(The industrial electronics handbook) bogdan m wilamowski, j david irwin industrial communication systems CRC press (2011)

Dorf University of California, Davis Titles Included in the Series The Avionics Handbook, Second Edition, Cary R.. Bronzino The Circuits and Filters Handbook, Third Edition, Wai-Kai Chen

S E c o n d E d I T I o n IndustrIal communIcatIon systems

S E c o n d E d I T I o n Fundamentals oF IndustrIal electronIcs Power electronIcs and motor drIves control and mechatronIcs IndustrIal communIcatIon systems IntellIgent systems

Series Editor

Richard C Dorf

University of California, Davis

Titles Included in the Series

The Avionics Handbook, Second Edition, Cary R Spitzer

The Biomedical Engineering Handbook, Third Edition, Joseph D Bronzino

The Circuits and Filters Handbook, Third Edition, Wai-Kai Chen

The Communications Handbook, Second Edition, Jerry Gibson

The Computer Engineering Handbook, Vojin G Oklobdzija

The Control Handbook, Second Edition, William S Levine

CRC Handbook of Engineering Tables, Richard C Dorf

Digital Avionics Handbook, Second Edition, Cary R Spitzer

The Digital Signal Processing Handbook, Vijay K Madisetti and Douglas Williams The Electric Power Engineering Handbook, Second Edition, Leonard L Grigsby

The Electrical Engineering Handbook, Third Edition, Richard C Dorf

The Electronics Handbook, Second Edition, Jerry C Whitaker

The Engineering Handbook, Third Edition, Richard C Dorf

The Handbook of Ad Hoc Wireless Networks, Mohammad Ilyas

The Handbook of Formulas and Tables for Signal Processing, Alexander D Poularikas Handbook of Nanoscience, Engineering, and Technology, Second Edition,

William A Goddard, III, Donald W Brenner, Sergey E Lyshevski, and Gerald J Iafrate

The Handbook of Optical Communication Networks, Mohammad Ilyas and

Hussein T Mouftah

The Industrial Electronics Handbook, Second Edition, Bogdan M Wilamowski

and J David Irwin

The Measurement, Instrumentation, and Sensors Handbook, John G Webster

The Mechanical Systems Design Handbook, Osita D.I Nwokah and Yidirim Hurmuzlu The Mechatronics Handbook, Second Edition, Robert H Bishop

The Mobile Communications Handbook, Second Edition, Jerry D Gibson

The Ocean Engineering Handbook, Ferial El-Hawary

The RF and Microwave Handbook, Second Edition, Mike Golio

The Technology Management Handbook, Richard C Dorf

Transforms and Applications Handbook, Third Edition, Alexander D Poularikas

The VLSI Handbook, Second Edition, Wai-Kai Chen

The Industrial Electronics Handbook

S E c o n d E d I T I o n

IndustrIal communIcatIon systems

Edited by Bogdan M Wilamowski

J david Irwin

6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300

Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742

© 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC

CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business

No claim to original U.S Government works

Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper

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International Standard Book Number: 978-1-4398-0281-6 (Hardback)

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Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data

Industrial communication systems / editors, Bogdan M Wilamowski and J David Irwin.

p cm.

“A CRC title.”

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-4398-0281-6 (alk paper)

1 Computer networks 2 Data transmission systems 3 Telecommunication systems I

Wilamowski, Bogdan M II Irwin, J David, 1939- III Title.

Preambles xv

Acknowledgments xxiii

Editorial.Board xxv

Editors xxvii

Contributors xxxi

Part I technical Principles

1 ISO/OSI.Model 1-1

Gerhard Zucker and Dietmar Dietrich

2 Media 2-1

Herbert Schweinzer, Saleem Farooq Shaukat, and Holger Arthaber

3 Media.Access.Methods 3-1

Herbert Haas and Manfred Lindner

4 Routing.in.Wireless.Networks 4-1

Teresa Albero-Albero and Víctor-M Sempere-Payá

5 Profiles.and.Interoperability 5-1

Gerhard Zucker and Heinz Frank

6 Industrial.Wireless.Sensor.Networks 6-1

Vehbi Cagri Gungor and Gerhard P Hancke

7 Ad.Hoc.Networks 7-1

Sajjad Ahmad Madani, Shahid Khattak, Tariq Jadoon, and Shahzad Sarwar

8 Radio.Frequency.Identification 8-1

Edward Kai-Ning Yung, Pui-Yi Lau, and Chi-Wai Leung

9 RFID.Technology.and.Its.Industrial.Applications 9-1

Vidyasagar Potdar, Atif Sharif, and Elizabeth Chang

.10 Ultralow-Power.Wireless.Communication 10-1

Joern Ploennigs, Volodymyr Vasyutynskyy, and Klaus Kabitzsch

Gabriel Diaz Orueta, Elio San Cristobal Ruiz, Nuria Oliva Alonso,

and Manuel Castro Gil

Yan-Wu Wang and Changyun Wen

Part II application-Specific areas

Paulo Bartolomeu, José Alberto Fonseca, Nelson Rocha, and Filipe Basto

Part III technologies

Sidonia Mesentean, Heinz Frank, and Karlheinz Schwarz

Part IV Internet Programming

1 Fundamentals of Industrial Electronics

2 Power Electronics and Motor Drives

3 Cont rol and Mechatronics

4 Industrial Communication Systems

5 Intelligent Systems

The.editors.have.gone.to.great.lengths.to.ensure.that.this.handbook.is.as.current.and.up.to.date.as possible Thus,.this.book.closely.follows.the.current.research.and.trends.in.applications.that.can.be

found.in.IEEE Transactions on Industrial

Electronics This.journal.is.not.only.one.of.the.largest.engineer-ing.publications.of.its.type.in.the.world.but.also.one.of.the.most.respected In.all.technical.categories.in.which.this.journal.is.evaluated,.it.is.ranked.either.number.1.or.number.2.in.the.world As.a.result,.we.believe.that.this.handbook,.which.is.written.by.the.world’s.leading.researchers.in.the.field,.presents.the.global.trends.in.the.ubiquitous.area.commonly.known.as.industrial.electronics

Clearly, the successful operation of any production process is dependent on a well-designed and.reliable.communication.system Modern.communication.systems.that.are.employed.within.a.factory.use.a.variety.of.means.for.sending.and.receiving.information With.time,.these.systems.have.become.more.and.more.sophisticated This.book.is.the.most.voluminous.of.the.five.that.comprise.the.Industrial.Electronics.Handbook,.and.spans.the.full.gamut.of.topics.that.are.needed.for.engineers.working.with.industrial.communication.systems A.description.of.the.numerous.topics.covered.in.this.book.is.out-lined.in.the.Preambles,.and.the.readers.are.directed.to.the.relevant.parts.for.further.details

