INTRODUCTION
Statement of the problem and rationale for the study
In the 21st century, the rapid pace of globalization has led to a significant rise in international conferences worldwide, including in Vietnam, where hundreds are held annually This surge necessitates the expertise of conference interpreters to bridge linguistic and cultural gaps between speakers and audiences Interpretation is vital in these settings, as noted by Munday (2001), who emphasizes the historical importance of translation in human communication Humor, a universal element of human experience, enhances engagement and connection with audiences (Kruger, 1996; Trachtenberg, 1979; Xu, 2015), making its presence in speeches a common and effective practice.
Translating humor presents unique challenges, especially in Simultaneous Interpreting, where interpreters face added pressures Many interpreting and translation students report difficulties in effectively conveying humor, often struggling to deliver smooth interpretations The presence of humor significantly affects the fluency of interpreters, highlighting the complexities involved in this aspect of language translation.
2 several studies concern humor in conference practically, no systematic empirical research on the applied strategy to render humor has been carried out
All these conditions, henceforth, offers an opportunity for new research to be conducted, which is “Strategies of interpreting humor in speeches of TECHFEST
2020 used by interpreting and translation - majored students of FELTE, ULIS”.
Research objectives and research questions
The researcher seeks to identify the challenges faced by FELTE students in interpreting humor while simultaneously processing information Additionally, the study aims to explore the strategies utilized by these students to effectively understand humor in the speeches presented at TECHFEST 2020.
Specifically, the research seeks for answers to the following questions:
1 What are some difficulties encountered by student interpreters during humor rendition process in speeches of TECHFEST 2020?
2 What strategies are applied by FELTE students in interpreting humor in speeches of TECHFEST 2020?
Significance of the study
Purchhacker (1996) highlights the significant challenges that simultaneous interpreters face when dealing with jokes and humorous stories in speeches, noting that the unpredictability of punchlines and cultural differences in humor can leave interpreters anxious and uncertain This research aims to explore the primary strategies interpreters use to convey humor and the obstacles they encounter in the process The findings are intended to benefit both professional and trainee interpreters, equipping them to handle unexpected humor more effectively and enhance their interpreting fluency Additionally, the study seeks to facilitate speakers in achieving their goal of eliciting laughter from audiences while addressing key issues related to interpreting humor, thereby setting the stage for future research in this area.
Hopefully, this research will be a useful resource for interpreters to read when they have difficulties in interpreting humor.
Scope of the study
This study will concentrate exclusively on verbal humor, rather than non-verbal forms The participants include five senior students from ULIS CLC, specializing in interpreting and translation, who played a key role in interpreting speeches at TECHFEST 2020.
TECHFEST 2020, the largest annual event for Vietnam's innovative startup community, took place from November 27 to 29 in Hanoi, organized by the Ministry of Science and Technology Despite the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic, the event showcased the vibrant and dynamic nature of Vietnam's startup ecosystem to international partners.
This thesis focuses on two speakers who effectively integrate humor into their speeches, showcasing distinct styles of expression The primary aim is to analyze humor conveyed in both Vietnamese and English, highlighting the cultural nuances and variations in comedic delivery.
The two chosen speakers are:
Mr Nguyễn Duy Hồng serves as the Deputy CEO of Smartlog Vietnam, a start-up focused on creating innovative information technology solutions for logistics operations The company's mission is to establish a collaborative logistics network that enables businesses to share resources, optimize operations, and boost competitiveness Recently, Mr Hồng participated in a conference to discuss these initiatives.
At TECHFEST 2020, "Smart City Creative Hanoi," a representative from Smartlog discussed the promotion of digital transformation in Vietnam's logistics sector Despite the abstract nature of the topic, his engaging presentation style, complete with captivating examples and humor, effectively captivated the audience He delivered his talk without notes, relying on visually impactful slides to convey key information.
Mr Shawn Lee, the CEO of SM Sino Technology Investments, which was established in 2015 by a group of venture capitalists, doctors, and entrepreneurs, leads a healthcare-focused venture capital firm based in Seoul, South Korea During the TECHFEST 2020 conference, titled "Enhancing the Innovation Ecosystem to the Next Level," he presented a speech on how Korean investors facilitate startups in reaching their IPO Utilizing slides as visual aids, Mr Lee's clear and deliberate English, spoken at a slower pace, allowed interpreters to easily follow his insights.
