Sensor network research and development derive many conceptsand protocols from distributed computer networks such as the Internet; however, several technicalchallenges in sensor networks
Trang 3This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated A wide variety of references are listed Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials
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Handbook of sensor networks : compact wireless and wired sensing systems / edited by Mohammad Ilyas and Imad Mahgoub.
p cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8493-1968-4 (alk paper)
1 Sensor networks 2 Wireless LANs I Ilyas, Mohammad, 1953- II Mahgoub, Imad
TK7872.D48.H36 2004
Trang 4compo-in quantity for specialized telecommunications applications Very small compo-in size, the sensor nodes arecapable of gathering, processing, and communicating information to other nodes and to the outsideworld Based on the information handling capabilities and compact size of the sensor nodes, sensornetworks are often referred to as “smart dust.”
Sensor networks have numerous applications, including health; agriculture; geology; retail; military;home; and emergency management Sensor network research and development derive many conceptsand protocols from distributed computer networks such as the Internet; however, several technicalchallenges in sensor networks need to be addressed due to the specialized nature of the sensors and thefact that many sensor network applications may involve remote mobile sensors with limited power sourcesthat must dynamically adapt to their environment This handbook proposes to capture the current state
of sensor networks and to serve as a source of comprehensive reference material on them
The handbook has a total of 40 chapters written by experts from around the world and is divided intothe following nine sections:
8 Security, reliability, and fault tolerance
9 Performance and design aspectsThe targeted audience for this handbook includes professionals who are designers and/or planners foremerging telecommunication networks; researchers (faculty members and graduate students); and thosewho would like to learn about this field
This handbook provides technical information about various aspects of sensor networks, networkscomprising multiple compact, intercommunicating electronic sensors The areas covered range from
1968_C00.fm Page v Monday, June 14, 2004 11:23 AM
Trang 5basic concepts to research-grade material, including future directions This handbook should serve as acomplete reference material for sensor networks.
The Handbook of Sensor Networks has the following specific salient features:
• It serves as a single comprehensive source of information and as reference material on wirelesssensor networks
• It deals with an important and timely topic of emerging communication technology of tomorrow
• It presents accurate, up-to-date information on a broad range of topics related to wireless sensornetworks
• It presents material authored by experts in the field
• It presents the information in an organized and well-structured manner
• Although it is not precisely a textbook, it can certainly be used as one for graduate courses andresearch-oriented courses that deal with wireless sensor networks Any comments from the readerswill be highly appreciated
Many people have contributed to this handbook in their unique ways The first and the foremost groupthat deserves immense gratitude is the highly talented and skilled researchers who have contributed 40chapters to this handbook All of them have been extremely cooperative and professional It has alsobeen a pleasure to work with Nora Konopka and Helena Redshaw of CRC Press; we are extremely gratefulfor their support and professionalism We also thank Sophie Kirkwood and Gail Renard in the CRCproduction department Our families have extended their unconditional love and strong supportthroughout this project and they all deserve very special thanks
Mohammad Ilyas and Imad Mahgoub
Boca Raton, Florida
Trang 6Mohammad Ilyas, Ph.D., received his B.Sc degree in electrical engineering from the University ofEngineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan, in 1976 From March 1977 to September 1978, he workedfor the Water and Power Development Authority in Pakistan In 1978, he was awarded a scholarship forhis graduate studies and he completed his M.S degree in electrical and electronic engineering in June