Part III describes what appear to be the.most.important communication technologies Although.the.list.is.not.exhaustive,.it.does.address.the.most.important.areas,.including.wireless.communication,.fieldbus.systems,.and.the.industrial.Ethernet.and.industrial.Internet.for.building.automation.and.auto-motive.applications Part.IV.covers.topics.related.to.general.integration.of.Internet.technologies.into.industrial.automation Finally,.Part.V.peers.into.the.future.in.an.attempt.to.describe.possible.upcoming.developments

Preamble to Part I: technical Principles

Therefore,.in.what.follows,.the.relevant.aspects.of.distributed.systems.are.revisited.from.the.viewpoint.of.industrial.communication.systems It.begins.with.a.discussion.of.the.classic.ISO/OSI.model Although.the.basic.principle.of.communication.layering.is.very.significant.for.com-munication.in.automation.processes,.not.all.layers.defined in.the.reference.model are.of.equal.importance.

Furthermore,.special.attention.is.given.to.three.different.aspects:.wireless,.integration,.and.quality.of.service Wireless.communication.today.has.a.fixed.place.in.many.of.the.application.areas.of.automation Wireless-related.topics.such.as.wireless.sensor.networks,.low-power.wireless.communication.nodes,.and.RFID.are.discussed.in.detail The.integration.of.heterogeneous.systems.into.a.coherent.applica-tion.environment.is.another.crucial.issue.that.is.addressed Finally,.quality.of.service.is.revisited.for.industrial.communication.systems,.ranging.from.real-time.communication.for.safety.and.security.to.network-based.control

Group 1.4: Quality of Service

Preamble to Part II: application-Specific areas

Preamble to Part III: technologies

This.part.describes.the.technologies.for.industrial.communications It.has.been.organized.in.seven.dif-Group 3.1: Classical Fieldbus Systems

Fieldbus.systems.date.back.to.the.1980s.and.represent.the.first.successful.attempt.to.bring.concepts.related.to.local.area.networks.to.factory.automation.environments Thanks.to.digital.serial.communica-tion,.an.unprecedented.degree.of.flexibility.was.achieved.when.compared.with.analogue.point-to-point.links,.allowing.remote.configuration.and.diagnostics.to.be.carried.out.easily Moreover,.noticeable.sav-ings.were.made.in.both.cabling.and.deployment.costs.because.of.the.shared.communication.support Needless to say, these advantages made fieldbus technology more and more adoptable in industrial.plants.throughout.the.1990s

One.of.the.main.drawbacks.of.fieldbuses.is.the.lack,.among.manufacturers,.of.a.unique,.standard.solution Instead,.a.large.number.(on.the.order.of.about.100).of.different.and.incompatible.solutions.were developed, some of which are still in use Noticeable examples are PROFIBUS, INTERBUS,.MODBUS,.as.well.as.CAN-based.solutions.such.as.Devicenet.and.CANopen In.the.following.chapters.(Chapters.31.through.36),.some.of.the.most.popular.fieldbus.solutions.are.described

Group 3.2: Industrial Ethernet

Ethernet.is.currently.the.“de.facto”.standard.networking.solution.for.office.automation.environments Since.its.introduction.in.the.1970s,.it.has.managed.to.keep.pace.with.the.ever-increasing.bandwidth.requirements.of.distributed.information.systems.and.has.been.able.to.offer.increased.performance.over.the.years.without.losing.compatibility.with.the.original.protocol.and.equipment

dom.access.scheme,.the.extensive.improvements.that.were.made.to.this.network.made.people.change.their.minds.by.the.end.of.the.1990s The.availability.of.high-speed.(100.Mb/s.and.beyond).full-duplex.connec-tions,.VLANs.with.traffic.prioritization,.and.non-blocking.switches.made.it.possible.to.achieve.increased.levels.of.determinism,.often.suitable.for.most.factory.automation.systems Solutions.such.as.EtherNet/IP.are.based.on.unmodified.Ethernet.equipment.and.the.conventional.TCP/IP.communication.stack

Group 3.3: Building automation Networks

Modern.building.automation.networks.are.based.on.distributed.networks.where.network.topologies.are.flexible.enough.to.reflect.the.building.structure They.are.primarily.based.on.wired.technologies.although.wireless.extensions.also.exist Installation.and.maintenance.are.key.issues,.as.large.networks.may.comprise.thousands.of.nodes Two.widely.adopted.technologies,.namely,.LonWorks.and.KNX,.have.been.on.the.mar-ket.for.many.years.and.occupy.different.market.segments LonWokrs,.due.to.its.flexibility,.is.applied.more.in.large.buildings.and.industries,.while.KNX.is.used.more.in.private.homes In.many.large.buildings,.a.hetero-geneous.network.with.LonWorks-,.KNX-,.and.IP-based.networks.are.implemented The.following.chapters.(Chapters.41.through.43).present.the.main.building.automation.networks.standardized.under.ISO

Group 3.4: automotive Networks

ments,.in.particular.for.in-vehicle.control.systems.such.as.powertrain,.body.electronics,.or.infotain-ment There.is.no.doubt.that.the.most.popular.solution.so.far.has.been.the.controller.area.network.(CAN).protocol.introduced.by.Bosch.in.the.mid-1980s.in.order.to.reduce.cable.clutter.in.cars.and.trucks.Despite.being.perfectly.suitable.for.most.of.today’s.vehicles,.CAN.has.some.drawbacks.that.will.likely.rule.it.out.for.next-generation.automotive.systems In.particular,.when.taking.steer-by-wire.systems.into.account,.a.much.higher.degree.of.determinism,.performance,.and,.mostly,.fault.tolerance.has.to.be.ensured This.has.led.to.the.introduction.of.the.time-triggered.architecture.(TTA).and,.in.particular,.the.TTP/C.protocol In.order.to.reduce.design.and.production.costs,.high.flexibility.is.required.as.well To.this.extent,.the.FlexRay.protocol.has.been.defined,.which.combines.the.dependability.and.determinism.of.TTP/C.with.the.ability.to.carry.out.data.exchanges.on.demand,.through.a.flexible.time.division.mul-tiple.access.scheme The.chapters.that.follow.(Chapters.44.and.45).describe.the.basic.principles.behind.the.new.high-performance.solutions.as.well.as.low-cost.in-vehicle.networks.such.as.LIN

