Tài liệu Oxford Collocations Dictionary for students of English_ Chương 2.20 ppt

e RACE + VERB berun/held, take place e RACE + NOUN meeting The horse was withdrawn from today’s race meeting with an injured leg.. e PHRASES on the grounds of race discriminating against

Trang 1

Rr

rabbit noun

e VERB + RABBIT hunt, shoot, trap | skin

e RABBIT + VERB hop, jump | bolt, run A frightened

rabbit will bolt for its hole | breed Rabbits breed very fast

e RABBIT + NOUN fur, skin | burrow, hole, hutch, war-

ren (often figurative) The building was a real rabbit war-

ren of corridors

race noun

1 contest to find the fastest person, car, etc

e ADJ big I get very nervous before a big race | close,

tight | long-distance | 10-kilometre, 24-hour, 7-lap,

etc | gruelling, hard, tough | relay, road | men’s,

women’s | boat, motor, motorbike, yacht, etc | dog,

horse, etc | Grand Prix, World Cup, etc

e VERB + RACE have, hold, organize, stage Let’s havea

race! | be in, compete in, enter, go in for, run in, take

part in Is she running in the big race on Saturday? | drop

out of, pull out of, withdraw (sth) from He dropped out of

the race with a pulled muscle after two laps © She had to

pull out of the race at the last minute | lead, win I was

leading the race until the half-way point © She has won the

race for the last five years | lose | come first/second,

etc in | beat sb/sth in | fix There is a rumour that the

race was fixed | throw (= to lose deliberately) He was

paid £1 000 to throw the race

e RACE + VERB berun/held, take place

e RACE + NOUN meeting The horse was withdrawn

from today’s race meeting with an injured leg | winner |

official, organizer

e PREP in a/the ~ [’'m not in this race | ~ against/with

the race against the Danish team ~ between the University

Boat Race between Oxford and Cambridge ~ over a race

over 200 metres

2 competitive situation

e ADJ two-horse Although there are five candidates,

realistically it is a two-horse race | presidential | arms

the halting of the nuclear arms race

e VERB + RACE be (involved) in, join The rival TV com-

panies are ina race to bring out the first film drama of his

life | be ahead in, lead, win Who will win the race for the

White House? | be left behind in, lag behind in, lose

e PREP in a/the~ lagging behind in the race for the presi-

dency | ~between a race between the developing countries

~ for the race for nuclear supremacy ~ with the race with

their rivals

3 racial group

e ADJ human | mixed a child of mixed race | Irish,

Jewish, Latin, etc | master the ideology of the master

race

e RACE + NOUN relations Immigration and race rela-

tions were key political issues at the time | equality | dis-

crimination, prejudice | riot

e PREP among ~s The disease is more common among

European races between ~s greater understanding be-

tween nations and races from a~ children from all races

and religions of a~ people of different races and cultures |

~of The Amazons were a race of female warriors

e PHRASES on (the) grounds of race discriminating

against people on the grounds of race

race verb

e ADV frantically, madly She raced frantically towards

the train | ahead, away, back, by, downstairs, off, out,

past, upstairs Farms and villages raced by

e PREP across, after, along, around/round, down, for, into, out of, through, to, towards, up He raced madly up the stairs

e PHRASES come racing Two boys suddenly came racing round the corner

racing noun

1 sport of racing horses

e ADJ horse | flat, jump

e RACING + NOUN results | tip | expert, tipster Her

racing tipster got the Derby winner right | manager, owner, trainer | career | stable | trophy | calendar, programme, season He organizes his life according to the racing calendar | business, game, industry He has ridden horses all his life, but he was a late starter in the racing game | circles, scene He’s known in racing circles as a fierce competitor © She’s a familiar face on the racing scene

| correspondent the racing correspondent of ‘The Times’

2 sport of taking part in races

e ADJ competitive, top-level Today's cross-country event marks his return to top-level racing | bike, dog, motor, yacht, etc | Grand Prix | road, track

e RACING + NOUN champion | legend, star racing le-

gend Ayrton Senna | cyclist, driver | team | pro-

gramme, season | scene | career, days | debut He

made his racing debut for Benetton three years ago | car | circuit The bikes sped by on the racing circuit | enthusiast, fan

racism noun

e ADJ blatant, overt J was shocked by the blatant racism

of his remarks | rampant Racism is rampant in the armed forces | institutional, institutionalized

e VERB + RACISM bea victim of, experience Many im- migrants have experienced racism | combat, fight (against), stamp out measures to combat racism

e PREP against~ the fight against racism

e PHRASES a form of racism rack noun

e ADJ display, storage | cooling, drying | letter, luggage, magazine, plate, spice, toast, vegetable, wine, etc | roof We fixed the canoe onto the car’s roof rack

e@ VERB + RACK hang sth on, put sth on/onto/in/into, stack sth in/on, store sth in/on The wine is stored in special racks

e RACK + VERB contain sth, hold sth The racks along the wall held most of the costumes

e PREP in a/the ~ He replaced the CD in the rack on a/the ~ Spread the flowers out to dry on a rack | ~ for a rack for storing apples ~ of racks of magazines

racket noun

1 noise

e ADJ appalling, frightful, hellish, terrible

e VERB + RACKET make Do you kids have to make such

a terrible racket?

e PREP above/over the ~ He had to shout over the racket

2 illegal way of making money

e ADJ drugs, extortion, protection, smuggling

e VERB + RACKET set up He set up a protection racket and demanded thousands of pounds from local shopkeep- ers | control, operate, run | be involved in

Trang 2

radar 616

e PREP in a/the~ the other people in this racket | ~in a

racket in stolen goods

radar noun

e ADJ enemy, police

e VERB + RADAR be equipped with

e RADAR + NOUN operator | screen | beam, signal |

equipment, scanner, station, system, transmitter

® PREP by~ navigating by radar on~ The submarine is

impossible to detect on radar

radiation noun

e ADJ background | low-level | harmful | electro-

magnetic, gravitational, infrared, microwave, nuclear,

solar, thermal, ultraviolet

@ QUANT dose Patients receive high doses of radiation

during cancer treatment

e VERB + RADIATION emit, give off | absorb The

ozone layer absorbs solar radiation | measure, monitor

| expose sb to Nuclear testing has exposed millions of

1 equipment used for heating a room

e ADJ central heating, convector, storage

e VERB + RADIATOR turn off/on | bleed You'll need to

bleed the radiators to remove the airlocks

e RADIATOR + VERB leak

e RADIATOR + NOUN key, valve

2 equipment for keeping an engine cool

e@ ADJ Car

e VERB + RADIATOR top up Top up the radiator before

making a long journey

e RADIATOR + NOUN grille

radical adj

e VERBS be,seem, sound | become

e ADV really, very | increasingly | fairly, quite, some-

what | genuinely, truly a truly radical concept | appar-

ently | potentially | politically, socially

radio noun

e ADJ cab, car There were calls for cab radios to link

train drivers and signal boxes | CB, mobile, portable,

transistor, two-way | FM, long-wave, short-wave |

army, police | community, local, national, state

e VERB + RADIO listen to | turn on, tune in to | tune

His radio is permanently tuned to Radio 1 | turn

down/up

e RADIO + VERB announce sth, report sth The radio

announced that the president had been assassinated |

blare (out), play (sth) He drove along with his windows

open and the radio blaring out

e RADIO + NOUN receiver, set | alarm, cassette (play-

er) | message, signal, waves | operator | system |

transmitter | silence The troops maintained a strict

radio silence while they moved into position | station |

advertisement, broadcast, interview, news, pro-

gramme, report, show, transmission | frequency |

amateur, ham The distress call was picked up by a young

radio ham | drama, play

@ PREP by~ The message was sent by radio on the~ We

were listening to a show on the radio

e RADIOACTIVITY + NOUN levels raffle noun

e ADJ charity

e VERB + RAFFLE have, hold, organize, run | enter |

win | draw The club secretary will now draw the raffle e@ RAFFLE + NOUN ticket the winning raffle ticket | prize

e PREP in a/the ~ I won a bottle of wine in the office Christmas raffle | ~ for He’s organizing a raffle for the school playground appeal fund

raft noun

e ADJ life

e VERB + RAFT build, make They built a raft of logs

e RAFT + VERB bob, float, sail The raft floated away down the river | capsize, overturn

e RAFT + NOUN race, racing

e PREP on/onto a/the~ floating on araft

rag noun

e ADJ clean | dirty, filthy, oily, old | bloodstained

e QUANT bundle, heap, pile He noticed what looked like

a bundle of rags beside the road

e VERB + RAG wipe sth (off) with | be wrapped in The

gun was wrapped in a dirty rag

e PREP ona/the~ He wiped his hands on an oily rag with a~ Icleaned the board with an old rag

rage noun

1 great anger

e ADJ blind, cold, icy, pure | helpless, impotent burning with impotent rage | pent-up, suppressed

e QUANT fit, burst He punched the wall in a fit of rage

e VERB + RAGE be_ beside’ yourself with, be boiling/burning with, be choked with, be filled with, be full of, be purple/red/white with, be rigid/stiff with, be shaking/trembling with, feel, seethe with He glared at

me, quite beside himself with rage © ‘How dare you!’ she said, her voice choked with rage | vent The people vented their rage on government buildings | control, master He managed to master his rage

e RAGE + VERB build up She felt the rage building up inside her | erupt His rage suddenly erupted | subside His rage was beginning to subside

e PREP with ~ She was speechless with rage | ~ at boiling with rage at the unfairness of it all

e PHRASES a bellow/cry/roar/shout of rage He gave a roar of rage and punched me in the face tears of rage

2 sudden display of great anger

e ADJ blind, terrible, towering | jealous | drunken She smashed up his car in a drunken rage

e VERB + RAGE be in, fly into, get in /f something’s too difficult she gets in arage

e PREP in a~ She killed him in a rage of despair |

~ about He was in a towering rage about his lost watch

~at He flew into a rage at the insult ~ of He left in a rage of humiliation

e VERBS be | become | remain 1 show great anger

e ADV dangerously, highly | slightly e ADV inwardly

Trang 3

617 rally

e@ PREP about She was still raging about the treatment

she had received against I raged inwardly against his in-

Justice at The team was left raging at the referee’s decision

2 continue with great force

e ADV still, on The argument still rages on

e PREP around Even the dogs were quiet while the heated

quarrel raged around them within trying to control the

fury raging within her

e PHRASES rage unabated The storm raged unabated

raid noun

1 surprise attack

e ADJ daring | destructive, heavy, major | punitive,

retaliatory, revenge | dawn, daylight, night | border,

cross-border | air, bombing | commando, guerrilla

e VERB + RAID carry out, conduct, make bombers

carrying out daylight raids over northern France |

launch, mount, stage | lead sb in | suffer

e@ PREP during/in a/the ~ Five civilians died in the raid

on a/the ~ He led his men on a cross-border raid |

~ against The raids against Norway continued ~by The

town suffered several raids by Vikings ~ on air raids on

Liverpool

2 robbery from a building

e® ADJ bank, post office, shop | armed, smash-and-

grab | dawn, daylight, night | daring

e VERB + RAID plan | carry out | foil Two customers

have foiled a smash-and-grab raid on a local shop

e PREP during/in a/the ~ the jewels stolen in the raid |

~on She was shot during an armed raid on a security van

3 surprise visit by the police

e ADJ dawn, early morning | police | drug/drugs

e VERB + RAID carry out, launch, stage Police staged

an early morning raid on the premises

e PREP during a/the ~ He was injured during a police

raid on his nightclub in a/the ~ the drugs seized in last

night’s raid | ~ by a raid by drugs squad detectives ~ on

raids on houses in Catholic areas of the city

rail noun

1 bar

e ADJ guard, safety | curtain, picture, towel heated

towel rails | altar, balcony, banister

e VERB + RAIL grip, hold on to, lean on She held tightly

on to the rail | hang from Lace curtains hung from the

brass rails over the bed | fit, fix

e PREP ona/the~ She saton the rail over a/the~ He fold-

ed the towel over the rail

2 (usually rails) tracks

e VERB + RAIL runalong/on ~s Trams run along rails

e PREP along (the) ~s The train thundered along the

rails between the ~ Weeds grew between the rails off

the~s The train came off the rails on (the) ~s The gun is

mounted on rails

3 railway system

e RAIL + NOUN fare, ticket | network modernizing the

rail network | route | timetable | service | connec-

tion, line, link the Channel Tunnel rail link | journey |

commuter, passenger, traveller, user | transport, travel

employee, staff, worker | union | enthusiast

e PREP by~ We went from London to Budapest by rail

railway noun

e ADJ mainline | high-speed | disused | narrow

gauge, standard gauge | miniature A miniature railway

runs around the park | model | funicular, overhead

Tourists can take the funicular railway to the top of the

mountain | private, regional, state | electric, steam

e VERB + RAILWAY manage, operate, run | nationalize,

privatize | build, construct | close, open

e RAILWAY + VERB run | carry sth The railways carry millions of tons of freight every year:

ployee, porter, staff, worker | architect, engineer | au-

e PREP on a/the ~ doing maintenance work on the railway © He works on the railways | ~ between the railway

between Funchal and Monte ~ from, ~to rain noun

e ADJ driving, heavy, lashing, pouring, torrential |

steady | fine, gentle, light, patchy The fine rain turned to mist in the early evening © The forecast is for wind and patchy rain | warm | cold | constant, continuous, per-

sistent | intermittent | overnight Overnight rain had

Freshened up the garden | monsoon, tropical The monsoon rains started early this year | autumn, spring, etc e@ QUANT drop, spot A few spots of rain had fallen | inch, shower, spot (informal) We had three inches of rain last night © We could do with a spot of rain

e VERB + RAIN forecast Rain is forecast for tomorrow | look like, threaten Jt looks like rain (= it looks as though it

is going to rain) © Black clouds threatened rain | pour with It poured with rain all afternoon | get caught in We got caught in the rain on the way home

e@ RAIN + VERB beat, come down, drip, drum, fall, lash, patter, pelt, pour down, splash, trickle Rain beat against the window all night © Rain dripped down his collar | come, set in, start The rain came just as we set off © The rain had set in steadily by the time we got home | cease, let up, stop The rain didn’t let up all day | continue The rain continued for most of the day | threaten With rain threatening, we headed home as fast as we could | drive

sb The rain drove the players off the court

e RAIN + NOUN cloud, water

e PREP in the~ We found her sitting in the pouring rain out of the~ Come in out of the rain through the ~ We drove slowly through the driving rain

rain verb

e ADV hard, heavily | a little, slightly | incessantly, non-stop, solidly, steadily It’s been raining solidly for an hour now © It rained incessantly for the whole two weeks

e VERB + RAIN begin to, start to | be going to J don’t think it’s going to rain

e PHRASES Start/stop raining rainfall noun

e VERB + RAINFALL have The area has a high annual rainfall | measure Her work includes measuring the

local rainfall

rally noun

1 political meeting

e ADJ big, huge, large, major, mass, massive | public

e VERB + RALLY have, hold, stage The demonstrators marched to Trafalgar Square where they held a rally | call for, organize, plan | attend, take part in About 5 000 people attended a rally calling for peace | address,

Trang 4

rally 618

speak at | ban The government closed the schools and

banned all rallies

e RALLY + VERB take place | break up, disperse, end

The rally dispersed peacefully after six hours | call for

sth

e PREP at a/the ~ She spoke at a public rally in Hyde

Park | ~ against a mass rally against the treaty ~ for a

rally for the winning candidate ~in support of a rally in

support of the strike

2 motor race

e ADJ club, international | motor, motorcycle

e VERB + RALLY hold, organize | compete in, enter |

win

e RALLY + NOUN circuit | driver, driving

e PREP on a/the~ He will join the team on the rally next

week

3in tennis

e ADJ long, short | exciting

e VERB + RALLY play | win | lose

rally verb

e ADV around/round Neighbours rallied round and

alerted the emergency services

e VERB + RALLY try to The team captain vainly tried to

rally his troops

e PREP around/round/behind She urged everyone to

rally behind the president to Friends rallied to her

e PHRASES rally to sb’s defence BBC leaders rallied to

his defence rally to sb’s/the cause Friends and colleagues

have rallied to her cause

ram verb

e ADV hard | deliberately

e@ PREP into He deliberately rammed his truck into the

back of the one in front

ramble noun

e ADJ country, nature

e VERB + RAMBLE go for/on We went for a ramble over

the moors

e PREP on a~ The family made the amazing find while

on a nature ramble in the woods

random adj

e VERBS be,seem

e ADV completely, entirely, purely, quite, totally | al-

most | fairly | truly | apparently, seemingly a seeming-

ly random sequence of numbers

range noun

1 different things within the same category

e ADJ broad, enormous, extensive, great, huge, large,

vast, wide | complete, comprehensive, full, whole | in-

finite | excellent, exciting, good, superb | astonishing,

extraordinary, impressive, remarkable | diverse people

from a diverse range of backgrounds | acceptable |

limited, poor | new Come and see our new range of furni-

ture | product For more information about our product

range, call your local branch

e VERB + RANGE have, stock They stock a very wide

range of garden products | make, produce | offer (sb),

provide (sb with), supply (sb with) We provide a full

range of financial services | choose (sth) from, try out

Students can choose from a wide range of options | cre-

ate, develop, launch The company is launching a new

range of cosmetics | expand, extend

e RANGE + VERB include sth Our comprehensive range

of benefits includes pension and health insurance

e PREP in a/the~ the other models in their new range

e PHRASES bottom/middle/top of the range This is a

top of the range refrigerator

2 amount between particular limits

e ADJ broad, wide | narrow | normal | ability, age, price, size, temperature, etc

e VERB + RANGE cover, encompass, feature, include The trade show will feature an enormous range of goods | extend, increase trying to extend the range of children’s language

e PREP across a/the~ There is considerable variation in ability across the range in althe ~ Most of the students are

in the age range 17-21 outside a/the~ No, that’s complete-

ly outside my price range within a/the~ The level of mis- takes is within the acceptable range of standards for a public organization | ~of a broad range of abilities

