Quản lý di sản văn hóa và thiên nhiên thế giới ở việt nam theo công ước di sản thế giới TT TA

Therefore, the study, identification, supplementation and correction for the better management of World Heritage in our country, in the spirit of the Convention, Operational Guidelines f

HANOI UNIVERSITY OF CULTURE

********

NGUYEN VIET CUONG

MANAGEMENT OF WORLD CULTURAL AND

NATURAL HERITAGES IN VIET NAM

UNDER THE WORLD HERITAGE CONVENTION

Major: Cultural Management

HA NOI UNIVERSITY OF CULTURE MINISTRY OF CULTURE, SPORTS AND TOURISM

Scientific Supervisors: 1 Assoc Prof Dr Dang Van Bai

2 Assoc Prof Dr Nguyen Sy Toan

Reviewer 1: Prof Dr Truong Quoc Binh

Vietnam National Institute Of Culture and Arts Studies

Reviewer 2: Assoc Prof Dr Trinh Thi Minh Duc

Viet Cutural Architectural Heritage Conservation and Restoration, JSC

Reviewer 3: Dr Nguyen The Hung

Ministry of Culture, Sports and Toursim

The dissertation will be defended at University level Doctoral Dissertation

Assessment Committee at Ha Noi University of Culture

418 La Thanh street, Dong Da, Ha Noi

On:… , day… month … , 2021

The dissertation can be found at:

- The National Library of Viet Nam

- Library of Ha Noi University of Culture

ABSTRACT

1 Rationale for the study

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) was established in 1945, in which one of the main priority areas of activity was the protection of the world's cultural and natural heritages The World Heritage Sites recognized by UNESCO all carry in themselves

"Outstanding Universal Values", to which all countries are aware of and share and are one of the foundations of mankind development and the path to bring peoples and nations closer together

In 1972, an important document on cultural heritage was approved by UNESCO, which is the Convention for the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage (World Heritage Convention/Convention) This is the only Convention that combines the protection of cultural heritage and natural heritage, with the most profound effects, studied and applied by member countries in the protection and management of World Heritage in their countries Since its inception, although the content of the Convention has not changed, the Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention (the Operational Guidelines) has been regularly revised and supplemented to update the new visions of UNESCO and later detail and concretize those views, to assist member states in implementing the Convention

By 2020, 194 countries have ratified and become parties to this Convention Viet Nam officially ratified the accession to the Convention in 1987

Since joining the Convention, Viet Nam has had 08 cultural, natural and mixed heritages inscribed in the World Heritage List Also since 1987, we have had many changes in awareness, theory and practice in this field, reflected in the legal system on cultural heritage that has been gradually built closer to the spirit of the Convention such as regulations on cultural heritage, natural heritage, cultural landscape, Outstanding Universal Values, integrity, authenticity of cultural heritage ; Viet Nam's management of World Heritage has also been positively affected by the Convention on policies, organizational structure, personnel, investment resources to protect heritage Especially, since the first property was inscribed in the World Heritage List (1993), the protection and management of World Heritages has made many positive changes: The system of legal documents has been gradually improved, the structure of World Heritage management bodies has been gradually consolidated from the central to the local level, resources to protect the World Heritages are prioritized and mobilized to the maximum level

compared to other heritages We also always enlist international support to protect World Heritages Therefore, the integrity and authenticity that make up the Outstanding Universal Values of World Heritage Sites are still protected; heritage values are being promoted quite effectively However, the management of World Heritages in Viet Nam still reveals limitations and inadequacies in different aspects that need to be overcome

In the past time, the study of World Heritages in general, World Heritage management in Viet Nam in particular has been paid attention to by many scholars and there have been a number of research works referring to the management and conservation of specific World Heritage sites However, there has not been a single work that approaches and studies the management of World Heritage in Viet Nam in accordance with the Convention's provisions in

a holistic manner Therefore, the study, identification, supplementation and correction for the better management of World Heritage in our country, in the spirit of the Convention, Operational Guidelines for the implementation of the Convention and the Policy for the integration of a sustainable development perspective into the processes of the World Heritage Convention (UNESCO, 2015), (Policy on World Heritage and Sustainable Development of UNESCO) is

a necessary, scientific and practical work

From the above reasons, the PhD student chose the topic "Management

of World Cultural and Natural Heritages in Viet Nam under the World Heritage Convention" as the topic of his doctoral dissertation specializing in

