’ can takea singular or plural verb | agree with The subject doesn’t agree with theverb | conjugate, inflect Do you know how

to conjugate the verb ‘seek’? | modify, qualify Adverbs modify verbs

e VERB + VERB take sth Transitive verbs take a direct object | agree with sth, inflect Add an ending to make the verb agree with the subject | endin sth

e VERB + NOUN ending, form, phrase

e PHRASES averb of motion/perception

verdict noun

1 decision in a court of law about whether sb is guilty

e ADJ adverse, favourable Jn the case of an adverse verdict, the company could stand to lose millions | guilty, not guilty, not proven | majority, unanimous a wnani- mous verdict of not guilty | formal The jury returned a formal verdict after direction by the judge | jury, trial | appeal, inquest | accident, accidental death, man- slaughter, murder, misadventure, open, suicide An open verdict was the only appropriate one, given the very unclear evidence at the inquest

e VERB + VERDICT consider The judge sent the jury away to consider its verdict | agree (on), arrive at, reach They reached a verdict after hours of deliberation | an- nounce, bring in, deliver, enter, read out, give, pass, pronounce, record, return The verdict was delivered in front of a packed courtroom © The jury returned a verdict

of guilty at the end of the trial © The coroner recorded a

verdict of accidental death | accept | appeal against,

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851 vet

protest against | overturn, quash, reverse, set aside

His family always insisted that the original ‘guilty’ verdict

should be overturned | uphold The verdict was upheld at

appeal

e VERDICT + VERB bein sb’s favour

e PREP ~against We believe that the verdict against him

was unfair ~ of a verdict of accidental death

2 decision/opinion

e ADJ final The panel will give its final verdict tomorrow

| general, overall, unanimous The unanimous verdict

was that the picnic had been a great success

e VERB + VERDICT give

e@ PREP ~on What’s your verdict on her new book?

verge noun

e ADJ grass | motorway, roadside

e VERB + VERGE bring sb/sth to (figurative) This ac-

tion brought the country to the verge of economic collapse

e@ PREP onthe~ (figurative) She was on the verge of a ner-

vous breakdown when she finally sought help

verification noun

e ADJ empirical, scientific

@ VERIFICATION + NOUN procedures

e PREP subject to~ The credit card is then accepted, sub-

ject to verification of the signature

vermin noun

e VERB + VERMIN regard sth as Farmers regard foxes

asvermin | catch, control, deal with, shoot

versatile adj

e VERBS be, prove, seem

e ADV amazingly, extremely, highly, very, wonderfully

This machine is amazingly versatile | fairly, quite

verse noun

e ADJ humorous, light, satirical | blank, free, rhyming

e VERB + VERSE compose, write

e VERSE + NOUN form | drama

e@ PREP in~aplay inverse

version noun

1sth based on sth else

e ADJ current, latest, new, updated, up-to-date |

early, initial, original, preliminary, prototype an earlier

version of this computer software | later, subsequent |

definitive, final the final version of the architectural plans

| future A future version of the camera is currently being

developed | basic, standard | primitive, simplified |

amended, enhanced, improved, modified, refined, re-

vamped | advanced, complex, elaborate, sophisticated

a more advanced version of the initial concept | high-

performance | customized | de luxe, expensive, lux-

ury | cheap, low-cost | miniature | enlarged | compact,

cut-down, portable, scaled-down, small-scale | full-

blown, full-length, full-size | French, French-language,

etc the Japanese-language version of the software

e VERB + VERSION develop | bring out, create, come

out/up with, introduce, launch, offer, present, produce,

release, roll out, unveil The company will roll out an en-

hanced version of its operating system in the new year

e VERSION + VERB be out, come out The new version

comes outin June | be based on sth

2 play, film, book, piece of writing, etc

e ADJ draft, rough Keep a copy of the rough version of

your essay | abridged, condensed, short, simplified |

unabridged, unsimplified | expanded | authorized, of-

ficial This is the official version of the painter’s biography

| unauthorized, unofficial | hardback, paperback |

CD-ROM, electronic, interactive | French, French- language, etc | film, movie, musical, screen, stage, television The film version does not live up to the original novel | cover (= of a song) The band does a lively cover version of ‘Johnny B Goode’