Organization of the study
The following chapters are organized correspondingly in this research paper Chapter 1: Introduction – shows research problems, rationale, research objectives, significance and research methodology
Chapter 2: Literature review - provides definitions of key terms and the review of related studies
Chapter 3: Methodology - describes the application of a specific process to collect data
Chapter 4: Findings and Discussion - presents and discusses the findings of the three questions
Chapter 5: Conclusion - summarizes the findings, significance and limitations of the study and suggestions for further studies.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Interpreting
Interpreting is defined as the process of facilitating understanding between two cultures (González & Mejias, 2013) It serves as a vital tool for source language speakers to effectively communicate their objectives and emotions to listeners of the target language Consequently, interpreters must possess a high level of proficiency in both languages and demonstrate the ability to provide accurate renditions.
Kohn and Kalina (1996) describe interpreting as a unique form of communication that occurs between different language communities, facilitated by interpreters who act as inter-lingual mediators They emphasize that interpreters create a corresponding target discourse that allows the audience to grasp the speaker's intended meaning.
Interpreting involves the oral translation of spoken language, distinct from written translation, and requires a strong command of the mother tongue along with a deep understanding of the conveyed message Successful interpreters must exhibit essential skills such as the ability to work under pressure, excellent memory retention, effective public speaking, and significant flexibility They must also be quick to adapt to unforeseen circumstances due to the time constraints of interpreting, unlike translators who have the opportunity to consult dictionaries and references to enhance their work.
Simultaneous interpreting (SI) is recognized as one of the most complex language tasks, as noted by Language Scientific This process involves listening to and understanding spoken language in one language while simultaneously retaining it in working memory The interpreter must then recode and produce the translation in another language, all in real-time.
Oncall Interpreters & Translators, a leader in quality interpreting and translation services, defines simultaneous interpreting (SI) as the process of instantly listening to, comprehending, and rendering a speaker's statements into another language This method is commonly utilized in international conferences, where interpreters work in pairs from soundproof cabins equipped with microphones SI is essential for multilingual meetings and is considered one of the most complex language tasks due to its demand for real-time translation and comprehension.
Simultaneous interpreting (SI) involves interpreters listening to a source speaker while simultaneously reformulating their message into the target language This demanding task requires interpreters to have a deep understanding of diverse cultures and traditions Adequate preparation is essential for handling any unexpected situations that may arise during the interpreting process.
Humor
Humor is a complex phenomenon that lacks a universally accepted definition or overarching theory, with estimates suggesting there are over 500 different interpretations and concepts related to humor and laughter (Goodman, 1995).
Humor can be defined in various ways, with Alison Ross describing it as "something that makes a person laugh or smile" (1998) Hurren (2002) expands on this by defining humor as any message, whether verbal or nonverbal, that evokes feelings of positive amusement From a linguistic perspective, Anthony L Audrieth (1998) views humor as the mental faculty involved in discovering, expressing, or appreciating the ludicrous or absurd Henmen (2001) adds that humor represents a playful mindset that fosters well-being, enhances thinking skills, and alleviates pain Crawford (1994) further characterizes humor as a communicative act, both verbal and nonverbal, that elicits positive cognitive or emotional responses and serves to connect individuals.
Humor plays a significant role in various aspects of life, including conference speeches, as it helps speakers connect effectively with their audiences While the advantages of humor for both audiences and speakers are substantial, the challenges in understanding and interpreting humor remain significant and have not been thoroughly explored.
The way of classifying the humor is diverse
Marta Dynel (2009) categorizes humor into 11 types, including jokes, conversational humor, and self-denigrating humor, among others However, this classification is not universally applicable, especially in formal settings like conferences Observations from TECHFEST 2020 reveal that speakers predominantly utilize jokes, self-denigrating humor, and anecdotes Jokes are often seen as the quintessential form of verbal humor, while self-denigrating humor involves the speaker making light of themselves Anecdotes provide a humorous narrative drawn from personal experiences or those of others, contributing to the overall humor in presentations.
