Civil engineer’s handbook of professional practice 1ra edicion karen hansen, kent zenobia

The Industrial Revolution 46Modern Civil Engineering 51Civil Engineering Education 55Civil Engineering Careers 57Summary 60The American Society of Civil Engineers Code of Ethics 70 Guide

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Civil Engineer’s Handbook of Professional Practice

Civil Engineer’s Handbook of Professional Practice Karen Lee Hansen and Kent E Zenobia

Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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Civil Engineer’s Handbook of

Professional Practice

Karen Lee Hansen and Kent E Zenobia

John Wiley & Sons, Inc

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This book is printed on acid-free paper.
1 Copyright # 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc All rights reserved Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Hansen, Karen Lee.

Civil engineer’s handbook of professional practice/Karen Lee Hansen and Kent E Zenobia.

p cm.

Includes index.

ISBN 978-0-470-43841-1 (cloth), ISBN 978-0-470-90161-8 (ebk.); ISBN 978-0-470-90162-5 (ebk.); ISBN 978-0-470-90164-9 (ebk.); ISBN 978-0-470-95004-3 (ebk.); ISBN 978-0-470-95164-4 (ebk.); ISBN 978-0-470-95186-6 (ebk.)

1 Civil engineering–Handbooks, manuals, etc I Zenobia, Kent E II Title.

TA151.H295 2011 624.023–dc22

2010031086

Printed in the United States of America

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

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Contents

Preface xvAcknowledgments xviiContributing Authors xixContributing Editors xxiiiList of Abbreviations xxvii

Chapter 1 Introduction 1

Background 3The Need for Accreditation 3ABET Outcomes 4

American Society of Civil Engineers 521st Century Engineer 11

Goal of This Book 11Readers' Guide 12Summary 14References/Further Reading 14

Chapter 2 Background and History of the Profession 17

Background 19Civil Engineering as a Profession 19Civil Engineering's Historical Inheritance 21

The Industrial Revolution 46Modern Civil Engineering 51Civil Engineering Education 55Civil Engineering Careers 57Summary 60

The American Society of Civil Engineers Code of Ethics 70

Guidelines to Practice under the Fundamental

National Society of Professional Engineers Code of Ethics 76

The International Federation of Consulting Engineers 81Important and Relevant Policy Statements

by ASCE and NSPE 83

NSPE Position on Potential Incidents of the Unlicensed

Case Studies 87

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Summary 92References 93

Chapter 4 Professional Engagement 95

Introduction 97Qualifications-Based Selection—The Federal GovernmentProcess 99

Negotiation with the Top-Ranked

Fee-Based Selection 107The 6 Percent Fee Limitation on FederalDesign Contracts—Excerpts from ACEC 107Writing Engineering Proposals 108

Background Knowledge, Teamwork, and

The Contract 114Budgeting 120Enhancing the Engineering Firm's Probability for a SuccessfulProfessional Engagement 121

Typical Civil Engineering Example

Summary 123References 124

Chapter 5 The Engineer's Role in Project Development 125

Background 127Participants in the Process—The Players 127

Contents vii

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The Flow of Work 133Predesign 133Design 141Design Process 142Design during Bid and Construction 148Postconstruction Activity 150

Summary 154References 154

Chapter 6 What Engineers Deliver 157

Background 159Contract Documents 160Drawings 162

Specifications 169Specification Format 170Methods of Specifying 175Drawings and Specifications—Final Thoughts 177Technical Memos and Reports 177

Calculations 178Other Deliverables 180Summary 181References 181

Chapter 7 Executing a Professional Commission —Project

Introduction 185

The Basics of Project Management 193

The Major Parties on a Project 195

Project Sectors 196Project Teams 198Project Initiation 199Project Estimates 200viii Contents

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Project Management Plan Components 206

Staff Selection Guidelines for the PM 208

The Project Manager's Responsibilities 211The PM's Time Commitment 211

Introduction 229Accept the Requirements for Permits 229Respect the Staff Implementing the Permits 230Initiate the Permitting Processing Early 231Managing Permits 237

Streamlining Permits 239Sample Permit Table 241Summary 241

References 246

Chapter 9 The Client Relationship and Business Development 247

Introduction 249The Foundation of a Lasting Relationship 250Building upon the Relationship—The Superstructure 252Maintaining the Relationship 254

Cultivating Business Opportunities 256Business Development 258

Conflict Management 260

Contents ix

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Summary 262References 263

Chapter 10 Leadership 265

Introduction 267Leadership Styles 267

References 280

Chapter 11 Legal Aspects of Professional Practice 281

Introduction 283U.S Legal System 283Statutes 284

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Contracts in Project Delivery 303

Risk Management 309

Insurance and Bonds 320

Affirmative Action, Equal Opportunity, and Diversity 337

Summary 338References 339

Chapter 12 Managing the Civil Engineering Enterprise 341

Introduction 343The Influence of Economics on Project Development 343

Financial Reporting 349

Professional Human Resources Management 353Career Planning and Execution 354

Specialization 355Certification and Registration 356Professional Services Marketing 357