Automotive.networks.have.the.same.advantages.that.fieldbuses.bring.to.industrial.automation.environ-Group 3.5: Safety

sion.of.secured.data.in.a.reliable.time.frame,.order,.integrity,.and.sequence.is.an.evident.task.in.systems.where.man.and.equipment.are.at.risk.of.being.harmed Thus,.safety.integrity.levels.(SIL).have.been.defined.that.must.be.met.by.technical.systems.(Chapters.46.and.47) Typically,.safety-related.functions.are.not.originally.embedded.in.industrial.communication.systems In.order.to.meet.the.required.criteria,.add-ons.to.existing.protocols.and systems have.been.defined Thus, interoperability.with.existing.protocols.and.applications.can.be.ensured

Safety.is.one.of.the.most.important.requirements.in.industrial.applications The.guaranteed.transmis-Group 3.6: Wireless Networks

Wireless.networks.have.experienced.tremendous.growth.in.the.last.decade,.driven.by.mobile.phones.and.the.computer.industry Most.of.us.are.familiar.with.the.widely.used.technologies.in.consumer.products,.such.as.GSM/3G,.WLAN,.and.Bluetooth In.contrast,.wireless.automation.networks.or.sensor.networks.are.still.a.topic.of.research,.and.products.are.either.available.only.in.certain.segments.or.are.slowly.entering

Group 3.7: Industrial Internet

The.application.of.Internet-.and.IT-based.protocols.and.technologies.is.undoubtedly.a.promising.and.up-to-date.development.(Chapters.56.through.59) Besides.acceptance.by.the.users,.the.adoption.of.existing,.proven.technologies.in.the.automation.domain.reduces.efforts.by.reusing.existing.concepts,.functions, and software components However, different time frames in technology development.cycles—compared.to.the.rather.long-term.application.in.industry—are.critical.issues.in.the.selection.of.appropriate.technologies The.technologies.described.in.Chapter.55.address.different.application.areas.and.thus.use.different.technologies Starting.with.function.blocks.concepts.according.to.IEC.61499,.a.generic,.function-related.approach.is.described The.concepts.allow.a.network-independent.synthesis.of.application.functions,.which.is.a.prerequisite.for.distributed.industrial.applications The.application.of.typical.IT.protocols.and.system.structures.can.be.investigated.perfectly.in.Industrial.Internet,.and.the.adoption,.specialization,.and.application.of.protocols.from.the.Internet.is.a.global.trend Originally.developed.together.with.software.companies,.including.Microsoft,.OPC.has.become.the.de.facto.stan-dard.for.providing.access.from.higher-level.applications.to.automation.applications With.OPC.UA,.major.enhancements.in.this.technology.have.been.made,.including.support.for.Web.services.and.com-plex.information.models Web.technology.and.the.Industrial.Internet.have.enabled.the.application.of.multimedia.technologies.as.integral.parts.of.automation.systems Advances.in.machine.vision.docu-ment.this.fact Finally,.energy.production.and.distribution.are.important.tasks.supported.by.various.technologies These.technologies.use.Ethernet.as.one.of.the.underlying.protocols.and.thus.their.devel-opment.follows.that.of.IT.systems.in.general

Preamble to Part IV: Internet Programming

J David.Irwin.and.Bogdan.M Wilamowski

Auburn.University

Auburn,.Alabama

The.rapidly.growing.Internet.is.also.expanding.into.the.industrial.environment Many.of.the.protocols,.techniques,.and.hardware.developed.for.the.public.Internet.can.also.be.used.in.closed.industrial.net-works,.while.enjoying.the.benefits.of.reduced.component.cost.due.to.their.mass.production There.is.also.the.possibility.of.using.the.Internet.to.watch,.supervise,.and.control.industrial.environments.remotely.from.any.place.in.the.world,.assuming.that.a.proper.security.cover.is.provided This.part.introduces.two.commonly.used.Internet.protocols,.TCP.and.UDP,.and.illustrates.typical.API.interfaces.and.their.sample.use.in.simple.proof-of-concept.client–server.applications Both.protocols.belong.to.transport.layer.protocols.and.use.an.underlying.IP.network.layer.and.a.communication.media–specific.data.link.layer UDP.is.a.packet-based.connectionless.protocol.with.little.overhead.for.unicast,.multicast,.and.broadcast.communication.(Chapter.60),.while.the.TCP.protocol.provides.reliable,.best-effort.delivery.of.data.streams.(Chapter.61) The.development.of.interactive.Web.sites.can.be.done.in.many.languages,.the.most.common.being.HTML,.Javascript,.PHP,.PERL,.and.Python It.is.of.course.possible to develop such.Web sites using.general.languages.such.as.Java.or.C++,.but.specialized.languages.are.usually.preferred This.part.shows.how.interactive.Web.sites.can.be.programmed.using.PHP.(Chapter.62),.Python.(Chapter.63),.and.PERL.(Chapter.64) Chapter.65.describes.how.to.run.remote.applications over.the Internet

Preamble to Part V: Outlook

The.editors.wish.to.express.their.heartfelt.thanks.to.their.wives.Barbara.Wilamowski.and.Edie.Irwin.for.their.help.and.support.during.the.execution.of.this.project.

Peter Palensky

Austrian.Institute.of.TechnologyVienna,.Austria

Thilo Sauter

Austrian.Academy.of.SciencesWiener.Neustadt,.Austria

Martin Wollschlaeger

Dresden.University.of.TechnologyDresden,.Germany

Gerhard Zucker

Vienna.University.of.TechnologyVienna,.Austria

Bogdan M Wilamowski.received.his.MS.in.computer.engineering.in.

1966,.his.PhD.in.neural.computing.in.1970,.and.Dr habil in.integrated.circuit.design.in.1977 He.received.the.title.of.full.professor.from.the.president.of.Poland.in.1987 He.was.the.director.of.the.Institute.of.Electronics.(1979–1981).and.the chair.of the solid state electronics.department (1987–1989) at the Technical University of Gdansk,.Poland He.was.a.professor.at.the.University.of.Wyoming,.Laramie,.from 1989 to 2000 From 2000 to 2003, he served as an associate.director at the Microelectronics Research and Telecommunication.Institute,.University.of.Idaho,.Moscow,.and.as.a.professor.in.the.elec-trical.and.computer.engineering.department.and.in.the.computer.sci-ence.department.at.the.same.university Currently,.he.is.the.director.of.ANMSTC—Alabama.Nano/Micro.Science.and.Technology.Center,.Auburn,.and.an.alumna.professor.in.the.electrical.and.computer.engineering.department.at.Auburn.University,.Alabama Dr. Wilamowski.was.with.the.Communication.Institute.at.Tohoku.University,.Japan.(1968–1970),.and.spent.one.year.at.the.Semiconductor.Research.Institute,.Sendai,.Japan,.as.a.JSPS.fellow.(1975–1976) He.was.also.a.visiting.scholar.at.Auburn.University.(1981–1982.and.1995–1996).and.a.visiting.professor.at.the.University.of.Arizona,.Tucson.(1982–1984) He.is.the.author.of.4.textbooks,.more.than.300.refereed.publications,.and.has.27.patents He.was.the.principal.professor.for.about.130.graduate.students His.main.areas.of.interest.include.semiconductor.devices.and.sensors,.mixed.signal.and.analog.signal.processing,.and.computa-tional.intelligence