e VERB + VERSION do

e PREP in a/the ~ The children read the novel in its abridged version

3 way sth is seen/done by sb

e ADJ accurate, faithful | full Only one newspaper printed the full version of the speech | popular | extreme, radical | watered-down, weak Theirs is a watered-down version of socialism

e VERB + VERSION give sb She agreed to give her version of events to journalists

vessel noun

1 ship/boat

e VESSEL + VERB be afloat Jt was one of the largest vessels afloat | sail The damaged vessel sailed on for another

e PREP aboard a/the~ They managed to haul the sur- vivors aboard the vessel alongside a/the~ A rescue boat managed to come alongside the crippled vessel on/on board a/the~ A fire broke out on board the vessel

2 container for liquids

e ADJ drinking | empty /t is a scientific fact that empty vessels make the most noise | ritual, sacred ancient bronze ritual vessels | bronze, glass, pottery, silver, wooden

e VERB + VESSEL fill

e VESSEL + VERB containsth

=> See BLOOD VESSEL

vest noun

e ADJ sleeveless | string | thermal | running | bullet-proof

= Special page at CLOTHES

vestige noun

e@ ADJ last, remaining The government has to remove any last vestiges of corruption

e VERB + VESTIGE lose, shed | dispel, remove, strip sb/sth of | preserve, retain ['m struggling to retain any vestige of belief in his innocence | show He showed no vestige of remorse for his crime

e PREP without a~ He looked at her without a vestige of sympathy | ~of

vet noun

e ADJ good | qualified | practising | country, local

e VERB + VET call (out) J think we'll have to call the vet

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vet

out | consult, go to, see, speak to/with, take sth to, talk to/with We had to take the dog to the local vet

e VET + VERB recommend sth

= Note at JOB

vet verb

e ADV carefully | fully, thoroughly

e PREP for All goods are carefully vetted for quality before they leave the factory

e PHRASES vetting procedure We are introducing new security vetting procedures

veteran noun

1sb who has served in the army, navy, etc

e ADJ war | army, navy | retired | disabled, wounded

| Vietnam, World War Two, etc

e PREP ~ofaveteran of World War Two

2 sb with long experience of an activity, etc

e ADJ seasoned He’s the seasoned veteran, who has taken the children to the museum many times | industry

e VETERAN + NOUN campaigner, leader, politician

e PREP ~ofaveteranof numerous political campaigns

veto noun

e ADJ effective, virtual | absolute | government, presi-

dential

e VERB + VETO have | cast, exercise, impose, use The board can exercise its veto to prevent the decision | lift The agreement became possible when Spain lifted its veto

| override, overturn The Senate voted to override the president’s veto

e VETO + NOUN power, rights

e PREP ~against The nobles had a virtual veto against

peasant candidates ~on The Opposition effectively have a

veto on constitutional reform ~ over a veto over all political appointments

e PHRASES apower/right of veto veto verb

e ADV effectively The president effectively vetoed this measure

e VERB + VETO threaten to

e PHRASES the power/right to veto sth

viability noun

e ADJ continued, continuing, future, long-term She is very negative about the long-term viability of the project | commercial, economic, financial, political

e VERB + VIABILITY assess, explore, investigate, test

| prove Once the railways had proved their viability ex- pansion was rapid | ensure | maintain, preserve, safe-

guard measures to preserve the viability of small businesses | improve | doubt, question The company has questioned the commercial viability of the mine | threat-

en, undermine

viable adj

e VERBS be, prove, seem, sound None of the projects proved financially viable | become | remain | make