Contents xi

Chapter 13 Communicating as a Professional Engineer 365

Introduction 367Communication Conduits 369E-mail Usage and Limitations 371

Conflict Resolution 372

Behaviorial Characteristics of Team Members,Friends, or Family 374

Typical Report Format 375

Useful Forms for the Engineer 377Sample PowerPoint Presentation 382Summary 382

References 383

Chapter 14 Having a Life 385

Introduction 387The Mind 388The Command Center of the Body and Our

The Body 391

The Spirit 392The Effective Combination of Mind, Body, and Spirit 393Laugh and Have Fun 394

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Self-Assessment Test—Please Challenge Yourself 395

Analysis of the Assessment Test 396

Summary 398References 398

Chapter 15 Globalization 399

Introduction 401The Globalization Process 401Global Climate Change—A World View and a StatePerspective 403

Potential Impacts on California and the

Ecodesign 445Toward New Values and Processes 447

Sustainable Design and Materials Strategies 454

Lifecycle Cost Analysis 457

Chapter 17 Emerging Technologies 471

Introduction 473The Nature of Change 473Information Technology Enabled Process Change 475

Engineering Thinking 496Summary 504

References 505

Appendix A Example RFP 507Appendix B Example Proposal 515Appendix C Example Feasibility Study Report 533Appendix D Example Short Technical Report: The Benefits of

Green Roofs 585Appendix E Example Specification: Cast-in-Place

Concrete 593Appendix F Contracts 603Index 705

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Preface

The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) has made a concerted effort towork with ABET (formerly named the Accreditation Board for Engineering andTechnology) in order to assure that civil engineering education anticipates andresponds to the profession’s evolving needs The ASCE has formed several task forcesover the last decade not only to address these needs in the present but also to foreseesignificant trends

The ASCE has incorporated these findings in multiple reports and policy ments, including: Policy 465—Academic Prerequisites for Licensure and ProfessionalPractice; the vision articulated by the Summit on the Future of Civil Engineering—2025; and theCivil Engineering Body of Knowledge for the 21st Century (BOK1-2004andBOK2-2008) Policy 465 supports the concept of the master’s degree or equiva-lent as a prerequisite for licensure and the practice of civil engineering at the profes-sional level The attendees of the Summit on the Future of Civil Engineering—2025articulated a vision that sees civil engineers as being entrusted by society to be leaders

state-in creatstate-ing a sustastate-inable world and enhancstate-ing the global quality of life (More state-mation is available at: www.asce.org/raisethebar)

infor-Each of theBOK2’s 24 outcomes could command its own textbook The goal ofthis book is to provide an easily understood and readily usable resource for civilengineering educators, students, and professional practitioners that develops overallunderstanding and points readers to additional resources for further study The bookdistills 15 of theBOK2’s outcomes (six technical outcomes and all nine professionaloutcomes), as well as other relevant issues

TheCivil Engineer’s Handbook of Professional Practice targets both academiaand industry The book can be used as a textbook for Professional Practice, SeniorProject, Infrastructure Engineering, and Engineering Project Management courses

 Focuses on the business and management aspects of a civil engineer’s job,providing students and practitioners with sound business managementprinciples

 Addresses contemporary issues, such as permitting, globalization,sustainability, and emerging technologies

 Offers proven methods for balancing speed-quality-price with contracting and

legal issues in a client-oriented profession

 Includes guidance on juggling career goals, life outside work, compensation,and growth

Additionally, the authors and publisher have established a website:

www.wiley.com/go/cehandbookWiley and the Authors wish to support this book and to enable communicationbetween the readers and authors and offer this website address as a convenientmechanism to do so

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Acknowledgments

This book was born through our involvement with the students of the Department ofCivil Engineering at California State University, Sacramento (CSUS) and a desire tohelp them become highly functioning, competent, ethical, and successful Civil Engi-neers We have been guided by the vision established by the American Society of CivilEngineers (ASCE) in theBodies of Knowledge 1 (2004) and 2 (2008) and other ASCEpolicy statements We would like to acknowledge both our students and the manyprofessional Civil Engineers, both past and present, who have inspired us

We have relied heavily on the insights and professional experience of our manyexpert contributing authors and technical reviewers and are most grateful for theirparticipation To engage with these professionals, who are part of an engineeringcommunity that is dedicated to continuous improvement, mentoring, public healthand safety, was a pleasure The contents of this book truly reflect a national and inter-national flavor and represent the diversity of our fellow engineers in academia, publicservice, and the private sector These dedicated professionals are acknowledged andlisted with their credentials in the following pages

The authors also would like to thank our colleagues in the CSUS Department ofCivil Engineering for their assistance with this project and for helping to provide anenvironment that is both stimulating and nurturing Specifically, we wish to thank

Dr Ramzi Mahmood, Department Chair, for his support Keith Bisharat is thankedfor great leadership and insight into the initial mystery of book publishing Keith wasable to show us the true end product, his book titledConstruction Graphics, and of-ten made himself available for consulting and coaching Dr Ed Dammel is acknowl-edged for his leadership and contributions from the Civil Engineering (CE) SeniorProject class, which are samples of actual engineering problems prepared by graduat-ing CE students under the tutelage of volunteer professional Civil Engineers We also

W Hansen, have given me the curiosity and drive required to see this project through

to completion How fortunate I have been to have these people in my life!