Cultural Management

2 Objectives and objects of the study

2.1 Objectives of the study

Proposing solutions to improve the efficiency of World Heritage management in Viet Nam in line with the contents of the Convention, the Operational Guidelines for the implementation of the World Heritage Convention and UNESCO's Policy on World Heritages and Sustainable Development

2.2 Missions of the study

To achieve the above research purpose, the thesis has the following tasks:

- Systematize issues related to World Heritage management, the Convention, the Operational Guidelines for the implementation of the Convention, UNESCO's Policy on World Heritage and Sustainable Development to form the theoretical basis for the dissertation

- Analysis and assessment of the current status of World Heritage management in Vietnam according to the World Heritage Convention

- Study orientations of UNESCO and Viet Nam, experiences of some countries in the world on World Heritage management

- Proposing solutions to improve the efficiency of World Heritage management in Viet Nam according to the UNESCO Convention towards Sustainable Development Goals in the coming time

3 Objects and scope of the study

3.1 Objects of the study

The dissertation focuses on researching World Heritage management in the spirit of the Convention, Operational Guidelines for the implementation of the Convention and UNESCO's Policy on World Heritage and Sustainable Development

3.2 Scope of the study

- About space

Focusing on research on 08 World Heritage Sites in Vietnam, including: Complex of the Hue Monuments (Thua Thien Hue), Hoi An Ancient Town and My Son (Quang Nam), Central Sector of the Imperial Citadel of Thang Long - Ha Noi (Ha Noi), Citadel of the Ho Dynasty (Thanh Hoa), Ha Long Bay (Quang Ninh), Phong Nha - Ke Bang National Park (Quang Binh), Trang

An Landscape Complex (Ninh Binh); and also central, local and coordinating entities In addition, the dissertation also surveys and learns about the management of World Heritage in relevant domestic and international organizations and individuals

- About time

The dissertation focuses on studying the current status of World Heritage management in Viet Nam under the World Heritage Convention from 1993 to present 1993 was the year that Viet Nam had the first cultural heritage inscribed

in the World Heritage List - Complex of Hue Monuments In some cases, for comparison, the dissertation may refer to activities at earlier timelines

4 Research hypothesis and research questions

4.1 Research hypothesis

- Management of World Heritage in Viet Nam over the past time has not completely met the requirements of World Heritage protection stated in the Convention and its Operational Guidelines, especially from the perspective of sustainable development by UNESCO

- We have a basis to improve the efficiency of World Heritage management in Viet Nam in the coming time

4.2 Research question

- What are the current contents of World Heritage management activities

in Viet Nam under the World Heritage Convention?

- How have World Heritage management activities in Viet Nam contributed

to sustainable development from the point of view of UNESCO?

- What solutions to improve and enhance the management of World Heritage in Vietnam?

Practically:

- It is the first work that fully points out the shortcomings and limitations in World Heritage management in Viet Nam according to the World Heritage Convention

- Propose necessary, appropriate and feasible solutions to overcome inadequacies and limitations to improve the efficiency of World Heritage management towards the goal of sustainable development

- As a reference for managers, practitioners, and policy makers in the process of adjusting policies and strategies for World Heritage management in Viet Nam close to the Convention, Operational Guidelines for the implementation of the Convention and UNESCO's viewpoints on sustainable development in World Heritage management

Chapter 3 Solutions to improve the efficiency of the management of World Cultural and Natural Heritage in Viet Nam in accordance with the World Heritage Convention

Chapter 1 OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH SITUATION, THEORETICAL BASIS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF WORLD CULTURAL AND NATURAL HERITAGES UNDER THE WORLD

HERITAGE CONVENTION AND AN OVERVIEW

OF WORLD HERITAGES IN VIET NAM 1.1 Overview of research situation

1.1.1 Studies on policies, principles, and orientations for World Heritage management

With this content, it is possible to mention the research documents and orientations on World Heritage management of international organizations such as UNESCO, WHC, ICOMOS, IUCN, ICCROM: Managing Natural World

Heritage (2012) [136], Managing Cultural World Heritage (2013) [103], Guidance on Heritage Impact Assessments for Cultural World Heritage Properties (2011) [104], Managing Disaster Risks for World Heritage (2010) [102]

Besides, there are also research works of some typical organizations and individuals such as: Managing Tourism at World Heritage Sites: a Practical

Manual for World Heritage Site Managers by Arthur Pederson (2002) [123];

Cultural heritage and related issues - General terms and definitions of the

Department of Cultural Heritage (2014) [16]

