Duringthe independence period, under the reign of kings from Gia Long, Minh Menh, ThieuTri to Tu Duc, the Nguyen Dynasty built a highly centralized monarchist stateapparatus built on the
Trang 2MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING
HA NOI UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION
The work is completed at:
FACULTY OF PHILOLOGY - HANOI UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION
Trang 3Science instructors:
1 Assoc Prof PhD Phan Ngoc Huyen
2 Doctor Nguyen Thu Thuy
Opponent 1: Assoc Prof Dinh Quang Hai - History institute
Opponent 2: Assoc Prof Dam Thi Uyen – Thai Nguyen University
Opponent 3: Assoc Prof PhD Nguyen Minh Duc – Military history institute
The thesis will be defended at the University-level Thesis Evaluation Council held in Hanoi National University of Education
at … hour … date … month… year…
The thesis may be found at the library:
+ National Library, Hanoi
+ Library of Hanoi National Univesity of Education
Trang 4LIST OF WORKS BY AUTHOR RELATED TO THE THESIS
1 Vu Thi Nga (2019) "Remuneration for military officers in the Nguyen Dynasty
in the period of 1802-1884" Journal of Science, University of Education,
Trang 51 Reason to choose a topic
The Nguyen Dynasty was the last monarchy in Vietnam's feudal history Duringthe independence period, under the reign of kings from Gia Long, Minh Menh, ThieuTri to Tu Duc, the Nguyen Dynasty built a highly centralized monarchist stateapparatus built on the basis of a unified administrative organization and fairlycomplete military force Among them, the most important factor affecting the strength
of the Nguyen Dynasty's army was the salary and subsidies policy from the statebudget for military officers and soldiers
Currently, there are many issues about the Nguyen dynasty including theunresolved army issue, the consistent view in both historical and folk knowledge, thestudy of this issue contributes the clear and more objective awareness than the aboveissues
The study on this issue will supplement the research resources on method andpolicies to build the military force of Nguyen dynasty and at the same time evaluatemore specifically how the salary and remuneration policies for the military affectedthe organization, the operational level of the armed forces under this dynasty
In the current context of the world and domestic situation, the hostile forceshave always sought to undermine Vietnam's independence and territorial sovereigntyand border, the construction of a well-trained official military force with strong spirit
is very important In order to do that, the government's remuneration and preferentialpolicies for the military, especially for soldiers on duty in remote areas, border areasand islands to help them feel secure in their work are extremely necessary Theresearch results of the thesis also contribute to supplementing valuable scientificresources directly serving the research and teaching and reference of the NguyenDynasty in universities, colleges and high schools
Stemming from the above reasons, researcher decided to choose "Salary andallowances for the Nguyen Dynasty army from 1802 to 1884" as a research topic for
Trang 6doctoral thesis.
2 Research objectives and missions
2.1 Objectives
Researching this topic, the thesis aims at the following objectives:
Firstly, the thesis describes the picture of the historical context as well as thesalary and allowance policies of the Nguyen Dynasty for the military
Besides, the thesis analyzes and points out the efforts of the Nguyen Dynasty inimplementing the salary and allowance policies and financial support for the army
In addition, the research results of the thesis are to draw valuable lessons ininvesting and building the national security and national defense of the Vietnamesestate in the current period
2.2 Research tasks
The topic aims to solve the following tasks:
Firstly, analyzing the bases of the Nguyen Dynasty's salary and allowance
policies for the military such as the context of world history and domestically, themilitary organizational structure of the Nguyen Dynasty
Secondly, presenting and systematically analyzing the contents of policies
related to the Nguyen’s salary and allowance for the army such as: the policy of salarypayment for the army under the Nguyen Dynasty; reward policy for incumbentmilitary officers and active soldiers; policies for retired military officers anddemobilized soldiers; policies for military officers, soldiers in casualties; policy for thefamily of military officers and soldiers
Third, analyzing and evaluating the characteristics, the positive and limited
effects of the Nguyen's salary and allowance and financial support policies for themilitary in the century XIX
3 Object and scope of the research
3.1 Research subjects
The research object of the project is the implementation of the Nguyen Dynasty'ssalary and allowance policy for the army during 1802-1884 Currently, the concept ofmilitary can be understood in a broad sense, but this research only refers to twosubjects: military officers and soldiers
Trang 73.2 Research scope
The thesis accesses the following:
Time: The research topic ranged from the time when the dynasty was established
in 1802 to 1884 when the Nguyen dynasty failed in the war against the Frenchcolonialists This was the period when the Nguyen Dynasty existed as an independentmonarchy state
Space: The materials and contents mentioned in the thesis on Dai Nam state
territory under the Nguyen Dynasty
Content: The thesis limit the mentioning the basic issues of salary and allowance
policy for the military, including some related conceptual contents such as salary,benefit, allowance for retired officers and soldiers
4 Research Methodology
4.1 Methodology
The thesis applies dialectics of historical materialism to study the historicalsituation, content and characteristics and impacts of the Nguyen Dynasty's salary,perks, and subsidies policies on the military of the Nguyen Dynasty Nguyen Dynastyduring the independence period from 1802 to 1884
4.2 Research Methodology
The thesis is done through the synthesis of many specific research methods ofthe History major such as: historical method, logical method, statistical method,analysis, synthesis, comparison, reference sources of materials Of which, the twomethods used mainly are historical and logical method
Historical method: This is an important method to accurately, systematically
describe the circumstances, content and purpose of the Nguyen Dynasty's salaries,bonuses, and allowances for the military during the period from 1802 to 1884
Logical method: The logical method is the use of scientific arguments to
review, research, generalize and interpret historical events From there, evaluate, drawconclusions, point out the nature, inevitable tendencies, and movement rule of history
In addition, the thesis also uses other auxiliary methods such as:
Statistical method: This method aims to collect documents, process and filter
important evidence and documents
Trang 8Methods of collecting and processing documents: In fact, guidelines and
measures on salary and allowance policies for the Nguyen Dynasty's military arerecorded in many different historical sources That requires the writer to compare andcheck the match or difference of events in the sources to choose a document to supportthe thesis
Comparative method: This is an important method that helps authors to draw
general points and evaluate a problem in the state's policy towards the military fromspecific events In particular, how those issues change over time or kings to assess theits meaning and impact toward officers and soldiers as well as its impact on thesecurity and defense
5 Contribution of the thesis
The new scientific and practical contributions of thesis are as follows:
The thesis is the first systematic and comprehensive research on the policies ofsalary and allowance for the Nguyen Dynasty through bibliographic and historicalsources from the contents of the policies to the results, the impact of implementationmeasures
The research results of the thesis are a useful reference source for the researchand teaching of the history of the Nguyen Dynasty, the history of salary and allowancepolicy for the army at research institutes, universities, colleges and high schoolsacross the country
6 The structure of the thesis
In addition to the introduction, conclusions, references and appendices, thecontent of the thesis is expected to be presented in 5 chapters:
Chapter 1 Resources and Overview of research situation.
Chapter 2 Basis of salary and allowance policy for the Nguyen Dynasty military
period 1802-1884
Chapter 3 Salary and allowances policy for the army under the Nguyen
Dynasty
Chapter 4 Bonus and remuneration for the Nguyen Dynasty's army
Chapter 5 Commenting and evaluating the salary and allowance policy for the
Nguyen Dynasty army in the period of 1802-1884
Trang 9Chapter 1.
MATERIAL SOURCES AND OVERVIEW OF
RESEARCH 1.1 Resources for researching the topic
In order to conduct research on the content of the topic, the thesis uses the followingmain sources:
1.1.1 The source is the document about the dynasties before the Nguyen Dynasty
This is the source to help the thesis author learn about the army policies of thedynasties before Nguyen Dynasty as a basis to compare with the salary and allowancespolicy of the Nguyen Dynasty for the army in the period of 1802-1884 as the historicalcompilation compiled in the periods before Nguyen; histories were recorded andcompiled by previous historians of some histories compiled under the Nguyen
dynasty, writing about previous dynasties such as Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư, Khâm định Việt sử thông giám cương mục, Lịch triều hiến chương loại chí…
1.1.2 Literature sources compiled on the history of the Nguyen Dynasty
This is the main source of historical data, high reliability, laying an important basis
to restore the main content of the thesis These documents include: Nguyen Dynasty’sdocuments, Đại Nam thực lục (main editor) is one of the most essential sources of the
topic Chapter III and V of Khâm định Đại Nam hội điển sự reflect the contents of the
military organization and the salary policies of the Gia Long dynasties Minh Menh,
Thieu Tri for the army Khâm định Đại Nam hội điển sự lệ tục biên (translation, 10
volumes of Thuan Hoa Publishing House, Hue printed in 2004, 2007, 2009, 2012) is aseries of books on the rules of Nguyen kings from the year Tu Duc 5th (1852),especially chapter III and VII, reflect the salary and allowance policy of the Nguyen
dynasty in the second half of XIX century from 1852 to 1889 Đại Nam liệt truyện, Quốc triều chính biên toát yếu, Minh Mệnh chính yếu, Minh Mệnh ngự chế văn (dụ văn)
1.1.3 Sources are historical documents
In addition to the above-mentioned historical sources, the author also referencesthe information in the historical documents which are the results of research bycontemporary historians such as: Vietnam History including 4 volumes co-edited by
Trang 10Phan Huy Le, Dinh Xuan Lam and Le Mau Han, Education Publishing House,published in December 2012 Vietnamese History 15 History Institute, VietnamAcademy of Social Sciences, Social Science Publishing House, published in 2013.Vietnam Military History consists of 14 volumes published by the National PoliticalPublishing House 2019.
