Outline for Task 6 Main topic: Main idea of the passage: Main idea of the lecture: Key Point 1 + supporting information from the passage: Key Point 1 + supporting informatio
Trang 1Outline for Task 6 Main topic:
Main idea of the passage:
Main idea of the lecture:
Key Point 1 + supporting information from the passage:
Key Point 1 + supporting information from the lecture:
Key Point 2 + supporting information from the passage:
Key Point 2 + supporting information from the lecture:
Key Point 3 + supporting information from the passage:
Key Point 3 + supporting information from the lecture:
Conclusion (if any):
Passage:
Lecture:
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SUMMARIZING, PARAPHRASING, CITING, AND SYNTHESIZING
FOR THE INTEGRATED WRITING RESPONSE
(A) Summarizing
When you give your response for Integrated Speaking Tasks, you should not simply repeat words from the passage or from lectures (see Lesson 20) The same is true when you write your response for the Integrated Writing Task You should shorten and simplify the material that you read and hear (summarize it) and write it in your own words (paraphrase it)
As mentioned in Lesson 21, it is a good idea to take notes on both the passage and the lecture When you take notes, you automatically summarize the material that you take notes on because you are writing down only key ideas and important supporting information Therefore, when writing your response, you should use your notes and look back at the passage only when necessary
Remember: When you write your response, you do not have to use all the examples from the passage or the lecture Try to simplify sentences and condense information from two or three sentences into one Eliminate any sentences, phrases, or words that are not necessary to explain the important information in the passage or lecture
(B) Paraphrasing
You must also paraphrase the information in the passage and the lecture In other words, you must express the ideas in the passage in your own words and using your own sentence structures When you paraphrase information, you are really “trans- lating” the author’s English into your own English
Again, by using your notes rather than the passage itself, you are less likely to take information word for word from the passage
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1 Change word forms
You can change nouns to verbs, verbs to nouns, nouns to adjectives, and so on
This process usually involves making other changes in sentence structure as well
Examples:
When we look at a comparison between AandB
When we compareAandB
The noun comparison is replaced with the verb compare
There are a variety of solutions to problem C
There are various solutions to problem C
The noun variety is replaced with the adjective various
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Trang 32 Replace words or phrases with synonyms
Xis not allowed
X is not permitted
Permitted is a synonym for allowed
Project Y was almost completed
Project Y was nearly finished
The phrase nearly finished is synonymous with almost completed
Note: /t is not a good idea to use synonyms for concept words, technical terms, or “proper nouns” (words that begin with capital letters, such as names)
Example: The International Science Foundation is investigating the effects of gamma rays
In the sentence above, you would not paraphrase International Science Foundation (proper noun) or gamma rays (technical term)
3 Change the grammar
Trained scientists performed this research
This research was performed by trained scientists
The active verb performed is replaced by the passive verb was performed by
(For more information on verbs, see the Writing Tutorial on Grammar, Point 5,
pp 720-721.)
Note: Try to avoid replacing too many active verbs with passive verbs; active verbs are
preferable because they are stronger than passive verbs
Several computer programs can be used to solve this problem
There are several computer programs that can be used to solve this problem
A there + to be pattern is used in place of a subject + verb pattern
It’s easy to use A
Using A is easy
The gerund using is substituted for the infinitive to use
This A, which is one of the most powerful Zs in the world, has This A, one of the most powerful Zs in the world, has
An appositive (noun phrase) is used in place of a relative clause
Study Y, which was conducted by sociologists in 2004, shows that Study Y, conducted by sociologists in 2004, shows that
A past participle is used to reduce (shorten) a relative clause (For more information on participles, see the Writing Tutorial on Grammar, Point 6, pages 723-724.)