There are many others, who have offered intellectual counterpoints, goodhumor, and strong shoulders Among these are: Sandra Benedet, my cousin KristieDenzer, Jan Escamilla and Steve Sheridan, Carole Hyde, John and Lana Kacsmaryk,Marion Lee, Irene McNay, Jane Millar, Marie-Lorraine Muller, Ronald Speake, Noel(Bill) Stewart, and Dr Jorge Vanegas Thank you all!

Kent Zenobia wishes to thank several people that helped immensely with the duction of this book I would like to thank my wife, Ellen, for her love, support andpatience during the past three or so years it has taken me to collect and produce thiswork She demonstrated great patience and understanding throughout the process.She helped with subject matter presentation, editing and actual manuscript prepara-tion I am so fortunate to have her as a partner in life and love I would like to thank

pro-my two children, Taylor and Jack for their love, support and patience waiting for theirplaymate (Dad)

I am treated to another dimension of engineering by my fellow colleagues atCSUS Working as an adjunct professor at California State University, Sacramentoprovides me with another family of colleagues for which I am truly grateful

Producing this handbook has been stimulating, numbing, satisfying, frustrating,and always challenging Each author wishes to thank the other for their patience,grace under pressure, and insights we anticipate our readers will find constructive.Together, we hope our multi-dimensional views from academic, public service andindustry perspectives enhance readers’ professional practice of Civil Engineering.Finally, we thank John Wiley and Sons, Inc for their efforts producing this hand-book We whole-heartedly thank Jim Harper, Editor, who helped initiate this project;Daniel Magers, Senior Editorial Assistant; Kerstin Nasdeo, Production Manager; NancyCintron, Senior Production Editor; and Robert L Argentieri, Executive Editor for theirpatience, craftsmanship, and experience in the actual publication of this work

Karen Lee Hansen and Kent ZenobiaMarch 2011

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Contributing Authors

Keith A Bisharat, MS, is a professor in the Construction Management Program atCalifornia State University in Sacramento He is also a licensed general contractorwith more than 25 years of experience in construction as a sole proprietor, partner,forensic construction consultant, developer, building designer, project manager, su-perintendent, project engineer, carpenter, and laborer He is author ofConstructionGraphics: A Practical Guide to Interpreting Working Drawings, a book that showshow construction graphics ‘‘translate’’ into construction methods and practices

Dr Tim Brady has been researching innovation and innovation management since

1980 He is a Principal Research Fellow at the Center for Research and InnovationManagement (CENTRIM), at the University of Brighton, United Kingdom Hejoined CENTRIM in 1994 to work on a study of the management of innovationwithin complex product systems (CoPS) and later became Deputy Director of theEconomic and Social Research Council (ESRC)-funded CoPS Innovation Centre.His current research interests include learning and capability development in project-based business, and the emergence of integrated solutions He was a member of theEngineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) network: RethinkingProject Management, and organized the eighth International Network on Organiz-ing by Projects (IRNOP) research conference, which took place in Brighton inSeptember 2007 He previously worked at the Science Policy Research Unit (SPRU),University of Sussex, and at the University of Bath Dr Brady’s Ph.D dissertationexamined business software ‘make-or-buy’ decisions

Jody Bussey has worked for architects, general contractors and construction ment firms since 2000 She graduated magna cum laude from California StateUniversity, Sacramento with a BS in Construction Management and a minor in

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Business Administration Her involvement on a LEED Gold high rise constructionproject introduced her to sustainable design and construction Jody recently joinedPMA Consultants, acting as a senior engineer assisting with construction manage-ment services on the San Francisco Water System Improvement Program She is cur-rently working on multiple pipeline, water treatment facility, and crossover valvefacility projects totaling $300M The projects include the $85M Tesla UV WaterTreatment Plant, a LEED-certified facility that will be the third largest in the countryand the largest in California These projects are part of a $4B overall program utiliz-ing state of the art construction management software and award winning best prac-tices procedures

E.J Koford is a biologist and project manager with 20 years of experience preparingenvironmental permitting documents, wildlife and fisheries investigations, threatenedand endangered species surveys, EIS/EIRs, water quality evaluations, and environ-mental regulatory compliance with requirements of CEC, FERC, SMARA,CERCLA, RCRA, NEPA, and CEQA He has performed field surveys in 18 statesand countries Mr Koford has an M.S in Ecology from the University of California

at Davis, an A.B in Zoology from the University of California at Berkeley, and is aCertified Wildlife Biologist of the Wildlife Society

Dr Iain A MacLeod, a Chartered Engineer and Fellow of both the Institute of CivilEngineers (ICE) and Institution of Structural Engineers (IStructE), is ProfessorEmeritus in the Department of Civil Engineering, Strathclyde University He hasworked as a design engineer and consultant in the United States and Canada and indesign research with the Portland Cement Association in the United States He wasProfessor of Structural Engineering at the University of Strathclyde in Glasgow for

23 years and Professor and Head of Department at Paisley University He is a formerLecturer at the University of Glasgow His research work has spanned a range oftopics in the design of buildings, including the analysis of tall buildings, the use

of information technology (IT) in design and studies in design process He is author

of Modern Structural Analysis: Modelling Process and Guidance, published byThomas Telford Ltd., a book that redresses the imbalance in risk between computermodels based around generally determinate calculation outputs and possibly non-de-terminate understandings of the actual modeling process

