Syntactic functions of the noun phrase, criteria to classify vowels, affixation in english

Syntactic functions of the noun phrase, criteria to classify vowels, affixation in english Syntactic functions of the noun phrase, criteria to classify vowels, affixation in english Syntactic functions of the noun phrase, criteria to classify vowels, affixation in english Syntactic functions of the noun phrase, criteria to classify vowels, affixation in english Syntactic functions of the noun phrase, criteria to classify vowels, affixation in english Syntactic functions of the noun phrase, criteria to classify vowels, affixation in english

ASSIGNMENT ON INTEGRATED THEORY OF LANGUAGE

Write about the Syntactic functions of the Noun phrase, Criteria to classify Vowels, Affixation in English

Notes:

You should write in 1000-1200 words

Your assignment should be in 3 parts: Introduction, Development (the main one) and Conclusion

Your writing should focus on some aspects: Syntactic functions of the Noun phrase, Criteria to classify Vowels, Affixation in English

You should give examples to illustrate your ideas

PART 1: INTRODUCTION 3

PART 2: DEVELOPMENT 4

I SYNTACTIC FUNCTIONS OF NOUN PHRASES 4

1 Subject 4

2 Object 4

3 Complement 5

4 Appositive: 6

5 Adverbial 6

II CRITERIA TO CLASSIFY VOWELS 7

1 The position of the tongue in the mouth 7

2 The openness of the mouth 7

3 The shape of the lips 7

4 The length of vowels 7

III AFFIXATION IN ENGLISH 8

1 Affixes 8

2 Prefixes 8

3 Suffixes 9

PART 3 : CONCLUSION 12

REFERENCES 12

PART 1: INTRODUCTION Rationale:

Nowadays, English is considered the most popular language in the world Therefore, learning English has become a required task to many people How to do the task well? That question has always been pondered by both language teachers and learners

Every language itself provides attentive learners with a wide knowledge of the primary function, social nature as well as the important characteristic which is the system of symbols consisting of different levels from sound systems to meaning, such as

phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics Only the unity of these four systems can form what is so-called language The scope of this assignment is focusing on three aspects, which are the Syntactic functions of the Noun phrase, Criteria to classify Vowels, and Affixation in English

The aim of the assignment is understanding of the Syntactic functions of the Noun phrase, to be able to use those correctly Interested in affixation in English, learners could identify the meaning of affixes and their linguistic usage within a sentence The last issue mentioned is criteria to classify vowels, learner will able to reinforce

phonemes

PART 2: DEVELOPMENT

I SYNTACTIC FUNCTIONS OF NOUN PHRASES

1 Subject

My coach is happy.

S V

→ Determiner (My) + Noun (coach) = NPs subject

Small children often insist that they can do it by themselves.

S V

→ Adjective (Small) + Noun (children) = NPs subject

The man in car is Julia’s father.

S V

→ Determiner (The) + Noun (man) + PreP (in car) = NPs subject

2 Object

- Direct Object (Od): Will you put the cart?

Od

She kissed her children

Od

- Indirect Object (Oi): She gave the dog a bone

Oi Od

→ She gave a bone to the dog She gave a bone to what? the dog: Oi

The groom bought his new bride a wedding present

Oi Od

→ The groom bought a wedding present for his new bride.

→ The groom bought a wedding present for whom? => his new bride: Oi

3 Complement

- Subject complement (Cs):

She was the devil in disguise.

Cs

→ The noun phrase "the devil in disguise" is a subject complement following the linking verb "was"

The man was a nurse.

Cs

→ The noun phrase "a nurse" is a subject complement following the linking verb "was"

He has just become a father

→ The noun phrase "a father" is a subject complement following the linking verb "become"

- Object complement (Co):

I consider Loki my favorite cat

Co

→ The noun phrase "my favorite cat " is a object complement following the direct object "Loki"

We elected you team leader

Co

→ The noun phrase "team leader " is a object complement following the direct object "you"

- Prepositional complement (Cp):

The best defense against the atom bomb is not to be there when it goes off

→ There is a noun phrase within a noun phrase The noun phrase "the atom bomb"

is the object of the preposition "against." The prepositional phrase "against the

atom bomb" modifies "defense."

I never learned from a man who agreed with me

→ The noun phrase "a man who agreed with me" is the object of the preposition

"from"

4 Appositive:

My friend, a teacher , will come soon

→ The noun phrase “a teacher” is an appositive, modifying another noun phrase” my friend”

My grandfather, the farmer, bought more farmland.

→ The teacher, my uncle, assigns a lot of homework.

5 Adverbial

Last week, we went to Sam Son beach

→ The noun phrase “last week” is an adjunct adverbial, providing additional

information about time

→ The noun phrase “Sam Son beach” is an adjunct adverbial, providing additional information about place

We decided to go home.