1.1.2 Research on the organizational structures and human resources for heritage protection

Studies related to this content can include some typical works: World

Heritage Management in Viet Nam (through the case of Hue Ancient Capital and Hoi An Ancient Town) by Trinh Ngoc Chung (2016) [14]; Management of Citadel of the Ho Dynasty heritage site, Vinh Loc district, Thanh Hoa province by author Nguyen Ba Linh (2019) [54]; Training high-quality human resources in the field of cultural heritage in Viet Nam by Le Thi Thu Hien

(2021) [33]

1.1.3 Research on practical status of management, conservation and promotion of World Heritage

Regarding this content, the following typical works can be mentioned: Hoi

An Cultural Heritage - Looking back over a quarter of a century of conservation

in urban development by author Hoang Dao Kinh (2009) [50]; Some issues on restoration and rehabilitation of historical and cultural relics of author Luu Tran

Tieu (2012) [75]; Conservation of tangible cultural heritage Thang Long - Ha

Noi, methodological issues of author Nguyen Chi Ben (2005) [8]; Comprehensive and sustainable conservation of Hue cultural heritage by author Nguyen The

Hung (2013) [43]; Some thoughts on the preservation of Hue cultural heritage by Phung Phu (2010) [60]; Current status and orientation of research and

application of science and technology to preserve the heritage of Hue ancient capital by author Phan Thanh Hai (2017) [31]

Researches on the values and contribution of heritage can include the

following typical works: Preserving and promoting the value of World

Cultural and Natural Heritages for development in our country by author

Nguyen Quoc Hung (2006) [35]; Geographical basis for community-based

tourism development in World Heritage Sites in Viet Nam (case study of Ha Long Bay and Hoi An Ancient Town) by Chu Thanh Huy (2017) [47]; Cultural heritage management and tourism development in Hoi An ancient town, Quang Nam province by Nguyen Thi Thu Ha (2016) [29]

1.1.4 Research on conservation of cultural heritage associated with sustainable development

Hue with its efforts to establish and maintain a dynamic harmony/balance

between conservation and sustainable development in the spirit of the UNESCO Convention by Dang Van Bai (2016) [5]; Cultural heritage, an important factor in sustainable development by author Nguyen Quoc Hung (2018) [41]; World Heritage and Sustainable Development - New Directions in World Heritage Management edited by William Logan and Peter Bille Larsen, a collection of

articles by many researchers from the World Heritage and Sustainable Development

Policy of UNESCO under Different Aspects (2018) [117], Approaching Human

Rights at the World Heritage Committee: Capturing Situated Conversations, Complexity, and Dynamism in Global Heritage Processes by authors Peter

Bille Larsen and Buckley (2018) [113]

1.1.5 General remarks on the research situation

- Studies by international organizations: UNESCO, ICOMOS, IUCN, ICCROM and international scholars with a number of related research papers have mentioned how to manage World Heritage to provide knowledge and support only focused guidance on the implementation of the Convention; propose policies on integrating UNESCO's vision of sustainable development into the processes of the World Heritage Convention; experience in tourism management, risk and disaster management at World Heritage sites

- Studies on World Heritage management in Viet Nam are published at many levels and approached from many different angles: from articles in specialized journals, topics, theses, discussing the importance of cultural heritage in general, World Heritage in particular; issues of protection and sustainable development of cultural heritage values, rational exploitation of the values of World Heritage; the relationship between the management of cultural heritage, World Heritages with tourism development, community-based tourism development; orientation for consolidating and improving management efficiency, enhancing the role of World Heritage Management Boards in Viet

Nam; perfecting the legal framework and tools for managing cultural heritage, World Heritages (Regulations, Planning, Management Plan)

However, the above studies have not yet covered a number of issues about the current status of World Heritage management in Viet Nam under the Convention, reflected in a number of aspects as follows:

- National and international research works have not compared and contrasted the provisions of the Convention and the Operational Guidelines for the implementation of the Convention with the legal provisions on cultural heritage and other relevant laws of Viet Nam to identify the extent of the impact

of the Convention on the legal system of Vietnam The above studies also have not assessed the application of the Convention to World Heritage management practice in Viet Nam in order to provide a complete system of research on the management of World Heritage in Viet Nam on the basis of approaching the provisions of the Convention Therefore, it is necessary to have an in-depth study, placing the Convention as a main research object to apply to the practice

of World Heritage management in Viet Nam

- Research works in the country have not considered World Heritage in

an overall management process from the formulation and implementation of the Management Plan and monitoring activities to protect and promote the values of World Heritage; little attention has been paid to the identification of risks affecting the heritage in order to propose specific mechanisms, policies, solutions and actions to protect the original elements that create Outstanding Universal Values, integrity, authenticity of the World Heritages