Dr Jane E Millar, principal of Jane Millar & Associates in Brighton, UnitedKingdom, consults in Policy Research She has been a Senior Research Fellow at theMigration Research Unit (MRU), University College London; at the Institute forPublic Policy Research in London; and at the Policy Research Unit (SPRU), University

of Sussex She holds a Ph.D in Cognitive and Computing Sciences from the University

of Sussex and has managed a wide range of projects in both industry and academia

Brian S Neale, a Chartered Engineer and Fellow of both the Institution of CivilEngineers (ICE) and Institution of Structural Engineers (IStructE) and member of

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the Council of Management of the Institute of Demolition Engineers (IDE) in theUnited Kingdom, is an independent consultant and Secretary of the UK basedHazards Forum He formerly worked for the Health and Safety Executive andother professional Civil Engineering organizations He chaired the drafting ofBS6187:2000 Code of Practice for Demolition standard and its 2010 revision As aEuropean Committee for Standardization (CEN) convenor, Mr Neale oversaw thedrafting of one of the Structural Eurocodes related to the topic of demolition Hewas editor of the 2009 Thomas Telford Ltd book,Forensic Engineering: From Fail-ure to Understanding, and chaired the Organizing Committees of all four Interna-tional Conferences on Forensic Engineering organized by the Institution of CivilEngineers and supported by the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) Hispublished papers include an international dimension and his consultancy includes atraining element

Greg Oslund, P.E has more than 22 years of experience in the planning, approval,design, management and oversight of transportation projects He has spent his entirecareer developing a comprehensive understanding of the project development phasesrequired for these projects including project initiation, planning, programming, projectapproval and environmental design (PA&ED), design (PS&E), utility coordination,permitting, R/W acquisition and engineering support during construction He hasserved as project engineer, project manager and/or principal in charge for more than

25 large transportation projects In addition, Mr Oslund has more than 15 years ness development experience involving major transportation project pursuits as theprime consultant He has served as client service manager, pursuit manager and re-gional business development manager responsible for setting and implementing thebusiness develop and marketing strategy for a large engineering and construction firm

busi-George T Qualley, P.E., is a licensed professional engineer with 40 years of civilengineering design, construction, operation, and maintenance experience for theState of California He served for 13 years as Flood Management Division Chief forthe California Department of Water Resources, responsible for a staff of over 300,carrying out an integrated statewide flood management program including flood andwater supply forecasting; flood emergency operations; assuring adequate mainte-nance and repair of existing flood control projects; promoting effective management

of unprotected floodplains to discourage unwise and damageable development; andcollaborating with federal, state, and local partners in developing new multi-objectiveprojects in areas of critical need that integrate structural and nonstructural approaches

to flood risk reduction Mr Qualley holds a Bachelor of Science Degree from NorthDakota State University

Tony Quintrall, P.E is a geotechnical project engineer with HDR Engineering, Inc

in Folsom, CA At HDR he has been involved in numerous geotechnical tions and design and construction activities for levees and small dams throughoutNorthern California He has been involved with all aspects of the design process,

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from preliminary investigations and analysis to construction management, ing as a technical specialist performing analysis as well as providing oversight andquality control

function-Dr Matthew Salveson, P.E is a licensed civil engineer and has been working in thetransportation engineering field since 1991 His project experience includes the plan-ning and design of various transportation facilities in California, including bridges,freeways, local roads, and interchanges He has also managed the construction,retrofit and repair of numerous bridges Dr Salveson received his Bachelor ofScience, Master of Science, and Doctor of Philosophy in Civil Engineering from theUniversity of California, Davis He is currently an Assistant Professor of Civil Engi-neering at California State University, Sacramento

Michael A Turco, P.E., BCEE is a licensed professional engineer and certifiedproject manager, with 40 years of engineering, design, and management experience

in and for the oil, chemical, hazardous waste management and environmental sulting industries He is board certified by the American Academy of EnvironmentalEngineers in hazardous waste management and holds a BS in Chemical Engineering,

con-an MS in Environmental Engineering con-and con-an MBA, all from Drexel University

Scott D Woodland, P.E., M ASCE is a licensed professional engineer in the State ofCalifornia With experience in design and construction, operations and maintenanceand planning for the California Department of Water Resources he is an 18 yearveteran of California’s on-going struggles to deliver water and protect the State’s citi-zens from floods He currently is helping with the implementation of the CaliforniaFloodSAFE and Integrated Regional Water Management Programs Scott has a BS inCivil Engineering from the University of California, Davis Scott contributed to por-tions of this book related to executing a professional commission, engineer’s role inproject development, and professional engagement

Phil Welker, PMP is a chemical/environmental engineer with nearly 20 years of rience managing complex large-scale toxic and hazardous waste remediation projectsfor both the private and public sector, particularly the federal government He is a cer-tified project management professional (PMP), and is an Associate at GeoEngineers,Inc., where he monitors and assists project managers with their daily project oversightactivities Phil has a BS in Chemical Engineering from Trinity University, Texas Philcontributed to portions of this book related to executing a professional commission,products that engineers deliver, and professional engagement