In addition to the above historical sources, the thesis also references and inherits
a number of published research documents related to the content of the published topic
in the form of monographs, references, articles in specialized research journals ofdomestic and foreign scholars
1.2 Overview of research
1.2.1 The research of foreign scholars
Related to thesis, there are a number of research by foreign scholars such asAlexander Barton Woodside (1971) Frédéric Mantienne (2003), Keith Weller Taylor(2013) and George Dutton (2016)
1.2.2 The research of domestic scholars
1.2.2.1 Research on military organization of the Nguyen Dynasty
There were many research on the Nguyen Dynasty's military in general,organization and equipment of the Nguyen Dynasty's military in particular
At the beginning of the XX century, Viet Nam brief history (Ho Chi Minh City
Publishing House, reprinted in 2008) by Tran Trong Kim; Phan Khoang (1948) with
Vietnam – France historical relationship (from the century XVII to the beginning of the century XVII), Nguyen Tuong Phuong (1950) with the Compilation of Vietnamese military over the dynasties, Anti-aggression (Vietnamese history from 1858 to 1898), The first volume: "Southern against the French" (Construction Publishing House,
Hanoi), by Tran Van Giau
After 1975, specific issues of the Nguyen army were mentioned in many
research works and articles, such as: Do Van Ninh (1993) on "Nguyen Dynasty army"; Nguyen Minh Duc with research "Nguyen Dynasty army and resistance to foreign invaders" printed in Nguyen Dynasty history - a new approach; Dinh Xuan Lam (chief editor) (2007), Vietnamese military history; Truong Thi Yen (chief editor) (2013), Vietnamese history, episode 5 (from 1802-1858), Duong Dinh Lap (chief editor)
Trang 11(2014), History of Vietnam's military organization, episode 2 (1400- 1930)
Secondly, research on military forces:
The Nguyen Dynasty's army consisted of Infantry, Marine, elephant andArtillery In which, the most researched force is Marine Works such as To Am
Nguyen Toai (2002) with the ancient Navy (in the collection of research on the
Nguyen Dynasty, Hue Monuments Conservation Center published); Le Thi Toan
(2012) with Brief features of the Nguyen Dynasty’s marine; Ngo Duc Lap (2014) with the Territorial Forces under the Nguyen Dynasty (1802-1885)” Author Bui Gia
Khanh (2010) had a number of researches on the Nguyen Dynasty's marine published
such as Bui Gia Khanh (2010), The Nguyen Dynasty’s Marine in the period of 1802
-1885 (Master's thesis in History Science, Hue science university); Bui Gia Khanh (2010), Marines of Gia Long and Minh Menh with patrol and control of the islands, the Marines under Gia Long and Minh Menh, Combat against pirates under the Nguyen Dynasty from 1802 to 1885 , The Nguyen Dynasty's marine (1802-1884
Thirdly, research on equipment and weapons in the military: The issue of
equipment and weapons for the Nguyen Dynasty's military from the 90s of the century
XX has been increasingly concerned by researchers
Fourthly, research on the defense system: The articles mention the defense
system of the Nguyen Dynasty in localities such as Da Nang, Hue and Trung Ky Inwhich, there are many articles on the coastal defense system in Danang Besides, thedefense system of the Nguyen Dynasty army in some other localities such as Hue andQuang Tri
1.2.2.2 Research related to salaries, financial allowances and remuneration for the Nguyen Dynasty's military
This content is reflected in: Vietnam history (Ho Chi Minh City Publishing House, reprinted in 2008) by Tran Trong Kim; The new historical record of the author Pham Van Son; Administrative and military institutions of the Nguyen Dynasty (1802- 1885) by Huynh Cong Ba (2014), Vietnamese History, episode 5 (edited by Truong Thi Yen), monograph of Nguyen Dynasty’s Marine (1802-1884) by Bui Gia; Trinh Ngoc Thien (2014) with the article Understanding Vietnamese army organization during Nguyen Dynasty (From the end of the XVI century to the first half of the XIX
Trang 12century)
The salary and allowance policy of the Nguyen Dynasty for the military has a
number of works: Nguyen Minh Tuong "Policy for soldiers who died in battle under Nguyen Dynasty", Ha Duy Bien with "Salary norms of officials of Minh Menh Dynasty (1820-1840" printed in Military History Magazine, No 278/2015) and
"Method of calculating and paying salaries for officials of Minh Menh Dynasty (1820)
- 1840); Le Quang Chan (2015) with a PhD thesis "Social policy of the Nguyen Dynasty period 1802-1858"
1.3 The issues raised in the research
Through an overview of the research, related to the content of the research,there are a number of issues that have been studied:
1 The organization system of the army and military forces under the NguyenDynasty such as the organization, the force of the Infantry, the defense system havebeen mentioned by many authors in research projects but the presentation just was atthe general level
2 The policy of salaries and financial support for the military under the NguyenDynasty has been mentioned in several aspects: the reward, punishment and thepayment of salaries to the mandarins and soldiers under each dynasty (mainly research
on Minh Menh Dynasty)
However, there are many other aspects that previous studies have not mentionedspecifically, systemized and need to continue to be clarified such as:
1 Regarding organization, the military officers include the titles and dignities ofthe officers in command of military forces from the central to local levels; the numberand growth or decline of the military forces over the dynasty
2 Besides, it is necessary to clarify the use of military officers as wrongsending, division This will also involve the award and allowance for soldiers when
on duty
3 Regarding the salaries, bonuses and allowances policies for the NguyenDynasty army, it is necessary to clarify the salaries, bonuses and allowances andrewards policies for the Nguyen Dynasty's army in general
Chapter 2.