It is undeniable that humor is fundamentally a communicative activity and an effective tool to minimise the distance between human beings
Laughter and humor play a crucial role in enhancing our well-being, as highlighted by The Ottawa Citizen (2011), which notes that they help maintain perspective and have numerous scientifically-backed health benefits Embracing humor not only brings joy to our lives but also creates a more pleasant environment for those around us In a world filled with stress and tension, humor emerges as a vital remedy for the daily challenges we face.
Humor plays a crucial role in enhancing collegiality and fostering friendships (Clouse and Spurgeon 1995; Ehrenberg 1995; Hay 1995; Vinton 1989) Additionally, it can effectively soften the delivery of instructions or criticisms (Barsoux 1993; Cox et al 1990; Morreall 1991, 1997).
Ross 1992) It can be used to release tension or defuse anger (Consalvo 1989; Coser
(b) In conferences b.1 Setting the scene
At the start of a conference, a noticeable gap often exists between speakers and the audience To bridge this gap and capture attention, many public speaking experts recommend using humor, such as telling a joke, to alleviate tension and foster a relaxed environment Pavlicek and Pửchhacker (2002) assert that humor helps speakers diminish the distance between participants, ultimately cultivating a sense of community.
When speakers engage with audiences, they often face verbal attacks; however, responding with humor can serve as an effective defense mechanism This approach not only disarms critics but also fosters a more positive interaction, allowing speakers to maintain control of the conversation.
Speakers universally recognize the importance of making a strong impression through effective public speaking, and incorporating humor is one of the most powerful techniques to achieve this By using jokes, they enhance the clarity of their ideas, making them more accessible to the audience Consequently, it is common to see humor integrated into conference speeches to bolster the overall impact of the presentations.
Interpreting humor in conference
Conference interpreters face various challenges, including speaker speed, topic complexity, and audience dynamics Unlike consecutive interpreters, who listen, take notes, and then convey the message in the target language, simultaneous interpreters must interpret instantly, without the opportunity to organize their thoughts.
Interpreters face significant challenges when rendering humor, as highlighted by Amato & Mack (2001), who note the complexities of handling proper names, culture-bound references, and scripted speeches Translating humor can be compared to solving a Rubik’s cube; achieving alignment on one side often disrupts the rest (Chiaro 2011, 265) If interpreters are unable to convey humor effectively, they risk feeling excluded from the conversation (Viaggio).
In 1996, Antonioni noted that audiences often laugh not solely due to the humor in the source material, but also in response to the laughter of others or the speaker's facial expressions Gile (1995) emphasizes that audience reactions, such as smiles or laughter, serve as a crucial "quality check" to ensure that humorous elements have been effectively conveyed in simultaneous interpretation (SI).
Strategies used in interpreting humor
Viaggio (1996) emphasizes that an interpreter's analysis of humorous contexts should encompass the speaker's pragmatic intentions and meanings, while also considering the audience's needs, expectations, and relevant background knowledge Furthermore, it is essential to assess the audience's capacity to comprehend and willingness to accept linguistic calques and verbatim quotations from the original language.
Viaggio’s analytical framework (1996) consists of six factors which influence the rendition of wordplay and other stylistically marked features of speech:
(i) Degree of spontaneity of the original: As opposed to impromptu humor (intended or unintended), non-spontaneous wordplay (scripted style) may pose great challenges if it is so sophisticated
Structural and lexical similarities between languages significantly reduce the effort needed for interpreters to accurately recreate original puns When languages share comparable forms, it facilitates a smoother translation process, allowing for more effective communication of humor and wordplay.
(iii) Degree of interpretation of the respective languages and cultures:
The linguistic and cultural background knowledge that the interpreter’s audience can be presumed to share with speaker and/or interpreter
In the context of Gricean maxims, the situational relevance of form suggests that a pun may not always be suitable in its original context, and therefore, it is advisable for the interpreter to overlook any inappropriateness.
