recent trends in civil engineering pdf

Structural Engineering Wind Analysis of High-Rise Building Using Computational Fluid Dynamics.. Wind Analysis of High-Rise Building Using Computational … 5Anoop et al.. [1] investigated

Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering

Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering

Volume 77

Series Editors

Marco di Prisco, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy

Sheng-Hong Chen, School of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering,Wuhan University, Wuhan, China

Ioannis Vayas, Institute of Steel Structures, National Technical University ofAthens, Athens, Greece

Sanjay Kumar Shukla, School of Engineering, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup,

WA, Australia

Anuj Sharma, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA

Nagesh Kumar, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of ScienceBangalore, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India

Chien Ming Wang, School of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland,Brisbane, QLD, Australia

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Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering(LNCE) publishes the latest developments inCivil Engineering - quickly, informally and in top quality Though original researchreported in proceedings and post-proceedings represents the core of LNCE, editedvolumes of exceptionally high quality and interest may also be considered forpublication Volumes published in LNCE embrace all aspects and subfields of, aswell as new challenges in, Civil Engineering Topics in the series include:

• Construction and Structural Mechanics

• Ocean and Offshore Engineering; Ships and Floating Structures

• Hydraulics, Hydrology and Water Resources Engineering

• Environmental Engineering and Sustainability

• Structural Health and Monitoring

• Surveying and Geographical Information Systems

• Indoor Environments

• Transportation and Traffic

• Risk Analysis

• Safety and Security

To submit a proposal or request further information, please contact the appropriateSpringer Editor:

– Mr Pierpaolo Riva atpierpaolo.riva@springer.com(Europe and Americas);– Ms Swati Meherishi at swati.meherishi@springer.com (Asia - except China,and Australia, New Zealand);

– Dr Mengchu Huang atmengchu.huang@springer.com(China)

All books in the series now indexed by Scopus and EI Compendex database!

More information about this series athttp://www.springer.com/series/15087

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Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering

ISBN 978-981-15-5194-9 ISBN 978-981-15-5195-6 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5195-6

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd 2021

This work is subject to copyright All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part

of the material is concerned, speci fically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on micro films or in any other physical way, and transmission

or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.

The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a speci fic statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.

The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made The publisher remains neutral with regard

to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional af filiations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore

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Organising Committee

Chief Patron

Shri R C Mittal, Chancellor, Medi-Caps University, Indore

Patrons

Shri Gopal Agrawal, Pro-Chancellor, Medi-Caps University, Indore

Prof Dr Sunil K Somani, Vice-Chancellor, Medi-Caps University, Indore

General Chair

Dr D K Panda, Dean (Engineering)

Organizing Committee Chair

Dr Ramakant Agrawal, Head (Civil)

Program Chairs/Volume Editors

Dr K K Pathak, IIT(BHU) Varanasi

Dr J M S J Bandara, University of Moratuwa, Colombo, Srilanka

Dr Ramakant Agrawal, Medi-Caps University, Indore

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Program Committee

Dr Akil Ahmed, IIT, New Delhi

Dr B B Das, NITK, Suratkal

Dr Deepak Khare, IIT, Roorkee

DR Goutam Das Gupta, Columbia University, New York

Dr M S Hora, MANIT, Bhopal

Dr Prachand Man Pradhan, Kathmandu University, Nepal

Dr Reshma Rughooputh, University of Mauritius, Mauritius

Dr R K Shrivastava, SGSITS, Indore

Dr Sandeep Chaudhary, IIT, Indore

Dr Sanjeev Chaudhary, IIT, Bombay

Dr Sanjeev Saxena, CSIR-AMPRI, Bhopal

Dr Vinod Tare, IIT, Kanpur

Dr Vivek B., BITS Pilani, Dubai

Session Management Chairs

This Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering volume contains documented versions

of the papers accepted at the International Conference on Recent Trends andInnovations in Civil Engineering, 2019 (ICRTICE-2019) The conference was heldduring September 26–28, 2019 at Medi-Caps University, Indore (Madhya Pradesh),India

This conference was a platform for academicians, researchers, and industrydelegates to present their research and contributions The conference highlightedemerging research on different disciplines of Civil Engineering The objective ofthis International Conference was to provide opportunities for the participants tointeract and exchange ideas, experience, and expertise in the recent technologicaltrends Along with sharing, an array of lectures from eminent personalities in thisfield was delivered to bring value to the conference

The inauguration was held in the presence of Mr Philip Mathew (ACC Limited)and Dr S Bandara (University of Moratuwa, Colombo) on September 26 with theirenlightening talks The keynote talks were delivered by Dr K K Pathak (IIT(BHU) Varanasi) and Dr Manish Mudgal (AMPRI-CSIR, Bhopal) The conferencehad been a good opportunity for participants from across the country The sessionswere a perfect learning place with speakers from diverse expertise