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Contributing Editors

Dr Cyrus Aryani, P.E., G.E is professor of geotechnical engineering and graduateprogram coordinator in the Department of Civil Engineering at California StateUniversity, Sacramento Prior to joining the university, he worked as a consulting geo-technical engineer in southern California where he planned and supervised subsurfaceexploration programs, conducted feasibility studies for site selection and development,analyzed slope stability and designed landslide stabilization plans, and incorporatedgeosynthetic materials on a wide variety of projects, including: commercial/industrialtracts, residential development, bridges, road embankments, airports, oil storage andlandfill facilities, earth dams and water storage reservoirs, utility tunnels, and distressedstructures He is the author of several publications and professional reports including

a three volume text book, Applied Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering,California State University, Sacramento 2008, 2009, and 2010

Dr Sandra M Benedet holds a Ph.D in Spanish from Stanford University and a BAfrom California State University, San Francisco Dr Benedet currently is a Professor

at DePaul University in Chicago and has taught at Stanford University, RooseveltUniversity, Northwestern University, and the University of Iowa She has instructed

a wide range of courses, including language, composition, and literature, as well as acourse on urban literature that examines the way in which the Latin American city hasbeen imagined in the 20th century She has worked extensively on questions of mo-dernity as they relate to the avant-garde Her work has appeared in ‘‘La palabra y elhombre: Revista de la Universidad Veracruzana,’’ and ‘‘Contratiempo,’’ a Chicago-based publication

Phil Brozek, P.E., is a Professional Engineer in the State of California and has morethan 30 years of professional experience in contract management, construction

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management, and project management on large US Army Corps of Engineers ects Phil is currently a partner in Brozek & Associates providing project leadershipfor natural resource conservation projects

proj-Dr Janis E Hulla, D.A.B.T., has worked with the U.S Army Corps of Engineerssince 2002 She provides environmental health and toxicological expertise to theCorps, Army and Department of Defense She identifies and frames national issues atthe intersection of policy, science, and field practice to resolve both longstanding andemerging issues She serves as an advisor to, and project manager for, the PhysicalSciences and Life Sciences Divisions of the Army Research Office located in ResearchTriangle Park, NC Prior to moving to Sacramento, Dr Hulla was a senior fellow atthe National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, RTP, NC A former facultymember of the University of North Dakota and North Dakota State Toxicologist,

Dr Hulla earned her B.S in Microbiology and M.S in Biochemistry from MontanaState University Her Ph.D was earned in Pharmacology from the University ofWashington School of Medicine Dr Hulla is certified as a Diplomate of the Ameri-can Board of Toxicology (ABT) and currently serves on its Board of Directors

Dr John Johnston, P.E is professor of environmental engineering in the ment of Civil Engineering at California State, Sacramento (CSUS) and TechnicalAdvisor in the CSUS Office of Water Programs where he has guided stormwaterresearch for all Caltrans projects He served as Senior Environmental Engineer,Camp Dresser and McKee, Inc., in Boston, MA, managing EPA-sponsored technol-ogy evaluation of in-vessel composting systems for municipal sludge, and a study ofsludge dewatering system options for the City of Fall River, MA Dr Johnston alsowas a Civil Engineer with U.S Army Corps of Engineers, Sacramento District, where

Depart-he designed water and wastewater systems, roads, and facilities at Corps reservoirs inCalifornia

Thomas J Kelleher, Jr is an attorney and Senior Partner with Smith, Currie,

& Hancock LLP, a nationally recognized firm that practices in the areas of tion law, government contracts, and environmental law He graduated cum laudefrom Harvard University and graduated from the University of Virginia School ofLaw He served in the U.S Army from 1968 through 1973 including positions asthe Assistant Chief and Instructor in the Procurement Law Division at the U.S ArmyJudge Advocate General’s School, Charlottesville, Virginia Mr Kelleher has exten-sive government and construction contract experience on the spectrum of issues in-volving bidding, changes, differing site conditions, delays, and terminations He hasrepresented clients on hospital projects, airport facilities, research laboratories,convention facilities, prisons, federal and state courthouse and office complexes, andresort hotels and has practiced before the various federal government boards of con-tract appeals, as well as federal and state courts In addition, he has represented clients

construc-in mediations, as well as arbitration proceedconstruc-ings Mr Kelleher is co-editor ofCommon Sense Construction Law: A Practical Guide for the Construction Professional.xxiv Contributing Editors

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Dr Larson has designed and managed numerous American Society of Civil Engineers(ASCE)-sponsored Excellence in Civil Engineering Education (ExCEEd) TeachingWorkshops for civil engineering educators and participated actively as a member ofthe ASCE’s Body of Knowledge (BOK) Educational Fulfillment Committee Shealso has lead ABET, Inc.—formerly Accreditation Board for Engineering and Tech-nology—specialized evaluation teams in reviewing academic institutions and pro-grams to ensure that they are meeting established standards of educational quality.