sth It is only their investment that makes the programme economically viable | consider sth, regard sth as

e ADV extremely, truly | perfectly a perfectly viable

form of political organization | potentially | still | no

longer | commercially, economically, financially

vibrate verb

e ADV gently

e VERB + VIBRATE seemto

@ PREP through The thuds vibrated through the car with

The atmosphere seemed to vibrate with tension

852

vibration noun

e ADJ high-frequency, low-frequency

e VERB + VIBRATION cause, make, produce | damp-

en, reduce | detect, feel Certain animals can feel vibrations in the sand © Their instruments can detect the slight- est vibration

e VIBRATION + NOUN frequency | level

@ PREP ~from vibrations from heavy traffic vice noun

e ADJ secret

e VERB + VICE indulge (in) He used his inheritance to indulge his vices of drinking and gambling

vicinity noun

e ADJ close, immediate, near e@ PREP in the~(of) There is no hospital in the immediate vicinity

vicious adj

e® VERBS be, look, sound | become, get, turn The com-

puter wars are going to get vicious over the next few years

e ADV particularly, truly, very a particularly vicious and brutal crime | increasingly | rather

victim noun

e ADJ hapless, helpless, innocent, poor, unfortunate, unsuspecting, unwilling He defrauded his innocent victims of millions of pounds | easy Tourists are easy victims for pickpockets | passive | willing In his fantasies, women became passive and sometimes even willing victims | intended, potential The intended victims were se- lected because they seemed vulnerable | child, elderly the child victims of the war | Aids, cancer, heart attack, plague, stroke | accident, bomb, crash, disaster, earth- quake, famine, flood The government is sending aid to flood victims | kidnap, murder, rape | sacrificial | fashion She’s a fashion victim (= wears the newest fash- ions even if they do not suit her)

e VERB + VICTIM portray sb as Jn his trial, he tried to portray himself as the victim of an uncaring society | claim The train crash claimed its tenth victim yesterday when the driver died in hospital | compensate a Dill aimed at compensating victims of air pollution | blame The cut in benefits for the unemployed is a classic case of blaming the victim

@ PREP ~of They were the victims of a cruel hoax

e PHRASES fall victim to sb/sth Unfortunately, she fell victim to an unscrupulous landlord a victim of your/its own success The small firm became a victim of its own success when it could not supply all its orders on time

victor noun e@ ADJ clear, runaway | worthy

e VERB + VICTOR be, emerge (as) The team emerged as worthy victors

e@ PREP ~over The French pair fought back to finish two sets to one victors over the Williams sisters

victorious adj

e VERBS be, emerge, prove Osborne emerged victorious after the second round of voting

e ADV eventually, ultimately Against all the odds, Fred- erick IT was ultimately victorious

e PREP in victorious in the election over The Reds were victorious over the Whites

victory noun

e ADJ famous, glorious, great, historic, impressive, notable, outstanding, remarkable, significant, superb |