3 distance that it is possible to travel, see, etc

e ADJ long missiles effective over a long range | close, point-blank, short He shot her at point-blank range

e PREP beyond ~ This car is beyond the range of most people’s pockets in/within~ Are we within range of the local transmitter? out of ~ Don’t shoot yet—he’s still out of range outside a/the~ It’s outside my range of vision

range verb

e ADV enormously, widely

e PREP across The opinions they expressed ranged right across the political spectrum between The town’s population ranged between 15 and 20 000 from, in The disease ranges widely in severity over Her lecture ranged over a number of topics through an array of lilies, ranging through yellow to sombre purple to selling them at prices ranging from about $10 to $500 up to Their ages range up

air force, army, navy~

an air force/army sergeant

anarmy/navy captain air/field marshal

a naval captain/commander/lieutenant/ officer have/hold the rank of, serve as~

She joined the navy and held the rank of captain

He served as a lieutenant in the marine corps

be appointed, become, be made~

He was made a colonel at the age of 40

She ought to have been made sergeant by now

e ADJ high, senior, superior, upper | middle | infer-

ior, junior, low the lowest ranks of the aristocracy | first,

second He is in the first rank of university teachers | social | Cabinet, ministerial a government minister of Cab- inet rank

e VERB + RANK achieve, attain, be promoted to, get

to, reach, rise to She joined the navy, where she rose to the rank of captain | have, hold He held officer rank in the air force for many years | be stripped of He was stripped

of his rank by a military court

e PREP above a/the ~ He never rose above the rank of lieutenant below a/the ~ police officers below the rank of sergeant in~ He is higher in rank than I am | ~ in all ranks in society ~ of She reached the rank of captain

e PHRASES of high/low, etc rank officers of senior rank

2 group/line of things/people

e ADJ front, rear | massed, serried the serried ranks of hotel staff

Trang 5

619 rate

e PREP along a/the~ The president moved slowly along

the ranks of men in a/the ~ standing in the second rank ©

The soldiers marched in three ranks of ten

e PHRASES break ranks (= to leave a line of soldiers, po-

lice, etc.) The police broke ranks and started hitting people

with their batons rank on/upon rank (of sth) Rank upon

rank of caravans filled the field

3(a/so the ranks) ordinary members of a large group

e VERB + RANK be admitted into/to, enter, join, swell

Each month thousands more swell the ranks of the un-

employed | serve in They had served in the ranks of the

Sultan’s army | come up from/through, rise

from/through He came up through the ranks to become a

general

e PREP among/within the~s of There is much disaffec-

tion among the ranks of the party beyond/outside the ~s

The group has little influence over those outside its own

ranks in the~s There are few women in the highest ranks

of the organization

rank verb

e ADV high/highly, low These subjects ranked low for

most students

@ PREP above She ranks above any other musician of her

generation according to The children were ranked ac-

cording to academic ability alongside This city ranks

alongside London as one of the great tourist centres of the

world among He ranks among the greatest boxers of all

time as Their performance ranks as the best of the year

below, with This ranks with the great paintings of the

nineteenth century

e PHRASES be ranked/rank number two, three, etc the

tennis player ranked number two in the world high-/low-

ranking He is a high-ranking officer in the Indian Army

rank sth in order of sth ranked in order of size rank in the

top 10, 100, etc She is now ranked in the top five hockey

players in Britain rank second, third, etc The company

ranks second among food manufacturers

ransom noun

e VERB + RANSOM hold sb for/to, kidnap sb for She

was kidnapped and held for ransom ¢ (figurative) The

company refused to be held to ransom by the union | de-

mand | pay

e RANSOM + NOUN demand, note | money, payment

e PREP for~ stealing cattle for ransom

rap verb

e ADV sharply He rapped sharply on the door | gently

e@ PREP on, with rapping on the window with his stick

rape noun

e ADJ alleged | attempted | marital | date, gang

e RAPE + NOUN victim

= Note at CRIME (for verbs)

rape verb

e ADV brutally, forcibly, savagely She was attacked and

brutally raped | repeatedly | allegedly

e VERB + RAPE attempt to, try to

e PHRASES be/get raped worried about getting raped on

her way home be accused/convicted of raping sb, be

charged with raping sb, be found guilty of raping sb,

deny raping sb

rapid adj

e VERBS be,seem | become

e ADV exceptionally, extraordinarily, extremely, un-

usually, very | fairly, quite, relatively

rapidity noun

e ADJ alarming, amazing, bewildering, extreme, great, remarkable The styles change with bewildering rapidity | increasing

rare adj

e VERBS be,seem | become, get | remain

e ADV decidedly, distinctly, especially, exceedingly, exceptionally, extremely, particularly, surprisingly,

very | increasingly | comparatively, fairly, pretty,

quite, rather, relatively, somewhat | enough, sufficient-

ly The stamps were not rare enough to be interesting

rash noun

e ADJ skin | itchy | allergic | heat, nappy, nettle

e VERB + RASH have | break out in, come out in When I'm stressed I break out in arash

e RASH + VERB appear, come out, spread The rash most commonly appears on the back

e PREP ~on He's gota slight rash on his chest

raspberry noun

e QUANT punnetJ bought a punnet of fresh raspberries

e RASPBERRY + NOUN canerows of raspberry canes

= Special page at FRUIT

rat noun

e ADJ black, brown | laboratory | sewer | water

e RAT + VERB scurry, scuttle A brown rat scurried across the road | squeak | gnaw Rats had gnawed through the wires | carry/spread disease

e@ RAT + NOUN catcher The dog was a useful rat catcher

in the warehouse | droppings | poison

e PHRASES rat-infested a rat-infested cellar

rate noun

1 speed/frequency

e ADJ constant, expected, regular, steady | slow the slow rate of change | fast, rapid | alarming, phenom- enal The costs of the project are rising at an alarming rate

| low There is a low survival rate among babies born before 22 weeks | high | ever-increasing, rocketing |

seasonally-adjusted The seasonally-adjusted unemploy-

e VERB + RATE improve, increase, speed up | cut, hold down, reduce, slow down trying to hold down the rate of inflation | stabilize | maintain | increase

e RATE + VERB be/go/shoot up, grow, increase, rise, rocket, skyrocket, soar | be/come/go down, decline, decrease, drop, fall, plummet, plunge, slow, slip

Trang 6

rate 620

e PREP at a/the~ The water was escaping at a rate of 200 gallons a minute

2 amount of money paid

e ADJ competitive, cheap, low, moderate, reasonable

We have a wide range of vehicles available for hire at competitive rates © Calls are cheap rate after 6 p.m | extor-

tionate, high | excellent, good | poor The account offers

a poor rate of interest | fixed, flat You can opt to pay a flat rate for unlimited Internet access | usual | going Pll pay you at the going rate (= the present usual rate of pay-

| market current market rates for borrowing | group,

preferential, reduced Ask about the special group rates for entrance to the house and gardens | bank, exchange,

interest, lending, mortgage, tax

e VERB + RATE determine, fix, set | increase, lift, put

e RATE + VERB go/shoot up, increase, rise Their hour-

ly rates have gone up | come/go down, drop | fluctuate Exchange rates are fluctuating wildly | apply to sth Standard rates of interest apply to these loans

e@ PREP at a/the ~ borrowing money at a high rate of interest | ~ for the average rate for an unskilled worker

~of an increase in the rate of taxation

e PHRASES adrop in interest rates, a rise in mortgage rates, etc a one-point rise in base lending rates a rate of return safe investments which give a good rate of return

= Note at PER CENT (for more verbs)

rate verb

e ADV highly Silver was rated more highly than gold

e PREP among a golf course that is rated among the top ten in America as It is rated as one of the city’s best hotels

for a university that is highly rated for its research work rating noun

4 measurement of how good sb/sth is

e ADJ high, top | low, poor | overall The overall per-

formance rating puts the new model well ahead of its main

rivals | approval, opinion poll, popularity He has the highest opinion poll rating of any president this century | performance | credit Most countries try to preserve their international credit rating in order to secure necessary loans | personal

e VERB + RATING have | assign (sb/sth), give (sb/sth)

| achieve, earn, get, receive, score The university scored atop rating among students | preserve | improve

e RATING + VERB climb, improve, rise, rocket, soar The president’s ratings have suddenly rocketed | fall

e RATING + NOUN scale, system e@ PREP in a/the~ a drop of 50 points in her personal rating | ~for The resort got a low rating for children’s facilities ~on The judges gave her the maximum rating on style

2 ratings number of TV viewers, etc

e ADJ good | poor | audience, TV

e VERB + RATINGS get, have At this stage the series was

getting good ratings

e RATINGS + VERB go up, improve, pick up, shoot up, soar The ratings went shooting up overnight | dip, fall,

go down The programme’s ratings have dipped sharply

e@ RATINGS + NOUN battle, war

e PREP in the~s /t has been ousted from top spot in the

TVratings

ratio noun

e ADJ high, low | male/female, pupil/teacher, etc |

benefit-to-risk, power-to-weight, etc

_@ RATIO + VERB improve | worsen _ the

e VERB + RATIO achieve, have They have a high ratio

of imports to exports | improve, increase The hospital is trying to improve its staff/ patient ratio | reduce | calcu- late, find, work out

worsening pupil/teacher ratio in our schools

e PREP in a/the~ We mixed the oil and water in a ratio of one to five | ~ between the ratio between the amount of time spent on the work and the profit produced ~ of sth to sth the ratio of house prices to incomes

e PHRASES indirect ratio to sth Their sales rose in direct ration to the amount they spent on advertising

ration noun

e ADJ daily, monthly | double, entire, extra, full Preg-

nant women received a double ration of milk | meagre The refugees queued up for their meagre rations of soup | emergency, short, starvation, wartime ~s We’ve been put

on short rations | cigarette, food, petrol, etc

e VERB + RATION give sb, hand out, provide (sb with)

| get, receive | consume, have, use up You’ve had your ration of sweets for the day! | cut, reduce The guards are going to cut our rations again

e RATION + NOUN book, card, coupon

e PREP on a/the~ living on starvation rations | ~ of our daily ration of bread

ration verb

e ADV strictly These foods had to be strictly rationed

e PREP to The soldiers were rationed to one litre of water each per day

rational adj

e VERBS be, seem It all seemed quite rational to me

e ADV highly, very | entirely, fully, perfectly, quite Az the time she was perfectly rational | purely, strictly | essentially Humans are essentially rational beings | apparently | economically With children working from the age of ten, large families were economically rational e@ PREP about 7ry to be rational about it

rationing noun

e ADJ strict | bread, credit, food, fuel, petrol, etc | wartime

e VERB + RATIONING have | bring in, introduce The

government introduced meat rationing in May | end

e RATIONING + VERB bein force, exist

e RATIONING + NOUN system

e@ PREP ~of Strict rationing of basic foodstuffs was still

in force by the end of the year

ray noun

e ADJ powerful | bright | harmful | dying, last the

dying rays of a winter sun | cathode, cosmic, gamma, heat, infrared, light, ultraviolet, X- | the moon’s, the sun’s

e VERB + RAY emit, give off, send out gamma rays given off by plutonium | expose sb/sth to | block, filter out, protect/shield sb/sth from creams which filter out the sun’s harmful ultraviolet rays | bend, catch, deflect, reflect Her brooch caught the rays of the setting sun

e RAY + VERB filter through sth, pass through sth, penetrate sth, travel the moon’s rays filtering through the trees | hit sth When the sun’s rays hit the earth, a lot of heat is reflected back into space | damage sth Ultraviolet rays damage the skin

e PREP in the~s of a stream sparkling in the rays of the June sun

e PHRASES aray of light/sunlight/sunshine, the rays of the sun

Trang 7

e VERB + RAZOR cut sb/sth with, shave with, slash

sb/sth with, use We used a razor to cut the string | be

armed with He was armed with a cut-throat razor

e RAZOR + NOUN blade | wire

e@ PREP with a/the~ He slashed his wrists with a razor

reach noun

e ADJ long Gorillas have a very long reach

e VERB + REACH have

e PREP beyond (sb/sth’s) The latch was just beyond her

reach in/within sb/sth’s~ a holiday town within reach of

Marseilles out of sb/sth’s ~ Keep all medicines out of

reach of children

e PHRASES within arm’s reach I always keep my mobile

phone within arm’s reach within easy reach (of sth) The

house is within easy reach of the shops

reach verb

1 arrive at a place/condition

e ADV eventually, finally

e VERB + REACH attempt to, try to | be expected to,

be likely/unlikely to, expect to Profits are expected to

reach £2 billion this year | be able to | be unable to, fail

to The jury was unable to reach a verdict

2 stretch out your arm to touch/get sth

e ADV gingerly | out, over He reached out gingerly to

touch it

e PREP for She reached for the telephone and picked it up

into He reached into his bag and took out a book

3 be able to touch sth

e ADV easily She had arranged her desk so that she could

reach everything easily

e VERB + REACH can/could /can’t reach the top shelf

react verb

e ADV strongly | favourably, positively, sympathetic-

ally people who react positively to change | adversely,

badly, negatively, unfavourably | aggressively, angrily,

violently | cautiously, coolly | sharply | appropriately

| immediately, instantly | quickly, swiftly The police

must be able to react swiftly in an emergency | differently

| accordingly His insensitive remarks hurt and she react-

ed accordingly | automatically, instinctively, spontan-

eously | physically

e VERB + REACT tend to | be slow to The industry has

been slow to react to these breakthroughs in technology |

not know how to He did not know how to react to her

sudden mood swings

e PREP against Many young people react against trad-

itional values by The government reacted by increasing

taxation to The university reacted unfavourably to the

proposals with Her family reacted with horror when she

told them

reaction noun

1 response

e ADJ extreme, sharp, strong, violent | favourable,

positive | adverse, hostile, negative | mixed The speech

got a mixed reaction | angry | first, immediate, initial |

delayed Her outburst was a delayed reaction to an un-

pleasant letter she’d received that morning | chain The

change of plan set off a chain reaction of confusion |

mixed | common, general, public | natural, normal |

automatic, gut, instinctive, knee-jerk, spontaneous The

incident calls for a measured response, avoiding knee-jerk

reactions | nervous | emotional | critical The critical

reaction to his first novel has been positive

e VERB + REACTION get, have, meet with The play met with a mixed reaction from the critics | bring, cause, produce, provoke, set off, spark (off), trigger (off) She was surprised at the reaction brought by the mention of his

name | gauge, judge (by/from) He eyed her cautiously,

trying to gauge her reaction © Judging by her reaction, she liked the present

@ PREP in~to There’s been a drop in ticket sales in reaction to the review | ~ against Her rebellious attitude is just a reaction against her strict upbringing ~to the public reaction to the news

2 (usually reactions) ability to react quickly

e ADJ fast, good, lightning, quick | slow, sluggish

e VERB + REACTION have She has very quick reactions

| speed up | slow down Alcohol has the effect of slowing down your reactions

@ REACTION + NOUN time Your reaction time increases when you are tired

3 chemical reaction

e ADJ chain | chemical, nuclear

e VERB + REACTION cause, produce, start, trigger | stop | speed up | slow down

e REACTION + VERB occur, take place

e PREP during/in a/the ~ the energy given out during the reaction | ~ between studying the reactions between certain gases ~with the fuel’s chemical reaction with the surrounding water

e REACTOR + VERB operate, run

e REACTOR + NOUN building, site | fuel | core | accident, safety, shut-down

read noun

1 activity of reading

e ADJ good | quiet

e VERB + READ have had a good read of the paper before they arrived

2 writer/book

e ADJ compelling, good, great, interesting

e VERB + READ be, make The story made an interesting read

read verb

e ADV aloud listening to children reading aloud | silent-

ly | carefully, with interest He read her letter with interest | avidly, voraciously She read avidly from an early age—books, magazines, anything | out Shall I read this out to you?

e VERB + READ be able to, can/could Most children can read by the age of seven | learn (how) to | teach sb (how) to

e PREP about Hogan had read about her death in the papers from She read from the letter of I had read of the case in the local newspaper through I read through the

