SYNTACTIC FUNCTIONS OF NOUNS AND NOUN PHRASES

SYNTACTIC FUNCTIONS OF NOUNS AND NOUN PHRASES SYNTACTIC FUNCTIONS OF NOUNS AND NOUN PHRASES SYNTACTIC FUNCTIONS OF NOUNS AND NOUN PHRASES SYNTACTIC FUNCTIONS OF NOUNS AND NOUN PHRASES SYNTACTIC FUNCTIONS OF NOUNS AND NOUN PHRASES SYNTACTIC FUNCTIONS OF NOUNS AND NOUN PHRASES SYNTACTIC FUNCTIONS OF NOUNS AND NOUN PHRASES SYNTACTIC FUNCTIONS OF NOUNS AND NOUN PHRASES SYNTACTIC FUNCTIONS OF NOUNS AND NOUN PHRASES SYNTACTIC FUNCTIONS OF NOUNS AND NOUN PHRASES

A SYNTACTIC FUNCTIONS OF NOUNS AND NOUN PHRASES

1 Subject

Lan is a teacher

S V

 Noun (proper noun Lan) = subject

My coach is happy.

S V

=> Determiner (My) + Noun (coach) = NPs subject

Small children often insist that they can do it by themselves.

S V

=> Adjective (Small) + Noun (children) = NPs subject

The man in car is Julia’s father.

S V

=> Deterniner (The) + Noun (man) + PreP (in car) = NPs subject

2 Object (O)

- Direct Object (Od) : Will you put the cart?

Od

She kissed her children

Od

- Indirect Object (Oi)

She gave the dog a bone

Oi Od

=> She gave a bone to the dog She gave a bone to what?the dog: Oi

The groom bought his new bride a wedding present

Oi Od

=> The groom bought a wedding present for his new bride.

=> The groom bought a wedding present for whom? => his new bride: Oi

- Object of preposition (Op): Hoa is looking after her cousin.

- Cognate Object (Ocog): is the object deriving from the verb Only intransitive verbs have their cognate object

- I dream a wonderful dream last night

- She lives a happy life

3 Complement

- Subject complement (Cs):

The man was a nurse (Người đàn ông đó là một y tá.)

Cs

=> động từ kết nối (was) + bổ nghĩa chủ từ “the man” là “a nurse”

He has just become a father (Anh ấy vừa trở thành một ông bố.)

Cs

=> động từ kết nối (become) + bổ nghĩa chủ từ “he” là “a father”

- Object complement (Co) là một cụm từ theo sau và bổ nghĩa cho túc từ trực

tiếp (direct object)

I consider Loki my favorite cat (Tôi nghĩ Loki là con mèo mà tôi yêu thích

nhất.)

Od Co

=> “my favorite cat” là cụm danh từ theo sau bổ nghĩa cho túc từ trực tiếp “Loki”.

We elected you team leader (Chúng tôi đã bầu anh làm đội trưởng.)

Od Co

=> “team leader” là cụm danh từ theo sau bổ nghĩa cho túc từ trực tiếp “you”

- Prepositional complement (Cp):

The cat ran under the car  Danh từ đứng sau giới từ để bổ ngữ giới từ.

Cp

I wrote on the paper.

4 Attribute : qualify another noun

5 Appositive:

6 Adverbial:

7 in the phrases functioning as adverbs (almost go with preposition)

B VERBS AND VERBS PHRASES

1 Compare phrasal verbs to prepositional verbs:

Phrasal verbs are a group of multi-word verbs made from a verb plus another

word or words

Phrasal verbs are made of:

verb + adverb

Phrasal verbs can be:

*Intransitive (no direct object)

*Transitive (direct object)

Here are some examples of phrasal verbs:

Phrasal verbs

Direct object

Intransitive

phrasal verbs

Get up Rise from bed I don’t like to

get up

function

He was late because his car broke down

Transitive

phrasal verbs

Put off Postpone We will have

to put off

the meeting

Turn down Refuse They turned

down

my offer

Prepositional verbs are a group of multi-word verbs made from a verb plus

another word or words

Prepositional verbs are made of:

verb + preposition

Because a preposition always has an object, all prepositional verbs have direct

objects

Here are some examples of prepositional verbs:

Prepositional

verbs

Direct object Believe in Have faith in the

existence of

Look after Take care of He is looking after the dog

* Prepositional verbs cannot be separated That means that we cannot put the

direct object between the two parts For example, we must say "look after the baby" We cannot say "look the baby after" But It’s possible with phrasal verbs

Prepositional verbs are

inseparable

Who is looking after

the baby?