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853 view

view noun

clear, clear-cut, comfortable, convincing, crushing,

easy, emphatic, handsome, landslide, massive, over-

whelming, resounding, sweeping His party won a land-

slide victory in the elections | complete, comprehensive,

outright, total | narrow | conclusive, decisive The

army won the decisive victory that changed the course of

the war | dramatic, thrilling | shock, stunning, sur-

prise, unexpected | crucial, vital | deserved, well-

deserved | hollow, Pyrrhic | election, electoral, mili-

tary, moral, political

e VERB + VICTORY clinch, ensure, notch up, pull off,

record, score, secure, snatch, win They would do what-

The Hungarians pulled off a surprise victory against the

Italian champions | taste The England cricket team has

tasted victory for the first time this season | end in |

roar/romp/storm/sweep to Labour swept to victory in the

2001 election | hail sth as | hail Union leaders hailed the

socialists’ victory as a huge step forward | celebrate |

claim The outcome left both sides claiming victory | gain

sb, give sb | deny sb The Dutch champions were denied

victory in a tough 2-2 draw at Porto

e VICTORY + NOUN celebration, parade | speech |

dance, salute

e PREP ~againsta victory against Fascism ~for The case

was hailed as a victory for the common man ~ over their

resounding victory over England

e PHRASES snatch victory from the jaws of defeat

video noun

1 system of recording moving pictures and sound

e ADJ interactive

e VIDEO + NOUN camera, equipment, machine, play-

er, recorder, screen | clip, film, footage, image, picture,

recording, replay, sequence The jury watched video foot-

age of the riots | shoot The band are in Iceland doing a

video shoot | channel I can’t find the video channel on

this television | game | conferencing | conference,

presentation | link The speech was broadcast via a video

link to thousands standing outside | surveillance

e PREP on~ The film is already out on video

2 tape/cassette

e ADJ hour-long, ten-minute, etc | blank | pre-

recorded They sell both blank and pre-recorded videos |

amateur, home An amateur video of the crash failed to re-

veal the cause | educational, instructional They produce

educational videos for learning languages | music, pop,

rock | corporate | promo, promotional | training | ex-

ercise, fitness | porn/porno/pornographic, sex | po-

lice, security

e VERB + VIDEO make | manufacture, produce | re-

lease The group’s new video will be released next month |

capture sb/sth on, catch sb/sth on The thief was caught

on video as he pocketed watches and rings | rent (out) We

rent videos out nearly every weekend | watch The chil-

dren can sit for hours watching videos | show (sb) Their

teacher showed them a video about the Romans | fast-

forward, rewind

e VIDEO + NOUN cassette | library, rental shop, shop

| release a review of the latest video releases

e@ PREP ~ofasecurity video of the attack

3 (also video recorder)

e VERB + VIDEO programme, set Did you remember to

set the video for ‘Inspector Morse’?

videotape noun

e VERB + VIDEOTAPE make | copy (sth) onto, record

(sth) onto Film can also be copied onto videotape |

screen The videotape of the attack caused outrage when it

was screened on the news

e PREP ~of a videotape of the demonstration

1 opinion/idea about sth `

e ADJ general, popular, prevailing, widely held The prevailing view is that he has done a good job in difficult circumstances | conflicting, differing, divergent, op- posing, polarized The debate brings together experts with conflicting views | clear, forthright, strong He’s a doctor with clear views on how to prevent illness | idealized, op- timistic, positive, romantic, rosy Her rosy view of life abroad seems rather naive | jaundiced, negative, pes- simistic After his experience in jail, he has a pretty jaundiced view of the penal system | conventional The conventional view is that work is pleasant and rewarding | unorthodox | minority | political | liberal, modern, progressive, radical | moderate | conservative, reac- tionary | extremist, hard-line | stereotyped, stereotyp- ical | informed | ill-informed, uninformed | world His world view revolves around a battle between rich and poor

e VERB + VIEW have,hold | take/ took the view thatan exception should be made in this case | air, convey, ex- pound, express, make known, present, put forward The meeting gave everyone the chance to air their views © She picked up the phone and made her views known to her boss | discuss, exchange, share At the meeting, we hope people will exchange views freely | canvass, solicit He called a meeting to solicit the views of his staff | reflect, represent His letter to the management did not reflect the views of his colleagues | adhere to, agree with, endorse

| confirm, support | challenge His music challenges the

view that modern jazz is inaccessible

e PREP in your~ Jn my view it was a waste of time |

~about Teachers generally keep their views about politics hidden ~ on Experts hold widely differing views on this subject

e PHRASES an exchange of views It’s good to havea full and frank exchange of views a point of view From a teacher’s point of view, activities that can be done with minimal preparation are invaluable take a dim view of sth (= havea poor opinion of sth) My mother takes a pretty dim view of my cooking skills