Trang 44 Reverse negatives
Ais not as easy as
Ais harder than
A comparative phrase (harder than) is used in place of a not+ as as phrase
It’s not uncommon to see Z
It’s common to see Z
A double-negative phrase such as (not uncommon) is replaced by a word with a
positive meaning (common)
The least expensiveB
The cheapestB
The negative superlative phrase least expensive is replaced by a superlative word
with the same meaning, cheapest
5 Change the word order
For many years, people have believed A
People have believed A for many years
The prepositional phrase for many years is moved from the beginning of the sen-
tence to the end of it
After this problem has been solved, work on X can continue
Work on X can continue after this problem has been solved
The adverb clause after this problem has been solved is moved to the end of the
sentence
6 Change sentence connectors
Although there is a lot of evidence to support theory Y, not all scientists
believe it
There is a lot if evidence to support theory Y; however, not all scientists
believe it
The transition word however is used in place of the adverb-clause marker although
There are some dangers involved in B; therefore, researchers must be very
cautious
Because there are some dangers involved in B, researchers must be very
cautious
The adverb clause marker because is used in place of the transition word therefore
Below are several sentences taken from the reading for the Preview Test and
some notes from the lecture Following this selection are sentences from sample
responses that summarize and paraphrase the information in the reading and
lecture
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Read these sentences from the passage:
The usefulness of animal testing has been shown over and over For example,
the very basis of modern medicine, the germ theory—the idea that diseases are caused by micro-organisms—was proven by the great French scientist Louis Pasteur by experimenting on chickens and pigs and other farm animals The
effectiveness of penicillin was tested on rabbits and mice, and insulin, which is used to treat diabetes, was tested on dogs
Sample notes:
O
Usefulness shown over & over
2.g.,.germ.theory—Pasteur: chickens pigs
insulin: dogs
» Now start the Audio Program Listen to part of a lecture in a biology class @
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Sample notes:
O
Maybe import drugs like penicillin used anim experi but maybe would
have been discovered anyway and many drugs invented w/out anim
iexperim
e.g quinine ether _aspirin and if some drugs had been tested on anim., maybe never develop:
e.g.,.morphine kills pain in humans but stimul cats
Sample Summaries/Paraphrases
Passage:
Again and again, we've seen that animal testing is useful Louis Pasteur
developed the germ theory, a foundation of modern medicine, by means of
animai testing Important drugs such as penicillin and insulin were discov-
ered by doing research on animals as well
Lecture:
Although some important drugs were first tested on animals, it is possible
that these drugs would have been developed anyway And other useful
drugs such as aspirin and quinine did not depend on animal research If
some drugs had first been tested on certain animals, they probably would
never have been approved for humans Consider morphine, for example
For humans, morphine is a pain-killer, but it has the opposite effect on cats
Notice that both summaries/paraphrases omit certain details and examples,
and they are shorter than the original versions Notice also that both responses use
some of the methods given above to paraphrase the material: different word forms
(useful/usefulness, for example); replacing words and phrases with synonyms (over
and overlagain and again); changing grammatical structures (The germ theory
was proven by Louis Pasteur! Louis Pasteur developed the germ theory)
Trang 7(C) Citing
When writing your response, it is important for you to cite information In other words, you need to clearly identify which information comes from the passage and which information comes from the lecture A number of structures can be used to cite information
Structures for Citing According to + noun According to the passage, A is true
B, according to the author, is also true
According to the lecture, C is no longer generally accepted
Yis a better method of solving this problem, according to the speaker
The author's ideas may be correct, according to the professor, but they are misleading
Subject + verbs of reporting + that clauses Clause, subject + verb of reporting
Many verbs, including those listed below, are used to report information (Remember: You need to paraphrase the information in the that clause.)
say argue state quote remind*
explain point out mention admit The author fells us that thatA
The lecturer says thatB is always
The article indicates that C should probably
The writer reports that X may not
Y is not necessarily true, the speaker argues
The speaker concludes, therefore, that Z
The speaker admits that the author has a good point, but he thinks that
In her lecture, the speaker cites a study about X done by Professor Y
„
The author quotes Doctor Z, who says in an article, “
*These verbs must be used with personal objects (the writer tells us that the professor informs us that the speaker reminds the class that ).
