Tài liệu Các thuật ngữ trong nhiếp ảnh pdf

Các thuật ngữ trong nhiếp ảnh Auto Exposure Bracketing: Auto Exposure Bracketing performs automatic exposure bracketing with varied shutter speed and/or aperture.. Flash Exposure Bracke

Các thuật ngữ trong nhiếp ảnh

Auto Exposure Bracketing: Auto Exposure Bracketing performs

automatic exposure bracketing with varied shutter speed and/or aperture

Flash Exposure Bracketing: Enables a photographer to automatically

bracket exposures at varied flash output levels, in TTL auto flash shooting, without changing the shutter speed and/or aperture

AE (Automatic Exposure) lock : Used to hold an automatically controlled

shutter speed and/or aperture Recommended when the photographer wants to control an exposure based on a scene's particular brightness area with Center Weighted or Spot Metering

Automatic Balanced Fill-Flash : A type of TTL auto flash operation

which uses the camera's exposure meter to control ambient light exposure settings, integrated with flash exposure control That is, flash output level is automatically compensated to balance with ambient light, resulting in a better exposure for both subject and background Nikon's Automatic Balanced Fill-Flash system includes: 3D Multi-Sensor Balanced Fill-Flash Multi-Sensor Balanced Fill Flash, Matrix Balanced Fill-Flash, Center-Weighted Fill-Flash and Spot Fill-Flash 3D Multi-Sensor Balanced Fill-Flash and Multi Multi-Sensor Balanced Fill-Flash together

comprise Automatic Balanced Fill-Flash with TTL Multi Sensor Performance varies with the combination of camera body, Speedlight and lens used

Balanced fill-flash operation : A flash photography technique that

balances flash illumination with the scene's ambient light This automatic operation utilizes the some camera's Automatic Balanced Fill Flash System with TTL Multi Sensor and a compatible dedicated TTL Speedlight

Continuous Servo : AF Focus detection continues as long as shutter

release button is lightly pressed and the reflex mirror is in the viewing position Useful when the camera-to subject distance is likely to change

CPU Central Processing Unit.: The electronic component that controls an

electronic product's functions for Nikon, AF Nikkor (including D-type AF Nikkor) and Al-P-Nikkor lenses have built-in CPUs, for other camera's own terms

or definitions for equivalent functions, please update me

Continuous Servo : AF Focus detection continues as long as shutter

release button is lightly pressed and the reflex mirror is in the viewing position Useful when the camera-to subject distance is likely to change

Close-Range Correction System Most lenses are primarily designed to

perform best at medium distances to infinity When focused at extremely close distances, their image quality tends to deteriorate This was a problem especially with large-aperture lenses having semi-symmetrical designs To overcome this problem, Nikon invented the Close-Range Correction (CRC) System, sometimes

called the "Floating Element" system With CRC, the lens elements shift position

in relation to each other, so that at close shooting distances curvature of field is reduced to the bare minimum in the case of wide-angle lenses, while spherical aberration is virtually eliminated in the Micro-Nikkor 55mm f/2.8 and the Nikkor 85mm f/1.4 The result of this ingenious design is a series of lenses which offer an increased focusing range with exceptional picture quality throughout

Ultra-Micro-Nikkor lenses: Lenses produced by Nikon for the production

of IC's & LSI's Not to be confused with the Micro-Nikkor lenses for macro

photography Some may not be producing anymore

EL-Nikkors : For photo enlargement

APO-Nikkors for photoengraving

Cine Nikkor lenses for 16mm movie cameras

Repro-Nikkors for 35mm life size reproduction

Depth of field : The zone of sharpest focus in front of, behind, and around

the subject on which the lens is focused; can be previewed in the camera

D-type AF Nikkor lenses ( Only apply to Nikon User ): AF Nikkor

lenses that send Distance Information to the F5's micro-computer Used for 3D Color Matrix Metering or 3D Multi Sensor Balanced Fill Flash (with Nikon SB 27/SB 26/SB 25 Speedlight)