The sessions were mentored by academic leaders from IITs, Industries, and otherInstitutes like Dr Dilip Wagela, Dr H K Mahiyar, Dr R K Shrivastava,

Dr Sandeep Choudhary, Dr Saiket Sarkar, Dr Vijay Rode, and Dr S M Narulkar.The areas covered in the sessions included Structural Engineering, TransportationEngineering, Geotechnical engineering, Concrete Technology, Water ResourcesEngineering, Environmental Engineering, Construction Technology and Management,and recent technical topics that align with the theme of the conference There were

82 papers in 7 sessions thatfilled the gaps in the recent researches and suggestednew measures and tools for improvising the existing state of research and appli-cations of the new techniques and innovations

A committee of external and internal reviewers was formed for a rigorous peerreview of submitted papers which were 184 in number For maintaining the quality

of the conference, the committee took full efforts and helped to shortlist 82 papers

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for the presentation We are thankful to all the reviewers Our acknowledgementsare due also to Prof Aakash Chokrovorty and Mr Maniarasan Gandhi who were aconstant support for communications with the Springer publications.

Finally, we take the privilege to thank all sponsors, committee members, unteers, participants, press, print, and electronic media for the success of theconference

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Structural Engineering

Wind Analysis of High-Rise Building Using Computational Fluid

Dynamics 3Prafulla Kishor Sharma and Suresh R Parekar

Structural Performance of Modular Buildings: A Review 19Ashok Jammi and Arul Jayachandran Sanjeevi

Application of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) in the Prediction

of Displacement of RC Frame Subjected to Earthquake 43

R Prabhakara, Pallavi Patil, Narayana Harish, and H N Jagannatha Reddy

Fatigue Crack Growth Analysis Using Surrogate Modelling

Techniques for Structural Problems 55Geetu G Kumar, T Sivaranjani, D V T G Pavan Kumar,

and C L Mahesh Kumar

Dynamic Response of RC Slab Under Drop Test Retrofitted

with CFRP Strips Using NSM Technique 67Nandeesh M Sreenivasappa, Arjun R P Reddy, H N Jagannatha Reddy,

and R Prabhakara

Experimental Studies to Demonstrate the Effect of Clamping

Reinforcement on Shear Strength of GPC Adopting Push-Off

Specimens 83

N R Harish Kumar, Sachin R Biradar, R Prabhakara,

and H Jagannatha Reddy

Evaluation of Flexural Behaviour of Post-tensioned RC Beams

Strengthened Using CFRP Laminates with NSM Technique 95Vathsala, H N Jagannatha Reddy, and R Prabhakara

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Analysis of Isotropic and Orthotropic Sandwich Bridge Decks 109Preeti Agarwal, P Pal, and P K Mehta

The Effect of Angle of Web Opening for Prediction of Ultimate

Failure Load of Castellated Beams by Experimental Investigation 121Amol J Mehetre and Rajashekhar S Talikoti

Free Vibration Frequencies of Lock Gate Structure 135Deepak Kumar Singh, Priyaranjan Pal, and Shashi Kant Duggal

Introspecting System Identification in Numerical Technique

for Inverse Identification Process 149Shalem Ernest and U K Dewangan

Effect of Steel Ratio on Dynamic Response of HSC Two Way Slab

Strengthened by Entrenched CFRP Strips Using Drop Test 157Arjun R P Reddy, Nandeesh M Sreenivasappa, R Prabhakara,

and H N Jagannatha Reddy

Damage Detection Techniques to Identify the Unknown Damage

Parameters from the Structural Response Data in Beam:

A Review 175Bhawna Patel and U K Dewangan

Studies on Rotation Capacity and Torsional Strength of Normal,

Medium- and High-Strength RC Beams 185

M R Prakash, Katta Venkataramana, R Prabhakara, and B Manjunatha

Manufacturing of an Economical Single Degree-of-Freedom

Shake Table 197Ketan N Bajad and Manisha V Waghmare

Behaviour of Different Lateral Stability Structural Systems

for the Tall Steel Structures Under Wind Loads 211Abhimanyu Pandey and R K Tripathi

