[1] experienced an actual case of ingestion of a large amount of permethrin-containing emulsion Adio®, Agros, Tokyo, Japan and measured the concentrations of its cis and trans isomers in
Trang 1© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2005
Introduction
Pyrethroids are the general term for insecticide pyrethrins and their analogs ( cinerins and jasmolins) being included in the fl owers of pyrethrum or chrysanthemum Trace concentra-tions of pyrethroids exert rapid toxic eff ects on insects, but are rapidly metabolized for
detoxi-fi cation in warm-blooded animals; they are insecticides with very high safety for humans
On the basis of clarifi cation of chemical structures of the eff ective components of the pyre-thrum, many of new synthetic pyrethroids were developed Nowadays, the natural pyrethroids are almost replaced by the synthetic ones Th ey are not only being used for household insecti-cides, but also being used in agriculture worldwide Th ey count about 1/3 of the total insecti-cides, and are even increasing at the present time
Products containing pyrethroid insecticides are numerous; their toxicities for humans are generally low However, since phenotrin, permethrin and empenthrin are ubiquitous as powders, emulsions and moth repellants for clothes, there are possibilities of their accidental and suicidal ingestion
Permethrina (> Figure 4.1) [3-phenoxybenzyl(1RS)-cis,
trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylate] is one of the pyrethroids with the lowest toxicities and being used very widely; the author et al [1] experienced an actual case of ingestion of a large amount of permethrin-containing emulsion (Adio®, Agros, Tokyo, Japan) and measured the
concentrations of its cis and trans isomers in blood and gastric juice In this chapter, a method
of HPLC analysis for permethrin in serum is presented
Structure of permethrin.
⊡ Figure 4.1
Reagents and their preparation
• Pure cis- and trans-permethrin isomers can be obtained from Wako Pure Chemical
Indus-tries, Ltd., Osaka, Japan; the mixture of the isomers from ICN (Costa Mesa, CA, USA) In the case of the mixture, the confi rmation of the composition ratio is essential
• Th e standard permethrin methanolic solution is prepared at 1–10 µg/mL and stored in a light-shading bottle
Trang 2• Other common chemicals are of the special or HPLC grade Th e water b to be used for a mobile phase or pretreatments should not be stored in a plastic container, but be stored in
a glass one
HPLC conditions
HPLC column c: Bensil 5C18-C (15 cm × 4.6 mm i.d., Bentec, Chiba, Japan; guard column: LiChrospher PR 18e (4 × 4 mm i.d., Merck Japan, Tokyo, Japan)
HPLC conditions; instrumentsd: LC-10A; data processor: C-R4A (Shimadzu Corp., Kyoto, Japan); column temperature: 40 °C; mobile phase: acetonitrile/0.01 M K2HPO4 (pH 6.5, adjusted with phosphoric acid) (75:25, v/v); fl ow rate: 1.0 mL/min; detection wavelength e:
UV 210 nm
Procedure
i Permethrin is a lipophilic compound When a plastic blood-collecting tube containing a serum-separating agent is used for sampling a small amount of blood, permethrin is easily adsorbed to the serum-separating agent ( polyolefi n or polystyrene), causing low recoveries
of this compound For samplings of blood specimens, usual glass blood-collecting tubes should be used
ii A 100-µL volume of serum and 200-µL acetonitrile are placed in a 500-µL volume polypro-pylene tube, vortex-mixed for 10 s, sonicated for 1 min and centrifuged at 15,000 g for
1 min
iii A 100-µL volume of the supernatant solution is injected into HPLC using an auto injector
iv When it is within several hours aft er ingestion, there is a possibility of the presence
of permethrin in gastric juice; in such cases, gastric juice and/or gastrolavage fl uid should
be obtained Either of them is diluted 100–1,000 fold with water/methanol (1:1) for analy-sis; a 100-µL of the solution is processed in the same way as that of the above serum speci-men
v Construction of a calibration curve: a 10-µL volume each of the standard permethrin solu-tions (1–10 µg/mL) is placed in a 1.5-mL volume sample tube and evaporated to dryness under a stream of nitrogen or by leaving it at room temperature A 1-mL volume of serum