Dr Wilamowski.was.the.vice.president.of.the.IEEE.Computational.Intelligence.Society.(2000–2004).and.the.president.of.the.IEEE.Industrial.Electronics.Society.(2004–2005) He.served.as.an.associate.edi-

tor.of.IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks,.IEEE Transactions on Education,.IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics,.the.Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems,.the.Journal of Computing,.and.the International Journal of Circuit Systems and IES Newsletter He.is.currently.serving.as.the.editor.in.chief of.IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

Professor.Wilamowski.is.an.IEEE.fellow.and.an.honorary.member.of.the.Hungarian.Academy.of.Science In.2008,.he.was.awarded.the.Commander.Cross.of.the.Order.of.Merit.of.the.Republic.of.Poland.for.outstanding.service.in.the.proliferation.of.international.scientific.collaborations.and.for.achieve-ments.in.the.areas.of.microelectronics.and.computer.science.by.the.president.of.Poland

J David Irwin.received.his.BEE.from.Auburn.University,.Alabama,.

in 1961, and his MS and PhD from the University of Tennessee,.Knoxville,.in.1962.and.1967,.respectively

In.1967,.he.joined.Bell.Telephone.Laboratories,.Inc.,.Holmdel,.New.Jersey,.as.a.member.of.the.technical.staff.and.was.made.a.supervisor.in.1968 He.then.joined.Auburn.University.in.1969.as.an.assistant.professor.of.electrical.engineering He.was.made.an.associate.profes-sor.in.1972,.associate.professor.and.head.of.department.in.1973,.and.professor.and.head.in.1976 He.served.as.head.of.the.Department.of.Electrical.and.Computer.Engineering.from.1973.to.2009 In 1993,.he.was.named.Earle.C Williams.Eminent.Scholar.and.Head From.1982.to.1984,.he.was.also.head.of.the.Department.of.Computer.Science.and.Engineering He.is.currently.the Earle.C Williams.Eminent.Scholar.in.Electrical.and.Computer.Engineering.at.Auburn

Dr Irwin has served the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, Inc (IEEE) Computer

Society.as.a.member.of.the.Education.Committee.and.as.education.editor.of.Computer He.has.served.

as chairman of the Southeastern Association of Electrical Engineering Department Heads and the.National.Association.of.Electrical.Engineering.Department.Heads.and.is.past.president.of.both.the.IEEE.Industrial.Electronics.Society.and.the.IEEE.Education.Society He.is.a.life.member.of.the.IEEE.Industrial.Electronics.Society.AdCom.and.has.served.as.a.member.of.the.Oceanic.Engineering.Society

AdCom He.served.for.two.years.as.editor.of.IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics He.has.served.

on the Executive Committee.of the Southeastern.Center.for.Electrical Engineering Education,.Inc.,.and.was.president.of.the.organization.in.1983–1984 He.has.served.as.an.IEEE.Adhoc.Visitor.for.ABET.Accreditation.teams He.has.also.served.as.a.member.of.the.IEEE.Educational.Activities.Board,.and.was.the.accreditation.coordinator.for.IEEE.in.1989 He.has.served.as.a.member.of.numerous.IEEE.com-mittees,.including.the.Lamme.Medal.Award.Committee,.the.Fellow.Committee,.the.Nominations.and.Appointments.Committee,.and.the.Admission.and.Advancement.Committee He.has.served.as.a.mem-ber.of.the.board.of.directors.of.IEEE.Press He.has.also.served.as.a.member.of.the.Secretary.of.the.Army’s.Advisory.Panel.for.ROTC.Affairs,.as.a.nominations.chairman.for.the.National.Electrical.Engineering.Department.Heads.Association,.and.as.a.member.of.the.IEEE.Education.Society’s.McGraw-Hill/Jacob.Millman Award Committee He.has also served.as.chair.of the IEEE Undergraduate.and Graduate.Teaching.Award.Committee He.is.a.member.of.the.board.of.governors.and.past.president.of.Eta.Kappa.Nu,.the.ECE.Honor.Society He.has.been.and.continues.to.be.involved.in.the.management.of.several.international.conferences.sponsored.by.the.IEEE.Industrial.Electronics.Society,.and.served.as.general.cochair.for.IECON’05

Dr Irwin is the author and coauthor of numerous publications, papers, patent applications, and

presentations,.including Basic Engineering Circuit Analysis,.9th.edition,.published by.John Wiley.&.

Sons,.which.is.one.among.his.16.textbooks His.textbooks,.which.span.a.wide.spectrum.of.engineering.subjects,.have.been.published.by.Macmillan.Publishing.Company,.Prentice.Hall.Book.Company,.John.Wiley.&.Sons.Book.Company,.and.IEEE.Press He.is.also.the.editor.in.chief.of.a.large.handbook.pub-

lished.by.CRC.Press,.and.is.the.series.editor.for.Industrial.Electronics.Handbook for.CRC.Press.

Dr Irwin.is.a.fellow.of.the.American.Association.for.the.Advancement.of.Science,.the.American.Society for Engineering Education, and the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers He.received an IEEE Centennial Medal in 1984, and was awarded the Bliss Medal by the Society of.American.Military.Engineers.in.1985 He.received.the.IEEE.Industrial.Electronics.Society’s.Anthony.J Hornfeck.Outstanding.Service.Award.in.1986,.and.was.named.IEEE.Region.III.(U.S Southeastern.Region) Outstanding Engineering Educator in 1989 In 1991, he received a Meritorious Service.Citation from the IEEE Educational Activities Board, the 1991 Eugene Mittelmann Achievement.Award.from.the.IEEE.Industrial.Electronics.Society,.and.the.1991.Achievement.Award.from.the.IEEE.Education.Society In.1992,.he.was.named.a.Distinguished.Auburn.Engineer In.1993,.he.received.the.IEEE.Education.Society’s.McGraw-Hill/Jacob.Millman.Award,.and.in.1998.he.was.the.recipient.of.the