1980 at Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran In September 1980, he joined the doctoral program at Queen’sUniversity in Kingston, Ontario, Canada; he completed his Ph.D degree in 1983 Dr Ilyas’ doctoralresearch was about switching and flow control techniques in computer communication networks SinceSeptember 1983, he has been with the College of Engineering at Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton,Florida, where he is currently associate dean for graduate studies and research From 1994 to 2000, hewas chair of the department During the 1993–1994 academic year, he was on his sabbatical leave withthe Department of Computer Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Dr Ilyas has conducted successful research in various areas, including traffic management and gestion control in broadband/high-speed communication networks; traffic characterization; wirelesscommunication networks; performance modeling; and simulation He has published one book, threehandbooks, and over 140 research articles He has supervised 10 Ph.D dissertations and more than 35M.S theses to completion Dr Ilyas has been a consultant to several national and international organi-zations; a senior member of IEEE, he is an active participant in several IEEE technical committees andactivities
con-Imad Mahgoub, Ph.D., received his B.Sc degree in electrical engineering from the University of toum, Khartoum, Sudan, in 1978 From 1978 to 1981, he worked for the Sudan Shipping Line Company,Port Sudan, Sudan, as an electrical and electronics engineer He received his M.S in applied mathematics
Khar-in 1983 and his M.S Khar-in electrical and computer engKhar-ineerKhar-ing Khar-in 1986, both from North CarolKhar-ina StateUniversity In 1989, he received his Ph.D in computer engineering from The Pennsylvania State University.Since August 1989, Dr Mahgoub has been with the College of Engineering at Florida Atlantic Uni-versity, Boca Raton, Florida, where he is currently professor of computer science and engineering He isthe director of the Computer Science and Engineering Department Mobile Computing Laboratory atFlorida Atlantic University
Dr Mahgoub has conducted successful research in various areas, including mobile computing; connection networks; performance evaluation of computer systems; and advanced computer architecture
inter-He has published over 70 research articles and supervised three Ph.D dissertations and 18 M.S theses
to completion He has served as a consultant to industry Dr Mahgoub served as a member of theexecutive committee/program committee of the 1998, 1999, and 2000 IEEE International Performance,Computing and Communications Conferences He has served on the program committees of severalinternational conferences and symposia He is currently the vice chair of the 2004 International Sympo-sium on Performance Evaluation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems Dr Mahgoub is a seniormember of IEEE and a member of ACM
1968_C00.fm Page vii Monday, June 14, 2004 11:23 AM
Trang 7Los Angeles, California
Anantha Chandrakasan
Engim, Inc
Acton, Massachusetts
Duminda Dewasurendra
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State UniversityBlacksburg, Virginia
Vincente González–Millán
University of ValenciaValencia, Spain
T He
University of Virginia Charlottesville, Virginia
Trang 8S Sitharama Iyengar
Louisiana State University
Baton Rouge, Louisiana
Chaiporn Jaikaeo
University of Delaware
Newark, Delaware
Ram Kalidindi
Louisiana State University
Baton Rouge, Louisiana
Louisiana State University
Baton Rouge, Louisiana
Malin Lindquist
Örebro UniversityÖrebro, Sweden
Antonio A.F Loureiro
Federal University of Minas Gerais
Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Amy Loutfi
Örebro UniversityÖrebro, Sweden
Koji Nakano
Hiroshima UniversityHigashi-Hiroshima, Japan
Eric Nettleton
The University of SydneyNew South Wales, Australia
José Marcos Nogueira
Federal University of Minas Gerais
Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Lee Ling (Sharon) Ong
The University of SydneyNew South Wales, Australia
Berkeley, California
Miodrag Potkonjak
University of California at Los Angeles
Los Angeles, California
Alejandro Purgue
Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology Ithaca, New York
Gang Qu
University of MarylandCollege Park, Maryland
Jan M Rabaey
University of California at Berkeley
Berkeley, California
Nageswara S.V Rao
Oak Ridge National LaboratoryOak Ridge, Tennessee
Trang 9Matthew Ridley
The University of Sydney
New South Wales, Australia
Linnyer Beatrys Ruiz
Pontifical Catholic University
Los Angeles, California
Tara Small
Cornell UniversityIthaca, New York
S Son
University of Virginia Charlottesville, Virginia
Chavalit Srisathapornphat
University of DelawareNewark, Delaware
John Stankovic
University of Virginia Charlottesville, Virginia
Weilian Su
Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, Georgia
Vishnu Swaminathan
Duke UniversityDurham, North Carolina
Yu-Chee Tseng
National Chiao-Tung University
Hsin-Chu, Taiwan
Radimir Vrba
Brno University of TechnologyCzech Republic
Quanhong Wang
Queen’s UniversityKingston, Ontario, Canada
Yu Wang
Illinois Institute of TechnologyChicago, Illinois
Brett Warneke
Dust NetworksBerkeley, California
Peter Wide
Örebro UniversityÖrebro, Sweden