Trang 8

first paragraph again to I read a story to my son every e VERB + READING get, obtain, take | give The dials night were giving higher readings than we had expected

e PHRASES read and write She had great difficulty learn-

1 prepared

readable adj

1 enjoyable to read

e VERBS be | make sth

e ADV eminently, extremely, highly, immensely, very a

stimulating and highly readable account | quite

2 able to be read

e VERBS be

e ADV clearly, easily The figures should be clearly read-

able © printed in large, easily readable type

e PHRASES machine readable

reader noun

e ADJ careful, competent, fast, fluent, good | alert, at-

tentive Alert readers may have noticed the misprint in last

week’s column | discerning, sophisticated | poor,

slow | avid, great, voracious | omnivorous | regular

regular readers of this magazine | casual | adult, fe-

male, male, women, young | specialist | general, non-

specialist a book that will be too difficult for the general

reader | Daily Express, Guardian, etc | tabloid

e@ PREP ~ofavoracious reader of science fiction

readiness noun

e ADJ greater | constant | combat The troops were in

a state of combat readiness

e VERB + READINESS declare, express, indicate,

show, signal Hungary has indicated its readiness to sign

the treaty | hold sb/sth in He held his gun in readiness

e@ PREP in~(for) service the car in readiness for the jour-

ney | ~for to express a readiness for change

e PHRASES a state of readiness

reading noun

1 sth you can read

e ADJ compelling, compulsive, fascinating, good,

interesting | depressing, disturbing | heavy, serious |

light | compulsory, essential, required | recommend-

ed, suggested | background, introductory | further |

bedtime, holiday some light holiday reading

e VERB + READING be, make (for) Their story makes

compulsive reading

e READING + NOUN list

2 activity of reading

e ADJ extensive After extensive reading on the subject

she set to work on an article | careful, close, critical A

close reading of the text reveals several contradictions |

serious | map My map-reading skills are not the best

@ VERB + READING do, get down to I haven’t had time

to do much reading lately > In the holidays [ll get down to

some serious reading

e READING + NOUN material, matter | ability, age,

knowledge, skills He has a reading age of eight © She has

a good reading knowledge of Russian | glasses, light,

room

e@ PREP ~about/on His reading about Ruskin led him to

the works of Turner

3 reading in public

e ADJ public | Bible, poetry

@ VERB + READING give Dickens gave many public

readings from his works

e PREP at a/the~ We met at a reading of his poetry |

~from/of readings from the Koran

4 figure/measurement shown on an instrument

e ADJ high, low | zero | normal | accurate, correct |

false | meter, thermometer

e VERBS appear, be, feel, look, seem | get We were getting ready to go out | get sb trying to get the children ready to leave | consider sb, declare sb, deem sb, judge

sb She was concerned to protect the children from the truth until she judged them ready to hear it

e ADV all Z was all ready to leave when the phone rang | not quite He didn’t feel quite ready for marriage | (just) about, almost, nearly, practically J think we're just about ready to start | always, ever | not yet | emotionally Though Paul had wanted a child, he wasn’t emotionally ready for it

e PREP for I feel ready for anything! with He’s always ready with a quick answer

2 prepared and available

e VERBS be, stand The suitcases were standing ready by the front door | have sth, hold sth, keep sth, leave sth Please have your tickets ready for inspection © holding his gun ready © Pve left everything ready in the kitchen | get sth, make sth PJ get all the boxes ready © The warships were soon made ready | consider sth, declare sth, deem sth, judge sth The plane was refuelled and declared ready Sor service again

e PREP for The cases are ready for delivery

3 willing

e VERBS appear, be, seem | remain

@ ADV more than, only too, very Connors was more than ready to oblige © She was only too ready to believe the worst of him | always, ever | apparently | clearly

e PHRASES ready and willing always ready and willing

e VERB + REALISM add, bring, lend Clever lighting and sound effects brought greater realism to the play | achieve Children can get frustrated when they are unable

to achieve realism in their drawings

e@ PREP ~about the band’s realism about their chances of SUCCESS

e PHRASES asense of realism

realistic adj

1 showing acceptance of the facts of a situation

e VERBS be, seem | keep sth Try to keep your ambitions realistic

e ADV extremely, very | fairly, quite, reasonably | enough, sufficiently He was realistic enough to know this success could not last

e PREP about My friends were quite realistic about my problems in being very realistic in their expectations

2 showing things as they really are

e VERBS be, look, sound | become | make sth You could make the hands a little more realistic

Trang 9

623 reason

e ADV extremely, truly, very | fairly, quite | grimly his

grimly realistic first novel about drug addicts

reality noun

e ADJ awful, bitter, brutal, cold, grim, hard, harsh,

painful, sad, stark We were faced with the awful reality of

having nowhere to live | complex | underlying He has

no illusions about the underlying reality of army life |

objective, practical the practical realities of running a

children’s home | daily, everyday | external Painters at

the time were largely concerned with reproducing external

reality | commercial, economic, historical, physical,

political, psychological, social the harsh economic real-

ities of lifeas a student | virtual the use of virtual reality in

computer games

e VERB + REALITY become One day her dream will be-

come a reality | make sth It’s our task to make the pro-

posals areality | accept, confront (sb with), face (up to),

get a grip on, grasp, wake up to She will have to face real-

ity sooner or later © I don’t think you have quite grasped

the realities of our situation! | bear little/no, etc rela-

tion/resemblance to, be cut off/divorced/removed from,

be out of touch with, have little/not have much to do

with They are out of touch with the realities of modern

warfare © Most people’s ideas of the disease do not have

much to do with the reality | escape from | deny, ignore

| bring sb back to, come/get back to, return to He called

for the committee to stop dreaming and return to reality |

distort Most comedy relies on distorting reality | pro-

tect/shelter/shield sb from Her parents always tried to

shield her from the realities of the world | reflect

e@ PREP in~ The media portray her as happy and success-

ful, but in reality she has a difficult life

e PHRASES a grasp of reality He has a rather tenuous

grasp of reality a perception/sense of reality

realization noun

e ADJ full | dawning, growing | gradual | sudden |

awful, terrible

e VERB + REALIZATION come to He came to the

realization that he would never make a good teacher

e REALIZATION + VERB come (to sb), dawn (on sb),

hit sb The realization that the murderer must have been a

close friend came as a shock © We saw the terrible

realization of what she’d done dawn on her face

realize verb

e ADV fully | dimly She dimly realized that she was

trembling | suddenly | quickly, soon | now | for the

first time J realized for the first time how difficult this

would be | at first The situation was more complicated

than they had at first realized | at last, belatedly, even-

tually, finally | never J never realized how much it meant

to you

e VERB + REALIZE begin to, come to | make sb The

experience made me realize that people did care | seemto

You don’t seem to realize the seriousness of the situation |

fail to | be important to

e PHRASES without realizing (sth) We are constantly

using historic buildings, without even realizing it

realm noun

1 area of activity/interest/knowledge

e ADJ whole the whole realm of human intellect | new |

international | public | domestic, private | political,

social, spiritual

e VERB + REALM bellie in, belong in/to | open up The

research has opened up new realms for investigation |

enter, move into | descend into/to (disapproving) Most

readers are likely to lose interest when he descends into the

realms of (= starts discussing) rhetorical terminology |

move from/out of The euro has moved from the realms of theory into reality

® PREP beyond/out of/outside the ~ of His ambitions are way beyond the realms of possibility in/within the ~ of The idea belongs in the realm of science fiction

e PHRASES the realms of fantasy/possibility

2 country ruled by a king/queen

e VERB + REALM defend They fought to defend the realm

e PREP beyond/outside the ~ wealth acquired outside

the realm in/within the ~ peace within the realm through-

out the~ There was rejoicing throughout the realm

e PHRASES a part of the realm, the defence of the realm Royal taxation usually had to be for the defence of the realm

reappraisal noun

e ADJ fundamental, major, radical | complete | constant | careful | critical a critical reappraisal of existing ideas and social institutions

e VERB + REAPPRAISAL cause, lead to Her theory is that disillusionment with employment leads to reappraisal of career goals | undertake They have undertaken a reappraisal of pupils’ needs

rear noun

e VERB + REAR bring up Three drummers brought up the rear (= were last in the parade) | attack (sb/sth) from

e PREP at the~ The socket for the printer cable is located

at the rear of the computer from the ~, in the~ The radio is loudest in the rear of the car to/towards the~ A high gate blocks the only entrance to the rear

rear verb

e ADV intensively intensively reared beef cattle | naturally naturally reared pork and beef | successfully reason noun

1 cause/motive/justification; explanation of sth

son | important | special | chief, main, major, pri-

mary, principal | only, simple, sole The only reason I didn’t become a professional golfer was because of my family commitments o I was never good at playing the trum- pet for the simple reason that I never practised | real, underlying She did not tell him the real reason for her change of heart The underlying reasons for these differ- ences will be explored in depth in the next chapter | very There is an assumption that a state will protect its citizens That is the very reason for the existence of states | apparent, particular He was attacked for no apparent reason |

security | health | humanitarian

e VERB + REASON be aware of, see We see no reason why this band shouldn’t be a huge success | have I don’t know why he did that, but ’'m sure he had his reasons © I have no reason to believe that she was lying to me | cite, give (sb/sth), set out, state Give me one good reason why I

Trang 10

reasonable 624

should help you © In the letter she carefully set out her rea-

sons for leaving | cite sth as, give sth as | suggest |

explain | understand | uncover

e PREP by~of (formal) persons in need of care by reason

of (= because of) old age for a/the ~ procedures carried out

for reasons of national security for ~ of (formal) For rea-

sons of security, you are requested to keep your luggage

with you at all times with/without ~ They complained

about the food, and with good reason (= rightly) |

~ against There are obvious reasons against such a move

~behind We are trying to uncover the reasons behind her

decision ~for They didn’t give any reason for the delay

e@ PHRASES all the more reason Jf he’s unwell, that’s all

the more reason to go and see him all sorts of reasons

People buy things for all sorts of reasons any/every/lit-

tle/no/one/some reason I know you’re angry with me,

and you have every reason (= very good reasons) to be for

reasons best known to yourself For reasons best known

to herself she has turned down the offer for whatever rea-

son people who, for whatever reason, are unable to support

themselves a number/variety of reasons, rhyme or rea-

son There’s no rhyme or reason (= logic) to the new open-

ing hours

2 power to think logically; what is possible/right

e ADJ human

e VERB + REASON lose He seems to have lost all sense

and reason | be open to, listen to, see J tried to persuade

her, but she just wouldnt listen to reason

e@ PREP beyond ~ He was beyond ail reason within ~ Pil

lend you the money you need—within reason, of course!

e PHRASES an appeal to reason The residents hope that

an appeal to reason (= asking the rioters to be reasonable)

will end the rioting it stands to reason It stands to reason

(= it is logical) that she wouldn’t want them to find out

about her personal problems the voice of reason She was

always the voice of reason, persuading him not to buy

things they couldn’t afford

reasonable adj

e VERBS appear, be, seem, sound | consider sth,

judge sth, regard sth as, think sth

e ADV eminently, extremely, very | entirely, perfectly,

utterly The police apparently thought this explanation

perfectly reasonable | fairly, quite | enough Her request

sounded reasonable enough to me | apparently

reasoning noun

e ADJ careful, sound | false, faulty | underlying | ab-

stract | practical | logical | deductive, inductive | ju-

dicial, legal, moral, scientific, theological | human

@ QUANT piece arather confused piece of reasoning

e VERB + REASONING adopt, apply, employ, use the

reasoning adopted by the court | follow, understand J

can’t quite follow your reasoning | accept | reject |

challenge | explain

® REASONING + VERB apply The same reasoning ap-

plies to the current situation | lead sb/sth to sth I cannot

accept the reasoning that led the trial court to its decision

e REASONING + NOUN process | ability

e PREP in your ~ the circularity in their reasoning |

~ about reasoning about art ~ behind Many people chal-

lenged the reasoning behind the proposal

e PHRASES aflawin your reasoning, a form/kind/line of

reasoning The implication of this line reasoning is that

globalization of capital is destructive power of reason-

ing She seemed to have lost her powers of reasoning

reassurance noun

e ADJ great | further | constant, continual | calm

Continual calm reassurance should be given

e VERB + REASSURANCE have We have had some re-

assurances from the council that the building will be

saved | need, want | look for, seek He glanced at her, seeking reassurance | draw, find, gain, receive He drew reassurance from the enthusiastic applause © She found reassurance in the high attendance at her lectures | bring (sb), give (sb), offer (sb), provide (sb with) A system of be- liefs can bring you reassurance at times of stress

e@ PREP despite ~ She kept looking in the mirror despite

my constant reassurances that her hair looked fine for ~

He held onto her hand for reassurance in~ I patted her shoulder in reassurance | ~about/on The ministry tried

to offer reassurance on the safety of eating beef ~ from reassurances from the researchers about their work reassure verb

e ADV constantly He was constantly reassuring himself that he had acted for the best | quickly _

e VERB + REASSURE be able to, can | seek to, try to | hasten to | do little to, do nothing to | do much to The report will do much to reassure parents of children at the school

e PREP about trying to reassure the public about the safety of public transport of She needed to be reassured of his love for her with He reassured her with a pat on the arm

e PHRASES feel reassured Kate nodded, but she didn’t feel reassured need reassuring Often parents simply need reassuring that their children are happy at school

reassuring adj

e VERBS be | find sth

e ADV extremely, immensely, very | hardly Her comment—‘You can always try again if you fail’—was hardly reassuring | faintly, quite, vaguely | oddly | somehow

rebate noun

e ADJ generous, substantial | maximum | rate, rent, tax She’s claiming a 100% tax rebate

e VERB + REBATE be eligible for, be entitled to People

e REBATE + NOUN scheme, system e@ PREP ~onrebates on the new council tax

e PHRASES asystem of rebates rebel noun

e ADJ anti-government | left-wing, right-wing | US- backed, etc | former | armed

e QUANT band, group

e VERB + REBEL back, help, support They sent in

troops to back the rebels | repel | defeat | join | lead

e REBEL + VERB be based The rebels were based in camps along the border | advance | attack sth | cap- ture sth, gain/regain/seize/take control (of sth) The rebels seized control of the national radio headquarters

e REBEL + NOUN faction, group, movement | army, fighters, force/forces, officers, soldiers, troops | commander, leader | control The southern parts of the country had fallen into rebel control | base, camp, position, stronghold | activity, advance, assault, attack, inva- sion | cause, movement new recruits to the rebel cause

e PREP against the ~ military operations against the rebels | ~against a group of rebels against the emperor

e PHRASES abit/something of a rebel (figurative) He’sa bit of a rebel (= he doesn’t like to obey rules)

rebellion noun

1 attempt to change the government

e ADJ full-scale, major | minor, small | general, open

| armed | military, peasant, popular

Trang 11

625 receiver

e VERB + REBELLION rise (up) in Simon de Montfort

rose in rebellion in 1258 | launch, raise (literary), stage

They staged a rebellion against British rule in Ireland |

set off, spark off The re-introduction of conscription

sparked off a major rebellion | foment, provoke (sb/sth

to) attempts to foment rebellion in the Cabinet © The new

taxes provoked the population to open rebellion | threat-

en The opposition party members threatened rebellion |

join | take part in | lead | support | crush, put down,

quell, suppress

e REBELLION + VERB occur Peasant rebellions oc-

curred throughout the 16th century | begin, break out Re-

bellion broke out in the Rhineland | fail

e@ PREP in~ Theyare inrebellion against the conservative

hierarchy of the Church | ~ against a rebellion against

the new king ~ over a rebellion over an increase in VAT

2 opposition to authority

e ADJ adolescent, teenage, youthful

e REBELLION + VERB stir The band refused to go on

stage and rebellion began to stir in the audience

e PREP ~against rebellion against their parents

e PHRASES anactof rebellion, a form of rebellion

rebuff noun

e ADJ harsh, sharp, stinging | humiliating

e VERB + REBUFF meet (sth) with, receive, suffer Her

efforts were met with a sharp rebuff | risk My father was

too proud to risk a rebuff so he simply did not ask her | ex-

pect He avoided speaking to her, expecting a rebuff | ac-

cept | ignore

e PREP (in) a~to In a rebuff to the president, Congress

voted against the bill | ~ from She suffered a rebuff from

her manager when she raised the matter

rebuild verb

e ADV completely, entirely, totally The hall had to be

completely rebuilt after the fire | virtually | extensively,

largely, substantially | partly | painstakingly

e VERB + REBUILD begin to, start to beginning to re-

build her life | try to | help (to) The international com-

munity must step in to help rebuild the country

e PHRASES newly/recently rebuilt, rebuild sth from

scratch Much of the damaged vehicle had to be rebuilt

Srom scratch

rebuke noun

e ADJ sharp, stern, stinging | gentle, mild | silent |

implied | public

e VERB + REBUKE receive | draw, earn (sb) Even one

minute’s lateness would earn a stern rebuke | accept He

meekly accepted the rebuke | administer If the general

found his authority questioned he invariably adminis-

tered a sharp rebuke

e@ PREP ~for, ~from They received a public rebuke from

the prime minister for their handling of the matter ~to He

hit back with a stinging rebuke to his critics

rebuke verb

e@ ADV sharply | gently | publicly

e PREP for She rebuked herself sharply for her stupidity

recall verb

e ADV clearly, distinctly, vividly, well J well recall walk-

ing the five miles to school every morning | dimly, vague-

ly | correctly If I recall correctly, he lives in Luton | eas-

ily She could easily recall the smell of the orange groves |

suddenly | fondly | still Becky could still recall that first

meeting clearly

e VERB + RECALL seem to/ seem to recall that she said

she was going away | be able to, can/could (barely),

can’t/couldn’t (quite) | try to

recede verb

e ADV abit, a little, slightly His fine dark hair was reced-

ing a little | further | gradually, slowly The pain was

gradually receding | fast, rapidly The January flood waters receded as fast as they had risen

e PREP from These worries now receded from his mind

e PHRASES recede into the background/distance His footsteps receded into the distance

receipt noun

1 piece of paper showing what was paid for

e ADJ original

e VERB + RECEIPT ask (sb) for | get, obtain | receive

e@ RECEIPT + NOUN book

e PREP ~for She issued a receipt for the goods

@ PHRASES the date for receipt The closing date for receipt of your application is July 14 within days of receipt /temms should be paid for within 14 days of receipt