IEEE.Undergraduate.Teaching.Award In.2000,.he.received.an.IEEE.Third.Millennium.Medal.and.the.IEEE.Richard.M Emberson.Award In.2001,.he.received.the.American.Society.for.Engineering.Education’s.(ASEE).ECE.Distinguished.Educator.Award Dr Irwin.was.made.an.honorary.profes-sor,.Institute.for.Semiconductors,.Chinese.Academy.of.Science,.Beijing,.China,.in.2004 In.2005,.he.received.the.IEEE.Education.Society’s.Meritorious.Service.Award,.and.in.2006,.he.received.the.IEEE.Educational.Activities.Board.Vice.President’s.Recognition.Award He.received.the.Diplome.of.Honor.from.the.University.of.Patras,.Greece,.in.2007,.and.in.2008.he.was.awarded.the.IEEE.IES.Technical.Committee.on.Factory.Automation’s.Lifetime.Achievement.Award In.2010,.he.was.awarded.the.elec-trical.and.computer.engineering.department.head’s.Robert.M Janowiak.Outstanding.Leadership.and.Service.Award In.addition,.he.is.a.member.of.the.following.honor.societies:.Sigma.Xi,.Phi.Kappa.Phi,.Tau.Beta.Pi,.Eta.Kappa.Nu,.Pi.Mu.Epsilon,.and.Omicron.Delta.Kappa.

Aleksey Bratukhin

Institute.for.Integrated.Sensor.SystemsAustrian.Academy.of.SciencesWiener.Neustadt,.Austria

Dietmar Bruckner

Institute.of.Computer.TechnologyVienna.University.of.TechnologyVienna,.Austria

Simon Carlsen

Statoil.ASAHarstad,.Norway

Michael Carroll

Department.of.Electrical.and.Computer

EngineeringAuburn.UniversityAuburn,.Alabama

Gianluca Cena

Istituto.di.Elettronica.e.di.Ingegneria

dell’Informazione.e.delle.TelecomunicazioniItalian.National.Research.Council

Torino,.Italy

Elizabeth Chang

Digital.Ecosystems.and.Business.Intelligence.Institute

Curtin.University.of.TechnologyPerth,.Western.Australia,.Australia

Paolo Ferrari

Department.of.Information.EngineeringUniversity.of.Brescia

Brescia,.Italy

Joaquim Ferreira

Institute.of.TelecommunicationsUniversity.of.Aveiro

Aveiro,.Portugal

Alessandra Flammini

Department.of.Information.EngineeringUniversity.of.Brescia

Brescia,.Italy

José Alberto Fonseca

Department.of.Electronics,.Telecommunications.and.Informatics

Universidade.of.AveiroAveiro,.Portugal

Christian Fraboul

IRIT.INPT-ENSEEIHTUniversité.de.ToulouseToulouse,.France

Fabrice Frances

ISAEUniversité.de.ToulouseToulouse,.France

Heinz Frank

Institute.of.Fast.Mechatronic.SystemsReinhold-Würth-University

Künzelsau,.Germany

Josep M Fuertes

Department.of.Automatic.Control.and.Industrial.Informatics

Universitat.Politècnica.de.CatalunyaBarcelona,.Spain

Donal Heffernan

Department.of.Electronic.and.Computer.Engineering

University.of.LimerickLimerick,.Ireland

Martin Horauer

Department.of.Embedded.SystemsUniversity.of.Applied.Sciences

Technikum WienVienna,.Austria

Tariq Jadoon

Department.of.Computer.ScienceLahore.University.of.Management.SciencesLahore,.Pakistan

Juergen Jasperneite

Institut.Industrial.ITOstwestfalen-Lippe.University.of.Applied.Sciences

Lemgo,.Germany

Klaus Kabitzsch

Faculty.of.Computer.ScienceInstitute.of.Applied.Computer.ScienceDresden.University.of.TechnologyDresden,.Germany

Wolfgang Kastner

Automation.Systems.GroupVienna.University.of.TechnologyVienna,.Austria

Shahid Khattak

Department.of.Electrical.EngineeringCOMSATS.Institute.of.Information.TechnologyAbbotabad,.Pakistan

Alexander Klapproth

CEESAR-iHomeLabLucerne.University.of.Applied.Sciences.and.ArtsLucerne,.Switzerland

Yoseba Peđa Landaburu

Milos Manic

Department.of.Computer.ScienceUniversity.of.Idaho–Idaho.FallsIdaho.Falls,.Idaho

Gặlle Marsal

Department.of.Simulation.and.Information.Technologies.for.Power.Generation.SystemsEDF.Research.and.Development

Chatou,.France

Sidonia Mesentean

Institute.of.Fast.Mechatronic.SystemsReinhold-Würth-University

Künzelsau,.Germany

Ralf Messerschmidt

Institute.for.Automation.and.CommunicationMagdeburg,.Germany

Orazio Mirabella

Department.of.Computer.Engineering

and TelecommunicationsUniversity.of.CataniaCatania,.Italy

Ron Mitchell

RC.SystemsJohnson.City,.Tennessee

Guido Moritz

Institute.of.Applied.Microelectronics

and Computer.EngineeringUniversity.of.Rostock

Rostock,.Germany

Georg Neugschwandtner

Automation.Systems.GroupVienna.University.of.TechnologyVienna,.Austria

Paulo Portugal

Department.of.Electrical.and.Computer

EngineeringUniversity.of.PortoPorto,.Portugal

Vidyasagar Potdar

Digital.Ecosystems.and.Business.Intelligence.Institute

Curtin.University.of.TechnologyPerth,.Western.Australia,.Australia

Fritz Praus

Automation.Systems.GroupVienna.University.of.TechnologyVienna,.Austria

Peter Preininger

LOYTEC.Electronics.GmbHVienna,.Austria

Christian Reinisch

Automation.Systems.GroupVienna.University.of.TechnologyVienna,.Austria

Nelson Rocha

Secção.Autónoma.de.Ciências.da.SaúdeUniversity.of.Aveiro

Aveiro,.Portugal

Peter Rössler

Department.of.Embedded.SystemsUniversity.of.Applied.Sciences

Technikum WienVienna,.Austria

Elio San Cristobal Ruiz

Department.of.Electrical,.Electronics,.and.Control.Engineering

Spanish.University.of.Distance.Education,.UNEDMadrid,.Spain

Saleem Farooq Shaukat

Department.of.Electrical.EngineeringCOMSATS.Institute.of.Information.TechnologyLahore,.Pakistan

Javier Silvestre-Blanes

Instituto.Technolόgico.de.InformáticaUniversidad.Politécnica.de.ValenciaAlcoy,.Spain