Trang 13BASIS OF SALARY AND BENEFITS POLICY FOR THE ARMY
UNDER NGUYEN DYNASTY (1802-1884) 2.1 Historical context in the early century XIX
2.1.1 World and regional context
2.1.1.1 Countries around the world are affected by the development of capitalism
In the early century XIX, Western capitalism was shifting rapidly from theperiod of free competition to the imperial From the second half of the century XIX,the second industrial revolution took place in Europe and North America
Asia and Southeast Asia - with wealth of natural resources, abundant humanresources became the object of Western colonialism
For Southeast Asia, from a very early stage, Western countries set foot in thisarea for trade, and turned some countries in the region into colonies
2.1.1.2 Relations between countries in Southeast Asia are complicated
By the end of the XVIII century, most countries in Southeast Asia were in crisisand recession Peace or instability in continental Southeast Asia in the century XIX weredominated by Siamese-Vietnamese relations, the two countries most affected wereChenla and Lao
2.1.2 Domestic context
In 1802, Nguyen Anh established the Nguyen Dynasty, ending the constant civilwar between Inside – Outside and the country division
2.1.2.1 Nguyen Dynasty before 1858 was the period when the Nguyen Dynasty
implemented a salary and allowance policy for military officers and soldiers duringthe peace period
2.1.2.2 Nguyen dynasty after 1858 was the period when the Nguyen dynasty
implemented salary and allowance policy for the army to strengthen the monarchy, toquell the uprising and to deal with the invasion of the French colonialists
2.2 Overview of policies for the military of the dynasties before Nguyen
The salary policy for soldiers of the tenth century, Ly, Tran reflected very littlethrough the ancient bibliographies The Le So dynasty carried out more granting toofficers and soldiers acting as the Dynasty's courtiers In order to protect the rights of
Trang 14the clan and to oppose the opposing forces, the Nguyen Lord and Le Trung HungDynasty made many special privileges for the soldiers.
2.3 Organization of the army under the Nguyen Dynasty
2.2.1 Classification and military ranks
Like the previous dynasties, the Nguyen Dynasty's army consisted of infantry,Marine, artillery and elephant troop
Regarding the organization of the Infantry, including 5 levels headed Doanh,followed by Vệ, Cơ, Đội led by Do Thong, Chánh nhị phẩm
In terms of recruiting soldiers, the state took soldiers out of the male population,
in addition to the recruited soldiers through the men managed by the State, the NguyenDynasty's soldiers were supplemented by recruiting outside men, which were selectedfrom a part of the population not listed in the village’s men
Distinguishing according to the level of trust and combat ability are Closesoldiers, Prohibited solders, and new solders
In each rank, in addition to the standing army, there was also a small forceserving daily tasks in the Imperial City, the Royal Palace of members of the RoyalFamily, Departments of each team
2.2.2 Organizational structure
2.2.2.1 Structure of Infantry
In the administrative system of the Nguyen Dynasty, the Infantry was one of sixministries, this was the specialized army task force established since King Gia Long.The responsibilities of the Infantry include: managing the military officer’s rank;recruiting soldiers; military training; equipping soldiers, mobilizing troops to guard thegarrison and suppress; defense organizations are also responsible for managing thearsenal, gunpowder storage and postal work
2.2.2.2 Organizing forces at the central level
The Central Military Organization composed of 5 levels, the highest level isDoanh the lowest grade is Ngũ Commanders of the Central Army units consist ofofficers rank from Chánh nhị phẩm to Tòng ngũ phẩm, the two levels of Thập andNgũ commanders of these military units have not been classified in the ranks ofmilitary officers