3 receipts money received

e ADJ total Cash income is calculated by subtracting total trading income from total receipts | net | capital |

income, revenue | tax | cash | foreign currency/ex-

change | dollar, euro, etc | box-office, gate, match

e VERB + RECEIPTS receive

@ RECEIPTS + VERB rise Customs and excise receipts rose 2.5 per cent | reach sth Cash receipts reached £70 million | fall, stump Match receipts slumped by £89 000 com- pared to last season

e PREP ~from receipts from land sales

e PHRASES receipts and payments receive verb

1 get/accept sth

e ADV gratefully Any help or donations will be gratefully received

e VERB + RECEIVE be entitled to You might be entitled

to receive housing benefit | expect to You can expect to receive compensation for all direct expenses arising out of the accident

2 react to sth in a particular way

e ADV well The play was very well received | badly The speech was badly received by republican leaders

e@ PREP with The news was received with dismay

receiver noun

1 part of a telephone

e ADJ phone, telephone

e VERB + RECEIVER lift, pick up She took a deep breath and lifted the receiver off its hook | hold | put back/down, replace | snatch up | bang down, slam down He slammed the receiver down and burst into tears

| drop e@ RECEIVER + VERB dangle The receiver was dangling From the payphone

e PREP over the~ ‘/t’s your mother on the phone again.”, said John with his hand over the receiver

e PHRASES hold/put the receiver to your ear She picked

up the receiver and put it to her ear

Trang 12

recent 626

2 piece of radio/television equipment 3 (usually recesses) part furthest from the light

e ADJ portable | radio, satellite, television

e@ RECEIVER + NOUN unit To change channel, select the

desired number on the receiver unit

3 person in charge of a bankrupt company

e ADJ official | administrative

e VERB + RECEIVER appoint, appoint sb (as) | call in

They had to lay off 200 staff and callin the receivers

e PHRASES in the hands of the receiver The company

remained in the hands (= under the control) of the receiver:

recent adj

e VERBS be

e ADV very | comparatively, fairly, quite, relatively a

relatively recent development

reception noun

1 area in a building

e VERB + RECEPTION wait (for sb) in Please wait for me

downstairs in reception | leave sth at/with [ve left the

keys atreception | report to Ali delegates should report to

reception on arrival | phone, ring

@ RECEPTION + NOUN area | counter, desk | hall | staff

e PREP at (the)~ The man at reception says there’s a call

for you in~ The documents are in reception on~ I've been

on reception (= working at the reception desk) the whole

morning

2 formal party

e ADJ big, large | intimate, small | formal | informal

| official | special | evening | civic, diplomatic, press,

wedding | buffet, champagne, sherry, wine

e VERB + RECEPTION attend | give, have, hold, host

Are you having a big reception after the wedding? | or-

ganize | invite sb to Friends and family are invited to a

reception after the ceremony

e PREP at a/the~ We met at a reception | ~ for a recep-

tion for the Japanese trade delegation

3 type of welcome given to sb/sth

e ADJ enthusiastic, favourable, friendly, good, great,

marvellous, positive, rapturous, rousing, sympathetic,

warm | lukewarm, mixed | bad, chilly, cool, frosty, hos-

tile | critical critical reception to a movie | public

e VERB + RECEPTION enjoy, get, have, meet (with), re-

ceive The returning soldiers enjoyed a rousing reception

local people | expect The managers did not expect a sym-

pathetic reception from the striking workers | give sb/sth

She was given a rapturous reception by the crowd

e RECEPTION + NOUN party A reception party of sol-

diers was there to greet the visiting head of state | centre

a reception centre for children who have run away from

home

e PREP ~ by the book’s reception by reviewers ~ from a

cool reception from the crowd ~ into reception into the mo-

nastic order ~to the positive reception to the Chancellor’s

speech

4 quality of radio/television signals

e ADJ good, strong Television reception is very good in

this area | bad, poor, weak | radio, television

recess noun

1 period when a parliament, etc does not meet

e ADJ Christmas, summer, Whitsun | parliamentary

e VERB + RECESS gointo, rise for (formal), take Parlia-

ment is taking the Christmas recess a little early this year |

return from

e PREP in~ The decision cannot be made while the coun-

cilis in recess

2 part of a wall, set back from the rest of the wall

e ADJ deep | shallow | dark | window

e PREP in/inside to fit a blind inside a window recess

e ADJ dark, deep, dim He stared into the dark recesses of theroom | far, inner | hidden

e VERB + RECESS Iurk in (figurative) fears lurking deep

in the recesses of our minds | push sth into/to (figurative) Thad continually pushed my doubts to the darker recesses

recession since the war: | mild | deepening | long, pro-

longed | short, short-lived | continuing | global, international, widespread, world, worldwide | economic, industrial, retail

e VERB + RECESSION cause | go into, move _ into, plunge (sth) into, sink into, slip into A rise in interest rates plunged Britain deeper into recession | beat, combat | climb out of, come out of, emerge from, get (sth) out of, lead sth out of, move out of, pull (sth) out of ac- tive policies to pull the country out of recession | end | suffer from | escape (from) | ride out, survive As dozens of pubs go out of business, others are riding out the recession | worsen

e RECESSION + VERB loom With a recession looming, consumers are spending less | hit sth The country has been hit by recession | bottom out (= reach the lowest level)

e PREP in(a/the)~ The economy is in deep recession

e PHRASES the depth of the recession, the effects/im- pact of the recession, in the depths of a recession, in times of recession, recovery from (the) recession, a way out of the recession

= Special page at BUSINESS recipe noun

easy, simple | complicated | new | authentic, classic,

old, original, traditional The ales are brewed to an origin-

al Yorkshire recipe | original Was there rum in the origin-

al recipe? | secret, special | family | vegetarian | Ital-

ian, Mexican, etc | cake, sauce, etc

e VERB + RECIPE have Ive gota good recipe for fudge | cook, make This recipe can also be made with ricotta cheese | try (out) J enjoy trying out new recipes | read | follow, stick to, use If you want the dish to turn out right you should follow the recipe | adapt | devise All the recipes in the book have been devised by our team of experts

| discover, find He is credited with having discovered the first recipe for gin back in the 1600s

e RECIPE + VERB call for sth, use sth She always said that if a recipe calls for cream you shouldn’t use yogurt instead | contain sth The recipe contains lots of fat | make sth, serve sb This recipe makes about thirty biscuits o This recipe serves four people

e RECIPE + NOUN book, card, leaflet | idea a magazine filled with recipe ideas

e PREP to a~ The dish is made to a traditional Italian recipe | ~ for a recipe for leek soup © (figurative) To live every day to the full is a recipe for happiness

e PHRASES arecipe for disaster/success recipient noun

e ADJ largest | main, major | intended She was not the

intended recipient of the reward | ultimate the ultimate recipient of the money | suitable matching a donor kidney

Trang 13

627 recollection

with the most suitable recipient | passive We are passive

recipients of information from the world around us |

grateful (ironic) Dad was always the grateful recipient of

her snobbery | unwilling | lucky Our 1 000th member

will be the lucky recipient of a mystery gift

recital noun

e ADJ brief, short | solo | lunchtime | organ, piano,

etc | poetry, song

e VERB + RECITAL give, play | attend, go to | listen to

e PREP ~byarecital by the Grieg Trio

recognition noun

1 remembering/identifying sb/sth

e ADJ immediate, instant | early the early recognition

of a disease | dawning | character, face, handwriting,

speech, text (computing) | automatic, computer the

automatic recognition of handwriting by computer

e QUANT flicker, sign She stared directly at the witness

but he did not show a flicker of recognition (= he did not

show that he recognized her)

e VERB + RECOGNITION show | avoid He pulled the

hood of his cloak over his head to avoid recognition |

allow The monitoring system allows recognition of pollu-

tion hot spots

e RECOGNITION + VERB dawn

dawned, ‘Oh, it’s you Mrs Foster!

e RECOGNITION + NOUN software, system

e PREP beyond (all) ~ (figurative) Many of those inter-

viewed said their job had changed beyond recognition (=

changed completely) over the past five years out of (all) ~

(figurative) The equipment and methods of production

have improved out of all recognition (= greatly improved)

without ~ He looked up, glanced at them without recogni-

tion, and went on his way

e@ PHRASES recognition in sb’s eyes There was no recog-

nition in his eyes (= he did not look as if he recognized

her)

2 accepting that sth exists/is true; public praise/reward

e ADJ full | appropriate, due, proper | insufficient |

greater, growing, increasing There needs to be a greater

recognition of corporate crime as a social problem | clear,

explicit, overt | implicit | apparent | grudging | posi-

tive | equal equal recognition for the work women do |

mutual | immediate, instant | belated The award is

being made in belated recognition of her services to the in-

dustry | individual, personal personal recognition for

your achievements | general, universal, wide, wide-

spread The young talent at the club deserves wider recog-

nition | international, national, worldwide | public,

social | professional | diplomatic | formal, legal, le-

gislative, official | de facto Twelve states have accorded

de facto recognition to the new regime | government

e VERB + RECOGNITION achieve, earn sb, gain, get,

obtain, receive, win His recitals have earned him recogni-

tion as a talented performer | deserve | require Both of

these perspectives are valid and require recognition |

imply They claim that signature of the peace accord did

not imply recognition of the state’s sovereignty | ask for,

call for, demand, request, seek | apply for | qualify for

to qualify for UN recognition as an International

Biosphere Reserve | accord sb/sth, give sb/sth, grant

sb/sth | refuse sb/sth

e RECOGNITION + VERB come Official recognition of

the change came fast

e PREP in~ofan award in recognition of his outstanding

work without~ She has worked actively but without recog-

nition | ~as a country that has long sought recognition

as a major power ~by/from recognition by his superiors of

the service he had performed ~ for They received recogni-

tion for their 20-year commitment to safety at sea

@ PHRASES alack of recognition, recognition of the im-

Recognition slowly

portance of sth, recognition of the need for sth, a strug-

gle for recognition

recognizable adj

e VERBS be | become | remain

e ADV clearly, easily, immediately, instantly, quite, readily John’s car was easily recognizable in the car park

e PREP asa language barely recognizable as English by recognizable by their distinctive uniforms to The scheme’s benefits were recognizable to all interest groups

e VERB + RECOGNIZE learn to You learn to recognize

the calls of different birds | be easy to

e PREP as He recognized the man as one of the police officers by I recognized her by her red hair from I recognized them from a television show

2 understand sth

e ADV fully They fully recognize the need to proceed carefully | belatedly, finally The government has belatedly recognized the danger to health of passive smoking

e VERB + RECOGNIZE must | be important to | begin

to | be slow to The company had been slow to recognize the opportunities available to it | fail to

e@ PREP as This issue must be recognized as a priority for the next administration

e PHRASES be_ generally/universally/widely recognized, be increasingly recognized The strength of this argument is being increasingly recognized failure to recognize sth

3 accept sth officially

e ADV clearly The law clearly recognizes that a company

is separate from those who invest in it | formally, official-

ly | internationally, nationally The Medway estuary is

recognized internationally as a conservation area

e VERB + RECOGNIZE agree to | refuse to

e PREP as All rivers should be officially recognized as public rights of way

e PHRASES be legally recognized A bill of exchange is a legally recognized document a refusal to recognize sth recoil verb

e ADV a little, slightly | instinctively As he leaned towards her she instinctively recoiled

e PREP at Howard recoiled a little at the sharpness in my voice from She felt him recoil from her, frightened in He recoiled in apparent disgust

at, smile at/in | shudder at

e PREP in~ She stared at him in sudden recollection |

~from recollections from Eliot’s own life

e PHRASES to the best of your recollection To the best

of my recollection (= if Iremember correctly), he was not there that day

Trang 14

recommend 628

recommend verb

1 say that sb/sth is good

their recompense | expect | receive | give (sth in), pay (sth in) Substantial damages were paid in recompense

e ADV highly, thoroughly This book is highly recom-

mended by teachers | certainly, definitely J definitely rec-

ommend this film | heartily | personally Consult a so-

licitor who is personally recommended to you

e PREP for Who would you recommend for the job? to I

can recommend this book to anyone interested in food

e PHRASES sth has a lot/much to recommend it Your

idea has much to recommend it

2 advise sb to do sth

e ADV strongly J would strongly recommend that you get

professional advice | particularly, specifically

recommendation noun

1 official suggestion

e ADJ firm, strong | clear | unanimous | detailed |

specific | broad, general, wide-ranging The committee

put forward broad recommendations for the improvement

of safety at sports grounds | far-reaching | important |

central, key, main, major, principal | positive | first, ini-

medical, official, practical | policy, safety

e@ QUANT list, series, set

e VERB + RECOMMENDATION come up with, make,

produce The council has produced a set of recommenda-

tions on ethics in health care | give, offer, put forward,

submit | publish | consider, discuss, review | agree

with | disagree with | accept, adopt, approve, endorse

The UN Security Council endorsed the recommendation

submitted by the Secretary General | reject | act on,

carry out, follow, implement The government gave assur-

ances that it would implement the recommendations in

cordance with, be in line with to develop a plan in line

with the recommendations of national policy | base sth

on The design of the breakwater was based on the recom-

mendations of an engineering study

@ RECOMMENDATION + VERB arise from sth, be

based on sth, follow (from) sth, relate to sth a detailed

set of recommendations following a comprehensive exam-

ination of the subject | aim at sth recommendations

aimed at achieving a more equitable admissions policy

e PREP on/upon sb/sth’s~ had the operation on the rec-

ommendation of my doctor | ~ about/as to/concern-

ing/on recommendations on how health and safety stand-

ards might be improved ~ by/from recommendations by

the judges ~ for recommendations for improving the qual-

ity of service ~in respect of recommendations in respect of

bank officials ~ to the board’s recommendations to the

minister ~ with regard/respect to recommendations with

regard to management procedures

= Special page at MEETING :

2 saying sb/sth is good/suitable

e ADJ glowing, high/highest | personal I¢’s best to find

a builder through personal recommendation

e VERB + RECOMMENDATION give sb/sth | get, re-

ceive | come on/with The new housekeeper came on the

highest recommendation © The chef comes with her recom-

mendation | need no Swiss chocolates need no recom-

mendation (= their good reputation is enough to recom-

mend them)

e PREP at/on/upon sb’s~ At the recommendation of a

psychiatrist, the accused will remain under observation ©

We went to Corfu on your recommendation (= because you

recommended it)

e PHRASES aletter of recommendation

recompense noun

e ADJ adequate, sufficient | financial

e VERB + RECOMPENSE have All struggles should have

e@ PREP as/in~ She received a gift as recompense | ~ for

He was given £1 000 in recompense for his loss ~ from recompense from the government

reconciliation noun

1 ending a disagreement/conflict

e ADJ full | lasting | national, personal, political

e VERB + RECONCILIATION seek He sought reconciliation with those he had stolen from | attempt | achieve,

bring about, effect, make, secure | promote, work for | call for The rebel leader called for reconciliation with the

armed forces

e@ RECONCILIATION + NOUN agreement | talks

e@ PREP ~between They aimed to secure a lasting reconciliation between the two countries ~ with She attempted reconciliation with her estranged brother

e PHRASES an attempt at reconciliation, efforts at/towards reconciliation, a gesture of reconciliation Jn a bold gesture of reconciliation, the government released the rebel leader a mood/spirit of reconciliation, a policy of reconciliation

reconnaissance noun

e ADJ general | preliminary | aerial/air, maritime, military Spotter planes made a preliminary aerial reconnaissance of the island

e VERB + RECONNAISSANCE carry out, conduct, do, make

@ RECONNAISSANCE + VERB reveal sance revealed not a single large ship

e RECONNAISSANCE + NOUN flight, mission, sortie | party, patrol, team, unit | aircraft, plane

sth Reconnais-

reconstruct verb

e ADV completely | partially | painstakingly Every as- pect of the original has been closely studied and painstakingly reconstructed

e VERB + RECONSTRUCT attempt to, try to | be possible to It is not possible to reconstruct the complete sym- phony from these manuscript sketches

e PREP from Local historians have reconstructed from contemporary descriptions how the hall may have looked

in 1300

e PHRASES an attemptto reconstruct sth reconstruction noun

e ADJ fundamental, major | complete, total |

large/large-scale, life-size a life-size reconstruction of a Viking longboat | dramatic a dramatic reconstruction of school life in the 1940s | national The country faces a huge task of national reconstruction following the war | post- war | economic, historical, social

e VERB + RECONSTRUCTION undertake A group of en- thusiasts have undertaken the reconstruction of a steam locomotive | stage The police have staged a reconstruction of the events leading up to the murder

e RECONSTRUCTION + NOUN period | work | plan,

programme, scheme | cost reconstruction costs follow-

ing the cyclone record noun

1 account

| authentic | daily | documentary, handwritten, writ-

ten | photographic, pictorial | archival, historical |

Trang 15

629

archaeological This period of barbarian rule is poorly

represented in the archaeological record | fossil, geo-

logical | administrative, departmental, financial, per-

sonnel | dental, health, medical

e VERB + RECORD keep He has always kept an accurate

record of his spending | check, consult I checked the re-

cords but nobody of that name had worked here | destroy

Medical records should not be destroyed | file | update |

be on, go on She is on record as saying that she once took

drugs © He is the latest public figure to go on (the) record

about corruption in politics

@ RECORD + VERB contain sth The records contain the

bank details of all employees | show sth The records

showed that the building had not been inspected for ten

years | suggest sth Fossil records suggest that the region

was covered in water until relatively recently | exist, sur-

vive No record exists of a battle on this site | go back The

university records go back as far as the 13th century

e PREP in the~(s) The historic agreement is preserved in

the university records off/on the ~ Off the record, he told

the interviewer what he thought of his colleagues | ~ of a

record of achievement ~on records on children’s progress

e PHRASES access to the records Under the law, every

citizen has access to their official records put/set the re-

cord straight She called a press conference to set the record

straight about her disappearance

2 best result, highest level, etc

e ADJ all-comers, club, course, national, Olympic,

track, world | unbeaten, unbroken | long-standing Bob

Beamon’s long-standing record for the long jump was

eventually broken | all-time | speed

e VERB + RECORD hold Who holds the 100 metre sprint

record? | establish, set She has just set a new world re-

cord | beat, break, shatter If she continues like this she

could beat the record | equal He has equalled the Olympic

record

@ RECORD + VERB stand His mile record stood for

twelve years | fall

e RECORD + NOUN book/books Bubka rewrote the pole-

vault record books during his career | attempt | breaker,

holder | high, number Unemployment has reached a re-

cord high (= the highest level ever) o There was a record

number of candidates for the post

e PREP ~for These viewing figures are an all-time record

for a single broadcast ~ with Lewis established a new

world record with a time of 9.86 seconds

e PHRASES inrecord time / got to work in record time

3sb’s performance in a particular area

e ADJ past, track | distinguished, enviable, excellent,

exceptional, exemplary, fine, formidable, good, impres-

sive, magnificent, outstanding, proven, remarkable,

unique, unparallelled, unrivalled | abysmal, appalling,

atrocious, bad, dismal, mediocre, poor, sorry | unenvi-

able He has an unenviable record of ill-health | satisfac-

tory | consistent | clean, unblemished Apart from a

parking fine ten years before, she had an unblemished

driving record | academic, educational, school | mili-

tary | attendance The teacher spoke to her about her poor

attendance record | economic, environmental, human-

rights the government’s economic record | disciplinary |

criminal, police | accident, safety The airline’s accident

record makes it among the safest

e VERB + RECORD have, possess | keep, maintain

The company has maintained an accident-free record since

it started business

e RECORD + VERB show sth Her record shows that she

is able to compete under great pressure | compare with

sth Our record compares favourably with that of any

similar-sized company | speak for itself When it comes to

quality, our record speaks for itself

@ PREP ~among They have the worst human-rights re-

cord among member countries ~ for He has an appalling

record for dishonesty ~in The ideal candidate will have a

recording proven track record in project management ~ on the government’s abysmal record on crime

e PHRASES on past records On past records, she should have no problem passing the exam on sb’s past record