2 ability to see/be seen from a particular place

e ADJ good, grandstand, wonderful | poor, terrible We had a poor view of the stage from where we were sitting | clear, unimpeded, uninterrupted, unobstructed | back, front, rear, side The picture shows a front view of the car: | close, close-up | public Tensions within the band re- mained hidden from public view | overall (figurative) The staff handbook gives an overall view of the company

e VERB + VIEW get, have The pillar prevented me getting a clear view of the action | give sb The patio gave an unimpeded view across the headland to the sea | block A woman in avery large hat was blocking my view of the pro- cession | come into A large truck suddenly came into view | disappear from They stood waving on the plat- form, until the train disappeared from view | be hidden from

@ PREP in~ There was nobody in view on~ The carriage was put on view for the public to see

e PHRASES in full view (of sth) He was shot in full view of alarge crowd

3 scenery

e ADJ breathtaking, fine, lovely, magnificent, spec- tacular, splendid, stunning, superb, wonderful a room with a breathtaking view across the bay | commanding, panoramic | mountain, sea, etc

e VERB + VIEW afford, boast, enjoy, give, have Most rooms enjoy panoramic views of the sea > The large windows give fine views of the surrounding countryside | ad- mire, enjoy a place to unwind and enjoy the view

e PREP ~across/over a view over the valley ~ from the view from his apartment ~ of

e PHRASES aroom with a view

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view verb

e VERB + VIEW tendto | tryto

e PREP as This behaviour is not viewed as acceptable

from trying to view the situation from an American per- spective with They tend to view foreigners with suspicion

e PHRASES generally/widely viewed as sth He is widely viewed as a possible prime minister increasingly viewed

as sth, traditionally viewed as sth, a way of viewing sth

viewer noun

e ADJ television/TV | armchair While fewer people are attending football matches, armchair viewers are growing

in number

@ VERB + VIEWER attract, pull (in) The evening news is

to change its serious image in a bid to attract more viewers

| be a hit with The new sitcom has been a smash hit with viewers | inform, tell The announcer informed viewers that programmes would be running late | entertain | outrage, shock a major new drama series that looks set to shock television viewers

e VIEWER + VERB see sth, watch sth BBC viewers saw the prime minister lose his cool on last night’s ‘Question Time’ © It is estimated that four million viewers watched the programme | switch (between) channels, switch off

| phone in, write in Hundreds of viewers phoned in to com- plain after the show

viewpoint noun

e ADJ alternative, contrasting, different, differing, opposite The magazine likes to publish articles with alternative viewpoints | narrow I find his viewpoint on this matter very narrow | extreme | personal | ideological,

political | commercial | scientific

e VERB + VIEWPOINT express, present, put forward | adopt, take He always takes the opposite viewpoint to the rest of the group | share I understand her viewpoint, but

do not share it | support He quoted recent test results to support his viewpoint | look at/see/view sth from Seen

from the student’s viewpoint, the oral exam can be fright-

ening | see, understand

e PREP from the ~ of From the viewpoint of teachers,

there has been a great increase in work

e PHRASES from a purely viewpoint From a purely

commercial viewpoint, the film was a failure

Vigil noun

1 when you stay awake to look after sb, etc

e ADJ all-night, constant, round-the-clock, 24-hour

Since the accident, the boy’s parents have kept a constant

vigil at his bedside | bedside | lonely For three nights, the shepherd maintained his lonely vigil

e VERB + VIGIL keep, maintain He told the gatekeeper

to keep vigil

e PREP ~over the husband's vigil over his dying wife

2 silent political protest; time of prayer

e ADJ candlelight/candlelit, night-time, nocturnal Pro-

testers held a candlelit vigil against the war | silent a si-

lent vigil outside the presidential palace | prayer

e VERB + VIGIL hold, stage | attend

e@ PREP ~fora vigil for the murdered politician

vigilance noun

e ADJ constant, continued, eternal | extra, increased,

special You should exercise extra vigilance about locking

your car properly

e VERB + VIGILANCE exercise, maintain | relax The

birds cannot afford to relax their vigilance against preda- tors | require

e PREP ~ against vigilance against shoplifters ~on the part of sb Guaranteeing the safety of students requires continued vigilance on the part of teachers