This is possible

Who is looking the baby after?

This is not

possible

Exercise 4:

Came down

Put up

Look after

Take off

Cross over

Carry in

Check in

Take out

Turn down

Look into

Found out

Believe in

1 Transitive Verbs

A verb is transitive when the action is carried across to a receiver:

The farmer grows potatoes Elvis sang ballads.

The receiver is called the direct object It answers the question “What?” or

“Whom? after the verb

1 Transitive verbs describe direct actions which impact on people or things

(Ngoại động từ diễn tả hành động trực tiếp tác động lên người hoặc vật)

Ví dụ:

The cat killed the mouse (Con mèo đã giết con chuột).

2 Transitive verbs need foreign element which is a noun or pronoun to

complete the sentence meaning (Ngoại động từ luôn cần thêm yếu tố bên

ngoài là một đại (danh) từ theo sau để hoàn thành nghĩa của câu.)

Ví dụ:

Đúng: The cat killed the mouse (Con mèo đã giết con chuột).

Sai: The cat killed

3 Nouns following the transitive verbs are the direct object It answers the

question “what?” or “whom?” after the verb (Danh từ theo sau ngoại động

từ là tân ngữ trực tiếp.)

(Trong ví dụ trên mouse là tân ngữ trực tiếp của killed).

Some verbs are both transitive verbs and intransitive verbs Their mean can change (Một số động từ vừa có thể là nội động từ lại vừa có thể là ngoại động

từ, nghĩa của chúng có thể thay đổi.)

Answer, Ask, Help, Read, Touch, Wash, Write

Ví dụ:

Ngoại động từ Nội động từ

She opened the door (Cô ấy mở

cửa)

The driver stopped the bus (Tài xế

dừng xe buýt lại)

He rings the bells (Ông ấy rung

chuông)

The boy broke the glass (Cậu bé

làm vỡ cốc)

He began his work at 8pm (Anh ấy

bắt đầu công việc lúc 8h)

I lit the fire (Tôi đốt lửa).

They grow flowers in the

garden (Họ trồng hoa trong vườn)

Mary boiled the water for the

tea (Mary đun sôi nước để pha trà)

The door opened (Cửa mở).

The bus stopped (Chiếc xe buýt

dừng lại)

The bell rings (Chuông reo).

The glass broke (Cốc bị vỡ).

His lecture bagan at 8 pm (Bài

giảng của ông ta bắt đầu lúc 8h tối)

The fire lit quickly (Lửa cháy

nhanh)

Flowers grow in their garden (Hoa

mọc ở trong vườn)

Water boils at 100 degree (Nước sôi

ở 100 độ C)

4 On the other hand, many transitive verbs can have cognate object which has

the same form with verb (Mặt khác, nhiều nội động từ có thể có tân ngữ láy (cognate object); đó là những tân ngữ có cùng hình thức với động từ.)

Ví dụ:

Mary laughed a merry laugh [to laugh ↔ a laugh]

Mary nở một nụ cười vui vẻ

The old man lived a happy life [to live ↔ a life]

Ông lão đã hưởng một cuộc sống hạnh phúc

The little boy slept a sound sleep [to sleep ↔ a sleep]

Chú bé ngủ một giấc ngủ ngon

5 Furthermore, some transitive verbs are used as intransitive verbs, in which

subject does not make the action of the sentence (Ngoài ra, một số ngoại

động từ lại được dùng như nội động từ, trong đó chủ từ không làm chủ hành

động trong câu.)