4 music

e ADJ long-playing | gramophone | classical, jazz,

pop | best-selling

e VERB + RECORD cut, make | release They released

their first record in 1963 | listen to, play, put on Jl put on one of my favourite records

e RECORD + NOUN company, industry, label | produ- cer | deal The band signed their first record deal a year

in his uncle’s stiff and formal style | duly The contract is witnessed by others and duly recorded | automatically, routinely The mother’s occupation was not routinely re-

corded on the birth certificate | officially | electronical-

ly, manually | graphically, vividly The circumstances of

her death were graphically recorded in the local press

e PREP as The time of the accident is recorded as 6.23 p.m

e PHRASES be recorded for posterity The names of those who died are recorded for posterity on a tablet at the back of the church historically recorded historically recorded events poorly/well recorded The geographical spread of the industry in the 16th century is hard to ascer- tain, for much of it is poorly recorded

2 sound/pictures

e ADV secretly She secretly recorded the conversation

@ PREP from a programme she had recorded from the radio on I recorded the film on video

e PHRASES beautifully/well recorded This CD has been beautifully recorded digitally recorded

e VERB + RECORDING make (sb) Make a few test re- cordings before you start the session in earnest | play (sb), play (sb) back J want to play you a recording of the rehearsal | hear, listen to | view, watch

e RECORDING + VERB give sth, show sth The record-

ing gives an account of his kidnapping | sound The

recording sounds just like a live performance

e RECORDING + NOUN process | session | facilities,

studio | device, equipment, system | engineer | artist

| career The clarinet player has launched her recording career | contract, deal | company | industry

e PREP ~by arecording by the Amadeus Quartet

Trang 16

recount 630

recount verb

e ADV vividly The story of his life is vividly recounted in

this new book

recourse noun

e ADJ constant, frequent | limited | no other, only J

have no other recourse than to inform the police | direct

The study of these creatures has been conducted without

direct recourse to living specimens | legal

e VERB + RECOURSE have The mother of an illegitim-

ate child had no legal recourse to the father | seek An

order was made against which he sought recourse in the

supreme court | avoid Their system of dispute resolution

avoids recourse to the courts

e PREP by~to people who deal with emotional pain by re-

course to drugs and alcohol without~to They tried to settle

the dispute without recourse to the courts | ~ against Citi-

zens have learnt that they do have recourse against gov-

ernments ~to She often had recourse to her dictionary

recover verb

e ADV completely, fully | partially | only just | hardly,

never/not quite, never really She had hardly recovered

from the birth of her last baby | well Your baby is recover-

ing well | enough, sufficiently After a minute she re-

covered enough to speak | quickly, soon | gradually,

slowly | apparently | never

e VERB + RECOVER help sb (to) | struggle to Yates is

struggling to recover form a serious knee injury

e PREP from Mrs Burton was last night recovering from

her injuries in hospital

recovery noun

e ADJ amazing, astonishing, dramatic, excellent, mi-

raculous, remarkable | good, satisfactory, significant,

strong, substantial | complete, full | limited, modest,

partial The FTSE index staged a modest recovery to be 6.5

points down | fragile | fast, quick, rapid, speedy, swift

tinuing, lasting, long-term, sustained | spontaneous |

national | economic, industrial, physical, political |

price, profits | post-war

e VERB + RECOVERY achieve, make, stage Many

people make remarkable recoveries after strokes | aid,

speed (up), stimulate A holiday would speed his recovery

recovery | delay, hamper, hinder | wish sb We wish

them alla speedy recovery

e RECOVERY + VERB beon the way, come The econom-

ic circumstances are right and recovery is on the way (= re-

covery will occur soon) | be way off Unemployment

is high and economic recovery is still a long way off (= it

will be a long time until recovery) | be underway,

occur, take place | continue

e RECOVERY + NOUN time His injuries have returned as

there was insufficient recovery time between matches |

period, phase | process | plan, programme | room

After the operation she was taken to the recovery room |

position Continue resuscitation until the person starts

breathing and then place them in the recovery position

e PREP beyond~ The region has been damaged by acid

rain and rivers are fouled almost beyond recovery in~ He’s

in recovery from the disease | ~from recovery from his ill-

ness ~in the recent recovery in consumer spending ~ to a

slow recovery to full health

e PHRASES be on the road to recovery She is well on the

road to recovery (= making good progress towards recov-

ery) hopes/prospects of recovery, a sign of recovery

The economy is showing the first signs of recovery

recreation noun

@ RECREATION + NOUN area, ground, room

e PREP for~ She cycles for recreation

e PHRASES a form of recreation His only form of recreation is playing cards a source of recreation exploiting the countryside as a source of recreation

centre, facilities,

recruit noun

e ADJ latest, new, raw, recent raw recruits marching up and down with the drill instructor | possible, potential |

young | graduate | army

e VERB + RECRUIT find Acommon way for companies to find new recruits is by taking a stand at a job exhibition | attract It’s difficult to attract recruits when working conditions are so poor | enlist, gain, sign up Thousands of recruits had been enlisted and partly trained © She tried to gain recruits for the party | train Army recruits are all trained in first aid | provide Their business schools provide recruits for domestic industry

e PREP ~tonew recruits to the party

recruit verb

e ADV directly The specialist institutions directly recruit

their own staff | actively | locally Most of the workers

will be recruited locally | personally She personally recruited the teachers | specially Staff were recruited specially for the event

e VERB + RECRUIT need to | seek to, try to

e PREP as Peter Watson has been recruited as Sales Man- ager for A hundred patients were recruited for the study from Soldiers were recruited from the local villages into Some of the men were recruited into the army to Ten new members were recruited to the committee

e PHRASES newly/recently recruited recruitment noun

e ADJ large/large-scale | annual | forced forced recruitment of labour | labour, staff | executive, gradu-

ate, student She has set up her own executive recruitment business in Paris | army, military, police

e RECRUITMENT + NOUN policy | strategy | proced-

ure, process | campaign, drive, programme | market | agency, consultancy, service | consultant, manager, officer, specialist the company’s recruitment officer

e PREP ~ by recruitment by large companies ~ into/to large-scale recruitment to the new industries

e PHRASES a method of recruitment, a source of recruitment One source of recruitment is the civil service recur verb

e ADV constantly, frequently, regularly This is a constantly recurring problem which we must deal with

e VERB + RECUR be likely to | tend to

e PREP throughout ø (heme thơt recurs throughout the book

® PHRASES keep recurring recurrence noun

e ADJ high | frequent | tumour, ulcer, etc

e VERB + RECURRENCE avoid, prevent | experience, have, suffer He has suffered a recurrence of his hamstring injury

@ RECURRENCE + NOUN rate

e PHRASES the likelihood of a recurrence, the risk of recurrence a high risk of recurrence

Trang 17

631 redundancy

recyclable adj

e VERBS be

e ADV easily Paper is easily recyclable | completely

Glass products are completely recyclable | potentially

recycle verb

e ADV endlessly, regularly (often figurative) endlessly

recycling the same worn-out arguments

e PREP from made of plastic recycled from old packaging

material into These materials can be recycled into other

packaging products

red adj

1 of the colour of blood

e VERBS glow The coals glowed red in the dying fire

e ADV very | slightly The leaves looked slightly red

e ADJ bright, brilliant, fiery, flaming, vibrant, vivid

flaming red hair | dark, deep, rich | light, pale | dull |

blood, brick, ruby her ruby red lips

= Special page at COLOUR

2 of the face

e VERBS be, look | flush, go, grow, turn Mr Grubb was

shouting and growing redder and redder in the face

e ADV very | quite | rather, slightly

e ADJ bright, fiery He could feel himself going bright red

e PREP with Ross flushed red with embarrassment

e PHRASES as red asa beetroot, red in the face Charles

was rapidly turning red in the face

redemption noun

1 being saved from the power of evil

e VERB + REDEMPTION be in need of, need She be-

lieves that humanity is in need of redemption

e PREP beyond ~ After another incident at the weekend,

the club’s reputation for violence is beyond redemption |

~from redemption from evil

2 repayment of money invested/borrowed

e ADJ early There is a fee for early redemption | capital,

loan, share

e REDEMPTION + NOUN date | price, value, yield

e@ PREP on~Acharge is payable on redemption

redistribution noun

e ADJ major, massive, significant, substantial | equit-

able | income, land, population

e VERB + REDISTRIBUTION be/become available for a

national tax available for redistribution to local govern-

ment | bring about The tax brought about a significant

e ADV considerably, dramatically, drastically, greatly,

sharply, significantly, substantially | further | slightly

We need to reduce the speed slightly | gradually, progres-

sively Legislation progressively reduced the number of

situations in which industrial action could be taken

e VERB + REDUCE aim to, attempt to, seek to, try to |

help (to) Giving up smoking helps reduce the risk of heart

disease | manage to | be designed to, be intended to |

be expected to, be likely to

e PREP by Pollution from the works has been reduced by

70 per cent from, to The price is reduced from 99D to 65p

e PHRASES an attempt/effort to reduce sth, measures

to reduce sth, reduce sth to a minimum The risks must

be reduced to the absolute minimum

reduction noun

e ADJ big, considerable, dramatic, drastic, great, huge, large, major, marked, massive, remarkable, severe, significant, substantial The changes may result in a greater reduction in employee numbers than we had previously expected © a sale with massive reductions on selected items | minor, slight, small | further | possible | ac- tual, net, overall, real | across-the-board, general |

e VERB + REDUCTION achieve, make, secure The government has found it difficult to make real reductions in government spending © Every effort is made to secure the highest possible reduction in casualties | cause, lead to, make, produce, result in These simple changes will make

a substantial reduction in the fat content of your diet | avoid | ask for, demand, seek J asked for a reduction as

the dress was damaged | get, receive Guests staying 14

nights will receive a ten per cent reduction | suffer They suffered a severe reduction in income | accept, welcome

| give (sb), offer (sb) | propose She proposed a reduction

in the state president’s powers | notice, observe, witness [haven't noticed any significant reduction in the performance of my car since switching to unleaded fuel | announce | forecast The budget forecasts a deficit reduction of 27% | mean, represent Our average margins dropped to 35%, which represents a reduction in gross margins of £109 million | show Figures just released show a steady reduction in levels of emissions over the last four years

e REDUCTION + VERB occur, take place

e REDUCTION + NOUN target the government's waste reduction targets

e@ PREP through a/the ~ economic growth through a reduction in interest rates | ~ by reduction by 30% ~ from,

~in There has been a sharp reduction in the number of ac- cidents on motorways ~ on a 25% reduction on normal subscription rates ~ to a reduction in the speed limit from

50 to 40 miles per hour

e PHRASES a reduction in numbers They are concerned about the reduction in numbers of people eligible for legal aid areduction in the amount/number/size of sth the reduction in the number of hospital beds

redundancy noun

e ADJ large-scale, major, mass, massive The closure of the mine led to large-scale redundancies | widespread | threatened | compulsory, enforced, forced | voluntary

e QUANT round, wave afresh wave of redundancies

e VERB + REDUNDANCY make The bank will be mak-

ing 3 500 redundancies over the next five years | lead to,

result in | avoid | announce | be threatened by/with,

face Sixty workers at a clothing factory face redundancy

because the firm is relocating | accept, take, volunteer

for Those choosing to take redundancy will receive the company’s standard redundancy terms

e REDUNDANCY + VERB occur, take place

e REDUNDANCY + NOUN policy | programme | notice Redundancy notices have been sent to 200 workers | compensation, package, terms | money, pay, payment

| costs Most of the companies’ losses stemmed from redundancy costs

e PHRASES the threat of redundancy

Trang 18

redundant 632

redundant adj

1 no longer needed for a job

@ VERBS be | become | make sb the decision to make

800 employees compulsorily redundant

e ADV compulsorily

2 not necessary or wanted

e VERBS be, feel, seem | become | declare sth, make

sth, render sth The chapel was declared redundant in

e ADV briefly, in passing He referred to the report in

passing | specifically | commonly The disease was

commonly referred to as ‘the green sickness’ | frequently,

often | generally, usually | sometimes | always | never

| jokingly

e VERB + REFER TO SB/STH be used to The term

‘alexia’ is used to refer to any acquired disorder of reading

e PREP as She always referred to Ben as ‘that nice man’

referee noun

1 controls a sports match

e ADJ boxing, football | match, tournament decisions

taken by the match referee | international

e REFEREE + VERB award sb sth The referee awarded a

Free kick to the home team | book sb, send sb off The ref-

eree booked three players for offensive behaviour

e PHRASES the referee’s decision

2 recommends sb for a job

e ADJ academic, professional

e VERB + REFEREE actas, be

@ PREP ~for His former employer agreed to act as a refer-

e ADJ extensive | brief, casual, passing | occasional

| frequent, repeated | constant | further They could

find no further reference to Mr LaMotte in the records |

general | particular, special, specific She won a grant to

study political science with special reference to China |

definite | explicit, express | direct | cryptic, indirect,

oblique, obscure, veiled | clear, obvious | ambiguous,

confusing | early one of the earliest references to the game

of chess | biblical, cultural, historical, literary | written

e VERB + REFERENCE contain, have Her diary con-

tains no reference to the alleged appointment | drop,

make He dropped casual references to the legacy of his

great work © The article makes no reference to his first

marriage | drop, omit The new constitution dropped all

reference to previous wars | find

e PREP in a/the~ Jn an obvious reference to the president,

he talked of corruption in high places in/with ~ to (writ-

ten) Iam writing with reference to your job application |

~ (back) to The summary should be comprehensible with-

out reference back to the source work

2 consulting sb/sth for advice/help/information

e ADJ easy, quick The book is organized alphabetically

for easy reference | further, future

e PREP by~to Our charges are calculated by reference to

an hourly rate for~ Retain a copy of the form for future ref-

erence without ~to The decision was taken without reference to local managers

e PHRASES for reference purposes She needs the book for reference purposes a source of reference The book is

an invaluable source of reference for the art historian

3 book containing facts/information

e ADJ general The book is by far the best general reference on natural history

@ REFERENCE + NOUN book, material, source, work |

library | section You'll find the information in the reference section of your local library

4number/note/symbol

e ADJ copious | full For full references of all books cited, see Appendix B | appropriate Please send a full CV, quot- ing the appropriate reference.| cross- The cross- references refer you to information in other parts of the dictionary | bibliographic/bibliographical | grid, map

e VERB + REFERENCE quote | cite, give References to original sources are given at the end of each chapter