Todd Kamisky, P.E., G.E is a licensed civil and geotechnical engineer, and hasbeen working in the geotechnical engineering field since 1994 His project experi-ence includes all geotechnical aspects of residential subdivisions, detention basins,bridges, communication towers, schools and commercial/industrial developments

Mr Kamisky received his Bachelor of Science degree in Civil Engineering from fornia State University, Chico and a Master of Science degree in Civil Engineeringwith emphasis in Geotechnical Engineering, from University of California, Davis

Cali-Bridget Crenshaw Mabunga is an Adjunct Professor of English in the Los RiosCommunity College District and a Writer/Editor She also volunteers as an AssistantEditor for Narrative Magazine She holds a BA in English (cum laude) from CaliforniaState University, Chico and an MA in English (emphasis Creative Writing) fromCalifornia State University, Sacramento

Janet Riser, MBA, CFM, CRPC obtained her undergraduate degree from theUniversity of Pittsburg, and an MBA from Drexel University before entering thefinancial investment community as a financial advisor for over 25 years with MerrillLynch and now with Janney, Montgomery, Scott LLC as a First Vice-President Janetearned her Chartered Retirement Planning Counselor designation from the College

of Financial Planning in 2007 and in 2009 received Five Star Wealth Manager Award

in the Delaware Valley Janet specializes in the financial planning process, helping herclients deal with life cycle and market transitions One of Janet’s greatest pleasures inher work is the long-term relationships working with and growing extended familiesthrough multiple generations Janet contributed to portions of this book related tothe client relationship, communication, and professional engagement

Contributing Editors xxv

ACLC Administrative civil liability complaintADA Americans with Disabilities ActADR Alternative dispute resolutionAAP Affirmative action program

A / E Architect / engineer

AEC Architectural / engineering / constructionAGC Associated General Contractors

AIA American Institute of Architects

ASCE American Society of Civil EngineersASTM American Society for Testing and Materials (formerly)

BBCEE Board Certified Environmental Engineer

BOK1 Civil Engineering Body of Knowledge for the 21st Century

(ASCE, 2004)BOK2 Civil Engineering Body of Knowledge for the 21st Century

(ASCE, 2008)BPR Business process reengineering

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C

CEQA California Environmental Quality ActCERCLA Comprehensive Environmental Response,

Compensation and Liability Act

CVRWQCB Central Valley Regional Water Quality Control Board

D

EEEOC Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

EJCDC Engineers Joint Contract Development Committee

EPA U.S Environmental Protection AgencyEPCRA Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know ActEEOC Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

FFAR Federal acquisition regulationFIATECH Fully Integrated and Automated Technology (formerly)FIFRA Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act

G

GINA Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act

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GPS Global positioning systemsGIS Geographic information systems

IICE Institution of Civil Engineers (UK)IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeIPD Integrated project delivery

ISO International Organization for Standardization

LLCCA Lifecycle cost analysisLEED Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design

MMEP Mechanical, electrical, plumbing (engineers)

NNEPA National Environmental Policy Act

NOA Naturally occurring asbestosNPDES National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System

OOBS Organizational breakdown structureOFCCP Office of Federal Contract Compliance ProgramsOSHA Occupational Safety and Health

PPERT Performance evaluation review technique

PS&E Plans, specifications, and (cost) estimates

QQBS Qualifications-based selection

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RRCRA Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

RFQ Request for qualifications

SSARA Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization ActSDWA Safe Drinking Water Act

SMD Sewer maintenance districtSOQ Statement of qualificationsSOW Statement, or scope, of workSPCC Spill prevention, containment, and contingency

T

TSCA Toxic Substances Control Act

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3 4 5 6 7 8

Engineer’s Role in Project

Development

What Engineers Deliver

Executing a Professional Commission

Globalization

Introduction

Big Idea

‘‘Entrusted by society to create a sustainable world and enhance the global quality of life, Civil

Engineers serve, competently, collaboratively, and ethically as: master planners, designers,

con-structors; stewards of the natural environment and its resources; innovators and integrators;

man-agers of risk and uncertainty; and leaders in discussions and decisions shaping public

environmental and infrastructure policy.’’

—ASCE Body of Knowledge 2Key Topics Covered

(ASCE)

Related Chapters in This Book

A, B, C, D, E, F

(Continued )

1

Civil Engineer’s Handbook of Professional Practice Karen Lee Hansen and Kent E Zenobia

Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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Related toASCE Body of Knowledge 2Outcomes

2 Chapter 1 Introduction

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BACKGROUND

TheCivil Engineer’s Handbook of Professional Practice is a professional practice guidefor civil engineers The first decade of the 21st century has afforded many opportuni-ties to reflect on the role civil engineers will play in coming years The global econ-omy and world banking system, national security, climate change, dwindling naturalresources, technological advances, and societal changes have provided sufficient foodfor thought In retrospect, the 2001 American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)report, titledEngineering the Future of Civil Engineering, which acknowledged thatcivil engineering must respond proactively to increasingly complex challenges related

to public health, safety, and welfare, appears prophetic

As a university program, civil engineering has been growing in the 21st century.Enrollment in most universities across the nation continues to increase, partially due

to shrinking opportunities in other technical fields as a result of outsourcing Civilengineers work very closely with government agencies and on projects requiring sig-nificant local knowledge, making outsourcing of their work difficult According tothe U.S Bureau of Labor Statistics:

Civil engineers are expected to experience 24 percent employment growth duringthe projections decade [2008 2018], faster than the average for all occupations

Spurred by general population growth and the related need to improve the Nation’sinfrastructure, more civil engineers will be needed to design and construct or expandtransportation, water supply, and pollution control systems and buildings andbuilding complexes They also will be needed to repair or replace existing roads,bridges, and other public structures

For several years the country’s infrastructure has been given a grade of ‘‘D’’ onthe ASCE’s infrastructure report card; in 2009 the ASCE estimated that a $2.2 tril-lion investment was needed over the next five years to rectify this problem Significantpublic and private funding sources have been established to address this challengeand, as a result, the demand for well-educated and competent civil engineers shouldcontinue

‘‘Infrastructure is a multitrillion-dollar marketplace with enormous need forprivate investment.’’