1.2 Theoretical basis

1.2.1 Some concepts

Basic concepts include: cultural heritage; World Heritage Site; Outstanding Universal Values; Integrity; Authenticity; World Heritage Management Plan; Planning for preservation, renovation and restoration of monuments; Heritage management

1.2.2 Sustainable development perspective

On 19 November 2015, the 20th General Assembly of the States Parties

to the World Heritage Convention adopted the “Policy on the integration of a sustainable development perspective into the processes of the World Heritage Convention” Achieving sustainable development is recognized as dependent

on three overarching principles and four basic groups of factors: the overarching principles of human rights, equality and long-term sustainability; The four basic elements of environmental sustainability, Inclusive social development, Inclusive economic development, Peace and security

1.2.3 Contents of World Heritage Management in Viet Nam

To provide the content of World Heritage management in Viet Nam, the dissertation is based on the provisions of the World Heritage Convention and specific guidelines for the implementation of the Convention

* World Heritage Convention: adopted at the 17th Session of the

UNESCO General Assembly in Paris on November 16, 1972 From its inception in 1972 until now, the Convention has remained unchanged with eight chapters, 38 Articles, addressing many important issues on World Heritage Although it does not directly refer to World Heritage management,

in some Articles of the Convention, such as Articles 4, 5, 7, 27 and 29, there are tasks that each country must perform

* Operational Guidelines for the implementation of the World Heritage

Convention: The Operational Guidelines for the implementation of the

Convention are regularly revised and supplemented to update new decisions of the World Heritage Committee and detail and concretize those decisions, in order to assist Member States in the implementation of the Convention The Operational Guidelines for the implementation of the Convention were first adopted on 30 June 1977 and have since been supplemented and changed 26 times The contents related to World Heritage management are specified in more detail in Articles 96 - 118bis, 132 and Annex 5 of the Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the Convention

From the above contents, the dissertation identifies the management of World Heritage in Viet Nam including the following contents: 1/ Building the organizational structures and human resources for World Heritage management; 2/ Formulating and promulgating legal documents on World Heritage; 3/ Develop

a Management Plan, Planning and investment of financial resources for World Heritage; 4/ Scientific and technical research activities 5/ International cooperation 6/ Monitoring World Heritage

1.3 Overview of World Heritage Sites in Viet Nam

1.3.1 Complex of Hue Monuments (Thua Thien Hue Province)

At the 17th session of the World Heritage Committee in 1993, the Complex of Hue Monuments was recognized by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site, according

to criterion (iv)

1.3.2 Hoi An Ancient Town (Quang Nam Province)

At the 23rd session of the World Heritage Committee in 1999, Hoi An Ancient Town was recognized by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site according to two criteria: (ii) and (v)

1.3.3 My Son (Quang Nam province)

At the 23rd session of the World Heritage Committee in 1999, My Son was recognized by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site according to two criteria: (ii) and (iii)

1.3.4 Central Sector of the Imperial Citadel of Thang Long - Ha Noi (Ha Noi City)

At the 34th session of the World Heritage Committee in 2010, the Central Sector of the Imperial Citadel of Thang Long - Hanoi was recognized by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site according to three criteria: (ii), (iii) and (vi)

1.3.5 Citadel of the Ho Dynasty (Thanh Hoa Province)

At the 35th session of the World Heritage Committee in 2011, Citadel of the Ho Dynasty was recognized by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site according to two criteria: (ii) and (iv)

1.3.6 Ha Long Bay (Quang Ninh Province)

At the 17th session of the World Heritage Committee in 1994, Ha Long Bay was recognized by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site for the first time (criteria vii) and in 2000, at the 24th session of the World Heritage Committee

it was recognized for the second time (criterion viii)

1.3.7 Phong Nha - Ke Bang National Park (Quang Binh province)

At the 27th session of the World Heritage Committee in 2003, Phong Nha - Ke Bang National Park was recognized by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site for the first time (criteria viii) and in 2015, at the 39th session of the World Heritage Committee it was recognized for the second time (criteria

ix and x)

1.3.8 Trang An Landscape Complex (Ninh Binh Province)

At the 38th session of the World Heritage Committee in 2014, Trang An Landscape Complex was recognized by UNESCO as a mixed World Heritage Site according to three criteria: (v), (vii) and (viii)