is added to each residue and vortex- mixed for 10 s; a 100-µL each of the spiked sera at various concentrations is processed according to the above procedure Th e external cali-bration method is used for quantitation using peak areas f
Assessment and some comments on the method
Since the toxicity of permethrin is low, its poisoning cases are few; the reports on chromatog-raphic analysis of permethrin in human blood are very limited [1] Th ere are reports on anal-ysis by HPLC or GC (GC/MS) for permethrin in foods (oil [2], milk [3] and grain [4]), chemi-cal products (shampoo and lotion [5]), biologichemi-cal specimens (rat plasma and urine [6–8]) and environmental water [9]
Trang 3For toxin screening by GC/MS, such analysis becomes possible using gastric juice and/or gastrolavage fl uid, if it is within several hours aft er ingestion Th e gastric juice or gastrolavage
fl uid is diluted 100–1,000 fold with methanol; a 1–2 µL aliquot of the solution is injected into GC/MS Th e GC/MS conditions are; column: a methylsilicone chemical-bonded capillary
column; column temperature: 50 °C → 15 °C/min → 300 °C; scan range: m/z 50–400 Under these conditions, the isomers of permethrin can be separated; cis-permethrin appears earlier than trans-permethrin Aft er identifi cation of permethrin in gastric juice or gastrolavage fl uid,
its quantitative analysis can be done by HPLC
In this method, the deproteinization is being employed using a water-soluble organic solvent g; it is accomplished only by the addition of 2 volumes of acetonitrile to serum Such simplicity of the procedure results in good reproducibility; the intra-day CV values are not greater than 3 %
Th e detection wavelengthe is set at 210 nm Th e absorbance ratios are: 200/210 nm = 1.32; 220/210 nm = 0.68; 260/210 nm = 0.036; 270/210 nm = 0.048; 280/210 nm = 0.039 Th e ab-sorbance is higher at shorter wavelengths When the interference by impurities of serum and the sensitivity are taken into consideration, the wavelength at 210 nm is optimal > Figure 4.2
shows HPLC chromatograms for permethrin in sera of a patient, who had ingested a large amount of permethrin emulsion
Th e recovery of permethrin from serum was 95.0 % at 500 ng/mL of the spiked concentra-tion Good linearity could be obtained in the range of 50–1,000 ng/mL Th e detection limit was
20 ng/mL (S/N = 3)
Th e advantages of the use of the reversed phase HPLC for analysis of permethrin in serum are the simplicity of pretreatments and rapidness of analysis; it seems more useful than GC in clinical analysis
HPLC chromatograms for extracts of sera obtained from a permethrin-poisoned patient 3 h and
3 months after admission.
⊡ Figure 4.2
Trang 4For more sensitive analysis, the condensation of permethrin using Sep-Pak C18 [6] (Waters, Milford, MA, USA) or Extrelut (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) extraction becomes necessary
Poisoning case, and toxic and fatal concentrations
A 59-year-old male [1] attempted suicide by ingesting 600 mL of 20 % permethrin emulsion (Adion®) and sent to a hospital under clouding of his consciousness He had had a past history
of mania-depression and renal dysfunction Upon the fi rst examination, his consciousness level was 100 (JCS), and incontinent diarrhea with whitish water-like stools, which gave a in-secticide-like smell, was observed Th e laboratory tests showed high values of BUN and creati-nine probably due to metabolic acidosis and renal dysfunction By treatments, such as endotra-cheal intubation, gastrolavage, administrations of activated charcoal and magnesium citrate and transfusion, his conditions were improved; aft er 15 h, his consciousness became clear and the metabolic acidosis was improved On day 11, he was transferred to the psychiatric depart-ment
Th e concentrations of permethrin isomers were: trans-form 96 ng/mL and cis-form 118 ng/
mL upon admission; trans-form 253 ng/mL and cis-form 615 ng/mL reaching the maximum
levels aft er 3 h; the levels decreased thereaft er Th e areas under the curves (AUC) of perme-thrin at 24 h aft er ingestion were 2,700 and 6,280 ng · h/mL for trans- and cis-forms, respec-tively; the trans/cis ratio of the AUC was 0.43 (trans/cis concentration ratio for the Adion®
emulsion, 1.30) Th is shows faster blood clearance of the trans-form of permethrin than that of the cis-form in humans.