e PHRASES aneed for vigilance

vigilant adj

e VERBS be, keep, remain, stay | become

e ADV especially, extra, extremely, particularly, very | constantly, ever The organization is ever vigilant for threats to the habitats of birds

e PREP about Be extra vigilant about what you eat or drink against You need to be vigilant against garden pests

vigorous adj

e VERBS be | become

e ADV extremely, very leading a very vigorous campaign to get the chairman removed | quite taking some quite vigorous exercise | enough, sufficiently

e PREP in The group is not vigorous enough in its opposition to the proposals

vigour noun

e ADJ added, increased, increasing | fresh, new, renewed He returned to work with a sense of renewed vigour after his holiday | extraordinary, great, tremendous

| youthful | creative, intellectual, physical

e VERB + VIGOUR pursue/tackle sth with The government gave assurances that the enquiry would be pursued with vigour

e PREP with~

e PHRASES full of vigour She was a wonderful, bubbly girl, full of vigour vim and vigour He set to his task with renewed vim and vigour with equal vigour She attacked both political parties with equal vigour

villa noun

e ADJ grand, grandiose, handsome, imposing, luxuri-

ous, luxury, magnificent, sumptuous | modest | coun-

e VERB + VILLA have,own | rent | live in, stayin

e VILLA + NOUN holiday

e PREP ina/the~ staying in his Spanish holiday villa

village noun

e ADJ big, large | global Technology has turned the world into a global village | little, small, tiny | ancient,

old | attractive, beautiful, picturesque, pretty | quiet | nearby, neighbouring, surrounding The flood affected

the town and surrounding villages | outlying, remote, scattered | country, rural | coastal, seaside | desert-

ed | home, native She married a man from her home village | agricultural, farming, fishing, holiday, mining

e VILLAGE + NOUN community, life | church, green, hall, pub, school, shop, street | centre

e PREP in a/the~ They live in a farming village outside a/the ~ Our cottage is just outside the village

e PHRASES the centre/middle of the village, the edge/outskirts of the village

villain noun

e ADJ pantomime He wore a black cloak, like a pantomime villain

e VERB + VILLAIN cast sb as She seems to have cast me

as the villain in her latest emotional upheaval | play He has played villains in most of his films | catch, nail The police still haven’t nailed the villain

