The adjective clause marker in the joined sentence replaces it, the object of the verb bought.. The adjective clause marker in the joined sentence replaces it, the subject of the second
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Adjective
Clause
who Subject (people) A neurologist is a doctor who specializes in the nervous system
whom Object (people) This is the patient whom the doctor treated
whose Possessive Mr Collins is the man whose house | rented
(people/things)
which Subject/Object The assignment, which was due last week, took me four hours
that Subject/Object Art that is in public places can be enjoyed by everyone
(people/things) (that as subject)
The painting that Ms Wallace bought was very expensive
(that as object) where Adverb That is the site where the bank plans to build its new headquarters
(place)
when Adverb This is the hour when the children usually go to bed
(time)
Like all clauses, adjective clauses must have a subject and a verb In some cases the adjective clause marker itself is the subject; in some cases, there is another subject
The painting was very expensive Ms Wallace bought it
The painting that Ms Wallace bought was very expensive
The adjective clause marker in the joined sentence replaces it, the object of the verb bought In the joined sentence, the adjective clause keeps the subject—Ms
Wallace—that it had in the original sentence Notice that the inclusion of the pro- noun itin the joined sentences above would be an error INCORRECT: The painting that Ms Wallace bought it was very expensive
The assignment took me four hours to complete It was due last week
The assignment, which was due last week, took me four hours to complete
The adjective clause marker in the joined sentence replaces it, the subject of the second original sentence In the joined sentence, the marker itself is the subject of the adjective clause
Trang 2In some adjective clauses, the relative pronoun that may be used in place of which or who These sentences are called identifying adjective clauses (also called restrictive adjective clauses) The information in the clause is needed to identify the noun This type of clause is not set off by commas
The island that we visited was beautiful
The people that moved next door are very friendly
In other adjective clauses (called non-identifying or non-restrictive), the clause provides “extra” information It’s not needed to identify the head noun These clauses are always set off with commas
Maui, which is one of the Hawaiian Islands, is quite beautiful
The Smiths, who are our new neighbors, are very friendly
The word that cannot be used to introduce this type of clause
INCORRECT: Maui, that is one of the Hawaiian Islands, is quite beautiful INCORRECT: The Smiths, that are our new neighbors, are very friendly The adjective clause markers which and whom can also be used as objects of prepositions:
That is the topic I will write on it
That is the topic on which I will write
Marie is the student The teacher gave the special assignment to her
Marie is the student to whom the teacher gave the special assignment
You may also see sentences with adjective clauses used in this pattern:
quantifier* + of + relative clause
He met with two advisors He had known both of them for years
He met with two advisors, both of whom he had known for yeats
I read a number of articles Most of them were very useful
I read a number of articles, most of which were very useful
GRAMMAR EXERCISE 2.1
DIRECTIONS: Join the two sentences below into a single sentence using adjective clause markers (who, which, that, whom, whose, and so on) The word in italics will
be replaced The first one is done for you as an example
*Quantifiers are words that show numbers or amounts, such as much, several, some, a few, both, many, most, all, each, one, two.
Trang 31 Most folk songs are ballads They have simple words and tell simple stories
Most folk songs are ballads that have simple words and tell simple stories
2 Abattery is a device It provides electricity by chemical means
3 In May, the university will finish building a new wing of the library Rare books
will be stored there
4 The melting point is the temperature At this temperature, a solid changes to a
liquid
5 A keystone species is a species of plant or animal Jts absence has a major effect
on an ecological system
6 Active stocks are stocks They are frequently bought and sold
7 There are many varieties of snakes Most of them are harmless to humans
8 Charlotte Gilman's best-known book is Women and Economics In this book she
urges women to become financially independent
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Zz
& GRAMMAR EXERCISE 2.2
DrrecTIONs: Decide if the underlined word or phrase in the sentences below is used
correctly If the phrase is used correctly, mark the sentence C If the sentence is
used incorrectly, mark the sentence X and rewrite the underlined expression, cor-
recting the mistake The first one is done for you as an example
1 There are many species of plants and animals that they are peculiar to Hawaii
that
2 Diamonds are often found in rock formations called pipes that resemble the
throats of extinct volcanoes
3 There are thousands of kinds of bacteria, many of whom are beneficial
4 Today meteorologists obtain the information that they use to make weather pre-
dictions chiefly from satellites
Trang 45 The Pritzker Prize is given every year to architects their work benefits humanity and the environment
6 Pipettes are glass tubes, open at both ends, which chemists use them to transfer
7 The size and shape of a nail depends primarily on the function which for it was intended
8 Jakarta, that is the capital of Indonesia, is also the largest city
GRAMMAR POINT 3: ADVERB CLAUSES
An adverb clause consists of a connecting word, called an adverb-clause marker (also called a subordinate conjunction) and at least a subject and a verb
The demand for economical cars increases when gasoline becomes more expensive
In this example, the adverb-clause marker when joins the adverb clause to the main clause The adverb clause contains a subject (gasoline) and a verb (becomes)
An adverb clause can precede the main clause or follow it When the adverb clause comes first, it is separated from the main clause by a comma
When gasoline becomes more expensive, the demand for economical cars
increases
Adverb
Clause
because cause Because the speaker was sick, the program was canceled
since cause Since credit cards are so convenient, many people use them
although opposition Although Mr Crane earns a good salary, he never saves any money even though opposition Even though Rosa was tired, she stayed up late
while contrast Some people arrived in taxis while others took the subway
if condition If the automobile had not been invented, what would people use for
basic transportation?