Kenan Xu
Queen’s UniversityKingston, Ontario, Canada
Trang 10Yi Zou
Duke UniversityDurham, North Carolina
1968_C00.fm Page xii Monday, June 14, 2004 11:23 AM
Trang 112 Next-Generation Technologies to Enable Sensor Networks Joel I Goodman,
Albert I Reuther, David R Martinez
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Goals for Real-Time Distributed Network Computing for Sensor Data Fusion
2.3 The Convergence of Networking and Real-Time Computing
3.4 MANNA as an Integrating Architecture
3.5 Putting It All Together
3.6 Conclusion
4 Models for Programmability in Sensor Networks Athanassios Boulis
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Differences between Sensor Networks and Traditional Data Networks
4.3 Aspects of Efficient Sensor Network Applications
4.4 Need for Sensor Network Programmability
4.5 Major Models for System-Level Programmability
Trang 124.6 Frameworks for System-Level Programmability
6 A Taxonomy of Routing Techniques in Wireless Sensor Networks
Jamal N Al-Karaki, Ahmed E Kamal
7.3 Modeling of Perceptual Systems
7.4 Perceptual Systems in Practice
7.5 Research Issues and Summary
SECTION II Applications
8 Sensor Network Architecture and Applications Chien-Chung Shen, Chaiporn Jaikaeo,
Chavalit Srisathapornphat
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Sensor Network Applications
8.3 Functional Architecture for Sensor Networks
8.4 Sample Implementation Architectures
8.5 Summary
9 A Practical Perspective on Wireless Sensor Networks Quanhong Wang,
Hossam Hassanein, Kenan Xu
9.1 Introduction
1968_C00.fm Page xiv Monday, June 14, 2004 11:23 AM
Trang 139.2 WSN Applications
9.3 Classification of WSNs
9.4 Characteristics, Technical Challenges, and Design Directions
9.5 Technical Approaches
9.6 Conclusions and Considerations for Future Research
10 Introduction to Industrial Sensor Networking Miroslav Sveda, Petr Benes,
Radimir Vrba, Frantisek Zezulka
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Industrial Sensor Fitting Communication Protocols
10.3 IEEE 1451 Family of Smart Transducer Interface Standards
10.4 Internet-Based Sensor Networking
10.5 Industrial Network Interconnections
10.6 Wireless Sensor Networks in Industry
10.7 Conclusions
11 A Sensor Network for Biological Data Acquisition Tara Small, Zygmunt J Haas,
Alejandro Purgue, Kurt Fristrup
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Tagging Whales
11.3 The Tag Sensors
11.4 The SWIM Networks
11.5 The Information Propagation Model
11.6 Simulating the Delay
11.7 Calculating Storage Requirements
11.8 Conclusions
SECTION III Architecture
12 Sensor Network Architecture Jessica Feng, Farinaz Koushanfar, Miodrag Potkonjak
12.1 Overview
12.2 Motivation and Objectives
12.3 SNs — Global View and Requirements
12.4 Individual Components of SN Nodes
12.5 Sensor Network Node
12.6 Wireless SNs as Embedded Systems
12.7 Summary
13 Tiered Architectures in Sensor Networks Mark Yarvis, Wei Ye
13.1 Introduction
Trang 1413.2 Why Build Tiered Architectures?
13.3 Spectrum of Sensor Network Hardware
13.4 Task Decomposition and Allocation
13.5 Forming Tiered Architectures
13.6 Routing and Addressing in a Tiered Architecture
13.7 Drawbacks of Tiered Architectures
14.5 Analysis of Power Usage
14.6 Directional Source-Aware Routing Protocol (DSAP)
14.7 DSAP Analysis
14.8 Summary
15 Architecture and Modeling of Dynamic Wireless Sensor Networks
Symeon Papavassiliou, Jin Zhu
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Characteristics of Wireless Sensor Networks
15.3 Architecture of Sensor Networks
15.4 Modeling of Dynamic Sensor Networks
15.5 Concluding Remarks
SECTION IV Protocols
16 Overview of Communication Protocols for Sensor Networks Weilian Su,
Erdal Cayirci, Özgür B Akan
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Applications/Application Layer Protocols
16.3 Localization Protocols
16.4 Time Synchronization Protocols
16.5 Transport Layer Protocols
16.6 Network Layer Protocols
16.7 Data Link Layer Protocols
16.8 Conclusion
1968_C00.fm Page xvi Monday, June 14, 2004 11:23 AM
Trang 1517 Communication Architecture and Programming Abstractions for Real-Time Embedded Sensor Networks T Abdelzaher, J Stankovic, S Son, B Blum, T He,
A Wood, Chenyang Lu
17.1 Introduction
17.2 A Protocol Suite for Sensor Networks
17.3 A Sensor-Network Programming Model
18.2 Motivations and Directions
18.3 Cross-Layer Communication Protocol Stack for WSNs
18.4 Energy-Efficient MAC Protocols
18.5 Energy-Efficient Network Layer Protocols
18.6 Concluding Remarks
SECTION V Tracking Technologies
19 Coverage in Wireless Sensor Networks Mihaela Cardei, Jie Wu
20.2 Location in Wireless Communication Systems
20.3 Location in Wireless Sensor Networks
20.4 Summary
21 Positioning and Location Tracking in Wireless Sensor Networks Yu-Chee Tseng,
Chi-Fu Huang, Sheng-Po Kuo
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Fundamentals