To Compare ATC 40 and FEMA 440 Methods for Computation

of Performance Point 223Ankit Sandilya and Rajesh Kumar Tripathi

Non-linear Dynamic Analysis of a Multi-storey Building Subjected

to Earthquakes 231Arjit Verma, P Pal, and Y K Gupta

Finite Element Modeling of Precast Diaphragms Concrete

and Their Connections 243Raj Joshi, Astha Jhawar, Megharima Datta, Ashwin Parihar,

and Ubaid L Hanfee

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T-Beam Bridge Girder Analysis Using Finite Element Modeling

for IRC Loading 255Dhaker Rahul and U K Dewangan

Flexural Strengthening of Steel Structures with Fiber-Reinforced

Polymers and Analysis Using ANSYS 271Prabhudeva Gunthati and Mohit Jaiswal

Study on Sensitivity of PZT Signatures for Damage Detection

in RC Columns—A Numerical Study 283Venkat Shivaram Yedlapati and Mallika Alapati

Experimental Studies on Flexural Behaviour of RC Beams

Strengthened with High Performance Concrete Layer 291Aravindkumar Harwalkar and Ashwini S Ingale

Health Monitoring of Civil Structures by Pulse Compression-Based

Digital Frequency Modulated Thermography 307

J A Siddiqui and Sachin Patil

Transportation Engineering

Application of Remotely Piloted Unmanned Aerial Vehicle

in Construction Management 319Tirth Patel, Vishal Suthar, and Naimish Bhatt

Spatial Pavement Information System for Transportation Networks

Based on Distress Features in Nagpur City Using RS and GIS 331

Y B Katpatal, Kaddak Harashal, and M S Mukesh

Evaluation of Strength Development of Untreated and Treated Red

Mud with Gypsum as a Road Construction Material 343

K Sarath Chandra and S Krishnaiah

Strength Characteristics of Cement-Stabilized Recycled Asphaltic

Pavement (RAP) for Pavement Applications 351

V K Vidyashree, K H Mamatha, and S V Dinesh

Feasibility of Recycled Tyre as Reinforcing Material

for Pavements 363

B N Vinod Raj, K H Mamatha, and S V Dinesh

Partial Replacement of Moorum with Fly Ash in Embankment 381Sagar D Turkane and Sandeep K Chouksey

Scour Around Bridge Abutments in Clay Bed 393Anoop Kumar, B N Advith Ganesh, Shubham Vats, P Sumanth,

T Gangadharaiah, and K H Mamatha

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Analysis of Pedestrian Crossing Behavior at Uncontrolled

Intersections 405

S P Niveditha and K M Mallesha

Utilization of RAP in Flexible Pavements 419Bhavana Suresh, K H Mamatha, and S V Dinesh

Influence of Long-Term Laboratory Aging on Properties

of Binder 431

S Tejeshwini, B Gowtham, K H Mamatha, S V Dinesh,

and Anand Tadas

Pavement Evaluation Using Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) 445

D Nayana, K H Mamatha, S V Dinesh, and T R Lokesh

Geotechnical Engineering

Design of Blanket by Adding Different Percentages of Soil 459Hardev Singh

Challenges in Design and Construction of Pile Foundation

in Non-liquefiable and Liquefiable Soil 467

M K Pradhan, G R Reddy, and K Srinivas

Improvement of Clayey Subgrade by Using Ferro-Sand 485Ambika Priyadarshini Mishra, Rupashree Ragini Sahoo,

and Pradip Kumar Pradhan

Soil Subgrade Stabilization Using Non-woven Polypropylene

Geotextile 501Ayush Mittal and Shalinee Shukla

Assessment of Scaling Effects on Plugging of Driven Piles

Using Image Analysis 513

G Sreelakshmi, M N Asha, and S Nandish

Performance Evaluation of Bio-Stabilized Soils in Pavements 523

V Divya and M N Asha

Effect of Granular Pile Stiffness on Load Distribution

for Piled Raft 531Jitendra Kumar Sharma and Raksha Rani Sanadhya

Performance Evaluation of Expansive Soil Using Animal

Bone Ash 547Jitendra Kumar Sharma and Abdul Shahid Qureshi

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Concrete Technology

High Performance Concrete Mixed with Combinations of Mineral

Admixtures 563Bhargav Reddy Isanaka, M Abdul Akbar, P Perumal, and R Sai Priyanka

Effect of Fly Ash as Replacement of Fine Aggregate on Strength

Enhancement of Concrete 573

K C Panda, S S Samantaray, and S Jena

Bacterial Concrete for the Development of Sustainable

Construction—A Review 587

S Jena, B Basa, and K C Panda

Effect of Aggregate Ratio Using Non-pozzolanic Mineral Filler Waste

on the Property of Self Compacted Concrete 601

V C Panchal and G R Vesmawala

Strength and Drying Shrinkage of High Strength Self-Consolidating

Concrete 615

V A Shruthi, Ranjitha B Tangadagi, K G Shwetha, R Nagendra,

C Ranganath, Bharathi Ganesh, and C L Mahesh Kumar

Creep Characteristics of High Strength Self Compacting

Concrete 625Ranjitha B Tangadagi, V A Shruthi, Bharathi Ganesh, M V Vasudev,

R Nagendra, and C Ranganath

Effects of Cigarette Butts in Fly Ash Cement Bricks 637Chaitanya Mishra, Aayush Verma, Aditya Ratra, Ankit Jain,