1.3.9 Some general remarks on World Heritage Sites in Viet Nam

Each World Heritage Site in Viet Nam has its own characteristics from the history of formation and development, scale, and criteria that create Outstanding Universal Values of the heritage However, in general, World Heritage Sites in Viet Nam also have common characteristics Most of the World Heritage Sites in Viet Nam are ancient capitals or are related to ancient trading ports, old quarters and religious sites, so they themselves have a mixture of natural and man-made elements These are real proofs of the ability of the Vietnamese ethnic communities in making use of, exploiting and adapting natural conditions to create cultural heritages of Outstanding Universal Value At the same time, the World Heritage Sites in Viet Nam are also proofs of our country's ability to

"localize", "mix"/integrate the quintessence of human culture to create cultural identities of the nation, and at the same time make a worthy contribution to the

diversity in the treasure of human cultural heritage of the mankind In addition, a number of World Heritage Sites related to natural heritage, having characteristics

of biodiversity, geology, geomorphology and aesthetic values, have a large area Especially, there are also the existence of forests with outstanding biodiversity value for the planet, plays an important role in climate regulation

Chapter conclusion

Management of cultural heritage in general, World Heritages in particular has been paid attention to by many researchers and approached from many different angles Such studies can be systematized according to research directions, such as: policies, principles, and orientations for World Heritage management; organizational structures and human resources to protect World Heritage; status of management, conservation and promotion of World Heritage; World Heritage associated with sustainable development These studies are an important source of material for the PhD student to refer to and inherit for the purpose of the dissertation study

On the theoretical basis of the dissertation, on the basis of a system of sources of materials and practice, the PhD student has chosen the approach from the perspective of the Convention and the guiding documents for the implementation of the Convention, UNESCO's Sustainable Development and viewpoints of the Vietnamese Government on the management of cultural heritage to solve the problems raised by the dissertation At the same time, the contents of the theoretical framework of the thesis is also determined The basic concepts related to the dissertation have also been analyzed and systematized such as World Heritage, management, sustainable development Viet Nam joined the Convention since 1987, whereby a number of monuments and scenic spots of typical values have been selected by the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism to submit to UNESCO for inclusion

in the Tentative List and prepare a nomination dossier Currently, there are 08 heritages recognized by UNESCO as World Heritage

Chapter 2 STATUS OF WORLD CULTURAL AND NATURAL HERITAGE MANAGEMENT IN VIET NAM UNDER THE WORLD HERITAGE CONVENTION

2.1 Management subjects and management mechanism

2.1.1 Management subjects

* Subjects of state management:

- Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism is responsible to the Government for performing the unified state management of World Heritage

- Provincial People's Committees are responsible to the Prime Minister for organizing the protection and management of World Heritage in their respective localities

- The Departments of Culture, Sports and Tourism/Departments of Culture and Sports performs the following main tasks: Advising the promulgation of mechanisms and policies on the management of World Heritage; Coordinate inventories, make scientific records to manage and protect relics, landscapes and intangible cultural heritage at World Heritage

- People's Committees of districts and commune level where the World Heritage Site is located: coordinate with functional agencies and organizarions

in inspecting and supervising the observance of legal provisions at World Heritage; ensure security and order; prevent encroachment, maintain hygiene, environment and landscape heritage in the area under management

* Direct management agencies of World Heritages:

They are World Heritage Management Boards, includings: Hue Monuments Conservation Center, Thang Long - Hanoi Heritage Conservation Centre, Ha Long Bay Management Board, Phong Nha - Ke Bang National Park Management Board, Ho Citadel Heritage Conservation Centre, Trang An Landscape Complex

Management Board, Hoi An Center for Cultural Heritage Management and

Preservation and The Management Board of My Son Cultural Heritage These are the agencies tasked with direct management of World Heritage Sites (specifically stated in Section 2.2.1)

* Coordinating management subjects:

The agencies coordinating the management of World Heritage in Viet Nam include international organizations, national agencies and organizations

at the central and local levels, the community, domestic and foreign research and consulting agencies with the different roles

2.1.2 Coordinating mechanism

With the common goal of protecting the Outstanding Universal Values of World Heritage, currently the coordination mechanism between the parties involved in World Heritage management in Viet Nam is both vertical (from top

to bottom, bottom to top) and horizontal (agencies, units of the same level)

- Organizational structures and functions and tasks of the World Heritage Management Boards: