Tài liệu Building grammar skills for TOEFL IBT part 14 ppt

The king ii present at the opening of parliament Heirs are slightly obnoxious people However, if the verb is NOT “to be”, the adverb of frequency will go before the verb: eg.. Grammar

Grammar Point 50 - Introduction to

Adverbs

Adverbs give very much information — they can describe Verbs, Adjectives and other Adverbs

eg They run quickly (quickly describes “run” — a verb)

He studies daily (daily describes “studies” — a verb)

Paul has a slightly damaged car (slightly describes “damaged” — an adjective)

She is wearing her light-blue sweater (light describes “blue” — ant adjective)

it is an extremely-well written letter (extremely describes well — an adverb)

Theirs ig a very long-lived monarchy (very describes “long-lived” — an adverb)

*Remember — anything that gives information about a verb or adjective or adverb is considered an adverb It can be a word, phrase or clause — often preposition phrases are considered adverbs because they give information about verbs

Exercise 50.1

In the following sentences, underline the subject once and the verb twice Then put angle brackets < > around any adverb or adverb structure

1 Little is known about his early years, but Genghis Khan was born sometime around

1162 in Hentiy, Mongolia

2 The last imperial monarch in Europe was the King-Emperor George VI, who ruled as Emperor of India

3 Most medieval historians would argue that the existence of France did not

really begin until the advent of the Capetian Dynasty in 987

4 Coats of arms have their origins in the designs used by medieval knights to make

their armor and shield stand out in battle or tournaments

5 The water-meadow at Runnymede is the most likely location at which, in 1215, King John sealed the Magna Carta, and the charter itself indicates Runnymede by

name

Because they are much more powerful than adjectives, the rules concerning

adverbs are stricter

Things to remember about adverbs:

>» Most adverbs can go anywhere in the sentence without changing the meaning

The only place that an adverb cannot go is between the verb and the

object

e.g Regtlarly, I walk my dog

T regularly walk my dog

Twalk my dog regularly

I walk <regularly> my dag is wrong

» Most adverbs of manner end in “-ly", but there are some adjectives which end in

“ly”, also The most common of these are:

costly, early, friendly, likely, lonely, sickly, kindly

® Some adjectives and adverbs have the same form:

back hard little right

Some of these adverbs can be used with the “-ly” ending, but the meaning

changes

» Adverbs have been classified according to their function There are

Manner, Place, Time, Frequency, Sentence, Degree, Interrogative and

Relative

adverbs The most common ones are manner and frequency

» Adverbs of frequency (never, usually, rarely, often, sometimes, etc.) have a

particular location the sentence, depending on the verb:

If the verb is “to be”, the adverb will always go after the verb:

eg The king ii <abvays> present at the opening of parliament

Heirs are <usually> slightly obnoxious people

However, if the verb is NOT “to be”, the adverb of frequency will go before the verb:

eg People don’t <usually> choose the king or queen

Exercise 50.2

In the following sentences, underline the subject once and the verb twice Put angle brackets around any adverbs, and then circle the word that the adverb describes

1

2

The Queen of England does not control England absolutely

Today, few monarchs have completely power

In a monarchy, power goes from parent to child

The word “monarchy” is derived directly from the Greek words “mono” and

“archein”, meaning “one” and “rule” respectively

The theory of absolute monarchy developed from feudalism in the late Middle Ages during which monarchs were still very much first among equals among the nobility

“Divine Right”, or power granted by God, is the phrase that was original cited by monarchs to justify their rule

Today, there are only three remaining truly absolute monarchies in the modern

world: Saudi Arabia, Brunei, and Swaziland

Today, constitutional monarchies are mostly representative democracies, but this has not always historically been the case

Some constitutional monarchies are hereditary; others, such as the one in Malaysia are elective monarchies

The Governor General represents the Crown in Canada and therefore plays an important role in the parliamentary process

Grammar point 52 - Negative and

“Almost Negative” adverbs at the

beginning of a sentence

In some situations, you can put an adverb of frequency at the beginning of a sentence When this adverb is negative (such as never) or almost negative (rarely),

the sentence must be in question word order

eg J have never seen such a system of government

» Never have I seen such a system of government

It varely snows in Toronto in January,

* Rarely does it rain in Toronto in January

The most common “negative” and “almost negative” adverbs are:

seldom, scarcely, hardly, not until, never, nowhere, barely

This is not common in modern conversational English, but it occurs regularly in academic written English,

Exercise 52.1

Paraphrase these sentences, and move the negative/almost negative adverb to the

beginning of the sentence,

1 [have never been so scared

2 They hardly finished eating when it started to rain

3 She never arrives on time

4, We will seldom meet after this course finishes

5 He barely had time to finish his work yesterday

6 Irarely go to the gym during the week

7 You have never handed your work in on time

8 She seldom drinks alcohol

9 He almost never worries about his health

10 I have seen this nowhere

These subordinators show time:

Conjunction Meaning Examples Usual Tenses

after* one event finishes, then

another begins — this emphasizes the second event

Ajier it stops raining, I will go to the park

Simple past and simple

present are most common

as’ two actions happening at As I was walking home, 1 | Subordinate clause is

once; this conjunction is remembered to buy usually in the past very similar to “while” bread continuous, main clause is

usually in the simple past

as soon as_ | one action immediately As soon as it is done, call Subordinate clause is

follows another; the stress | me usually in the simple past or

is on immediacy Ass soon as it was over, Ï present, main clause is in

before* one event finishes and then | I will order pizza before | The subordinate clause is in

another begins — this the game begins a tense before the main

by the time | one action finishes and By the time people in B.C | Subordinate clause is in

then another one begins; vote, people in eastern either past perfect, past this is similar to “before” Canada have finished continuous or simple past

now that one event finishes and Now that the voting ts Subordinate clause is in the

another can start — closed, scrutineers can simple past or present emphasizes now, count the ballots perfect

once one event cannot start until | Once you finish the project, | Both clauses usually use the

another is finished we can go home simple present

until* one action cannot start I will not leave stil you | The subordinate clause is in

during another action call, a tense before the main

clause

since* started in the past and [have known you since | Subordinate clause is

continues now you came to Canada, usually in the simple past,

the main clause is usually in the present perfect

when shows the relation between | When you turn 18, you Almost any tense can be

two sentences — the can vote used in both subordinate

meaning must be found When you have voted, put | clause and main clause

from the context the ballot in the box

whenever | every time that this Whenever there is Subordinate clause is

happens nonconfidence in the usually in the simple

government, there must | present or past

be an election while two actions happen at the same time; this conjunction While you live in another | Subordinate clause 1s in the

is very similar to “as country, you can still

vote for Canadian

elections past continuous or simple

past, the main clause is in

the simple past

* these subordinate conjunctions can be prepositions also

*»Remember by, during, at and on all show time relationships, but they are prepositions

Exercise 54.1

In the following passage, underline the main subject of each sentence once, and the verb twice Put andle brackets around any adverb clause

The United States government is an intentionally large and inefficient body When the founding fathers of the US established the government, they had not only the

models of the ancient Greeks, but also the parliamentary models developed in England

and its colonies

The system that US developed is net a pure democracy even though many

modern Americans claim so, The system that they developed is a Republic The founders avoided the “pure” democratic system, in which everything is directly chosen

by the people, for two distinct reasons First, they wanted to avoid the “Tyranny of the

Majority” in which a majority can commit terrible crimes against a minority simply

because the majority voted itself into power Second, a majority can vote to give itself tax breaks even though the government is in need of money

One of the most important = if not the most important = concepts in American government is the idea of separation of power This was made precisely to avoid a tyranny of the majority Power is divided into three separate “branches” of government

— legislative, where laws are made, executive, which carries out the laws, and judicial,

where laws are judged

The legislative branch, or “Congress”, is further divided into two parts Because people need direct contact with their representative, members of the House of Representatives are elected for two year terms This is made so that they will be in constant contact with their constituents, and will always know exactly what the people

of the country are thinking Senators in America, on the other hand, are elected for six

year terms, and are meant to be the thinking part of the legislature Because Representatives can be easily swayed by popular opinion, Senators were made to act as a

“brake” on such populist politics

Even though the founding fathers most likely wanted the power to be spread out evenly throughout the three branches, the executive branch, which is the branch of the president, has been steadily increasing in power

6 Lenin seized power in 1921 One year later, he created a secret police

7 Stalin joined the communist party He immediately took charge of admissions

8 Lenin died in 1923 Then Stalin took control of the communist party

9, Stalin took control of the communist party He killed many political opponents then

Grammar point 56 - Adverb clause

reductions with “Because”

In some situations, a reduction can be made with the conjunction “because”

This can only be done when the adverb clause describes a situation — it cannot be

made when the adverb clause describes an action

When making the reduction, remove the conjunction and subject and always change the verb into the gerund When the verb is negative, begin with “not” and then

the gerund

Look at these examples

Because he wanted to expand his personal power, Lenin soined the communist

party

* Wanting to expand his personal power, Lenin joined the communist party

Because he didn’t want to give up power, Stalin had many people killed,

» Not wanting to give up power, Stalin had many people killed

In these sentences a reduction is impossible, because the subordinate clause introduces

an action, not a situation:

Because Lenin traveled in Germany, he spoke German

Because Stalin controlled the membership, he only allowed people who thought like

him

Pattern to look for:

When a sentence begins with a gerund, look for a comma and then determine what the main subject is

Exercise 56.1

In the following sentences, write adverb clause reductions where possible

1 Because many people did not support the tsar, they joined the communists

2, Because they hated the tsar, many people joined Lenin,

3 Because they did not expect a serious threat, the Imperial army wasn’t ready

4 Because he didn’t end the war, Kerensky lost a lot of support among the population

5 Because he had experience, Stalin was a good thief

6 Because he wanted complete control, Stalin killed many communist party members

7 Because he was afraid of him, Stalin had Trotsky killed

8 Because he knew what revolutionaries can do, Lenin immediately established a

secret police to stop any more revolutions

9 Because they didn’t like communism, no western country supported Lenin

10 Because the opposition was not centralized, it could not withstand the Bolsheviks for long

11, Because Stalin controlled who could join the communist party, he made sure that only people who supported him entered

Grammar point 57 - Adverb Clause

Reductions with “After”

Another way to make a reduction is with the subordinate conjunction “after”:

1 Remove the subordinate conjunction

2 Add the gerund “having”

3 Change the main verb into the past participle form

Keep in mind that the subject in the Adverb clause and the subject in the main clause MUST be the same

Look at these examples:

After Lenin took power, he established a secret police

+ Having taken power, Lenin established a secret police

After you get the letter, please call me

* Having gotten the letter, please call me

After you finish part I, you can go on to part 2

» Having finished part I, you can go on to part 2

However, these clauses cannot be reduced:

After the Bolshevik revolution in the Russian empire, many western countries were nervous After the test finished, he went hore

because the subjects of the two clauses are different

Pattern to look for:

When a sentence begins with “having” + past participle, it is an adverb clause

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