Anuj Agrawal, Anuj Dodeja, and Anuj Dubey

Influence of Copper Slag Properties on Behaviour of Cement

Mortars and Concrete 649

D Arpitha and C Rajasekaran

Monitoring Methods of Concrete from Early Age Strength Gain

of Concrete: A Review 659Tripti Sonker, Anupam Rawat, and Rakesh Kumar

An Experimental Study on Strength Development in Concrete

by Incorporating Rice Husk Ash as Replacement to Cement

with Recycled Aggregate for Low Volume Roads 679

D Sai Bharadwaj and Adepu Ramesh

Influence of Partial Replacement of Cement by Industrial Wastes

on Properties of Concrete 693Nikhil Kumar Verma

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Water Resource Engineering

Bathymetric Mapping for Shallow Water Using Landsat 8

via Artificial Neural Network Technique 717Arun Patel, S K Katiyar, and Vishnu Prasad

Land Suitability Assessment for Agriculture Using Analytical

Hierarchy Process and Weighted Overlay Analysis in ArcGIS

ModelBuilder 735Ayush Tiwari and Sunil Ajmera

Dynamic Analysis of Tunnels in Western Ghats of Indian Peninsula:

Effect of Shape and Weathering 763Mohammad Zaid and M Rehan Sadique

Trend Analysis and Rainfall Variability of Monthly Rainfall

in Sheonath River Basin, Chhattisgarh 777Shashikant Verma, A D Prasad, and Mani Kant Verma

Performance Evaluation of Pench Command Area of Maharashtra,

India Using Spatial Approach 791Digambar S Londhe, Y B Katpatal, and Garima Newar

Regional Frequency Analysis Using L-Moment

Methodology—A Review 811Ramgopal T Sahu, Mani Kant Verma, and Ishtiyaq Ahmad

Fluctuation of Pressure Due to Bends in Venturimeter 833

S Masalvad Shravankumar, Rallapalli Alice Grace, Kaveti S Venkatesh,

Ruthika Gujjula, and Anjali Gujjari

UV/Fe+3Photolysis Process Optimization Using Response Surface

Methodology for Decolorization of Reactive Red 120 Dye Simulated

Wastewater 847Bhatt Dhruv and Makwana Abhipsa

Relative Wave Run-Up Parameter Prediction of Emerged

Semicircular Breakwater 867Suman Kundapura, Subba Rao, and Vittal Hegde Arkal

Study of Pavement Unevenness Using Sensor-Based Smartphone

Software 879Mandeep Kaur Arora, Mahesh Ram Patel, and Abhyuday Titiksh

Detection of Flood Hazard Using QGIS 899Shivani Soni and A D Prasad

Comprehensive Study on Foamed Bitumen 907Shweta Mandloi, Sarvesh Kumrawat, and Vinay Deulkar

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Water Lettuce for the Improvement of River Water Quality in Pune

Metropolitan Area 919Jayeshkumar Maheshkumar Bhagwat, Veruval Devadas,

and Bharati V Mahajan

Non-parametric Trend of Drought and Its Future Applicability:

A Case Study of Sagar Station 939

A Vishwakarma, M K Choudhary, and M S Chauhan

Effect of Dam Reservoir Interaction on Response of Dam Subjected

to Dynamic Load 945Pooja D Girme and Manisha V Waghmare

A Small-Scale Study for the Treatment of Grey Wastewater Through

Free Surface Constructed Wetlands Using Water Hyacinth Plant 963Anudeep Nema, Dhaneesh K H, Kunwar D Yadav,

and Robin A Christian

Real-Time Flood Analysis Using Artificial Neural Network 973Vijendra Kumar and S M Yadav

Development of Synthetic UH by Using Geomorphologic

Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph (GIUH) Based Nash Model 987

A Agrawal and R K Shrivastava

Environmental Engineering

The Selection of Wastewater Treatment Units Based on Analytical

Hierarchical Process 1003Atul Sharma and Nekram Rawal

Bibliometric Analysis of Constructed Wetlands in Wastewater

Treatment 1021Nandini Moondra, Robin A Christian, and Namrata D Jariwala

Assessment of Carbon Foot Print: A Case Study of SVNIT

Campus 1029Bibin K Suresh, Nandini Moondra, and Bhaven N Tandel

Removal Efficiency of Heavy Metals by Washing the Contaminated

Soil Using Effective Leaching Agents 1041

J Sumalatha, R Prabhakara, and P V Sivapullaiah

Pre-monsoon Analysis of Vehicular Pollution on Highly Traffic

Loaded Squares of Indore City 1053Ruchir Lashkari and Ramakant Agrawal

Stress–Strain Behavior of Municipal Solid Waste in Undrained

Loading Condition 1063Sandeep Kumar Chouksey

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Settlement Behavior of Municipal Solid Waste Using Constitutive