DX code : Film information code printed on film cartridge When the

camera is set to its automatic film speed setting mode and DX-coded film s loaded,

it senses the film speed (common speed ISO 25 to 6400 - depends on camera models)

EV Exposure Value: A number representing the available combinations of

shutter speeds and apertures that give the same exposure effect under conditions of similar scene brightness and ISO At ISO 100, the combination of a one-second shutter speed and an aperture of F1.4 is defined as EV1 The camera may be used only within the EV range of the exposure meter For example, with the F5, the exposure metering range s from EV0 to EV20 for 3D Color Matrix Metering and Center Weighted Metering, at ISO 100 with an f/1.4 lens (Default camera used to define this term is F5, due to its advance & complex metering capabilities)

Exposure bracketing : Shooting the same subject at a range of different

exposures Some camera provides Auto Exposure Bracketing/Flash Exposure Bracketing

Extra-Low Dispersion Glass All photographs are made with light,

composed of many colors of the spectrum With panchromatic black-and-white and all color films, it is essential that both blue and red light rays be brought to focus at the same plane; otherwise, color "fringing" and unsharpness will be evident Because different wavelengths of light are bent at slightly different angles

as they pass through normal optical glass, the longer the focal length of the lens,

the longer the individual light rays have to travel inside the lens and the more the discrepancy in focus While modern techniques used to correct this "chromatic aberration" are effective with normal and wideangle lenses, telephoto lenses magnify even the slightest variation in focus between the red and blue light rays, leading many photographers to assume that no long telephoto or super-telephoto lens could equal a "shorter" lens in sharpness and color correction

But Nikon overcame this obstacle by developing a new type of glass, called Extra-low Dispersion (ED) glass Especially designed to keep red and blue in focus, ED glass produces superior color correction and has led to the creation of a whole new generation of high-performance telephoto and super-telephoto lenses

ED-series lenses are not sensitive to changes in temperature, so the problem

of focus shift inherent in lenses employing calcium fluorite-crystal elements is avoided Moreover, ED glass is hard and scratch resistant, permitting its use in

exposed front and rear lens elements Nikon's ED-series of lenses, ranging from

180mm to 1200mm, represents a major advance in photographic technology They deliver stunning sharpness and contrast even at their large maximum apertures ED lenses are in fact so highly color-corrected that the traditional infrared focusing index is not engraved on some of them Sharp focus extends even into the infrared wavelength range! And for the photographer used to lugging around heavy conventional telephotos ED lenses have the additional benefit of permitting the length of the lens to be reduced substantially

Nikon's Extra-low Dispersion glass is the best thing to happen to telephoto lenses since their invention All ED Nikkor can be identified by a gold band around the lens barrel

Exposure control

Programmed Auto: Camera sets both shutter speed and aperture for

correct exposure

Shutter-Priority Auto: User selects shutter speed and camera sets

matching lens aperture for correct exposure

Aperture-Priority Auto: User selects aperture and camera sets matching

shutter speed for correct exposure

Manual: User selects both shutter speed and aperture, following or

ignoring the meter's recommendations to achieve the desired exposure

Exposure compensation : Exposure compensation for available light is

activated by changing the shutter speed and/or lens aperture This is done by using

AE L AF-L (Auto Exposure/Autofocus Lock) button or exposure compensation button, or by Auto Exposure Bracketing In flash photography with a dedicated TTL Speedlights exposure compensation can also be performed by varying the amount of flash output Camera-originated exposure compensation affects both the foreground subject and the background; variations in flash output amount affect only the foreground

Focal length : The distance from the principal point to the focal point In

35mm-format cameras, lenses with a focal length of approx 50mm are called normal or standard lenses Lenses with a focal length less than approx 35mm are called wide angle lenses, and lenses with a focal length more than approx 85mm are called telephoto lenses Lenses which allow the user to continuously vary the focal length without changing focus are called zoom lenses

Fill-flash : A method of flash photography that combines flash illumination

and ambient light, but does not attempt to balance these two types of illumination

Flash output level compensation : A control used to adjust a TTL auto

flash operation, enabling an increase or decrease of flash output to lighten or darken the flash effect