Source: Henry Kravis in the New York Times, 5/16/08

THE NEED FOR ACCREDITATION

ASCE has made a concerted effort to work with ABET, Inc., formerly named theAccreditation Board for Engineering and Technology, to assure that civil engineeringeducation anticipates and responds to the profession’s evolving needs ASCE hasformed several task forces not only to address these needs in the present but also toforesee significant trends

The Need for Accreditation 3

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ABET, Inc accredits civil engineering programs within U.S universities andplays a significant role in determining the development of the profession UniversityDepartments of Civil Engineering undergo extensive, periodic reviews by ABET inorder to maintain their accreditation

ABET, Inc was established more than 75 years ago as the Engineers’ Council forProfessional Development (ECPD) A survey of multiple engineering societies re-vealed the need for quality control, and in 1932, seven societies founded ECPD.These societies included: the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE); theAmerican Society of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers (now the American Insti-tute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers); the American Society ofMechanical Engineers (ASME); the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (nowIEEE); the Society for Promotion of Engineering Education (now the AmericanSociety for Engineering Education ASEE); the American Institute of ChemicalEngineers (AIChE); and the National Council of State Boards of EngineeringExaminers (now NCEES) By 2009, ABET accredited approximately 2,700 programs

at more than 550 universities and colleges nationwide

ABET OUTCOMES

Following a long period of development, in 1997, ABET adopted Engineering ria 2000 (EC2000), which took a completely new approach to engineering educa-tion By definingoutcomes of engineering education, EC2000 focused on what islearned rather than what is taught ABET has identified 11 outcomes of civil engi-neering education:

Crite-1 Mathematics, science, and engineering—an ability to apply knowledge ofmathematics, science, and engineering

2 Experiments—an ability to design and conduct experiments, as well as analyzeand interpret data

3 Design—an ability to design a system, component, or process to meet desiredneeds

4 Multidisciplinary teams—an ability to function on multidisciplinary teams

5 Engineering problems—an ability to identify, formulate, and solve engineeringproblems

6 Professional and ethical responsibility—an understanding of professional andethical responsibility

7 Communication—an ability to communicate effectively

8 Impact of engineering—the broad education necessary to understand theimpact of engineering solutions in a global and societal context

9 Lifelong learning—a recognition of the need for, and an ability to engage in,lifelong learning

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10 Contemporary issues—a knowledge of contemporary issues

11 Engineering tools—an ability to understand techniques, skills, and modernengineering tools necessary for engineering practice

AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS

Meanwhile, the American Society of Civil Engineers has made a concerted effort towork with ABET to assure that civil engineering education anticipates and responds

to the profession’s evolving needs

The ASCE has formed several task forces not only to address these needs in thepresent but also to foresee significant trends Policy 465 expresses the vision articu-lated by the Summit on the Future of Civil Engineering–2025 held in 2006 Theattendees of the Summit saw civil engineers as being entrusted by society to be leaders

in creating a sustainable world and enhancing the global quality of life As depicted inFigure 1.1, Policy 465 supports the concept of the master’s degree or equivalent as aprerequisite for licensure and the practice of civil engineering at the professional level.The 2001 ASCE reportEngineering the Future of Civil Engineering, mentionedabove, concluded that for civil engineers to maintain leadership in the infrastructureand environmental arena, an implementation master plan was needed; and the basis ofthis master plan is a document called theBody of Knowledge The Body of Knowledge 1

Professional Practice and Lifelong Learning

Professional Practice and Lifelong Learning with Specialty Certification Option

Modified Baccalaureate Education

More Focused Experience and Master’s Degree or

30 credits

Body of Knowledge ( Explicit)

(possibly more comprehensive)

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(BOK1), published in 2004, defines categories of knowledge and recommends 15 comes that collectively prescribe a ‘‘substantially greater depth and breadth of knowl-edge, skills, and attitudes required of an individual aspiring to the practice of civilengineering at the professional level (licensure) in the 21st Century.’’ The first 11 out-comes are those identified by ABET, but the BOK1 included four additional outcomesthat broaden and deepen these ABET outcomes The new outcomes are:

out-12 Specialization—an ability to apply knowledge in a specialized area related tocivil engineering

13 Management—an understanding of the elements of project management,construction, and asset management

14 Policy and administration—an understanding of business and public policyand administration fundamentals

15 Leadership—an understanding of the role of the leader and leadershipprinciples and attitudes

The BOK1 also emphasized the importance of attitude: ‘‘knowledge and skill,while necessary, are not sufficient to be a fully functioning civil engineer.’’ (Note:ABET has incorporated outcomes 13, 14, and 15 into its Criterion 9 for civil engi-neering programs.)