Allow (cho phép )

Blame (trách cứ ,đổ lổi )

Enjoy (thích thú )

Have (có )

Like (thích)

Need (cần )

Name (đặt tên )

Prove (chứng tỏ )

Remind (nhắc nhỡ )

Rent (cho thuê )

Select (lựa chọn )

Wrap (bao bọc )

Rob (cướp )

Own (nợ )

Greet (chào )

4 Compare intensive verbs to extensive verbs; stative to dynamic verbs

Intensive verbs are concentrated to one, fixed structure Words or phrases

following an intensive verb function as subject complements; i.e., they

complement the subject (they tell us about the subject), they work with the

subject, not the verb.

Extensive verbs are not concentrated to a fixed structure Words or phrases

following an extensive verb function as the verb's object; they work with the verb, not the subject

Stative and Dynamic Verbs

Introduction

Verbs in English can be classified into two categories: stative verbs

and dynamic verbs Dynamic verbs (sometimes referred to as "action verbs")

usually describe actions we can take, or things that happen; stative verbs usually refer to a state or condition which is not changing or likely to change The

difference is important, because stative verbs cannot normally be used in the continuous (BE + ING) forms This will explain the differences between the two types of verb, and give lots of examples of each kind

Dynamic verbs

There are many types of dynamic verbs, but most of them describe activities or events which can begin and finish Here are some examples:

Dynamic

Verb

She plays tennis every Friday

She's playing tennis right now

The snow melts every spring

The snow is melting right now

hit

momentary action

When one boxer hits another, brain damage can result (This suggests only ONE punch.) When one boxer is hitting another, brain damage can result (This suggests MANY repeated punches.)

Dynamic verbs, as you can see from the table above, can be used in the simple

and perfect forms (plays, played, has played, had played) as well as the

continuous or progressive forms (is playing, was playing, has been playing, had been playing).

Stative verbs

Stative verbs usually refer to a state or condition which is quite static or

unchanging They can be divided into verbs of perception or cognition (which refer to things in the mind), or verbs of relation (which describe the

relationships between things) Here are some examples:

Stative Verb Type Examples

hate

perceptio n

I hate chocolate

believe

perceptio n

She believes in UFOs

contain relation The box contains 24 cans of soda

own relation Yong owns three motorbikes

Note that we CANNOT use these verbs in the continuous (progressive) forms; you CAN'T say "*Yong is owning three cars." Owning is a state, not an action,

so it is always in the simple form

Example verbs

Here some common stative and dynamic verbs The lists may help you to understand what types of verbs are likely to be stative and what types are commonly dynamic

Stativ

e

Verbs

love; hate; like; see; hear; sound; think (meaning "have an opinion"); mind (meaning "care

about"); recognize; seem; have (meaning

"own"); prefer;doubt; consist of; mean

mic

Verbs

eat; drink; go; type; read; write; listen; speak; watch; say; grow; w ork; sleep; cook; talk

Exercise 1

1 stative

2 dynamic

3 dynamic

4 stative, dynamic

5 stative

6 dynamic

7 dynamic, stative

8 stative, dynamic, dynamic

9 stative, dynamic

10 dynamic

Exercise 2

1 monotransitive

2 intensive

3 intransitive

4 ditransitive

5 complex transitive

6 complex transitive

7 intensive, dynamic

8 intransitive

9 stative

10 intensive

Exercise 3

1 (a)

=> It was admitted that a mistake had been made

2.(b)

=> The mistake was considered to be very serious

3.(a)

=> You are considered to be one of our most loyal supporters

4.(a)

=> It was recognized that you have had great difficulties

5.(b)

=> You are found to be innocent of all the changes

6.(b)

=> Your companion is known to be a trouble maker

7.(b)

=> Your story has been proved to be completely accurate

8.(b)

=> However, you are thought to be, at times, indiscreet

9.(b)

=> You are expected to show a little more tact.

10.(a)

=> It is regretted that we must make this criticism

11.(b)

=> Two planes have been reported to be missing

12.(b)

=> You were meant to complete this form , and return it to the Town Hall