Modeling Approach 1069Sandeep Kumar Chouksey

Performance Comparison of Microbial Fuel Cell: A Case Study

with Different Effluents 1075Prateek Jyotishi and Dal Chand Rahi

Microbial Fuel Cell: An Application for Dairy Wastewater

Treatment and Electricity Generation 1083Prateek Jyotishi and Dal Chand Rahi

Construction Technology and Management

Analyzing Labor Productivity for Reinforcement Installation

Using Artificial Neural Network in India 1093Jignesh M Mistry and Geetha K Jayaraj

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About the Editors

Dr K K Pathak is Professor in the Department of Civil Engineering IIT(BHU) Varanasi since April 2016 Before that he was a professor in the Department

of Civil & Environmental Engineering, NITTTR Bhopal He has also served asScientist in CSIR from 1996 to 2011 Dr Pathak received his B.Tech and M.Techfrom KNIT Sultanpur and MNNIT Allahabad, in 1991 and 1993, respectively Heobtained his Ph.D from IIT Delhi in the area of computational solid mechanics in

2001 He has published more than 300 papers in journals and conference ceedings He is a Fellow of Institution of Engineers (India) He is a recipient of theprestigious George Oomen Memorial Prize, The Metallurgical and MaterialsEngineering Division Prize and E P Nicoles Prize by the Institution of Engineers(India) in 2004, 2009 and 2011, respectively He was the editor of Journal ofModelling and Simulation in Design and Manufacturing and Journal ofEngineering, Science & Management Education Dr Pathak has delivered manyinvited talks in Conferences and STTP programs His research interests includestructural analysis and design, structural shape optimization, computer simulation

pro-of manufacturing processes, material characterization using miniature testingmethods,finite element analysis, artificial intelligence and software development

Dr J M S J Bandara is a Senior Professor in Civil Engineering, University ofMoratuwa He graduated from the University of Moratuwa as a Civil Engineer andobtained his Ph.D in Transportation Engineering with specialization in AirportPlanning from The University of Calgary, Canada He has over 35 years ofexperience in teaching and research Currently, he is serving as the Head,Department of Civil Engineering, University of Moratuwa and Director ofIntelligent Transport Systems Research Center Dr Bandara is a Chartered Engineerand a Fellow of Chartered Institute of Logistic & Transport, Sri Lanka He is alsothe current President of Sri Lanka Evaluation Association and President ofHighway Engineering Society, Sri Lanka Dr Bandara has served in a number ofnational level committees in the areas of public transport, traffic planning, airportdevelopment, road safety, highway engineering, monitoring & evaluation, andenvironmental assessment He is a member of the editorial advisory board of the

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Journal of Advanced Transportation There are over 200 national and internationalresearch publications in the above areas and joint patent for UniRoad Traffic SignalSystem to his credit.

Dr Ramakant Agrawal is Professor and Head in the Department of CivilEngineering, Medi-Caps University Indore He received his B.E and M Tech fromMaulana Azad College of Technology (REC), Bhopal, and obtained his Ph.D instructural engineering from Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology,Bhopal He has more than 21 years of teaching experience His research interestsinclude soil-structure interaction, high-performance concrete and structural healthmonitoring He has published 15 research papers in reputed journals He is LifeMember of Indian Society of Technical Education

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Structural Engineering

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Wind Analysis of High-Rise Building

Using Computational Fluid Dynamics

Prafulla Kishor Sharma and Suresh R Parekar

Abstract In the analysis of high-rise structure wind pressure is a more effective

lateral load than seismic force for larger time period Therefore, buildings over 60 mheight are generally analyzed for wind loads In wind analysis building behaves as

a cantilever structure In this study, experimental work was carried out using windtunnel setup for three models (circular, hexagonal, and octagonal) Drag coefficientswere noted down from the experiments for different plan of structure Same modelswere prepared and analyzed in ANSYS 16.0 with full scales The results obtainedfrom tests are compared with the values of CFD and with the values available in IS875(Part-3)2015

Keywords Wind pressure·CFD analysis·Wind tunnel·ANSYS 16.0·Dragcoefficient

Mainly three factors—strength, stability, and rigidity—are considered for the design

of structure Strength is the main factor in design of low-height structures However,

as the height of the structure increases, rigidity and stability requirements becomepredominating Nowadays, engineering techniques are used to increase the stiffness

of the elements rather than depending upon the dead weight for stabilization Windtunnel is used for the experimental work on the models of different shapes, height,and plan of the structures For the preparation of models, geometric similarity isused, and for velocity application kinematic similarity is used Thus, three modelsare prepared using the geometrical similarities for the test Then tests are conducted

on the models and observations are recorded In wind tunnel, drag is observed bysensor and the value of drag coefficient is displayed on the panel