ASCE published the second edition of BOK1, theBody of Knowledge 2 (BOK2),

in 2008 The BOK2 also uses the ‘‘outcomes’’ approach developed by ABET to fine the knowledge, skills, and attitudes necessary to enter civil engineering practice atthe professional level in the 21st century The BOK2 further adopts Bloom’s Taxon-omy to indicate the desired level of achievement for each outcome The BOK2’s 24outcomes are organized into three categories: foundational, technical, and profes-sional (See Table 1.1.)

de-Table 1.1 BOK2 Outcomes (2008)

administration 4) social sciences 8) problem recognition

11) contemporary issues/

13) project management 24) professional andethical responsibility 14) breadth in civil engineering areas

15) technical specialization

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The first and second editions of theCivil Engineering Body of Knowledge for the21st Century stress the need for change in the way civil engineers practice their profes-sion and in the way they are educated Though not strictly prescriptive, BOK1 andBOK2 offer guidance to academia in helping to educate future engineers Summaryfindings are highlighted below

Key issues facing engineering educationBOK1 identifies the chief issues facing civil engineering as:

 Escalated complex risks and challenges to public safety, health, and welfare

 Vulnerability to human-made hazards and disasters (such as terrorism)

 Globalization

 Four-year bachelor’s degree inadequacy in providing formal academicpreparation for the practice of civil engineering at the professional levelBOK2 adds further concerns:

 Sustainability

 Emerging technologyTeaching/learning modesBOK1 identifies four teaching/learning modes:

 Undergraduate study typically leading to a BSCE

 Graduate study or equivalent

ASCE Has Developed a Global Vision of the Profession:Entrusted by society to create a sustainable world and enhance the global quality

of life, Civil Engineers serve, competently, collaboratively, and ethically asmaster:

and social engine, the built environment

private, and academic sectors

other threats

infrastructure policy

—Civil Engineering Body of Knowledge for the 21st Century (BOK2).

American Society of Civil Engineers 7

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 Co-curricular and extracurricular activities

 Post-B.S engineering experience prior to licensureBOK1 also concludes that distance learning increasingly will improve accessibility

to high-quality formal education

Faculty member characteristicsBOK1 identifies characteristics of the model full- or part-time civil engineeringfaculty member:

 Scholars having and maintaining expertise in the subjects they teach

 Teachers who effectively engage students in the learning process

 Professionals with practical experience, preferably with professionalengineering licenses

 Positive role models for the profession

Table 1.2 depicts the relationships among the ABET, BOK1, and BOK2outcomes

What Is the Role of Engineers in Society and How Is that Role Changing?

the profound impact of the influence of the engineering profession

on sociocultural systems, the full spectrum of career opportunitiesaccessible through an engineering education, and the value of anengineering education to engineers working successfully in non-engineering jobs

technical knowledge, social and historical awareness, and traditions thatserve to make engineers competent to address the world’s complex andchanging challenges

of mathematics and science, and who will expand their vision of designthrough solid grounding in the humanities, social sciences, andeconomics Emphasis on the creative process will allow more effectiveleadership in the development and application of the

next-generation technologies to problems of the future

—National Academy of Engineering, The Engineer of 2020.

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Table 1.2 From ABET to BOK2 Outcomes(Adapted from Table H-1 From ABET program criteria to BOK2 outcomes Civil Engineering Body of Knowledge for the 21st Century , February 2008, p 101.)

a Mathematics, science, and engineering 1) Mathematics, science,and engineering 1) Mathematics2) Natural Sciences

5) Materials Science 6) Mechanics

10) Sustainability

d Multidisciplinary teams 4) Multidisciplinary teams 21) Teamwork

e Engineering problems 5) Engineering problems 8) Problem recognition and

solving

f Professional and ethical responsibility 6) Professional andethical responsibility 24) Professional and ethicalresponsibility

h Impact of engineering 8) Impact of engineering 11) Contemporary issues/

historical perspectives

j Contemporary issues 10) Contemporary issues 11) Contemporary issues/

historical perspectives 19) Globalization

solving 13) Specialized area

related to civil engineering

15) Technical specialization

Program Criteria for Civil and Similarly Named Engineering Programs

14) Project management, construction, and asset management

13) Project management

15) Business and public policy 17) Public policy18) Business and public

administration Program Criteria for Civil and

Similarly Named Engineering Programs

22) Attitudes ABET Criterion for General

Education ABET Criterion for GeneralEducation 3) Humanities4) Social sciences Program Criteria for Civil and

Similarly Named Engineering Programs

Program Criteria for Civil and Similarly Named Engineering Programs

14) Breadth in civil engineering areas American Society of Civil Engineers 9

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1 Knowledge

2 Compre- hension

3 Application

4 Analysis

5 Synthesis

6 Evaluation Foundational

Key: B Portion of the BOK fulfilled through the

bachelor’s degree

M/30 Portion of the BOK fulfilled through the master’s degree orequivalent (approximately 30 semester credits of

acceptable graduate-level or upper-level undergraduate courses in a specialized technical area and/or professional practice area related to civil engineering)

E Portion of the BOK fulfilled through the prelicensureexperience

10 Chapter 1 Introduction