Th e metabolic rate of the trans-form of permethrin is faster than that of the cis-form also
in rats and mice; the residual permethrin in cow milk is higher for the cis-form than for the
trans-one [10] Th ese data are in agreement with those of the patient
Notes
a) Th e structures of the cis- and trans-forms of permethrin are due to diff erent locations of the
dichlorovinyl group and of the carboxylic acid ester group against the plane of the dimethyl-cyclopropane ring In addition, there are optical isomers (1 RS) for each form, which can
be separated only with a column having a chiral activity
b) Th e mobile phase conditions for HPLC analysis of permethrin are similar to those for plas-ticizers to be used for production of plastics Th is means that the permethrin measure-ments may be interfered by plasticizers in HPLC chromatograms; such interference should
be taken into consideration, especially when an isocratic mode is changed into a gradient mode
c) For separation, any column packed with porous silica gel (particle size, 5 µm) chemically bonded by ODS (C18) (carbonization rate, about 15 %) can be used If the size of the column
is the same (15 cm × 4.6 mm i.d.), similar separation property can be obtained
d) For HPLC and its data processor, a system, which enables the storage of data in FD or HDD and various manipulations of peaks such as magnifi cation, reduction and other changes on CRT, is most preferable Without such a system, the sensitivity becomes about 5 times lower (detection limit, about 100 ng/mL)
Trang 5e) When a UV detector is used for HPLC analysis, the setting of a wavelength is very impor-tant; it is desirable to use a longer wavelength to avoid the interference by biological impurities Th e UV absorbance is dependent on the π bond (π electrons) Th e location
of absorption maximum has a regular relationship with the presence of conjugated double bonds (conjugated olefi n), and with the kinds and the number of substituents for the unsaturated carbonyl compounds ( Woodward rule) Th e more conjugated double bonds give more shift of absorbance toward a longer wavelength (from UV to visible ranges) UV absorption spectra of compounds having phenyl groups like permethrin show λmax at 260 °C 280 nm; there is a trend that lower absorbance of a compound is obtained for a lower ratio of phenyl group(s) to the molecular size When a detection wavelength is set at 200–220 nm, the absorbance becomes higher However, in this range
of wavelengths, the absorbance due to an impurity compound having a single double-bond appears; such absorbance due to impurities interferes with that of a target com-pound Th erefore, it is not necessary to set a detection wavelength at λmax of the pound; it is more important to avoid the interference by absorbance of impurity com-pounds, and it is most preferable to select a wavelength, which is highly specifi c to a target compound
f) For quantitation of a compound by HPLC, the internal or external calibration method is being utilized using peak heights or peak areas Peak heights are very susceptible to degra-dation of a separation column or a guard column, and to the increase of dead volumes due
to undesirable piping; peak areas are much more resistant to these problems and thus give better reproducibility
g) When deproteinization is performed by using a water-soluble organic solvent for the pretreatment of a biomedical specimen such as serum, followed by centrifugation to obtain clear supernatant extract to be directly injected into reversed phase HPLC, there is
a possibility of deformation of a peak shape (leading and/or decrease in the number of theoretical plates) Th is phenomenon is due to the solvent of a specimen to be injected into HPLC; it appears when the elution ability of the solvent is higher than that of the mobile phase Th e solvent makes a part of a compound eluted faster In this method, the deprotein-ization with acetonitrile gave 67 % acetonitrile extract solution Th erefore, such eff ect may appear, when the content of acetonitrile in the mobile phase is lower than 67 % (using columns of ODS with a low carbonization ratio or columns of a chemical-bonded octyl or phenyl group)
References
1) Gotoh Y, Kawakami M, Matsumoto N et al (1998) Permethrin emulsion ingestion: clinical manifestations and clearance of isomers J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 36:57–61
2) Ramesh A, Balasubramanian M (1998) Rapid preconcentration for the determination of pyrethroid insecticides
in vegetable oils and butter fat and simultaneous determination by gas chromatography-electron capture detection and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry Analyst 123:1799–1802
3) Di Muccio A, Pelosi P, Barbini DA et al (1997) Selective extraction of pyrethroid pesticide residues from milk by solid-matrix dispersion J Chromatogr A 765:51–60
4) Dicke W, Ocker HD, Their HP (1988) Residue analysis of pyrethroid insecticides in cereal grain, milled fractions and bread Z Lebensm Unters Forsch 186:125–129
5) Garcia E, Garcia A, Barbas C (2001) Validated HPLC method for quantifying permethrin in pharmaceutical
Trang 66) Abu-Qare AW, Abou-Donia MB (2000) Simultaneous determination of pyridostigmine bromide, N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide, permethrin, and their metabolites in rat plasma and urine by high-performance liquid chroma-tography J Chromatogr B 749:171–178
7) Abu-Qare AW, Abou-Donia MB (2001) Simultaneous determination of malathion, permethrin, DEET N,N-di-ethyl-m-toluamide and their metabolites in rat plasma and urine using high performance liquid chromatogra-phy J Pharm Biomed Anal 26:291–299
8) Abu-Qare AW, Abou-Donia MB (2001) Simultaneous determination of chlorpyrifos, permethrin, and their metabolites in rat plasma and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography J Anal Toxicol 25:275–279 9) Rawn GP, Webster GR, Muir DC (1982) Fate of permethrin in model outdoor ponds J Environ Sci Health B 17:463–486
10) The Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues (1980) JMPR Pesticide Residues in Food 1979 Evaluations Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, pp 369–425