Trang 8Personal subject + verb of thinking (think, believe, know) + that clause
The professor thinks that
The lecturer believes that
The author knows that
The verbs ask and wonder are used with indirect questions, not statements begin-
ning with that
The professor wonders if C can really be true
The author asks when Project X will be finished
Some verbs can be used only for counterarguments (arguments against an original
argument): not agree; disagree; reject; contradict; challenge; take a different view;
dispute the fact that/the idea that/the theory that
The author does not agree with idea A
The speaker disagrees with point X He says that
The speaker also disputes the idea that X causes Y
The writer of the passage rejects the idea that Z is true In fact, the writer says
that
The professor challenges the author's theory about A
(D) Synthesizing
When writing your response, you must synthesize key points in the passage and
key points in the lecture Because most of the passages and lectures contain oppos-
ing ideas, you will typically be bringing together and contrasting different points of
view, There are various transition words, adverb clause markers, and other sen-
tence patterns you can use to show contrast
Transition Words Showing Contrast
however; on the other hand; in contrast
According to the paragraph from the textbook, A should sometimes be consid-
ered a Y; however, the professor indicates that A should always be classified as
an X
The journal article says that B makes things clear The speaker, on the other
hand, believes that B actually makes matters more confusing
The lecturer tells us that C is highly effective but very expensive; in contrast, the
author says that C is a complete waste of money
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Adverb Clause Markers Showing Contrast although; even though; while
Although the professor believes that A is a good idea, the author of the passage thinks that B is a better one
According to the speaker, even though many experts agree that A is the best solution, there is some evidence that B will work too
The lecturer supports the idea that A is true, while the author thinks B is true Because the passage and the lecture often provide more than one idea or example supporting a point, you may also need to use structures that show addition Transition Words Showing Addition
Transition Words
moreover; furthermore; in addition; besides The professor informs us that A is a problem; moreover, B is a problem as well The article indicates that X can be shown to be true in an experiment
Furthermore, Y can also be shown to be true in a similar experiment
There are many examples of Z, according to the passage In addition, there are
Adverbs
too; also; as well The lecturer states that B is a common occurrence, and that C is too
The passage points out one of the weaknesses of plan X It also points out sev- eral strengths
According to the reading, there was a recent study on the subject of X done in Japan There have been some European studies done on this subject as well
Verbs
go on to say; add The speaker first tells us A She goes on to say that
The author states that X is essential The author then adds that
Trang 10Sample Synthesis and Citations
According to the author, we’ve seen again and again that animal testing is
useful Louis Pasteur developed the germ theory, a foundation of modern
medicine, by means of animal testing Furthermore, important drugs such as
penicillin and insulin were discovered by doing research on animals
However, the lecturer takes quite a different view of animal testing The lec-
turer says that, although some important drugs were first tested on animals,
she believes it is possible that these drugs would have been developed any-
way She goes on to say that other useful drugs such as aspirin and quinine
did NOT depend on animal research Moreover, if some drugs had first been
tested on certain animals, they probably would never have been approved
for humans Consider morphine, for example According to the lecturer,
morphine is a pain-killer for humans, but it has the opposite effect on cats
Notice that the writer of this sample cites information from both the passage
and the lecture The writer also uses an appropriate transition to contrast the
information from the passage and the lecture (However, the lecturer takes quite a
different view .)
EXERCISE 22.1 Focus: Summarizing and paraphrasing key points from passages and lectures
Directions: First, read the points taken from the reading passage and take notes
Then listen to the corresponding point given in a lecture and take notes Use your
notes to summarize and paraphrase the information that you read and hear The
first one is done for you as an example
Task 1
Asteroids pose a great danger to every human on Earth It was almost cer-
tainly an asteroid crashing into the earth that made the dinosaurs extinct
There have been several near-misses in recent years Right now, there are
only a few programs designed to detect potentially dangerous asteroids,
and they are almost all in the northern hemisphere Therefore, we need a
huge international program to watch the skies at all times and from both
hemispheres
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