Emiliano Sisinni

Department.of.Information.EngineeringUniversity.of.Brescia

Brescia,.Italy

Stefan Soucek

LOYTEC.Electronics.GmbHVienna,.Austria

Mário de Sousa

Department.of.Electrical.and.Computer

EngineeringUniversity.of.PortoPorto,.Portugal

Sergiu-Dan Stan

Department.of.Mechanisms,.Precision

Mechanics.and.MechatronicsTechnical.University.of.Cluj-NapocaCluj-Napoca,.Romania

Strahinja Stankovic

Ninet.Company.Wireless.ISPNis,.Serbia

Alex Talevski

Digital.Ecosystems.and.Business.Intelligence.Institute

Curtin.University.of.TechnologyPerth,.Western.Australia,.Australia

Valeriy Vyatkin

Department.of.Electrical.and.Computer

EngineeringUniversity.of.AucklandAuckland,.New.Zealand

Yan-Wu Wang

Department.of.Control.Science

and EngineeringHuazhong.University.of.Science

and TechnologyHubei,.China

Manfred Weihs

TTTech.Computertechnik.AGVienna,.Austria

Changyun Wen

School.of.Electrical.and.Electronic.EngineeringNanyang.Technological.University

Singapore,.Singapore

Andrew C West

Invensys.Operations.ManagementEight.Mile.Plains,.Queensland,.Australia

Bogdan M Wilamowski

Department.of.Electrical.and.Computer

EngineeringAuburn.UniversityAuburn,.Alabama

Martin Wollschlaeger

Faculty.of.Computer.ScienceInstitute.of.Applied.Computer.ScienceDresden.University.of.TechnologyDresden,.Germany

Gerhard Zucker

Institute.of.Computer.TechnologyVienna.University.of.TechnologyVienna,.Austria

Claudio Zunino

Istituto.di.Elettronica.e.di.Ingegneria

dell’Informazione.e.delle.TelecomunicazioniItalian.National.Research.Council

Torino,.Italy

Technical

Principles

1 ISO/OSI Model Gerhard Zucker and Dietmar Dietrich .1-1

Introduction • Open.Standard • Vertical.and.Horizontal.Communication • Dynamic Behavior.of.Services.and.Protocols • Extensions,.Benefits,.and.Discussion • References

2 Media Herbert Schweinzer, Saleem Farooq Shaukat, and Holger Arthaber .2-1

Introduction • Wired.Links • Optical.Links • Wireless.Links • References

3 Media Access Methods Herbert Haas and Manfred Lindner 3-1

Introduction • Full-Duplex.Media.Access • Synchronous.Access.Arbitration.

Concepts • Statistic.Access.Arbitration.Concepts • Carrier.Sense.Mechanisms.

with Exponential.Backoff • Other.Media.Access.Issues • References

4 Routing in Wireless Networks Teresa Albero-Albero

and Víctor-M. Sempere-Payá .4-1

Introduction • Routing.Protocols.and.Classification • Routing.Protocol.

Families.for.Ad.Hoc.Networks • Routing.Protocol.Families.for.Wireless.

Sensor.Networks • Summary.of.the.Main.Routing.Protocols.in.Wireless.

Networks • Conclusions • Acknowledgment • Abbreviations • References

5 Profiles and Interoperability Gerhard Zucker and Heinz Frank .5-1

Interoperating.Components • Application.of.Profiles • Achieving.

Interoperability • References

6 Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks Vehbi Cagri Gungor

and Gerhard P. Hancke .6-1

Applications • Standardization.Activities • Technical.Challenges • Design.

Goals • Design.Principles.and.Technical.Approaches • Conclusions.and.Future.

Initialization • Vicinity.Card • Frequency.Selection • UHF.RFID • .Supply.

Chain.Management • International.Standard • Promiscuity • National.

Standards • .Hands-Free.Bar.Code.System • Bar.Code.Mentality • Affordable Tag • Ubiquity of RFID • Role.Reversal • Historical.Development • Privacy Infringement • Recent.Developments • Dual.Authentication • Trace- and- Track • Innovative.

Applications • Nonionization.Radiation • Era.of.Artificial.Perception • Abbreviations • References

9 RFID Technology and Its Industrial Applications Vidyasagar Potdar,

Atif Sharif, and Elizabeth Chang .9-1

Introduction • RFID.Architecture • Item.Tracking.and.Tracing • Access.

Control • Anticounterfeiting • Conclusion • References

10 Ultralow-Power Wireless Communication Joern Ploennigs, Volodymyr

Vasyutynskyy, and Klaus Kabitzsch 10-1

Introduction • Hardware.Approaches • Communication.Protocol.

Approaches • Application.Layer.Approaches • Conclusion.and.Open.

Topics • References

11 Industrial Strength Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network

Technology Vidyasagar Potdar, Atif Sharif, and Elizabeth Chang 11-1

Introduction • Wireless.Sensor.Network • WMSN.Architecture • WMSN.

Hardware • Applications.of.WMSNs • WMSNs’.Technical.

Challenges • Conclusion • References

12 A Survey of Wireless Sensor Networks for Industrial

Applications Stig Petersen and Simon Carlsen 12-1

Introduction • Wireless.Sensor.Network.Basics • Motivation.and.Drivers.for.Wireless.

Instrumentation • Industrial.Applications.and.Requirements • Technology.Survey.

and Evaluation • Conclusion • Abbreviations • References

13 Vertical Integration Thilo Sauter, Stefan Soucek, and Martin Wollschlaeger .13-1

Introduction • Historical.Background • Network.Interconnections • Application.

View • Security.Aspects.in.Vertical.Integration • Trends.in.Vertical.Integration • Abbreviations • References

14 Multimedia Service Convergence Alex Talevski .14-1

Introduction • Background • Service-Oriented.Architecture • Tailorability • Multimedia.Convergence.Using.Service.Architecture • Conclusion • References

Introduction • Virtual.Automation.Network:.Basics • Name-Based.Addressing.

and.Routing, Runtime.Tunnel.Establishment • Maintenance.of.the.Runtime.Tunnel.

Based.on Quality- of-Service.Monitoring.and.Provider.Switching • VAN.Telecontrol.

Profile • Abbreviations • References

16 Industrial Agent Technology Aleksey Bratukhin, Yoseba Peña Landaburu,

Paulo Leitão, and Rainer Unland .16-1

Introduction • Agents.and.Multi-Agent.Systems • Agents.and.Multi-Agent.Systems.

in.Industry • Application.Areas • Agents.and.Multi-Agent.Systems.in.Industry:.