21.3 Positioning and Location Tracking Algorithms
21.4 Experimental Location Systems
21.5 Conclusions
Trang 1622 Tracking Techniques in Air Vehicle-Based Decentralized Sensor Networks
Matthew Ridley, Lee Ling (Sharon) Ong, Eric Nettleton, Salah Sukkarieh
22.1 Introduction
22.2 The ANSER System and Experiment
22.3 The Decentralized Tracking Problem
22.4 Algorithmic System Design
22.5 Sensor Design
22.6 Hardware and Software Infrastructure
22.7 Conclusion
SECTION VI Data Gathering and Processing
23 Fundamental Protocols to Gather Information in Wireless Sensor Networks
Jacir L Bordim, Koji Nakano
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Model Definition
23.3 Gathering Information in Wireless Sensor Networks
23.4 Identifying Faulty Nodes in Wireless Sensor Networks
23.5 Conclusions
24 Comparison of Data Processing Techniques in Sensor Networks
Vicente González-Millán, Enrique Sanchis-Peris
24.1 Sensor Networks: Organization and Processing
24.2 Architectures for Sensor Integration
24.3 Example of Architecture Evaluation in High-Energy Physics
25 Computational and Networking Problems in Distributed Sensor Networks
Qishi Wu, Nageswara S.V Rao, Richard R Brooks, S Sitharama Iyengar, Mengxia Zhu
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Foundational Aspects of DSNs
25.3 Sensor Deployment
25.4 Routing Paradigms for DSNs
25.5 Conclusions and Future Work
26 Cooperative Computing in Sensor Networks Liviu Iftode, Cristian Borcea,
Trang 17SECTION VII Energy Management
27 Dynamic Power Management in Sensor Networks Amit Sinha,
Anantha Chandrakasan
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Idle Power Management
27.3 Active Power Management
27.4 System Implementation
27.5 Results
28 Design Challenges in Energy-Efficient Medium Access Control for
Wireless Sensor Networks Duminda Dewasurendra, Amitabh Mishra
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Unique Characteristics of Wireless Sensor Networks
28.3 MAC Protocols for Wireless ad hoc Networks
28.4 Design Challenges for Wireless Sensor Networks
28.5 Medium Access Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks
28.6 Open Issues
28.7 Conclusions
29 Techniques to Reduce Communication and Computation Energy in
Wireless Sensor Networks Vishnu Swaminathan, Yi Zou, Krishnendu Chakrabarty
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Overview of Node-Level Energy Management
29.3 Overview of Energy-Efficient Communication
29.4 Node-Level Processor-Oriented Energy Management
29.5 Node-Level I/O-Device-Oriented Energy Management
29.6 Energy-Aware Communication
29.7 Conclusions
30 Energy-Aware Routing and Data Funneling in Sensor Networks Rahul C Shah,
Dragan Petrovic, Jan M Rabaey
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Protocol Stack Design
Trang 1830.3 Routing Protocol Characteristics and Related Work
30.4 Routing for Maximizing Lifetime: A Linear Programming Formulation
30.5 Energy-Aware Routing
30.6 Simulations
30.7 Data Funneling
30.8 Conclusion
SECTION VIII Security, Reliability, and Fault Tolerance
31 Security and Privacy Protection in Wireless Sensor Networks Sasha Slijepcevic,
Jennifer L Wong, Miodrag Potkonjak
32 A Taxonomy for Denial-of-Service Attacks in Wireless Sensor Networks
Anthony D Wood, John A Stankovic
33.2 Reliability Problems in Sensor Networks
33.3 Existing Work on Reliability Support
33.4 Supporting Reliability with Distributed Services
33.5 Architecture of a Distributed Sensor System
33.6 Directed Diffusion Network
33.7 Distributed Services
33.8 Mechanisms and Tools
33.9 Dynamic Adaptation of Distributed Sensor Applications
33.10 Conclusions
34 Reliable Energy-Constrained Routing in Sensor Networks Rajgopal Kannan,
Lydia Ray, S Sitharama Iyengar, Ram Kalidindi
34.1 Introduction
1968_C00.fm Page xx Monday, June 14, 2004 11:23 AM
Trang 1934.2 Game-Theoretic Models of Reliable and Length Energy-Constrained Routing
34.3 Distributed Length Energy-Constrained (LEC) Routing Protocol
34.4 Performance Evaluation
35 Fault-Tolerant Interval Estimation in Sensor Networks Yunmin Zhu, Baohua Li
35.1 Introduction
35.2 Sensor Network Formulation
35.3 Fault-Tolerant Interval Estimation without Knowledge of Confidence Degrees35.4 Combination Rule and Optimal Fusion for Sensor Output
35.5 Fault-Tolerant Interval Estimation with Knowledge of Confidence Degrees
35.6 Extension to Sensor Estimate with Multiple Output Intervals
35.7 Robust Fault-Tolerant Interval Estimation
36.3 Example of Fault Tolerance in a Sensor Network System
36.4 Classical Fault Tolerance
36.5 Fault Tolerance at Different Sensor Network Levels
36.6 Case Studies
36.7 Future Research Directions
36.8 Conclusion
SECTION IX Performance and Design Aspects
37 Low-Power Design for Smart Dust Networks Zdravko Karakehayov
Trang 2039.6 Summary and Open Questions
40 Localized Algorithms for Sensor Networks Jessica Feng, Farinaz Koushanfar,