unless negative lwonft go uniess you do
condition when time Your heart rate increases when you exercise
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while time Some people like to listen to music while they are studying
as time One train was arriving as another was departing
since time We haven't seen Professor Hill since she returned from her trip
until time Don’t put off going to the dentist until you have a problem
once time Once the dean arrives, the meeting can begin
before time Before he left the country, Richard bought some traveler’s checks
after time Emily will give a short speech after she receives the award
When the subject of the main clause and the subject of the adverb clause are the same person or thing, the adverb clause can be reduced (shortened) Reduced adverb clauses do not contain a verb or a subject They consist of a marker and either a present or past participle If the verb in the full adverb clause is active, the present participle is used If the verb in the full adverb clause is passive, a past par- ticiple is used
When astronauts are orbiting the earth, they don't feel the force of gravity
(full adverb clause with an active verb) When orbiting the earth, astronauts don't feel the force of gravity
(reduced clause with present participle) Although it had been damaged, the machine was still operational
(full adverb clause with a passive verb) Although damaged, the machine was still operational
(reduced clause with a past participle) You will most often see reduced adverb clauses with the markers although, while, if, when, before, after, and until Reduced adverb clauses are NEVER used after because
Don't use because in the expression reason because Use reason that
INCORRECT: The reason Laura moved to Arizona is because she enjoys a
warm, dry climate
CORRECT: The reason Laura moved to Arizona is that she enjoys a warm,
dry climate
There are certain prepositions that have essentially the same meaning as adverb clause markers but are used with noun phrases or pronouns, not with clauses
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Preposition Related Marker Example
because of because/since Roberto chose that university because of its fine reputation due to because/since The accident was due to mechanical failure
on account of becquse/since Visibility is poor today on account of air pollution
in spite of although/even though He enjoys racing motorcycles in spite of the danger
despite although/even though Despite its loss, the team is still in first place
GRAMMAR EXERCISE 3.1
DIRECTIONS: Join the two sentences below into a single sentence using the adverb clause marker or other words in parentheses (_) The first one is done for you as
an example
1 (if) Small sailboats can easily capsize They are not handled carefully
Small sailboats can easily capsize if they are not handled carefully
2 (although) Parrots are tropical birds They can live in temperate or even cold climates
3 (since) Advertising has had an enormous effect on American life It is so widespread in the United States
4 (as)
A wave moves towards shore Its shape is changed by its collision with the shal- low sea bottom
5 (when) Use a reduced adverb clause
It can be added to a liquid Antifreeze lowers the freezing temperature of that liquid
6 (while) Most bamboo blooms every year There are some species that flower only two or three times a century
Trang 77 (once) Use a reduced adverb clause
It is granted by the Patent Office A patent becomes the inventor's property
GRAMMAR EXERCISE 3.2
Directions: Decide if the underlined word or phrase in the sentences below is used
correctly If the phrase is used correctly, mark the sentence C If the sentence is
used incorrectly, mark the sentence X and rewrite the underlined expression, cor-
recting the mistake
1 Although their light weight, aluminum alloys can be very strong
2 Snake birds were not given their names because they eat snakes but because of
their long, thin necks resemble snakes
3 Although people are increasingly linked over long distances by electronic means
of communication, but many of them still prefer face-to-face encounters
4, In spite of its frightening appearance, the octopus is shy and completely
harmless
5 The reason large bodies of water never freeze solid is because the sheet of ice on
the surface protects the water below it from the cold air
6 Natural silk is still highly prized even though similar artificial fabrics are
