“借汉词”、“汉越借词”等，而越南学者称为：từ mượn Hán（借汉词） , từ gốc Hán（越语汉源词）, từ Việt gốc Hán（越语汉源词） 和 từ Hán Việt（汉越词）。我们认为，这些越南语词汇都可以统称为越南语中的“汉字词汇” 也就是广义上的“汉越词”。 越南语中的汉越词，通常就是人们对引入越南语的大量汉越词的指称， 也叫汉语借词或借
选题理由
When learning a second language, learners tend to fit new, contested knowledge into their existing first-language knowledge, and this effect is amplified when the learner's L1 already contains many loanwords borrowed from the target language, which makes vocabulary learning easier This phenomenon is especially pronounced for Vietnamese students learning Chinese, because Vietnamese contains a large number of Sino-Vietnamese terms that are tightly connected to Chinese It is estimated that about 60–70% of modern Vietnamese vocabulary consists of Sino-Vietnamese words, and in domains such as politics, economy, and law the proportion can reach 70–80% As a result, Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary has a profound influence on how Vietnamese learners acquire Chinese vocabulary.
研究目的
This study aims to accomplish two main goals: first, to rigorously examine the impact of Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary on Vietnamese students; second, to identify practical methods for overcoming this phenomenon By analyzing how Chinese-origin terms influence language learning, literacy outcomes, and overall academic performance, the research offers actionable insights for educators, curriculum developers, and policymakers to mitigate adverse effects and leverage the lexical ties between Chinese and Vietnamese.
常用的汉越词
This study defines its scope around Chinese lexicon and its influence on vocabulary learning among students majoring in Chinese at Dongfang University By examining how lexical knowledge affects Chinese vocabulary acquisition within the Chinese language program, the research aims to inform teaching strategies and curriculum design for Dongfang University’s Chinese studies.
To achieve the stated research objectives, the author begins by identifying the impact of Sino-Vietnamese lexical pairs on Vietnamese students majoring in Chinese at the Foreign Language Department of Oriental University as a negative transfer effect The study then draws on a range of related sources, collects data, and analyzes how these Sino-Vietnamese word pairs influence Vietnamese learners’ Chinese vocabulary acquisition Finally, the findings are synthesized into a coherent set of conclusions.
To summarize, this paper adopts three main research methods: survey research, statistical analysis, and inductive summarization The survey method collects data from respondents, the statistical method analyzes the data to identify patterns and relationships, and the inductive summarization method synthesizes the findings into general conclusions This methodological mix provides robust evidence and clear, actionable insights for understanding the topic.
Beyond acknowledgments, the table of contents, preface, conclusions, and references, this paper comprises three chapters Chapter 1 is an Overview of Sino-Vietnamese Lexicon, outlining the scope and core concepts of Han-Vietnamese words and establishing the linguistic framework for the study.
第二章：汉越词对汉译越和越译汉的词义影响
第三章：汉越词汇偏误的原因及克服方法
插图和附表清单
表 1：意义对相对应汉语词的汉越词示表 21
表 2：意义相对应汉语词的汉越词的第一类：两者意义基本相同示例…22 表 3：两者意义同中有异的汉越词的第二类：两者意义同中有异示例…22 表 4：两者意义基本不同的汉越词的第三类：两者意义基本不同示例…23 表 5： “Cảm ơn”和“感恩”的语义对比………24
表 6“Bao quát”与“包括”词义对比………26
表 7：“Gia quyế n”与“家眷”义项对比………27
表 8：“Dã man”和“野蛮”词义对比………28
表 9 ： “Ác” 和 “ 恶 ” 义 项 对 比 … … … 3 0 表 10：“Bồi dưỡng”和“培养”词义对比………32
表 11：“Kiêu ngạo”和“骄傲”词义对比 35
表 12：“Hảo”与“好”词义对比 36
表 13 ：“Khẩn”与“紧”词义对比 37
表 14：“Bị”与“被”词义对比 39
表 15： “Bảo trì”和“保持”词义对比 41
表 16 ：“C hi t iế t” 与“ 枝 节” 词 义 对比 41
表 17：“Đáo để”与“到底”词义对比 44
表 18：“Phươ ng tiệ n”与“方便”词义对比 44
表 19：“Bí thư”与“秘书”词义对比 47
表 20：东方大学-外语系-中文语言三、四年级问卷调查结果总表 54
Table 21 reports the overall bias results from the questionnaire survey of third- and fourth-year Chinese language students in the Department of Foreign Languages at Dongfang University, with the table located on page 5 and the document featuring a contents section and an acknowledgments section beginning on page 1.