@ REFERENCE + NOUN number

e PREP in a/the~ The date of publication should be in- cluded in the reference | ~to a reference to page 17

e PHRASES alist of references

5 letter about your character/abilities e® ADJ glowing | character

e VERB + REFERENCE ask for | give (sb), provide (sb

with), write (sb) | follow up, take up They’ve taken up my references (= contacted the person who provided the reference), so they must be interested in me

e PREP ~froma reference from your current employer

5 standards by which sth is judged

e REFERENCE + NOUN point

e PHRASES a frame of reference People interpret events within their own frame of reference a point of reference Unemployment serves as a useful point of reference in examining social problems terms of reference The matter was outside the committee’s terms of reference

on the death penalty | oppose | boycott The unions urged people to boycott the referendum | declare, organize | be adopted by, be approved by, be confirmed by,

be endorsed by a new constitution adopted by referendum

e REFERENDUM + VERB show sth A popular referendum showed that the majority of people want reform

e REFERENDUM + NOUN proposal The Democrats rejected the referendum proposal | campaign | result

e PREP in a/the~ The issue will be decided in a national referendum | ~ona referendum ona new constitution

e PHRASES declare a referendum fair/illegal UN moni- tors declared the referendum fair the result/results of a referendum

na-

refine verb

e ADV slightly | further | increasingly | constantly,

continuously The information system is constantly re-

fined and updated | gradually

e VERB + REFINE attemptto, try to | help (to)

e PREP into Sugar cane is refined into sugar

refinement noun

1 improvement to/on sth; process of improving sth

e ADJ considerable, great A greater refinement of the categorization is possible | extra, further | continuous,

Trang 19

633 reform endless All programs have bugs and need endless refine-

ment | useful It is possible to add a few useful refinements

to the basic system | technical | modern

e QUANT degree

e VERB + REFINEMENT need, require The technology

requires a great deal of refinement | add, introduce

e PREP ~inarefinement inthe masonry ~onarefinement

on previous methods ~to to add a further refinement to the

computer system

2 being polite/well educated; clever in design

e ADJ great a woman of great refinement and beauty

e VERB + REFINEMENT lack The kite was star shaped

and lacked the refinement of current designs

e PREP ~inalack of refinement in engine design

e PHRASES alack of refinement

reflect verb

1 send back light/heat/sound

e ADV dimly, dully The sun reflected dully off the stone

walls © (figurative) In Milton’s poem, Satan, even after

his fall, dimly reflects his former glory | back

e@ PREP from The screen reflects light from the sun off

2show/express sth

e ADV clearly | directly | accurately, closely, correct-

ly, faithfully, well Does this opinion poll accurately reflect

the public mood? | adequately The punishment should

adequately reflect the revulsion felt by most people for this

appalling crime | merely, simply This year’s budget

simply reflects the fact that we have fewer people out of

work | not necessarily The views expressed in this art-

icle do not necessarily reflect those of the editor

e VERB + REFLECT be designed to The exhibition is de-

signed to reflect the diversity of the nation and its regions

e@ PREP in The condition of the house is reflected in its low

price

3 think deeply

e ADV bitterly, gloomily, ruefully, wryly reflecting rue-

fully that the great American dollar didn’t buy as much as

it used to

e VERB + REFLECT pause to | leave sb to He was left

to reflect on the implications of his decision

e@ PREP on/upon She paused to reflect on what she had

achieved

e PHRASES time to reflect J need time to reflect

reflection noun

1 image in a mirror, etc

e ADJ clear | faint | blurred, distorted

e VERB + REFLECTION catchaglimpse of, catch sight

of, see He caught sight of her reflection in the window |

glance at, look at | gaze at, stare at, watch | examine,

inspect, study

e REFLECTION + VERB look Her reflection in the mir-

ror looked distorted

e@ PREP in a/the~ In the reflection on the glass door he

could see the class behind him | ~in I saw my reflection in

the polished marble ~on the reflection of the mountains on

the calm waters of the lake

2 sending light/heat/sound back from a surface

e ADJ heat, light, sound

e@ PREP ~from There is reflection of heat from the metal

surface

e PHRASES the angle of reflection

3 indication/description of sth

e ADJ accurate, fair, true | inadequate | mere, pale

This account is only a pale reflection of the true state of af-

fairs | direct, simple Young people’s behaviour is a direct

reflection of adults’ | sad

e VERB + REFLECTION give (sb), provide Such studies

do not give a true reflection of population needs

e PREP ~of/on/upon His low level of performance is no reflection on his general ability

4 careful thought about sth

e ADJ deep, mature, serious, sober | further | quiet | personal | critical, philosophical, theological

e VERB + REFLECTION encourage Counselling should encourage reflection on the past

e@ REFLECTION + VERB show sb/sth A moment’s reflection will show you that that can’t be true

e PREP after/on/upon ~ On further reflection, ’'m not so sure it’s a good idea | ~about/on/upon The party needs a period of sober reflection about what went wrong

e PHRASES a moment’s reflection, a period for/of reflection, time for reflection

5 written or spoken thoughts about sth

e ADJ interesting | poignant

e VERB + REFLECTION have

e PREP ~about/on/upon She has some interesting reflec- tions about the spiritual state of the country

reflexes | suppress | test The doctor tested her reflexes

e REFLEX + NOUN action, reaction Almost as a reflex action, I grab my pen as the phone rings

e@ PREP by~ Almost by reflex, he helped himself to a drink

reform noun

| democratic, liberal | domestic, institutional, internal

e QUANT package

e VERB + REFORM adopt, bring about, introduce, put

in place | push through They wanted a weak president and a strong one-chamber parliament able to push through radical reforms | carry out/through, implement, put into practice, undertake | accelerate efforts to accelerate the structural reform of the economy | delay | block The conservative coalition could delay further reforms or block them altogether | accept, welcome | ad-

vocate, call for, press for, propose They have issued a

statement advocating reform of the legal system | de-

mand | back, encourage, support We are committed to

supporting democracy and reform in the region | require The practice of global politics requires reform | plan | discuss

@ REFORM + VERB go through The reforms went through in spite of opposition from teachers | aim at sth tax reforms aimed at encouraging land development

@ REFORM + NOUN process | movement | initiative,

measure, package, programme | act, bill | policy

e PREP ~inreforms in housing and education

Trang 20

reform

e PHRASES the need for reform, the pace of reform, a

programme of reform, a timetable for reform

reform verb

e ADV drastically, fundamentally, radically The health

service must be radically reformed

e VERB + REFORM attemptto, seek to, try to

e PHRASES attempts/efforts/proposals to reform sth, a

need to reform sth

refrain noun

e ADJ constant | familiar Complaints about school food

have become a familiar refrain

e VERB + REFRAIN sing, take up The choir’s sopranos

took up the refrain

@ REFRAIN + VERB go Shoppers, so the refrain goes, are

never happy until they have found a bargain

refrain verb

e ADV carefully, deliberately He deliberately refrained

from expressing his opinion on the matter | wisely

e PREP from/ refrained from laughing

refreshing adj

e VERBS be | find sth

e ADV extremely, highly, really, very, wonderfully The

water was cold and wonderfully refreshing | quite

refreshment noun

e ADJ light | liquid (humorous)

e VERB + REFRESHMENT need | take | pause for, stop

for We stopped for refreshment halfway through the jour-

ney | provide (sb with), serve Light refreshments will be

served in the interval

e REFRESHMENT + VERB be available

e REFRESHMENT + NOUN area, hut, kiosk, room | fa-

cilities, service

e PREP for~ We’re allowed twenty minutes for refresh-

ment for~s What are we going to have for refreshments?

e PHRASES a place of refreshment, rest and refresh-

ment rest and refreshment for the mind and body

refuge noun

e ADJ safe | temporary | wildlife | mountain a@ monk

living ina mountain refuge | last (figurative) They looked

to the country as the last refuge of liberty

e VERB + REFUGE take They took refuge in the embassy

| look for, seek They sought refuge in the mountain vil-

lages | find They were hoping to find a safe refuge for the

night © They found refuge from the bright sun | give

(sb), offer (sb), provide (sb with)

e PREP ~ against (figurative) Home is a refuge against

the pressures of work ~ from The cave provided refuge

from the storm

e PHRASES aplace of refuge

refugee noun

e ADJ genuine, real | would-be | returning | econom-

ic, environmental, political, war Many claimed to be envir-

onmental refugees, leaving for the sake of their health | ci-

vilian | child

e VERB + REFUGEE qualify as Those who did not quali-

fy as refugees were returned to their home countries | be

considered, be found to be, be recognized as Only nine

per cent were found to be genuine political refugees | ac-

cept, resettle, take (back/in) The government has agreed

to take only 150 refugees plus their dependants | expel,

return | house | help

e REFUGEE + VERB flee sth refugees fleeing political

persecution | be displaced refugees displaced by the civil

war | arrive | pour Hundreds of refugees are pouring over the border | live refugees living in camps along the border | return

e PREP among~ Unemployment among the refugees has risen sharply ~ from refugees from civil wars

e@ PHRASES a flood/influx of refugees a new influx of refugees from the combat zone the flow of refugees, the plight of refugees, the return of refugees

refund noun

e ADJ full | cash | tax, ticket

e VERB + REFUND give (sb), make They'll only give you arefund if you’ve got the receipt | offer (sb) | refuse (sb)

He has been refused a refund on his air ticket | be entitled

to You’re entitled to a full refund should you be unsatisfied with the quality of our goods | ask (sb) for, claim, demand, request, seek | get, obtain, receive

e@ PREP ~for There will be no refund for cancellations made within 10 working days of the conference ~on She received a refund on the unused tickets

| first If you decide to sell your car, I hope you'll give me first refusal (=the opportunity to buy it before it is offered

refuse noun

e ADJ domestic, household | uncollected

e QUANT heap, mound, pile

e VERB + REFUSE dump People dump their refuse in the surrounding woods instead of taking it to the tip | collect What day do they collect the refuse? | recycle

e REFUSE + NOUN collection, disposal | bin | dump

refuse verb

e ADV adamantly, obstinately, resolutely, steadfastly, stoutly, stubbornly | categorically, flatly, point-blank, simply Gerard refused point-blank to co-operate | pointedly The demand for an apology was pointedly refused | politely | consistently

e VERB + REFUSE can’t/couldn’t, can/could hardly They made me an offer I couldn’t refuse | be entitled to, have the right to Workers should be entitled to refuse to work under these conditions | be/seem churlish to She offered them cups of tea and it seemed churlish to refuse

regain verb

e ADV completely He hadn’t completely regained his

strength | quickly, rapidly | gradually, slowly | even-

Trang 21

635 region

tually, finally | never He was severely injured and never

regained consciousness

e VERB + REGAIN fight to, struggle to, try to The team

are struggling to regain last season’s form | be desper-

ate to, be determined to, hope to He was determined to re-

gain what his father had lost | help sb (to) | manage to

| be unable to, fail to

e PHRASES an attempt/a bid/an effort to regain sth He

is making a bid to regain his World No 1 ranking a

chance/an opportunity to regain sth a chance to regain

the lead in the contest

regard noun

1 attention to/thought for sb/sth

e ADJ due, full, proper | scant | particular, specific

e VERB + REGARD have (often law) When exercising its

discretion, the court will have regard to all the circum-

stances | pay, show The manifesto pays scant regard to

green issues

e PREP in/with~to J am writing with regard to your re-

cent order without~ for/to an attempt to plan the future of

an industry without due regard to market forces | ~ for a

proper regard for human dignity

e PHRASES in that/this regard 7 have nothing further to

say in this regard (= in regard to what has just been said)

a lack of regard a lack of regard for public safety little/no

regard for/to sb/sth

2 respect/admiration for sb

e ADJ considerable, great, high | insufficient, low |

mutual | critical

e VERB + REGARD have, hold sb/sth in J have the great-

gard by his colleagues | win The film has won critical re-

gard in America

3 regards used to send greetings to sb

e ADJ best, kind, warm (all written) The letter ended,

‘Kindest regards, Felicity.’

e VERB + REGARDS convey, give (sb), send (sb) (writ-

ten) David sends his warmest regards to your parents

e PREP ~ to (written) My regards to your aunt (= please

give my regards to your aunt)

regard verb

1 (often be regarded) think of sb/sth in a particular way

e ADV highly, well She was highly regarded as a sculptor

| generally, universally, widely The project was widely re-

garded as a success | commonly, popularly, usually |

conventionally, traditionally Foxes were traditionally re-

garded as vermin | legitimately, properly, reasonably

Civil contempt is not properly regarded as a criminal of-

fence | hitherto | still | no longer

e VERB + REGARD seem to He seemed to regard the

whole thing as a joke | tend to They tend to regard the

open expression of emotion as being soft and feminine |

come to [had come to regard him as aclose friend | con-

tinue to | be tempted to, be tempting to The successful

are often tempted to regard their success as a kind of re-

ward | be a mistake to Jt would be a mistake to regard

the incident as unimportant

e@ PREP as Many of her works are regarded as classics

with They regarded people outside their own village with

suspicion

2 look steadily at sb/sth

e ADV steadily | intently | curiously, suspiciously,

thoughtfully, warily

e VERB + REGARD continue to His eyes continued to re-

gard her steadily

e@ PREP with She regarded the mess with distaste

regime noun

1 system of government

| constitutional, parliamentary | revolutionary | mili-

tary | colonial | puppet Jn 1940 a puppet regime was established by the invaders

e VERB + REGIME establish, install, set up | defeat,

e@ REGIME + VERB exist | come to power The commun- ist regime came to power in 1975 | collapse, fall

e PREP against a/the ~~ She called for sanctions against the regime under a/the ~ He spoke of the abhorrent crimes that had been committed under the regime | ~ under a military regime under Franco

e PHRASES achange of regime, the collapse/fall/over- throw of a regime, a member of a regime

2 set of rules/procedures

drug, therapeutic, treatment | educational | econom-

ic, financial, fiscal, legal, regulatory a financial regime imposed by the government | trade/trading, tax | safety

e VERB + REGIME Create, introduce, set up, start Jt will be necessary to create a regime to monitor compliance with the agreements | impose | subject sb to The children were subjected to a strict regime of meals, walks and lessons | follow He suggested to me that [follow his fitness regime

e REGIME + VERB be based on sth a regime based on discipline and training

e PREP under a/the~ Under the new regime you will be li- able for automatic penalties for late submission of tax re- turns | ~for the new regime for accounting for charities regimen noun

e ADJ strict | combined | dietary | treatment | drug

| dosage/dose

e VERB + REGIMEN use We used a combined regimen of

injection treatment and radiation therapy

@ REGIMEN + VERB comprise sth a treatment regimen comprising two antibiotics

region noun

1 area of land/part of a country

e VERB + REGION inhabit, live in Nomads have inhabit-

e REGION + VERB cover sb/sth The champagne- producing region covers 34 500 hectares

e PREP across a/the~ Sports events across the region have been cancelled because of the weather from a/the ~

Trang 22

register 636

Twenty participants from the Asia-Pacific region will be invited to the seminar in/within a/the ~ The animal is found in the northern regions of Sweden in the ~ of (figurative) She earns in the region of (= approximately)

£200 000 throughout a/the ~ The plant is found throughout the western regions of the country

e PHRASES sth varies from region to region Sanitary facilities varied widely from region to region

2 part of the body

e ADJ distinct, particular, specific | brain, etc

e PREP from a/the ~ tissue from the mouth region in/within a/the~ cells in a particular region of the brain

register noun

1 list of names

e ADJ detailed | full | up-to-date | annual | central,

e VERB + REGISTER appear on, be on All those appear- ing on the register must notify the authorities of any change of address | remain on | keep, maintain They keep a register of all those who have contributed to the fund | call, take The teacher takes the register at the be-

ginning of each class | inspect | compile, create, draw

up, establish She was asked to draw up a register of suitable sites | add sb/sth to, enter sb/sth in/on, register sb/sth in/on Their names had been entered in the register

as owners of the company | omit sb/sth from | remove

sb from, strike sb from/off He was struck off the medical register for professional misconduct | sign The bride and bridegroom signed the register

e REGISTER + VERB contain sth, include sth a register containing details of four million cars

e REGISTER + NOUN Office

e PREP in a /the~ Jt was the last entry in the register on a/the~ There are 36 children on the register

e PHRASES anentry in/on a register

2 range of a voice/an instrument

e ADJ high, low, middle, upper the lower register of the piano

e@ PREP in a/the~ boy trebles singing in high registers

3 level/style of a piece of writing/speech

e ADJ formal, informal | appropriate

e VERB + REGISTER adopt He has adopted an informal register so as not to alienate his audience

register verb

1 put sb/sth on an official list

e ADV fully On completion of the preregistration year, graduates become fully registered by the General Medical

Council | jointly About 68 per cent of illegitimate births

were jointly registered by both parents | formally, officially | legally | duly As I reached my eighteenth birth- day I duly registered for military service | automatically

e VERB + REGISTER be required to, have to, must You must register the death within three days | be eligible to,

be entitled to | fail to | refuse to

@ PREP as the number of people officially registering as unemployed at He registered at his local university for There is still time to register for English classes with Stu- dents living away from home are required to register with

a local doctor

2 notice sth

e ADV barely, hardly, scarcely She had barely registered his presence | vaguely He vaguely registered that the women had gone

e VERB + REGISTER fail to His eves failed to register Meredith’s surprise

registration noun

e VERB + REGISTRATION require | be exempt from

e REGISTRATION + VERB berequired

@ REGISTRATION + NOUN requirementa failure to comply with the registration requirements | period | proced-

ure, process | scheme, system | records J traced my

family history using the civil registration records | form

e PREP on~ You will receive a free CD on registration with the club | ~ as registration as a political party ~by the registration of the vehicle by the appropriate authority