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd 2021

K K Pathak et al (eds.), Recent Trends in Civil Engineering, Lecture Notes

in Civil Engineering 77, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5195-6_1

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4 P K Sharma and S R Parekar

1.1 Drag

The flow of wind is considered in two dimensions, that is, along the flow and verse to the flow of wind The term along the flow of wind is known as drag and inthe transverse direction is known as lift The fluid force exerted on the moving body

trans-is generally inclined to the direction of motion There are two components of force:one is in the direction of motion called as drag (FD) and another perpendicular to thedirection of motion called as lift (FL) In symmetrical bodies such as cylinder, sphere,and so on, the total force is drag force and the lift is zero Drag is classified into threetypes First is frictional drag which is caused due to shear stress; second is pressuredrag which is caused due to separation of flow; and third is deformation drag due todeformation of fluid particles Deformation of particles occurs when viscous force

is predominant than inertia force (Fig.1)

Drag force is the sum of frictional drag and pressure drag

where

FDf= frictional drag and FDp= pressure drag

The mathematical expression for drag coefficient is given as

FD= C D A ρv2

where

FD= drag force (N), CD= drag coefficient, V = flow velocity (m/s)

ρ = density of air as a fluid (1.2 kg/m3for air at NTP)

A= particular frontal area of the body (m2)

In Eq (2),ρv22 is known as dynamic pressure of flowing fluid

Fig 1 Drag coefficient

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Wind Analysis of High-Rise Building Using Computational … 5

Anoop et al [1] investigated the scope and limitation of suitable code of practicefor wind loads from IS 875-Part III(1987) in predicting the wind-induced overallstructural loads with the help of wind tunnel test results from selected Indian projects.Since the design codes for wind-load-based design of buildings were framed on thebasis of research work conducted on a range of conventional building shapes, severaldecades ago it is important to check the given standards with the current buildingdesign and standard

Irwin [2] studied the challenges that are faced in modern high-rise buildings andthe basic concepts of wind engineering, like wind statistics and wind profiles Extremewind speeds statistics and its importance are discussed Further optimization of shapestiffness, effect of mass and damping and some concepts of wind tunnel testing arediscussed

Kwon and Kareem [3] stress the need to understand better the underlying alities and differences among the major international wind loading codes/standards,which are also constantly being revised and updated A comprehensive compar-ison of wind loads and their effects on tall buildings is conducted utilizing majorinternational codes/standards: ASCE 2010 (USA), CNS 2012 (China), NBCC 2010(Canada), ISO 2009, and IWC 2012 (India)

common-Sevalia and Vasanwala [4] discussed about the potential of CFD to supersedetraditional wind tunnel studies as a more cost-effective and time-saving design tool.Further, a comprehensive study of wind effects on the circular and square plan shapedtall buildings of same area It was stated that the architect and civil engineer jointlymodify the shape of building so that the tall buildings perform better during stronggust of wind

Daemei and Bahrami [5] studied wind aerodynamics and flow characteristics oftriangular-shaped tall building and CFD simulation in order to assess drag coefficient.The simulations were conducted on seven models with height 120 m (40 stories) intwo phases In the first phase, drag coefficient is assessed on tall buildings withtriangular section and drag is calculated for the same building by providing chamfer,rounded-edge and recessed Building scaled is the ratio of width to one-sixth ofheight of the building In the next phase, the aerodynamic forms of setback, taper,helical were employed on basic model to figure out which one has best performance.From the above two phases, compare the results of with and without aerodynamicseffect

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6 P K Sharma and S R Parekar

3.1 Dimensional Analysis of Drag

The functional relation of drag is given as

number (Ma), and √V

g L is known as Froude number (Fr)

L= characteristic length, V = moving velocity, ρ = mass density of air as a fluid

μ = viscosity, K = modulus of elasticity, FD= drag

When the free surface of the object is partly immersed, Froude number ispredominant, whereas if fully immersed Reynolds or Mach number is predominant.When the fluid is considered incompressible, Reynolds number (Re) is predomi-nant

When compressibility effect of fluid considers Mach (Ma) is predominant.The value of different shape drag obtained by IS 875(Part-3) 2015 is mentioned

in the table−25, clause 7.4.2.2

3.2 Analysis by Using ANSYS 16.0

Step-by-step procedure is followed:

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Wind Analysis of High-Rise Building Using Computational … 7