available
7 Because of cheese is essentially a concentrated form of milk, it contains the
same nutrients as milk
Trang 8GRAMMAR POINT 4: WoRD FORMS
One common problem in test-takers’ writing is the incorrect use of one part of speech (a noun, verb, adjective, or adverb) in place of the correct part of speech Parts of speech can often be identified by their suffixes (word endings)
Common Noun Endings
-age marriage
Endings for Nouns That Refer to Persons
Common Verb Endings
-er recover
Common Adjective Endings
Adverb Endings
Trang 9The most common type of word form problem involves the use of an adverb in
place of an adjective or an adjective in place of an adverb A few points to keep
in mind:
» Adjectives modify nouns, noun phrases, gerunds, and pronouns
Hang up your wet clothes (adjective modifying the noun clothes)
The two children were kind (adjective modifying the noun phrase the two
children)
We saw some wonderful acting in the play (adjective modifying the gerund
acting)
They were very brave (adjective modifying the pronoun they)
¢ Adjectives often come before words they modify
an importanttest aquietevening a longarticle
e Adjectives may also follow the verb fo be and other linking verbs
The glass was empty
That song sounds nice
They look upset
¢ They often answer the question What kind?
She is a brilliant scholar (What kind of a scholar is she? A brilliant one )
> Adverbs modify many types of words, including verbs, participles, adjectives,
and other adverbs
Ann eagerly accepted the challenge (adverb modifying the verb accepted)
It was a rapidly changing situation (adverb modifying the present participle
changing)
She wore a brightly colored scarf (adverb modifying the past participle colored)
Ted seemed extremely curious about that topic (adverb modifying the adjective
curious)
The accident occurred incredibly quickly (adverb modifying the adverb
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lớn)
¢ Sometimes adverbs are used at the beginning of sentences, usually fol-
lowed by a comma These adverbs modify the entire sentence rather
than one word in the sentence
Generally, I like my classes
Usually Professor Fowles’s lectures are more interesting than the one he
gave today
¢ Adverbs of manner are formed by adding the suffix -ly to an adjective
(or -ally if the adjective ends with the letter -c)
comfortable comfortably historic historically
e Adverbs of manner answer the question How?
Ms Lang treats her employees honestly (How does she treat her
employees? Honestly )
Trang 10e A few adverbs (fast, hard, and high, for example) have the same form as adjectives
Charles bought a fast car (adjective)
He was driving so fast that he got a speeding ticket (adverb)
¢ Wellis the irregular adverb form of the adjective good
Juan is an exceptionally good student
He did very well on the last test
Besides adjective/adverb problems, there are many other word form problems Some examples are given here:
Corn played an important role in the cultural of the Indians of the Southwest
(The noun culture, not the adjective cultural, is needed.) The galaxy Andromeda is the most distance object visible to observers in the Northern Hemisphere
(The adjective distant is needed in place of the noun distance.) Scientists belief that the continents once formed a single continent sur- rounded by an enormous sea
(The verb believe is needed in place of the noun belief.) Bunsen burners are used to hot materials in a chemistry lab
(The adjective hot is used incorrectly in place of the verb heat.)
GRAMMAR EXERCISE 4.1
Directions: Underline the form that correctly completes the sentence
1 Floods cause billions of dollars worth of property damage (annual/annually)
2 Writer Ernest Hemingway is known for his (simple/simply) language and lively dialogue
3 Most snails venture out to look for (feed/food) only after sunset or on (rain/rainy) days
4 The Richter Scale measures the (severely/severity) of earthquakes
5 (General/Generally), bauxite is found near the surface, so it is relatively (sim- ple/simply) to mine
6 By-products from chicken eggs are used by (industry/industrial) in manufac- turing such (produces/products) as soap and paint
7 Analgesics such as aspirin are used to (relieve/relief) pain and reduce fever
8 Rose Han Lee wrote a number of (scholar/scholarly) accounts about the effects
of (immigrant/immigration) on mining towns in the western United States