Conclusions • Abbreviations • References

17 Real-Time Systems Lucia Lo Bello, José Alberto Fonseca,

and Wilfried Elmenreich .17-1

Introduction.on.Real-Time.Systems • Real-Time.Communication • Design.Paradigms.

for.Real-Time.Systems • Design.Challenges.in.Real-Time.Industrial.Communication.

Systems • References

18 Clock Synchronization in Distributed Systems Georg Gaderer

and Patrick Loschmidt .18-1

Introduction • Precision.Time.Protocol • IEEE.1588.System.Model • Service.Access.

Points • Ordinary.Clocks • Boundary.Clocks • Precision.Time.Protocol,.IEEE.

1588–2008.(PTPv2) • Network.Time.Protocol • Network.Time.Protocol.Strata • Architecture,.Protocol,.and.Algorithms • NTP.Clock.Synchronization.Hardware.

Requirements • Synchronization.Algorithms.of.NTP • References

19 Quality of Service Gabriel Diaz Orueta, Elio San Cristobal Ruiz,

Nuria Oliva Alonso, and Manuel Castro Gil .19-1

Introduction • Relationship.with.Information.Security.Topics • Quality.of.Service.for.IP Networks • Special.Considerations.for.Managing.the.Quality.of.Service • References

20 Network-Based Control Josep M Fuertes, Mo-Yuen Chow, Ricard Villà,

Rachana Gupta, and Jordi Ayza .20-1

Introduction • Mutual.Concepts.in.Control.and.in.Communications • Architecture.

of.Networked-Based.Control • Network.Effects.in.Control.Performance • Design.

in NBC • Summary • References

21 Functional Safety Thomas Novak and Andreas Gerstinger .21-1

Introduction • The.Meaning.of.Safety • Safety.Standards • The.Safety.

Lifecycle.and.Safety.Methods • Safety.Approach.for.Industrial.Communication.

System • Acronyms • References

22 Security in Industrial Communication Systems Wolfgang Granzer

and Albert Treytl .22-1

Introduction.to.Security.in.Industrial.Communication • Planned.Approach.to.Security: Defense.in.Depth • Security.Measures.to.Counteract.Network.Attacks • Security.

Measures.to.Counteract.Device.Attacks • State.of.the.Art.in.Automation.

Systems • Outlook.and.Conclusion • Abbreviations • References

23 Secure Communication Using Chaos Synchronization Yan-Wu Wang

and Changyun Wen .23-1

Introduction • Chaos.Synchronization • Secure.Communication.Using.Chaos.

Synchronization • References

1.1 Introduction

The.ISO/OSI.model.was.developed.and.standardized.in.the.late.1970s.by.the.International.Organization.for.Standardization.as.the.standard.ISO.IS.7498 It.supports.designers.by.easing.the.definition.of.com-munication.protocols.in.a.way.that.they.operate.correctly.and.are.easy.to.maintain.[Hay.88] The.name.OSI.originates.from.open.systems.interconnection The.model.is.not.intended.as.strict.implementation.rules,.because.a.real.system.will.always.have.to.adapt.to.requirements.of.price,.economy,.and.flexibility.Instead,.the.ISO/OSI.model.represents.an.abstract.definition.(independent.from.hardware.or.soft-ware.implementation).consisting.of.hierarchical.layers Related.functions.are.grouped.together.in.layers.with.strict.separation.between.horizontal.and.vertical.communication The.standard.defines.services,.protocols,.and.interfaces The.original.intention.was.to.define.a.model.for.connecting.computers.for.data.transfer,.logging.into.remote.computers,.and.so.on Requirements.like.real-time,.protocols.for.embed-ded.microcontrollers.or.protocols.for.field.buses.were.of.no.concern,.which.has.to.be.considered.when.applying.the.ISO/OSI.model.to.such.systems

In.a.first.step,.all.subfunctions.that.contributed.to.communications.were.collected.as.shown.in.Figure.1.1.in.the.top.right.cloud,.where.each.subfunction.is.represented.by.a.circle These.subfunctions.were.then.assigned.to.separate.layers The.fact.that.the.model.consists.of.seven.layers.does.not.have.tech-nical.reasons,.but.represents.the.common.agreement.between.the.participants.of.the.workgroup.that.was.responsible.for.the.definition.of.the.model In.this.way,.each.layer.was.assigned.to.have.a.dedicated.function,.which.consists.of.subfunctions

The.protocol.stacks.(i.e.,.the.systems.that.are.designed.based.on.this.model).shall.contain.evenly.distributed.subfunctions.over.all.layers Subfunctions.that.are.too.different.shall.not.be.included.in.the.same.layer.and.the.interfaces.shall.be.designed.toward.a.low.amount.of.information.that.has.to.be.exchanged.between.the.layers.(in.order.to.keep.the.overhead.low)

The.standard.defines.many.more.rules.that.shall.encourage.a.uniform.and.logical.structure The.use.of.specific.description.language.(SDL).is.required.to.avoid.endless.sequences.of.unstructured.code.as.well.as.flow.diagram,.which.in.the.end.lead.to.the.SDL.and.its.corresponding.tools.[Ols.92].that.are.used.in.telecommunications

The.ISO/OSI.model.was.a.great.leap.forward.in.the.design.of.protocols It.created.orderliness.and.a.uniform structure that builds a commonly approved base for the standardization of protocols and

1

ISO/OSI Model

1.1 Introduction 1-1 1.2 Open.Standard 1-3

Layer.Functionalities

1.3 Vertical.and.Horizontal.Communication 1-5 1.4 Dynamic.Behavior.of.Services.and.Protocols 1-6 1.5 Extensions,.Benefits,.and.Discussion 1-9 References 1-9

Some.literature.states.that.the.ISO/OSI.model.has.finished.the.language.confusion.that.existed.in.technical.communication This.is.a.bit.of.exaggeration,.since.the.model.does.not.claim.to.define.a.uni-form.language.for.all.communication.tasks If.that.would.have.been.the.goal,.the.model.would.only.contain.descriptions.for.these.tasks;.instead,.it.describes.the.principles.of.communication Considering.the.vastly.different.communication.tasks.in,.e.g.,.an.airplane.and.in.a.washing.machine,.this.appears.to.be.the.only.feasible.approach

Where.shall.the.communication.system.be.located.within.a.system?.There.is.no.common.opinion.to.this.question,.especially.since.at.the.time.the.ISO/OSI.model.was.defined,.the.only.separation.that.was.done.was.between.application.and.communication.system;.an.operating.system.was.not.considered

at all.* Today,.the.operating system is.well established.as.being located.underneath the application,.and.sometimes.the.communication.system.is.included.into.the.operating.system,.sometimes.it.is.not.included Automation.prefers.a.design.according.to.Figure.1.2,.where.the.communication.system.is.a.separate.unit.underneath.the.operating.system.and.establishes.the.connection.to.different.networks.Consistent.with.the.hierarchical.model,.the.interface.of.the.communication.unit.provides.its.services.to.the.module.above.it—the.operating.system.(given.that.it.exists.in.the.system),.which.again.provides.its.services.to.the.applications According.to.the.top-down.design,.the.developer.shall.specify.this.inter-face.only.after.the.application.and.the.operating.system.have.been.specified However,.reality.shows.that.this.is.often.not.the.case Communication.has.to.follow.a.standard,.since.it.generally.connects.systems.of.different.vendors The.dilemma.can.be.resolved.partly.by.allowing.the.definition.of.different

* The.fact.that.the.operating.system.did.not.play.an.important.role.is.also.shown.in.the.name.“application.layer,”.which would.more.accurately.be.named.“operating.system.layer.”