Fig 2 Domain size

3.3 Figure Below Shows the Geometry of the Enclosure

with Building Model

See Fig.2

3.4 Meshing

In meshing, boundary conditions are applied to the enclosure and the model and thenthe sizing of mesh is done By sizing of mesh, fine and smooth mesh is generated(Fig.3)

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8 P K Sharma and S R Parekar

Fig 3 Meshing

3.5 Setup

In setup, property such as K-ε epsilon model equation is selected for analysis purpose,where K is the turbulence kinetic energy and epsilon (ε) is the turbulence energy.Material properties used for analysis are: fluid as air and wood as solid In boundarycondition inlet velocity and pressure outlet are applied to the enclosure Referencevalues such as area of model are also applied

3.6 Solution

Initializations of parameters that are to be worked out are drag coefficient (Cd) andlift (Cl) Then type of solution such as hybrid or standard is selected and input fornumber of iterations is given

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Wind Analysis of High-Rise Building Using Computational … 9

Result shows the output of the above analysis in the form graphs of Cdand value of

Cdand also by velocity streamline flow sows friction and wake back side of model

4.1 Model Description

In the experimental work, three models (circular, octagonal, and hexagonal) wereprepared by using geometric similarity between prototype and model Scale used is1:250, which means 1 cm of model to 250 cm of prototype (Table1)

300 mm x× 300 mm and the capacity of measuring drag and lift is from 0 to 20 Thevelocity applied in experimentation is taken from zonal consideration in which theconsidered zone is Pune having wind velocity of 39 m/s Using kinematic similarity,velocity of fluid flow is reduced Reduced inlet velocity is applied to the modelsplaced in wind tunnel and verified using digital anemometer having capacity of

30 m/s And the results are displayed on the control panel and also on the manometer(Fig.4)

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10 P K Sharma and S R Parekar

Fig 4 Wind tunnel

Fig 5 Circular model for

wind tunnel

Tests on wind tunnel are carried out if the following conditions are satisfied:

• Geometrical similarity between the model and the prototype The modeledstructure is geometrically similar to their full-scale counterparts

• Reynolds number effect on pressure and forces is minimized

• Wind tunnel test section longitudinal pressure gradient is accounted

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Wind Analysis of High-Rise Building Using Computational … 11

Fig 6 Hexagonal model for

wind tunnel

• The size of model is 8% less than test section

• Kinematic similarity exists between the model and the prototype

• Wind tunnel is consistent with the required measurement

There are three types of wind tunnel test models commonly used:

1 Rigid pressure (PM)

2 Rigid high-frequency base balanced

3 Aero elastic (AM)

Figures5,6and7are the models prepared to be tested in wind tunnel:

The values of drag coefficient for circular, hexagonal, and octagonal shapes areobtained from IS 875(Part-3) 2015 and are mentioned in the table−25, clause 7.4.2.2

In experimental work, the values of drag coefficient are obtained and are displayed

on the board of control panel of wind tunnel

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12 P K Sharma and S R Parekar

Fig 7 Octagonal model for

Drag coefficients are obtained by using wind tunnel for three models and aretabulated in Table2 The values obtained by CFD and IS 875 are also mentioned inTable2

The details of the results obtained in the experimental setup and CFD are shown

in Figs.8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15and16

Table 2 Comparison of drag

coefficient Plan shapes IS 875-2015 (Part 3) Wind tunnel ANSYS 16.0

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Wind Analysis of High-Rise Building Using Computational … 13

Fig 8 Drag coefficient for circular shape by CFD

Fig 9 Velocity streamlines for circular shape by CFD

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14 P K Sharma and S R Parekar

Fig 10 Drag coefficient for circular shape by wind tunnel

Fig 11 Drag coefficient for hexagonal shape by CFD

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Wind Analysis of High-Rise Building Using Computational … 15

Fig 12 Velocity streamlines for hexagonal shape by CFD

Fig 13 Drag for hexagonal shape by wind tunnel

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16 P K Sharma and S R Parekar

Fig 14 Drag coefficient for octagonal shape by CFD

The velocity streamline shows the flow diversion and friction on model and thedevelopment of vortex at backside of the model The results obtained by experimentalsetup and CFD are close as compared to the values obtained by using IS 875(Part-3)2015 In circular plan the values obtained by tests and CFD are overestimating thevalues obtained by IS 875(Part-3)2015 However, in the other two models, the values

of test results and CFD underestimate the values obtained from IS 875(Part-3)2015

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Wind Analysis of High-Rise Building Using Computational … 17

Fig 15 Velocity streamlines for octagonal shape by CFD

Fig 16 Drag coefficient for octagonal shape by wind tunnel

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18 P K Sharma and S R Parekar