Flash shooting distance range : The distance range over which a flash can

effectively provide light Flash shooting distance range is controlled by the amount

of flash output available Each automatic Speedlight's flash output varies from maximum duration to minimum duration Close-up subjects will require lower (to minimum) output while more distant subjects will require more light up to the maximum output The flash shooting distance range varies with the aperture, film speed, etc

Front-Curtain Sync : The flash fires an instant after the front curtain of a

focal plane shutter has completed its travel across the film plane This is the way

the camera operates with the flash sync mode at Normal Sync (See "Rear-Curtain Sync".)

f-stop

Useful for determining the maximum flash to-subject distance for flash photography

Flash synchronization : Timing of the flash coincides with release of the

camera's shutter There are two types of synchronization: Front-Curtain Sync, which fires the flash at the start of the exposure, and Rear-Curtain Sync, which fires the flash at the end of the exposure

Flash sync speed : Shutter speed at which the entire film frame is exposed

when the flash fired in flash shooting Most modern camera's flash sync speed is l /250 sec or slower, some top camera model like Nikon F5, changeable to 1/300 sec with the Custom Setting

Flexible Program : Flexible Program function temporarily shifts an

automatically selected shutter speed/aperture combination while maintaining correct exposure That is, a desired shutter speed or aperture can be selected in Programmed Auto exposure mode

Focus-Priority for autofocus : Shutter cannot be released until the subject

s in focus For situations when an in-focus subject s important With the F5 camera body, Focus-Priority s given to Single Servo AF mode while Release-Priority is g

iven to Continuous Servo AF Using Custom Setti ing, however, you can change the priority to Release-Priority Single Servo AF or Focus-Priority Continuous Servo AF

Focus Tracking : Enables the camera to analyze the speed of the movi ing

subject according to the focus data detected, and to obtain correct focus by anticipating the subject's position and driving the lens to that position&;at the exact moment of exposure

Focus Lock

Built within the Nikkor AF-I and the new AF-S Nikkors Using the cameras Continuous Servo AF operation, locking focus is a simple matter of pressing any one of the lens' four focus lock buttons, each conveniently positioned on the forward portion of the lens barrel AF Lock is also possible from the cameras control button

Focus Range Limiter : Features that have on the Newer lenses of Nikon,

the AF-I and AF-S Nikkors Using autofocus operation, focusing time can be further reduced by setting the focusing limit switch according to the predetermined distance from the subject Three focusing limit zones are provided

Electronic Performance and Distance Information Each lens incorporates a Central Processing Unit (CPU) which works with the automatic operation of compatible Nikon AF SLR models, as well as with each camera's light meter including Matrix, Centre-Weighted and Spot Meters Included in each lens is

Nikon's Distance Signal technology, designed to provide information about subject-to-camera distance for the Matrix Meter exposure system in Nikon AF SLR models F5, F90x, F90, F70 and F50

F-number : The numbers on the lens aperture ring and the camera's LCD

that indicate the relative size of the lens aperture opening The f-number series is a geometric progression based on changes in the size of the lens aperture, as it is opened and closed As the scale rises each number is multiplied by a factor of 1.4 The standard numbers for Calibration are 1.0,1.4, 2, 2.8, 4, 5.6, 8, 11, 16, 22, 32, etc., and each change results in a doubling or halving of the amount of light transmitted by the lens to the film plane

Guide number : The guide number indicates the power of a flash in

relation to ISO film speed Guide numbers are quoted in either meters or feet

ISO film speed : The international standard for representing film

sensitivity The higher the number, the greater the sensitivity, and vice versa A film speed of ISO 200 is twice as sensitive as ISO 100, and half that of ISO 400 film

Internal Focusing A conventional double helicoid focusing system

requires that all lens groups be moved by the lens barrel to either the front or rear during focusing This mechanism is not only complicated but bulky, more so in the case of telephoto lenses where the extra physical length of the lens requires the use of a heavier gauge metal with a consequent increase in size and weight In