(v) Interpreter’s knowledge of the source language culture(s) and literature: Humor can only be recognized if the alluded sayings or idiosyncrasies are familiar to the interpreter and audience
(vi) Interpreter’s mastery of the target languages and rhetorical prowess: Interpreters whose speeches have stylistic markers will find it easier to interpreter humor
Viaggio states that the interpreter should be able to choose the right strategy to use when transferring verbal humor
Gile's five rules (1995) guide interpreters in selecting effective strategies for interpretation The first rule emphasizes maximizing information recovery, requiring interpreters to discern which sections to convey and which to omit The second rule advocates for omission and generalization to prevent excessive rendition that could jeopardize subsequent parts of the speech, thus minimizing recovery inference The third rule highlights the importance of maximizing the communication impact, urging interpreters to consider the form of the speech carefully Supporting the second rule, the fourth rule prioritizes strategies that require less time and effort Finally, the fifth rule, known as the rule of self-protection, suggests that interpreters may choose not to disclose issues to maintain a positive impression with the audience.
These five rules are pointed out from the Gile’s Effort Models which help interpreters understand the “difficulties [of interpreting] and select appropriate
In this study, Gile's five rules, outlined in 1992, serve as a crucial framework for interpreters facing the challenge of conveying humor in conferences Adhering to these strategies and tactics has been shown to assist interpreters in selecting the most suitable approaches for effective interpretation, particularly in the nuanced realm of humor.
4.3 Strategies used in interpreting humor
In her playful monograph on simultaneous interpreting, Bertone (1989) recounts an instance where an interpreter bypasses a joke, instead prompting the audience to laugh on behalf of the speaker While Jones (2002) acknowledges that this "please laugh now" strategy can be effective if not overused, it may not be suitable in political discourse, as it risks failing to convey the intended perlocutionary effect and could potentially embarrass the speaker by turning them into the subject of the joke.
In Vymětalová’s research (2017), he synthesizes twelve strategies that were mentioned in various works such as that of Jones (2002), Gile (1995), Kalina
(2015), Bartlomiejczyk (2006), Kohn and Kalina (1996) or Liontou (2015) related to rendering humor a Reformulation
Jones (2002, 81) highlights that this technique is valuable for addressing stylistic features lacking equivalents in the target culture (TC) It demands considerable judgment from the interpreter, who must infer meaning solely from the context Generalization plays a crucial role in this process.
Another tool used in order to save time is using generic terms (Jones 2002,
If an interpreter encounters a word they do not understand or cannot interpret accurately, they have the option to use a broader term or rephrase the message in a more general way, employing superordinate terms to convey the intended meaning effectively.
This strategy enables interpreters to maintain the speaker's pace effectively According to Jones (2002), there are two types of omission: omission under duress, which occurs when an interpreter cannot accurately convey an expression, and omission by choice, referred to as 'editing,' where deliberate omissions are made to enhance communication.
Interpreters often need to adjust the balance between explicit and implicit content, which can be time-consuming and demanding on their cognitive resources (Lederer 2015, 208) However, Gile (1995, 198) notes that this approach, including the use of explanations and paraphrasing, may diminish the interpreter's credibility.
By bringing the implied information to light, the interpreter attributes responsibility to the speaker (Vianna 2005, 182) Vianna gives an example of a running joke among international speakers:
(8) Let’s meet here tomorrow at 10:00 am British time, not Brazilian time (Vianna
In example (8), the interpreter must clarify that the Brazilian audience should arrive on time instead of referencing GMT, which could alter the speaker's original intent, potentially a light-hearted joke According to Low, “obviousness is a killer of humour,” emphasizing the delicate balance interpreters must maintain in conveying messages accurately while preserving the intended tone.
Jones highlights a technique where the speaker shares an untranslatable joke, believing it to be hilarious and anticipating laughter from the audience To accommodate both the speaker and the interpreters, he suggests that the audience should laugh at the appropriate moment.
2002, 112) Viaggio believes that if there is enough space, gloss is often the best solution (Viaggio 1996, 193)
Notwithstanding such basic agreement regarding the efficiency of glosses, humour also depends on the communication situation (Norrick 1989, 118) which means that in certain cases, glosses and explanations are not advisable
Substitution has been suggested as a possible tool in encountering the
“underdog jokes”, where a whole group can be changed based on common features (Lendvai 1993, 108) g Transcoding / Literal Translation
Transcoding, as defined by Gile (1995), refers to "automatic" word-for-word translation, while Lederer (1978) identifies it as literal translation This technique is particularly useful for conveying numbers and names Kalina (2015) describes it as an "emergency strategy" that translators may use when they struggle to grasp the meaning of a message, relying instead on the surface structure He notes that cognitive overload can compel interpreters to resort to literal rendering (Gile, 1998).