~with Registration with the council is compulsory

e PHRASES an application for registration, a certificate

of registration registry noun

e VERB + REGISTRY enter sth at/in, lodge sth at/in, register sth at The certificate will have to be lodged at the registry

e REGISTRY + VERB have sth, hold sth, keep sth The registry holds records of all major operations

e REGISTRY + NOUN fee | office | staff

e PHRASES at a/the~ The map is kept at the local land registry

regret noun

e ADJ big, bitter, deep, genuine, great, profound, real, sincere Her biggest regret was that she had never had children © She expressed deep regret at the incident

e VERB + REGRET feel, have J have absolutely no re- grets about resigning | express, show

@ PREP to your~ To my regret, I lost touch with her years ago with ~ It is with deep regret that we announce the death of Mr Fred Fisher without ~ She thought of them without regret | ~about/over She showed no regret about leaving her country ~at my sincere regret at what has happened ~for She enjoyed living alone, but felt a tiny pang of regret for her mother’s cooking

e PHRASES expression of regret The police offered no expression of regret at his wrongful arrest a matter for/of regret J never learned to play an instrument and that’s a matter of some regret

regret verb

e ADV bitterly, deeply, greatly, really, very much The president said that his country deeply regretted the inci-

dent | rather | immediately, instantly J immediately re-

gretted not asking for his name and address | later Pierre told them some things he later regretted telling | never

e VERB + REGRET begin to | come to, live to She knew

that she would live to regret this decision

regrettable adj

e VERBS be,seem

e ADV deeply, extremely, highly, very a deeply regret-

Trang 23

637 reinforce

cannot be here in person | rather

regular adj

1 frequent

e VERBS be,seem | become

e ADV very | fairly, quite at fairly regular intervals

2 following a pattern

e VERBS be

e ADV highly, very highly regular patterns | perfectly

Her face was perfectly regular | fairly

regularity noun

@ QUANT degree Sons followed their fathers’ trade with

a high degree of regularity

@ VERB + REGULARITY maintain The idea is to main-

tain the regularity of the heartbeat

e PREP with (a) ~ He exercised with a regularity that

amazed us | ~in Is there any regularity in English word

stress?

e PHRASES with alarming/depressing/monotonous re-

gularity the statistics that he quotes with monotonous re-

gularity with great/increasing regularity

regulate verb

e ADV carefully, closely, properly, strictly, tightly The

use of these chemicals is strictly regulated

e VERB + REGULATE attempt to, seek to|be de-

signed to, be intended to a code of conduct intended to

regulate press reporting on the royal family

e PHRASES an attempt to regulate sth, heavily/highly

regulated a highly regulated economy

regulation noun

1 control of sth

e ADJ strict, tight, tough | increased | government,

international, official, professional, public, state | legal,

statutory | self, voluntary | economic, environmental,

financial | price, temperature

e VERB + REGULATION call for, demand They are call-

ing for tighter regulation of the industry | introduce |

be subject to Theatre, cinema and broadcasting are all

subject to regulation by local authorities

e@ PREP ~by regulation by local authorities

2 (usually regulations) law/rule

e ADJ strict, stringent, tighter, tougher The Act imposes

more stringent regulations on atmospheric pollution |

draft | emergency | statutory | building, fire, hygiene,

planning, safety, traffic, etc | EU, federal, government,

international, official | prison, school

e VERB + REGULATION comply with, conform to,

meet, observe, satisfy To comply with government hy-

giene regulations, there must be a separate sink for hand

washing | breach, break, contravene, flout, infringe |

adopt, bring in, impose, introduce, issue, make These re-

strictions are set out in regulations made by the minister |

liberalize, relax The government is under pressure to relax

censorship regulations | tighten | enforce Jn practice,

the regulations are rarely enforced

e REGULATION + VERB be designed to The regula-

tions are designed to encourage lower consumption of

water | control sth, govern sth, protect sth regulations

governing trade and industry | impose sth, require sth,

restrict sth, specify sth, stipulate sth Regulations re-

quire water authorities to test sea water for bacteria | ap-

ply (to sth) These regulations apply to all cows sold after

June 1998 | come into force

e REGULATION + NOUN uniform, white shirt, etc She

was wearing the regulation school uniform

e PREP against (the)~s /?’s against safety regulations to

Six these doors open in (the)~ The limits are specified in the

regulations under (the)~ Under the new regulations, each worker must have a rest every two hours | ~s concerning/regarding There are strict regulations concerning the adoption of children ~on regulations on hygiene

e PHRASES a breach of the regulations, compliance with a regulation, in accordance with (the) regulations The notice is in accordance with Regulation 7 rules and regulations

rehabilitation noun

e ADJ economic, physical, psychiatric, social

e REHABILITATION + NOUN centre, unit a drug rehabilitation centre | services | plan, period, process, programme, scheme

e REHEARSAL + NOUN room, space, studio | time

© PREP at (a/the) ~ He apologized for his outburst at rehearsal during (a/the) ~ During the dress rehearsal she suddenly forgot her lines in~ They’re performing every night and they have another production in rehearsal |

~ for rehearsals for ‘Romeo and Juliet’ ~ of a rehearsal of the final scene

rehearse verb

e ADV carefully | mentally She mentally rehearsed what she would say to Jeff

e PREP forrehearsing for the show

e PHRASES well rehearsed He had all the words he need-

ed typed out and well rehearsed

1 (often reins) for controlling a horse

e VERB + REINS hold Can you hold the reins for a minute? | gather (up), pick up Sean gathered up the horse’s reins | grab (at), pull on She pulled sharply on the reins

| give/hand sb, let go of | lengthen, shorten

e PREP ona~ She had the horse ona long rein

2 the reins being in control/the leader of sth

e VERB + REINS hold It’s the Treasury that effectively

holds the reins | grasp, take up The vice-president was

forced to take up the reins of office | hand over

e PHRASES the reins of government/office/power

reinforce verb

1 support sth that already exists

e ADV enormously, greatly, massively, powerfully, strongly This report strongly reinforces the view that the system must be changed | further | merely, only, simply All this simply reinforces my earlier point | constantly, continually, continuously, repeatedly | implicitly | mutually Violent behaviour and rejection by society are mutually reinforcing | unwittingly | positively

e VERB + REINFORCE help (to), serve to, tend to

2 make sth stronger

e ADV heavily e@ PREP with The door was built of oak, heavily reinforced with iron

Trang 24

2 reinforcements extra soldiers, etc

e ADJ police, troop

e VERB + REINFORCEMENTS Call for, call in, send for, summon The crowd was very large and police reinforcements were called in | bring in, send

e REINFORCEMENTS + VERB arrive Reinforcements arrived too late

reject verb

e ADV decisively, emphatically, firmly, roundly, strongly, vehemently, vigorously She firmly rejected the

suggestion that she had lied to Parliament | categorical-

ly, completely, flatly, out of hand, outright, unequivo- cally, utterly Don’t just reject their suggestions out of

hand | overwhelmingly | unanimously | narrowly

Voters narrowly rejected the scheme | immediately, instantly | quickly | consistently, constantly | eventual-

formally | publicly | instinctively | automatically No one knows why a foetus is not automatically rejected by the

mother’s immune system | rightly It was an _ ill-

researched product that consumers rightly rejected

e VERB + REJECT vote to | be free to, have the right to Consumers have the right to reject faulty goods and demand a refund | urge sb to He urged the committee to reject the plans

e@ PREP as The proposal was rejected as too costly in favour of Their design was rejected in favour of one by a rival company

@ PHRASES reject sth on grounds The scheme was re-

jected on economic grounds

rejection noun

e ADJ blanket, outright, total, wholesale | deliberate

e VERB + REJECTION fear Children who have had bad experiences fear rejection | risk | cope with, take It takes avery buoyant personality to cope with constant rejection

e@ REJECTION + NOUN letter, slip a@ publisher’s rejection slip

e@ PREP ~by the rejection of the child by its mother

e PHRASES fear of rejection, feelings of rejection, the rejection of an idea/a proposal/a theory

rejoicing noun

e ADJ great,much | general, popular

e PREP amid/amidst~ The bridge was completed in 1811

amidst much rejoicing | ~ at general rejoicing at the

team’s victory

e PHRASES a cause for rejoicing She had a personal

cause for rejoicing an occasion for rejoicing Finding a

job should have been an occasion for rejoicing scenes of

rejoicing There were scenes of rejoicing at the news

relapse noun

e ADJ acute

e VERB + RELAPSE suffer | cause, trigger A wide

range of emotionally stressful events may trigger a relapse

| prevent

e RELAPSE + VERB occur

e PREP in~ Even in relapse there will be times when the

patient's general condition improves

e PHRASES arisk of relapse

relate verb

e ADV closely | directly, specifically The issues raised

in the report relate directly to Age Concern’s ongoing work

in this area

e VERB + RELATE be able to, can/could | attempt to, try to | be difficult to, find sth difficult to I found it difficult to relate the two ideas in my mind

e PREP to Our product needs an image that people can relate to

e PHRASES the ability to relate to sb/sth, an attempt to relate sth Attempts to relate studies on animals to those on humans are not really comparing like with like

not necessarily | largely | partly | directly | indirectly

The old rates were at least indirectly related to income; the new tax takes no account of a person’s ability to pay | broadly, roughly | specifically | fundamentally | positively | inversely, negatively The traditional approach has tended to regard unemployment and inflation as being inversely related | apparently | clearly, obviously | causally, contextually, functionally, logically, thematic- ally Is unemployment causally related to crime?

e@ PREP to The occurrence of the disease is apparently related to standards of hygiene

2 of the same family

1 connection between two or more things

e VERB + RELATION bear, have The film bore no relation to (= was very different from) the book © The fee bears little relation to the service provided | show

@ PREP in~to Similar policies were pursued in the 1970s, particularly in relation to health services | ~ between,

~to the relation of the subject to the object

2 member of sb’s family

e ADJ close, near | distant | blood | poor (often figurative) Other sparkling wines are often considered the poor relations of champagne

e VERB + RELATION visit

e PREP ~to What relation is Rita to you?

e PHRASES friends and relations

3 relations between people/groups/countries

e ADJ close, cordial, friendly, good, harmonious | improved | difficult, poor, strained | class, diplomatic, economic, foreign, gender, human, industrial, international, labour, personal, political, power, public, race, sexual, social, trade The change of government led to improved industrial relations © a public relations exercise | Anglo-American, East-West, etc

e VERB + RELATIONS cultivate, develop, establish, foster the need to establish good relations with our Euro- peanpartners | break off, damage, sever, suspend Diplo- matic relations have been broken off between the two countries | improve, strengthen Renewed efforts are being made to improve the strained relations between the two countries | restore, resume | regulate the mechanisms that regulate the relations between labour and capital

Trang 25

639 relay

e RELATIONS + VERB improve Relations between the

two states have improved | deteriorate, sour, worsen

e PREP ~among, ~ between, ~with

e PHRASES animprovementin relations

relationship noun

1 between people/groups/countries

e ADJ friendly, good, happy, harmonious, healthy,

strong | broken, difficult, failed, fragile, poor, stormy,

strained, troubled, uneasy | close, intense, intimate,

special Britain’s special relationship with the US | en-

during, lasting, long-standing, long-term, permanent,

serious, stable, steady He was not married, but he was in

a stable relationship | brief, casual | family, human,

interpersonal, one-to-one, personal | doctor-patient,

parent-child, etc | business, contractual, formal, mari-

tal, physical, power, professional, sexual, social, work-

ing | caring, love-hate, loving

e VERB + RELATIONSHIP enjoy, have They enjoyed a

ships with several women | begin, build (up), develop,

establish, foster Building strong relationships is essen-

improve, strengthen | continue, maintain | handle,

manage He’s not very good at handling personal relation-

ships | break off She broke off the relationship when she

found out about his gambling | destroy Lack of trust des-

troys many relationships

e RELATIONSHIP + VERB exist We want to improve the

relationship that exists between the university and the

town | blossom, deepen, develop | flourish | work 7

tried everything to make our relationship work | con-

tinue, last | deteriorate, go wrong, worsen | break

down, break up, fail

e RELATIONSHIP + NOUN difficulties, problems | goals

e PREP in a/the~ Jn normal human relationships there

relationship |~ among The focus is on relationships

among European countries ~ between, ~to their relation-

ship to each other ~with

e PHRASES the breakdown of a relationship, a net-

work/web of relationships

2 family connection

e ADJ blood, family, kin, kinship

e PREP in a/the~ Some people think only about them-

selves, even in family relationships | ~ between ‘What’s

the relationship between you and Tony?’ ‘He’s my cousin.’

~to What relationship are you to Pat?

3 connection between two or more things

e ADJ close There’s a close relationship between in-

creased money supply and inflation | direct | clear |

complex | significant | true | particular | inverse,

negative the inverse relationship between gas consump-

tion and air temperature | positive | causal, dynamic,

reciprocal | linear, spatial | economic, functional,

legal | natural, organic | symbolic

e VERB + RELATIONSHIP bear, have The fee bears little

relationship to the service provided | examine, explore,

look at, study His latest book examines the relationship

between spatial awareness and mathematical ability |

discover, find They discovered a relationship between de-

pression and lack of sunlight | demonstrate, show |

see, understand | stand in Women and men stand in a

different relationship to language

e PREP in a/the~ The different varieties of the language

areinadynamic relationship with each other | ~between

Ican’t see the relationship between the figures and the dia-

gram ~to the relationship of a parasite to its host ~with

e PHRASES the nature of the relationship

relative noun

e ADJ close, near The succession passed to the nearest surviving relative | distant | blood, family If you die without a will, only a husband, wife, children and blood relatives are entitled to inherit your property | immediate The deceased’s immediate relatives, her mother and

father, will inherit her estate | living, surviving | elder-

ly, old | young | female, male | poor (often figurative)

He believes that interior design is the poor relative of (= in- ferior to) architecture | dependent | disabled, ill, sick | distressed, grieving

e@ VERB + RELATIVE have J have no parents or close relatives | lose an organization that helps people who have lost their relatives (= whose relatives have died) | care for, give support to, help, look after, support She’s looking after an elderly relative | live with | stay with, visit | trace The police are trying to trace the relatives of the deceased | inform The names of the victims are being withheld until the relatives have been informed

e PHRASES friends and/or relatives an intimate recep-

tion for close friends and relatives a relative by marriage

relax verb

e ADV deeply Deeply relax all your muscles | com-

pletely, totally | a little, slightly | just, simply Just relax

and take it easy | gradually, slowly He gradually relaxed and began to enjoy himself | consciously She realized how tense she was and consciously relaxed | visibly

e VERB + RELAX begin to | try to Just try to relax com-

pletely | learn to | help sb (to) Use music to help you relax | make sb | appear to, seem to Julie seems to be relaxing a little now

e PREP against Jenna relaxed against the pillows into

His severe expression relaxed into a half-smile

e PHRASES lie/sit back and relax, relax and enjoy sth/yourself

relaxation noun

1 time spent resting/sth you do to rest

e ADJ deep, great | complete, total | muscle/muscu- lar an ointment that helps muscle relaxation

e VERB + RELAXATION aid, promote Some people take

up yoga to aid relaxation

e RELAXATION + NOUN exercises, techniques | therapy | class He goes to relaxation class

e PREP for~ She listens to classical music for relaxation

| ~from a chance for relaxation from work

e PHRASES a form/kind of relaxation, rest and relaxation, a state of relaxation

2 making rules/controls less strict

e ADJ further | general | limited, partial, slight | temporary | gradual

e VERB + RELAXATION call for, seek Financiers are calling for a relaxation of these stringent measures | promise The government has promised further relax- ations in foreign exchange controls

e@ PREP ~in/of a relaxation in the rules relaxed adj

e VERBS appear, be, feel, look, seem | keep sb

e ADV deeply, extremely, very | completely, perfectly, totally | fairly, quite | apparently, seemingly | enough,

sufficiently You need to ensure that a patient feels relaxed

enough to discuss things fully | pleasantly

e PREP about/ was very relaxed about the decision

relay (a/so relay race) noun

e ADJ 4 x 400, etc | medley, sprint

e VERB + RELAY run (in) She ran in the 4 x 400 relay | win

e RELAY + NOUN race | team

Trang 26

release 640

release noun

1 freeing sb from prison, etc

e ADJ immediate There have been calls for his imme-

diate and unconditional release | imminent | early |

unconditional

e VERB + RELEASE grant sb He was granted early re-

lease | secure A public outcry secured her release from

detention

e RELEASE + NOUN date

e@ PREP ~from his release from hospital

e PHRASES release on bail/parole

2 freeing sb from an emotion, a pain, etc

e ADJ welcome She saw death as a welcome release from

pain | emotional

e VERB + RELEASE give (sb) Crying gave some emo-

tional release

e PREP ~from

e PHRASES a feeling/sense of release, a release of ten-

sion All societies have social mechanisms for the release of

tension

3 book/film/record/piece of news

e ADJ latest, new, recent | commercial | book, CD,

film’s, news, press, record, video

@ RELEASE + VERB be/come out The new CD releases

will be out on Friday

release verb

1 allow sb to be free

e ADV quickly | immediately | eventually, finally |

conditionally, unconditionally

e PREP from She was released from prison last week

e PHRASES newly/recently released

2 allow sth to escape

e ADV accidentally The factory had accidentally re-

leased a quantity of toxic waste into the sea

e PREP from the gases that are released from aerosols

into How much radiation was released into the air?