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855 visa

e PHRASES the villain of the piece/story He changed his

story to make his wife appear the villain of the piece

vintage noun

e ADJ classic, fine, superb | rare

e VINTAGE + NOUN champagne, claret, port, etc

viola noun

> Special page at MUSIC

violate verb

e ADV flagrantly, shamelessly They have flagrantly vio-

lated the treaty | systematically | brutally The peace of

the island community had been brutally violated

violation noun

e ADJ blatant, clear, flagrant The attack on civilians is a

flagrant violation of the peace agreement | grave, gross,

major, massive, serious | wholesale, widespread |

continued, repeated | human rights | traffic

e VERB + VIOLATION commit The army was accused of

committing violations against the accord | be, constitute

This action constitutes a violation of international law

e@ PREP in~of There is plenty of evidence that her actions

were in violation of an earlier contract | ~ against viola-

tions against minimum wage agreements

violence noun

1 behaviour that hurts other people physically

e ADJ considerable, great, excessive, extreme, large-

scale, serious | fresh There are fears of fresh violence if

the strike continues | continuing, escalating, growing |

gratuitous, unnecessary Letters poured in complaining

about the gratuitous violence on the show | mindless,

random, uncontrolled | brutal | criminal, unlawful |

endemic, institutionalized, widespread attempts to res-

cue the country from endemic violence | sporadic In spite

of sporadic violence, polling was largely orderly | do-

mestic, physical, sexual | drug-related, election-

related, etc | communal, ethnic, inter-communal,

inter-ethnic, racial, sectarian | political, revolutionary,

terrorist | left-wing, right-wing

e VERB + VIOLENCE commit, engage in, inflict, per-

petrate, resort to, turn to, use people who inflict violence

Under no circumstances should police use violence against

protesters | suffer She had suffered years of violence and

abuse | encourage, incite, provoke | denounce, de-

plore, hate, reject | breed Hatred breeds violence | spill

over into The enthusiasm of the protest spilled over into

violence | contain UN peacekeepers are struggling to con-

tain the escalating violence | end, quell Troops were

called in to quell the violence | be capable of We are all

capable of violence in certain circumstances

@ VIOLENCE + VERB break out, erupt, flare, occur Vio-

lence erupted outside the prison last night | mar sth The

demonstration was marred by violence | escalate, inten-

sify, worsen Observers have warned that the violence

could escalate into full-scale armed conflict | spread

e PREP ~against violence against police officers ~among

violence among football supporters ~ between violence be-

tween rival ethnic groups ~ towards violence towards eth-

nic minorities ~ within violence within the family

e PHRASES an act of violence Any act of violence

against another player must be punished an end to vio-

lence The former leader of the terrorist group has called

for an end to the violence an eruption/outbreak of vio-

lence The police are bracing themselves for an outbreak of

violence fear of violence, a life of violence Jt was a pre-

dictable death for a man who had lived a life of violence men of violence the men of violence who start wars an outburst of violence He had a short temper and was prone to outbursts of violence a threat of violence, an up- surge in violence, a victim of violence a refuge for victims of domestic violence violence begets/breeds violence We have to make people realize that violence only begets more violence a wave of violence

2 physical/emotional force

e ADJ suppressed

e PREP with (a)~ He kissed her with suppressed violence violent adj

1 using physical strength intended to hurt/kill

e VERBS be | become, get, grow, turn

e ADV exceptionally, extremely, particularly, really, terribly, very | increasingly | almost | a_ bit, fairly, pretty, quite, rather She started to get a bit violent | gra- tuitously The film is contrived, sentimental and gratuit- ously violent | potentially dealing with potentially violent incidents | physically, sexually

e PREP to, towards He was violent towards his wife on several occasions

2very strong

e@ VERBS be | become

e ADV exceptionally, extremely, very an exceptionally violent storm: | almost He felt a strong, almost violent, dis- like for the stranger | fairly, quite

violin noun

e ADJ muted

e VERB + VIOLIN tune (up)

e VIOLIN + NOUN bow, string | family The cello is a

member of the violin family

= Special page at MUSIC

virginity noun

e VERB + VIRGINITY lose

virtue noun

e ADJ cardinal, great, special | chief | inherent There

is no inherent virtue in having read all the latest books | negative, positive She has just one, negative virtue—she never tells lies © The brochure makes a positive virtue of the island’s isolated position | old-fashioned, traditional

e VERB + VIRTUE have Her book has the cardinal virtue

of simplicity | emphasize, extol, preach He never stops extolling the virtues of the free market

e PHRASES make a virtue of necessity (= to manage to gain an advantage from sth you have to do and cannot avoid), a paragon of virtue It would have taken a paragon

of virtue not to feel jealous

virus noun

e ADJ deadly | virulent | Aids, flu, hepatitis, herpes,

HIV, measles, etc | computer

e VERB + VIRUS be infected with, contract, develop | carry | pass (on), spread, transmit An infected person can pass the virus to others | isolate | inactivate

e VIRUS + VERB attack sb/sth The virus attacks a variety of cells in the body | replicate

e VIRUS + NOUN infection | vaccine

visa noun

e ADJ entry, exit, transit | student, tourist, travel

e VERB + VISA get, obtain J obtained a visa after hours

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