插图和附图清单 3
第 一 章 ： 汉 越 词 概 论 … … … 7
1.1 越南语中汉越词的概念及分类………7
1.1.1 汉字词和汉越词。 7
1 1.2 汉越 词的 分类。 9
1 2 汉 越 词 的 研 究 综 述 … … … 1 0 第 二 章 ： 汉 越 词 对 汉 译 越 和 越 译 汉 的 词 义 影 响 … … … 2 0
2 1 翻 译 中 必 须 注 意 汉 越 词 的 词 义 演 变 … … … 2 0
2.1.1 原则和方法………23
2.2 汉语借词词义演变的三种主要模式………23
2 2 3 词 义 更 新 … … … 3 9 第 三 章 ： 汉 越 词 汇 偏 误 的 原 因 及 克 服 方 法 5 2
3.1 问卷调查及结果分析 52
3.1.1.3 调查得出的结果 54
3.2 东方大学学生运用汉越词的负迁移现象进行分析 56
3.2.2 词语搭配不同 59
3.2.3 语体色彩不同 60
3.3 汉越词汇偏误的原因 61
3.3.1 母语干扰的原因 61
3.3.2 对于母语汉越词的知识 62
3.3.3 教学方面的影响 63
3 3 4 学 习 者 的 汉 语 水 平 6 4
3 4 克 服 汉 语 词 汇 的 方 法 6 4
3 4 3 多 种 学 习 方 法 结 合 6 5 结 语 6 6 附录 68
汉越词概论
Sino-Vietnamese loanwords mark a milestone in the long-running linguistic and cultural exchange between China and Vietnam After more than two thousand years of contact, these Han-origin borrowings have proliferated within the Vietnamese lexicon, making Sino-Vietnamese terms the most numerous among Vietnamese loanwords This phenomenon has drawn sustained attention from linguists, with Macro’s 1912 quantitative study standing as a landmark: he found that Sino-Vietnamese words accounted for about 60% of Vietnamese vocabulary, a result that led him to mistakenly classify Vietnamese as part of the Sino-Tibetan language family In the 1940s, the renowned Chinese linguist Wang Li continued this line of inquiry in his Sino-Vietnamese studies, dividing Han-origin borrowings into Ancient Sino-Vietnamese, Sino-Vietnamese, and Sinicized Vietnamese, and outlining phonetic correspondences between Chinese and Sino-Vietnamese In his 1950s draft of Chinese Language History, the section on “Relatives of Chinese” likewise treated Vietnamese as Sino-Tibetan, noting distinctive features such as its monosyllabic roots and tonal system.
1.1 越南语中汉越词的概念及分类
Defining Sino-Vietnamese words is a complex issue in linguistics, with scholars holding divergent views Some consider Sino-Vietnamese words to be the same as Sino-Vietnamese borrowings, while others argue they are not identical Consequently, the concept of Sino-Vietnamese words, the Vietnamese terminology, and their Chinese equivalents remain somewhat confused To understand international developments and to align terminology with Vietnamese and other linguists for smoother cross-language communication, it is necessary to clarify and standardize the relevant linguistic terms.
1.1.1 汉字词和汉越词。
中国学者把汉字汉语有关的越南语词汇称为“汉语词”、“汉根词”、
Trong nghiên cứu ngôn ngữ Việt Nam, các thuật ngữ chỉ các từ vay mượn chữ Hán gồm từ mượn Hán (借汉词), từ gốc Hán, từ Việt gốc Hán và từ Hán Việt Các học giả Việt Nam gọi lần lượt các khái niệm này bằng các cụm từ trên để phân loại từ vựng tiếng Việt vay chữ Hán Những từ vựng này có thể được xem là 汉字词汇 ở nghĩa rộng, đúng như khái niệm 汉越词汇, phản ánh nguồn gốc Hán-Việt của chúng.
Sino-Vietnamese words, also known as Han–Viet loanwords, refer to a substantial set of Chinese-derived terms that have been integrated into Vietnamese Each word originally derives its meaning from a corresponding Chinese lexical item (including Chinese dialects), while its pronunciation is adapted—either wholly or partially—to Vietnamese phonology These borrowings are characterized by varying degrees of phonetic nativization, reflecting differences between source Chinese and target Vietnamese sounds Strictly speaking, to be considered true Sino-Vietnamese borrowings, these terms should have been in use in Vietnamese over a relatively long period, establishing their place in the language’s vocabulary.
Đối với loại từ này, các học giả Việt Nam phân chia rất chi tiết; khi sử dụng hai thuật ngữ từ mượn Hán (借汉词) và từ gốc Hán (汉源词), do nhận thức khác nhau nên cách dùng của chúng cũng khác nhau Sự phân biệt này cho thấy mức độ tinh tế trong nghiên cứu từ vựng Việt Nam và giúp người đọc nắm nguồn gốc, quá trình phát triển của từng loại từ trong ngôn ngữ.
潘文阁 cho rằng loại từ đầu tiên là các từ vay mượn hoàn toàn từ tiếng Trung ở phát âm, nghĩa và ngữ pháp (潘文阁 1981) Ví dụ điển hình là đề kháng (抵抗) và cầu an (求安) Loại thứ hai chỉ các từ Hán-Việt đã được Việt hóa một phần, không phải lúc nào cũng có cách đọc Hán-Việt đầy đủ; ví dụ gan/can (肝), loài/loại (类), quần áo (衣裳), bạc bẽo (薄情) 阮善甲 cho rằng từ gốc Hán (汉源词) bao gồm cả các từ mượn có âm đọc Việt Nam và các từ mượn đã Việt hóa (阮善甲 1996) 阮文康 cho rằng từ mượn Hán (汉借词) chứa tất cả các từ vay mượn từ tiếng Trung (阮文康-2007) Như vậy,汉越词 指 các từ mượn có cách đọc Hán-Việt, được Việt Nam gọi bằng thuật ngữ Từ Hán Việt.
In this context, the term 'word' refers to a broad concept that includes monosyllabic characters and fixed phrases, so it can also be described as Han–Vietnamese vocabulary (Hán–Việt) or Sino-Vietnamese words.
Within Chinese scholarship, most researchers use Sino-Vietnamese terminology to discuss the lexical items and the linguistic relationship between Chinese and Vietnamese, including terms like Sino-Vietnamese words, Chinese loanwords, and Chinese borrowings Some scholars also use the label Sino-Vietnamese language relations to refer to Vietnamese vocabulary that derives from Chinese or is influenced by Chinese Collectively, these terms capture how Chinese has contributed loanwords to Vietnamese and how the two languages interact within Sino-Vietnamese linguistics.