5 Daemei AB, Bahrami P et al (2018) Study on wind aerodynamic and flow characteristics of triangular shaped tall buildings and CFD simulation in order to assess drag Ain Shams Eng J

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Structural Performance of Modular

Buildings: A Review

Ashok Jammi and Arul Jayachandran Sanjeevi

Abstract This paper presents a detailed review of research in the structural

perfor-mance of modular buildings Modular construction refers to 3D units that are fullyfabricated in the factory and are assembled onsite to create complete buildings or parts

of a building This paper presents the advantages, different components, and materialsused for modular construction It also outlines the different load transfer mechanisms

in modular buildings The progress of research on the analysis of modular buildingsunder different actions is compiled, and conclusions are drawn based on availableresearch The authors suggest the use of cold-formed steel shear wall system as alateral load resisting system owing to its specific advantages

Keywords Modular buildings·Lateral load·Connections·Cold-Formed steelshear wall panels

Modular construction has its roots extending over the last 15 years in many sectors

of building industry With gear up of automation in the manufacturing industry,the production rates increased out beating the past, which depended on the indus-trial workforce At the same time, the workforce in the building industry started to

decline—both skilled and unskilled labor—owing to many reasons Also, with the

advances in design and information technologies, combined with attention given by

the industry to address cost, schedule, and labor issues, it led to Re-thinking

construc-tion (Egan) in the UK This phenomenon led to a greater increase in offsite

manufac-ture (OSM) [1] In modular construction, the majority of the value of constructionwork takes place in the manufacturing environment The economic, environmental,structural, and sustainable advantages of modular construction are [1,2]:

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd 2021

K K Pathak et al (eds.), Recent Trends in Civil Engineering, Lecture Notes

in Civil Engineering 77, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5195-6_2

19

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20 A Jammi and A J Sanjeevi

• Speed of construction onsite As the majority of the construction takes place inthe manufacturing environment, construction onsite becomes rapid This leads toearly completion of the project and early return of capital investment to the client

• Increased productivity in the factory and reduced requirement of onsite labor.Only installation of modules is to be done onsite, which is done by specialistteams

• Reduced disturbance and disruption to adjacent sites, especially in heavy traffickedareas

• Lightweight, less material use, and less wastage compared to onsite construction

• The structure can be dismantled (especially whole steel modular buildings) andreused on another site

• Quality of construction is enhanced as the product is factory-based (controlledenvironment) Also, provision for checks in a simulated environment

• Short exposure to the weather or other site constraints to a construction operation

So, it can be constructed even in rainy seasons without any additional protectionmeasures for the site or the materials

• Good quality of acoustic and thermal insulation as the walls between modules aredouble skinned

Owing to the above advantages, modular construction is considered as nology coming of age” [1]

“tech-Modular construction concept is a subset of offsite manufacture (OSM) For abetter understanding of different forms of OSM, Gibb (1999) classified them intofour levels, as shown in Table 1 Levels 0 and 1 represent a majority of currentconstructional practices Level 0 represents fully onsite construction like reinforcedcement concrete or masonry

Level 1 represents some prefabricated elements like roof trusses, precast beams,and columns Level 2 involves prefabricated 1D or 2D structural systems like woodenframes, cold-formed steel framing systems To these frames, other elements are

Table 1 Various levels of OSM technologies (Source Lawson et al [2 ])

Level Components Description of technology

0 Materials Basic materials for site intensive construction; e.g.,

concrete, brickwork

1 Components Manufactured components that are used as part of

sit-intensive building processes

2 Elemental or planar systems Linear or 2D components in the form of assemblies of

structural frames and wall panels

3 Volumetric systems 3D components in the form of modules used to create

major parts of buildings, which may be combined with elemental systems

4 Complete building systems Complete building systems, which comprise modular

components, and are essentially fully finished before delivery to the site

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Structural Performance of Modular Buildings … 21

attached Level 3 involves a major proportion of prefabricated elements like room pods, lift, stair units, and modular units Level 4 involves offsite manufac-ture of complete building systems, as shown in Fig.1 Higher the level of OSM,higher is the proportion of prefabricated components This leads to an approximatelyproportionate reduction of overall construction time

bath-Table2gives the overall idea of where the offsite manufacture (OSM) is popular.Generally, cellular-type buildings are constructed using the modular technique

Fig 1 Modular unit at G+

1 level being lifted and

placed (Source Amarco

Modular)

Table 2 Construction sectors most relevant to the use of offsite manufacturing (Source Mark

Lawson and Ogden [ 1 ])

Levels of offsite manufacture (OSM)

Sectors for which OSM is

most relevant

Structural frames

2D panels Mixed

construction

Fully modular systems

Health sector buildings Widely used Rarely Rarely Widely used

Prisons and security

buildings

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