7 6

1

FIGURE 1.1 Development.of.the.model.

Today,.we.see.that.most.fieldbus.protocols.in.industrial.automation.consist.of.at.most.three.layers;.building.automation.protocols.usually.have.more.layers The.LonTalk.protocol.[Loy.05].(ANSI/CEA.709.1.and.ISO/IEC.14908-1).even.implements.all.seven.layers

1.2 Open Standard

The.term.“open.system”.is.well.defined.in.ISO:.a.“system”.is.in.this.context.a.complete.facility.(unit),.that.is,.computers.(like.process.computers).and.data.processing.machines.with.peripheral.devices.like.stor-age,.front-end.computers,.data.stations,.or.application.software Such.a.system.contains.communication.partners.and.(parts.of).a.communication.system

The.term.“open”.has.a.stricter.meaning.than.as.it.is.used.in.common.language,.and.cannot.be.used.freely.in.the.area.of.communications.(even.if.marketing.wants.to.interpret.it.differently) A.system.is

cially.standardized.(nationally.or.internationally) A.quasi-standard.or.a.special.standard.defined.by.a.company.is.not.valid In.such.a.way,.the.distribution.(publication).is.guaranteed—which.shall.ensure.equal.opportunities.between.companies

“open,”.if.it.meets.certain.requirements The.first.authoritative.requirement.is.that.the.protocol.is.offi-In.1997,.the.different.European.committees.struggled.hard.to.define.the.requirement.how.the.term.may.be.interpreted CEN.and.CENELEC.agree.that—in.accordance.with.the.reference.model—a.system.is.open,.if.the.protocols.have.been.opened.(i.e.,.standardized).and.are.not.protected.by.a.patent.that.prevents.competitors.to.design.the.same.protocol Licenses.have.to.be.available.for.everyone.at.“reasonable”.prices.The ISO/OSI reference model describes functions, not hardware or software It does not dictate.manufacturers.which.technology.to.use.in.their.products It.only.prescribes.how.the.technology.has.to.behave,.seen.from.the.outside

Unfortunately,.the.standard.for.a.protocol.cannot.be.compared.with.a.physical.unit.like.a.screw A.standard.is.complex.and.thus.never.completely.error.free This.was.considered.regarding.different

terms Two systems.are.called.interconnectable, if.they.are.subject.to.the.same.standard This.does, however,.not.mean.that.they.cooperate If.cooperation.shall.be.guaranteed,.interworkability.is.required,.

devices.cooperate,.we.have.reached.interoperability.

1.2.1 Layer Functionalities

The.OSI.model.defines.seven.layers,.each.of.which.has.dedicated.functions A.brief.description.of.these.functions.is.given.in.the.following

1.2.1.1 Layer 1: Physical Layer

This.layer.covers.the.physical.part.of.the.communication It.contains.all.hardware.specification.data,.including.the.signals.used,.the.electrical.and.mechanical.characteristics.of.the.connection,.and.all.func-tional.parameters.that.are.necessary,.which.include.tasks.like.activating,.maintaining,.and.terminating.the.physical.connection

1.2.1.2 Layer 2: Link Layer

The.link.layer.is.responsible.for.providing.an.error-free.connection.from.one.node.to.another.node.in.the.same.network.segment.(point-to-point.communication) It.has.to.correct.errors.that.occur.during.the.physical.transmission.by.using,.for.example,.error-correction.codes For.that,.it.needs.error-correction.algorithms.and.redundant.information.in.the.received.data It.also.adds.source.and.destination.address.to.the.packets.that.are.transmitted

1.2.1.3 Layer 3: Network Layer

The.network.layer.defines.the.path.that.packets.take.on.their.way.through.the.network A.packet.that.is.addressed.to.a.destination.address.will.not.always.be.transmitted.directly.to.its.receiver.but.will.rather.be.passed.from.one.part.of.the.network.to.the.other.until.it.reaches.its.destination This.is.done.by.rout-ing.the.packets,.an.algorithm.that.can.be.implemented.in.different.ways,.depending.on.the.capabilities.of.the.components Layer.3.defines.addresses,.which.are.not.related.to.the.addresses.on.layer.2.(if.they.are.implemented) The.network.layer.also.is.responsible.for.establishing.and.terminating.network.connections.and.reestablishing.broken.network.connections

1.2.1.4 Layer 4: transport Layer

The.transport.layer.is.responsible.for.the.flow.control.of.data.that.is.sent.from.one.end.user.to.the.other.(end-to-end.connection).and.for.assigning.logical.addresses.to.the.physical.addresses.that.are.used.by.the.network.layer It.uses.the.network.layers’.ability.to.establish.network.connections.in.order.to.guaran-tee.that.messages.really.reach.their.end.users,.which.also.includes.retransmission.of.lost.packets

1.2.1.5 Layer 5: Session Layer

In.order.to.establish.a.session,.the.session.layer.has.to.make.sure.that.all.the.end.users.agree.on.the.same.session.protocol;.therefore,.the.participants.first.have.to.negotiate.a.common.protocol,.which.is.then.used.throughout.the.session The.session.layer.defines.how.a.session.is.started.and.terminated,.describes.how.data-exchange.is.established,.and.is.responsible.for.end-user.identification.(e.g.,.by.password)

1.2.1.6 Layer 6: Presentation Layer

able.for.the.end.user If,.for.example,.an.integer.number.is.transmitted,.the.presentation.layer.knows.how.to.interpret.the.bytes.that.make.up.the.number.and.is.able.to.provide.a.mathematical.value.to.the.application.layer.(e.g.,.by.first.converting.big.endian.to.little.endian) Conversion.of.data.is.covered.here.as.well.as.optional.encryption.of.information