→ The noun phrase “home” is an adjunct adverbial, providing additional information about place

II CRITERIA TO CLASSIFY VOWELS

Vowel sounds are classified according to:

1 The position of the tongue in the mouth

Front vowels are the ones in the production of which front part of the tongue is raised the highest such as /i:/ /i/ /e/ /æ/

When the central part of the tongue maintains its highest position, the vowels thus produced are central vowels such as /ɜ:/ / ə / / ʌ /

If the back of the tongue is held the highest, the vowels thus produced are back vowels such as /u:/ /ʊ/

2 The openness of the mouth

Close vowels: /i:/ /i/ /u:/ /ʊ/

Half – Close vowels: /e/ /ɜ:/

Half – Open vowels: /ɔ:/ / ə /

Open vowels: /ɒ/ /ɑ:/ /æ/ /ʌ/

3 The shape of the lips

Rounded vowels: All the back vowels in English rounded except /ɑ:/

Unrounded vowels: All the front vowels and central vowels in English are unrounded

4 The length of vowels

Long vowels: They are usually marked with a colon such as /i:/ /ɑ:/

Short vowels: other vowels in English are short vowels such as /e/ / ə / æ/

III AFFIXATION IN ENGLISH

Affixation is the morphological process in which bound morphemes are attached to a root or stems to mark changes in meaning, part of speech, or grammatical relationships Affixes take on several forms and serve different functions In this tutorial, we will be looking specifically at affixation in Standard English

1 Affixes

An affix is a bound morpheme that attaches to a root or stem to form a new word, or a variant form of the same word In English we primarily see 2 types Prefixes precede the root or stem, e.g., re-cover, while suffixes follow, e.g., hope-ful A third type of affix known as a circumfix occurs in the two words en-ligh-en and em-bold-en, where the prefix en/m– and the suffix –en/m are attached simultaneously to the root

There are those who claim that infixation is also used as an emphasis marker in

colloquial English This occurs when an expletive is inserted into the internal structure

of a word, e.g., un-fricking-believable

Derivational affixes derive new words by altering the definitional meaning or the grammatical category of a word, whereas inflectional affixes show grammatical

relationships between words or grammatical contrast In English, both prefixes and suffixes can be derivational, but only suffixes can be inflectional

2 Prefixes

Prefixes are abundant in English Some are more commonly used (productive) than others As mentioned above, prefixes are only used to derive new meaning or part of speech Below is a list of those that are more common

Prefixes Meaning Examples

Table 1 Commonly used prefixes in English

3 Suffixes

Suffixes can either be derivational or inflectional Below is a list of common derivational suffixes

Table 2 Commonly used derivational suffixes in English

In English there are 8 inflectional suffixes As you will see, these are limited to

showing some type of grammatical function

Table 3 Inflectional suffixes in English

You may have noticed that -er appears as both a derivational and inflectional

morpheme Although they share phonological form, they are two separate morphemes,

having 2 separate functions and must not be confused -er attached to a verb causes the derivation: verb noun, e.g., write - writer -er attached to an adjective shows inflection, i.e., the comparative form of an adjective: nice -nicer This is also true for –ing and –

en A verb + -ing can derive a noun or inflect a verb for past or present progressive set + ing = noun

The setting of the sun was covered by clouds

set + ing + progressive verb

I was setting the table when the phone rang

verb + -en = past participle (freeze + en)

The low temperatures had frozen all the crops

noun + -en = verb (light + en)

Mary decided to lighten her hair

PART 3 : CONCLUSION

In short, to learn a language is not so much to memorize a set of sentences; rather, it is

to familiarize oneself with a linguistic system in such a way and to such extent that one

is able to construct sentences and other linguistic structures on one's own This

assignment shows several respects in the Syntactic functions of the Noun phrase, Criteria to classify Vowels, Affixation in English Yet, to some extent, the assignment has not extended all the vast knowledge in this field because I just try to focus on some very basic concepts and primary theories On the whole, I do hope that it will be a useful material for those who share the same interest with me in how to improve the way we study our target language efficiently

REFERENCES.

1 R Quirk et al (1972), A University Grammar of English, Longman

2 R Quirk et al (1974), A University Grammar of English- Workbook, Longman

3 Assoc Prof Dr Tran Huu Manh (2008), Fundamentals of English traditional syntax, NXB ĐHQGHN

4 Andrew Carstairs-McCarthy (2002), An Introduction to English Morphology:Words and Their Structure, Edinburgh Edinburgh University Press

5 Cường, Đặng Trần (2001) Lectures on Lexicology Tủ sách Viện Đại Học Mở Hà Nội

6 Plag, Ingo, (2002) Word-formation in English, Universität Siegen, Cambridge University Press

7 Ball, M J & Rahilly, J (1999) Phonetics Arnold.

8 Davenport, M & Hannahs, S J (1998) Introducing Phonetics & Phonology Great Britain: Arnold

9 Gimson, A.C (1980) An Introduction to the Pronunciation of English Edward Arnold, London

10 Christiane Dalton and Barbara Seidlhofer (2001) Pronunciation Oxford

University Press