3 make sth less tight

e ADV suddenly She laughed, the tension inside her sud-

denly released

4 make sth available

e ADV officially Figures to be officially released this week

reveal that long-term unemployment is still rising

e VERB + RELEASE refuse to Police have refused to re-

lease the name of the dead man

e PREP to Details of the attack have not yet been released

to the public

e PHRASES newly/recently released newly released re-

cordings originally/previously released The album was

originally released in 1974

relevance noun

e ADJ considerable, great, wider | limited, marginal |

doubtful, dubious | equal | direct, immediate | con-

tinued/continuing | declining | obvious | real | pos-

sible, potential | general | particular, special | con-

temporary He claims that the laws are antiquated and

have no contemporary relevance | practical | political

e VERB + RELEVANCE be/remain of The book is of par-

ticular relevance to student nurses | bear, have The the-

ory bears little relevance to practice | lack, lose Her ideas

have lost all relevance to the modern world | ensure Con-

stant revision of the curriculum must be undertaken to en-

sure its continuing relevance | increase | see | demon-

strate, establish Skim the book in order to establish its

relevance to your needs | assess, consider, examine, ex-

plore, judge | question

e PREP ~for/to J can’t see the relevance of his comment to

ly Resist the temptation to discuss topics that are not strict-

ly relevant to the essay question | directly | only indir-

ectly | immediately | no longer | potentially | appar-

ently | clearly, obviously | universally | morally, polit-

ically, socially Js there a morally relevant difference between human life and animal life? | vocationally vocationally relevant qualifications

e PREP to information relevant to this case reliability noun

e ADJ greater/greatest, high | poor | absolute | im-

proved, increased | statistical

e QUANT degree, level

e VERB + RELIABILITY ensure Changes in design will ensure the quality and reliability of the printer | improve, increase | reduce | assess, evaluate, judge Jt is important to assess the reliability of the data | measure The reliability of the statistical estimates can be measured

e RELIABILITY + VERB improve, increase

e RELIABILITY + NOUN problem

reliable adj

e VERBS be, prove, seem | become | consider sth

e ADV extremely, highly, very Jt has a highly reliable control system | absolutely, completely, perfectly, totally He’s a good musician and totally reliable | not entirely, not exactly, not terribly, not wholly | fairly, quite, pretty, reasonably | enough, sufficiently These meas- urements are reliable enough for most purposes

e PREP as This statement is not reliable as evidence

reliance noun

@ QUANT degree a high degree of reliance on newspaper reports

e VERB + RELIANCE place I don’t think you should place too much reliance on these figures | act in (law) | increase | reduce | eliminate the means by which indi- viduals might reduce or eliminate reliance on the state | encourage They believe that modern farming techniques encourage an excessive reliance on harmful chemicals | lead to

@ PREP in~on/upon (law) He acted in complete reliance

on the account of a couple of eyewitnesses | ~on/upon the increased reliance of the university on private funds reliant adj

e VERBS be | become | remain

e ADV heavily, highly The service has become heavily reliant on government support | completely, entirely, totally, wholly | increasingly | largely | quite

e@ PREP on/upon The charity is completely reliant on public donations

relic noun

e ADJ ancient | last Jt was the last relic of the old sys-

tem | historic/historical | precious | holy, _ religious,

sacred, saintly

e VERB + RELIC discover The relics were discovered in

a lead box in the ruins of an abbey | shelter A shrine was

Trang 27

641 religious

constructed to shelter the relics | remove The duke secret-

ly removed the relics from the reliquary

e RELIC + VERB survive This silver belt buckle is the

only relic of the imprisoned soldiers that survives

e PREP ~from Most of these guns are relics from the Boer

War

e PHRASES arelic of an age/a time relics of a bygone age

riage a relic of the past They believe that hunting isa relic

of the past and are calling for it to be banned

relief noun

1 removal of anxiety/pain

e ADJ considerable, deep, enormous, great, huge, im-

mense, intense, overwhelming, tremendous | certain

The news of his appointment was received with a certain

relief by most people | sheer | complete | temporary

The drugs only provided temporary relief from the pain |

fast, immediate, instant | evident, obvious She smiled

with evident relief | blessed, welcome | pain The injec-

tion gives complete pain relief

e VERB + RELIEF bring (sb), give (sb), offer (sb), pro-

vide (sb with) Morning brought no relief from the heat |

come as The news came as a welcome relief to Brian |

seek She sought relief in drink | find, get He found relief

from his fears in a world of fantasy and art | experience,

feel J felt enormous relief once they phoned | sense She

could sense his relief when she said she wouldn’t be leav-

ing | express

e RELIEF + VERB come He believes that relief only

comes from helping others with their suffering | flood Re-

lief flooded through me as the aeroplane landed safely

e PREP in~ She smiled in relief out of~ He hugged her

out of sheer relief to your~ To my great relief, she didn’t no-

tice that anything was wrong with~ He sighed with relief

| ~at relief at not having been made a fool of ~ from relief

from hunger ~to The news was a huge relief to her

e PHRASES a cry/a sigh/tears of relief He breathed a

sigh of relief a sense/wave of relief

2 food/money/medicine given to people in need

e ADJ humanitarian | emergency | famine,

foreign, international

e VERB + RELIEF give sb, provide (sb with), send (sb)

The organization provides emergency famine relief

e RELIEF + NOUN work She said that the fighting has

halted almost all relief work in the area | effort, oper-

ation There was a huge international relief effort to bring

help to the stricken area | package, programme Con-

gress has agreed an $11 million relief package for victims

of the hurricane | aid, supplies | agency, fund, organ-

ization | staff, worker | convoy, flight

3 reduction in the amount of tax, etc you have to pay

e ADJ debt, interest, mortgage, tax

e VERB + RELIEF get, obtain, receive You get mortgage

relief of 10% on the next £5 000 | be entitled to, qualify for

| apply for, claim, seek

e RELIEF + VERB be available No tax relief is available

in respect of this loss

4sth interesting that replaces sth boring

e ADJ light | comic

e VERB + RELIEF give (sb), provide (sb with) The scene

provided some comic relief for the audience

e@ PREP for~ The comical characters are brought into the

story for a little light relief

e PHRASES amomentof relief

5 way of decorating wood, stone, etc

e ADJ high The scene has been carved in high relief |

bas, low | carved, sculptured | alabaster, bronze, mar-

ble, plaster, stucco | classical, Greek, Roman

e VERB + RELIEF carve (sth) in

e RELIEF + NOUN carving, sculpture | panel

e PREP in~asculpture in high relief

flood |

6 making sth noticeable

e ADJ sharp, stark

e VERB + RELIEF bring sth into, throw sth into (often figurative) The proximity of the wealthy suburb to the squatter camp throws the plight of the squatters into even sharper relief | stand out in The snow-capped mountains - stood out in sharp relief against the blue sky

relieve verb

e ADV temporarily

e VERB + RELIEVE attempt to, try to trying to relieve the symptoms of depression | help (to) Her jokes helped to relieve the tension | be designed to, be intended to Res- pite care is intended to relieve parents temporarily of the burden of caring for severely disabled children

relieved adj

e VERBS be, feel, look, seem

e ADV extremely, greatly, hugely, immensely, mightily, profoundly, very | almost | a little, quite, rather, slight-

ly, somewhat | clearly, obviously, visibly | secretly 7 was secretly relieved when Ed said it was time to turn back

e PREP at We were greatly relieved at the the news of their safe return

NOTE Religions

accept, adopt, convert to, embrace, follow, turn to~

He converted to Judaism when he got married

people who follow Hinduism abandon, reject~

He rejected Christianity and became a Buddhist

~spread Islam spread rapidly through North Africa

~ preaches, proclaims, teaches sth Christianity preaches that sinners can be forgiven

a follower of~

followers of Sikhism the rise/spread of~

the rise of Christianity in the first century the teachings/tenets of~

the basic tenets of Buddhism

religion noun

e@ ADJ great, major | world Islam is one of the great

e VERB + RELIGION belong to, have She has no religion | follow, practise Do you still practise your religion?

| change | abandon, reject | defend She believed that her religion needed to be defended by philosophy and logic

| found He founded a new religion | spread

e RELIGION + VERB be based on sth a religion based

on reason | originate from sth He believes that all religions originated from a single source | develop | spread e@ PREP by ~ These people are predominantly Russian Orthodox by religion in a/the ~ In their religion, mountains are sacred

e PHRASES an adherent/follower of a_ religion, a form/kind of religion

religious adj

e VERBS be | become

Trang 28

relinquish 642

e ADV deeply, devoutly, highly, very a deeply religious

person | strictly He distanced himself from the strictly

religious aspects of the music | quite | essentially, fun-

damentally Yoga is essentially religious and not just phys-

ical | specifically the specifically religious content of the

programme

relinquish verb

e ADV voluntarily They will never voluntarily relinquish

their independence

e VERB + RELINQUISH be forced to He was forced to re-

linquish control of the company | refuse to | be willing

to | be reluctant to | persuade sb to

e@ PREP to She has relinquished the post to her cousin, Sir

Edward

relish verb

e ADV positively, really | not particularly He did not

particularly relish the prospect of a meeting with his boss

| rather | clearly, obviously | secretly She secretly rel-

ished the thought of being alone with him

e VERB + RELISH appear to, seem to

reluctance noun

e ADJ considerable, deep, extreme, great, marked |

certain J noticed a certain reluctance among the teachers |

increased | clear, evident, obvious | apparent | initial

| growing | continued/continuing | general | natural,

understandable

e VERB + RELUCTANCE have | display, express, indi-

cate, reflect, show His designs indicate a reluctance to

to leave | pretend | overcome | notice, sense | under-

stand Ican quite understand your reluctance to talk about

what happened to you | explain These political tensions

explain the reluctance of financiers to invest in the region

e PREP with~ With great reluctance, we have come to the

decision to close the hospital | ~by/on the part of reluc-

tance by insurers to keep paying out heavy claims

e PHRASES a show of reluctance With a great show of

reluctance, the government granted independence to the

colony a sign of reluctance

reluctant adj

e VERBS appear, be, feel, look, seem Students may feel

reluctant to ask questions | become | remain

e ADV decidedly, deeply, extremely, remarkably, very

| increasingly | a little, rather, somewhat | apparently

| clearly | curiously, strangely She was curiously reluc-

tant to talk about the experience | understandably Chil-

dren are sometimes understandably reluctant to wear

glasses that are ugly or uncomfortable | notoriously The

monarchy was notoriously reluctant to embrace change

rely verb

PHRASAL VERB

rely on/upon sb/sth

1 need sb/sth

e ADV heavily, a lot, strongly countries that rely heavily

on food aid | entirely, exclusively, solely | increasingly

| largely, mainly | traditionally

e VERB + RELY ON/UPON SB/STH be forced to, have

to, must people who are forced to rely on public transport |

tend to

e@ PREP for They relied entirely on these few weapons for

their defence

2 trust sb/sth

e ADV safely You can safely rely on his judgement |

simply Most historians simply rely on archives

e VERB + RELY ON/UPON SB/STH can/could | can/could

always | can/could no longer The party could no longer rely on its traditional supporters

e PREP forIcouldn’t rely on John for information remains noun

e ADJ abundant, considerable, extensive, substantial abundant remains of marine algae © the extensive remains of a medieval abbey | impressive | fragmentary |

visible | existing, surviving | ancient, prehistoric |

Greek, Roman, etc | battered, mangled, shattered the mangled remains of the bomber’s van | burnt(-out), charred, smouldering | earthly, human, mortal This tomb holds the mortal remains of King Richard IIT | animal, archaeological, fossil/fossilized, organic, plant, skeletal

e VERB + REMAINS discover, find, locate, reveal, uncover, unearth While excavating the site for a new hotel, workers unearthed the remains of several dinosaurs | identify The remains have been identified as those of a Mr Thomas, who lived in Richmond | excavate, exhume, remove They are excavating the remains of an Iron Age settlement Marie Curie’s remains were exhumed and in-

terred in the Pantheon | bury, inter | dump | destroy

Environmentalists say that the road will destroy the remains of the world’s first commercial railway, | feed on The ivory gull often follows polar bears to feed on the remains of seal kills

e REMAINS + VERB survive Considerable remains survive of the great city walls begun by Theodosius in AD 413

| lie Her remains lie at rest in St Andrew’s churchyard | date from The burnt-out remains date from the 13th

general | introductory, opening, preliminary | closing,

concluding J agreed with most of what he said at the beginning of the speech but not with his closing remarks

e VERB + REMARK make, pass, utter | withdraw He was expelled from the party for failing to withdraw his controversial remarks | address Who were those rude remarks addressed to? | ignore, take no notice of I just ig- nored her last remark

e REMARK + VERB apply to sb/sth These remarks apply equally to doctors | be directed at/to sb The remark was directed at him | suggest sth Her remarks suggest that the negotiations may be successful | provoke sth The remark provoked an angry response from the crowd

e PREP in a/the~ He made a few factual errors in his remarks on Rembrandt | ~ about/concerning/on I shall keep my remarks on the subject brief ~by/from remarks by officials ~to a casual remark to his father

Trang 29

643 remorse

remark verb

e ADV casually, idly She remarked casually that she was

changing her job | pointedly | lightly, mildly | drily,

ly, tartly

e VERB + REMARK be heard to

e PREP on/upon Several people remarked on her outfit

to He remarked to Jane that he had not heard from Sally

for along time

remarkable adj

e VERBS be,seem

e ADV most, quite, really, truly, very a most remarkable

e PREP for These cars are remarkable for the quietness of

their engines

remedy noun

1treatment/medicine

e ADJ effective, good | correct | wrong | common |

traditional | ancient, old | folk | home | herbal, hom-

oeopathic, natural | cold The player insists that he mere-

ly took acold remedy and not a banned substance

@ QUANT dose One dose of the remedy is sufficient

e VERB + REMEDY take,use | need | try | give sb The

remedy was given in different strengths to a group of vol-

unteers | prescribe (sb) | prepare The remedies are all

prepared from wild flowers | find They’re hoping to finda

remedy for the condition

e REMEDY + VERB be available | work She tried vari-

ous remedies, but none of them worked

e@ PREP ~for He took a herbal remedy for his hay fever

2 way of dealing with a problem

e ADJ adequate, effective, good Your best remedy is to

go to the small claims court | appropriate, suitable |

easy, simple There's no easy remedy for unemployment |

common, usual | alternative | desperate, drastic |

proposed | civil (law), common/private/public law,

contractual, judicial, legal, statutory

e VERB + REMEDY have | pursue, seek They will have

to seek a judicial remedy for breach of contract | resort to

Desperate remedies were resorted to in the search for food |

exhaust They advised him to exhaust all other remedies

before applying to court | create | offer | afford (sb),

grant sb, provide (sb with) remedies afforded to creditors

by a bankruptcy order

e REMEDY + VERB be available | lie in sth When the

reservoir becomes blocked, the only remedy lies in cleaning

the entire system

e PREP ~against The agreement states that he has a rem-

edy against the subcontractor ~ for remedies for breach of

contract ~in You have a remedy in civil law

e PHRASES rights and remedies The Act created rights

and remedies for consumers

remedy verb

e ADV easily This could easily be remedied if the

authorities were willing

e VERB + REMEDY attempt to, seek to, take steps to,

try to The government should have taken steps to remedy

the situation

remember verb

e ADV clearly, distinctly, vividly, well J distinctly re-

member Miss Scott very well | dimly, vaguely | correct-

ly, rightly If remember correctly, you were supposed to col-

lect the keys on your way here | fondly She fondly remem-

bered her early years in India | still | always ll always

remember this holiday | suddenly | belatedly Julia be-

latedly remembered what else she was supposed to do

e VERB + REMEMBER can/could J can’t remember her

name | try to | be important to

e@ PREP as He still remembered her as the lively teenager he’d known years before for She is best remembered for her first book, ‘In the Ditch’

remind verb

e ADV constantly, frequently, repeatedly | gently She gently reminded him that the baby was getting cold and should be taken indoors

e VERB + REMIND not have to, not need to [’m sure I don’t need to remind you that we have lost our last ten matches | serve to An event like this serves to remind us that we do not have control over nature

e PREP about J rang to remind him about the party of She looked at her watch to remind him of the time

e PHRASES keep reminding sb PHRASAL VERB

remind sb of sb/sth

e ADV forcefully, forcibly, sharply, strongly, vividly The building reminded me strongly of my old school | ir- resistibly | suddenly J was suddenly reminded of a tiger defending its cubs | always Mrs Nolan always reminded Marie of her own mother

reminder noun

get her to pay her share of the rent | useful The list serves

as a useful reminder of the issues to consider

e VERB + REMINDER act/serve as, be, provide The ruined church acts as a constant reminder of the war | give sb, issue, send (out) She gave him a gentle reminder that payment was due | receive | need

e REMINDER + NOUN letter, note, notice e@ PREP ~ about We were sent a reminder about the next meeting ~to a timely reminder to people that leaving their doors open is an invitation to thieves

e PREP ~from (figurative) Their outdated attitudes area remnant from colonial days

e PHRASES aremnant from/of the past remorse noun

e ADJ deep, genuine, real

® QUANT pang, stab

e VERB + REMORSE be filled with, be full of, be overcome with, be stricken with, feel, have, suffer She knew that the next day she would be guilty and full of remorse ©

I suffered no remorse | display, express, show

e PREP without ~ He died without remorse | ~ at He felt some remorse at his behaviour ~for She was filled with remorse for the crime ~ over She felt a sharp pang of remorse over the incident

@ PHRASES a feeling of remorse, tears of remorse

Tiêu đề	Oxford Collocations Dictionary for Students of English
Trường học	Oxford University
Chuyên ngành	English Language
Thể loại	Tài liệu

Định dạng
Số trang	59
Dung lượng	30,72 MB