Jones (2002, 108) emphasizes the importance of immediate self-correction in simultaneous interpreting when a serious mistake occurs, as failing to do so is unethical When humor is involved, interpreters may feel compelled to correct themselves if they realize the utterance was delivered in a non-bona fide manner, particularly in cases of irony or sarcasm The decision to correct depends on whether new information is introduced or if the original meaning has shifted significantly If not, corrections may waste valuable time and distract the audience, ultimately hindering the interpretation process (Jones 2002, 108).
Intonation serves as a powerful tool for conveying humor, with irony relying significantly on intonational cues It is essential for interpreters to understand the intonation patterns of both languages, as these patterns vary across different languages (Schlesinger 1994, 226-234).
It is a great tool for interpreters who might be able to anticipate the ‘thrust’ of the speech (Jones 2002, 105) from the general topic of the meeting or context
Jones suggests interpreters should learn to recognise speech patterns and rhetorical structures in their B language (2002, 105)
METHODOLOGY
Research design
This study utilized both quantitative and qualitative methods to address the research questions By employing a quantitative approach through questionnaires, the researcher identified the challenges faced by five senior students from ULIS CLC, majoring in Translation & Interpreting, when translating humor in the speeches of TECHFEST 2020 The findings are supported by statistical data that describe these difficulties.
The analysis conducted in this study allowed for significant time and resource savings; however, the quantitative approach had limitations, particularly in addressing the second research question regarding the strategies used by FELTE students to interpret humor in TECHFEST 2020 speeches To overcome this, a qualitative approach was adopted, incorporating semi-structured interviews that provided valuable insights into participants' opinions and feelings about effective strategies for conveying humor in these speeches.
Sampling method
Regarding the quantitative phase, convenience sampling was used for the student group because they were readily available The researcher aimed at choosing 5 CLC senior translation students from FELTE, ULIS
The qualitative phase utilized purposive sampling to select participants based on the researcher’s judgment of their qualifications and willingness to share their strategies for conveying humor in speeches at TECHFEST 2020 Interviews provided more detailed and clarified insights into their experiences.
Participants of the study
The research involved five senior students from the CLC program during the 2020-2021 academic year at FELTE, ULIS This group was specifically selected as participants due to their prior interpreting experience at TECHFEST, making them well-suited for the study.
2020 and encountered with difficulties in transferring humor The second reason was that they were approachable which helped the process of collecting data take place more efficiently.
Data collection instruments
This study utilized both questionnaires and interviews to gather data The questionnaire aimed to identify the challenges faced by student interpreters while rendering humor in speeches from TECHFEST 2020 In contrast, the interviews focused on uncovering the strategies employed by FELTE students in interpreting humor during the same event.
According to Brown (2001), questionnaires are written tools that present respondents with a series of questions or statements for them to answer, either by writing or selecting from provided options They are convenient and easily accessible for students, requiring less transportation and time compared to qualitative methods As a result, the challenges students encountered in interpreting humor during the TECHFEST 2020 speeches were identified through the use of questionnaires.
In the data collection phase of the research, a questionnaire was utilized, consisting of two main sections: personal information and survey questions Participants had the option to complete the personal information section, while the question segment focused on the challenges students face in rendering humor, employing a 5-point Likert Scale This scale allows respondents to express their attitudes, ranging from "strongly agree" to "strongly disagree" (Komorita, 1963, p 327) According to Kriksciuniene et al (2019), this method effectively captures measurable responses to attitudinal questions, making it a valuable tool for survey analysis.
After finishing the questionnaire 5 participants were invited to participate in the interview which aims to identify the interviewees’ uses of strategies in rendering humor
Participants were encouraged to provide detailed and elaborate responses to help the researcher gain a comprehensive understanding of the humor strategies they employed in their speeches during TECHFEST 2020.
The interviews utilized a set of predetermined questions primarily in Vietnamese to facilitate a deeper expression of ideas by the interviewees For a complete list of the interview questions, please refer to Appendix II.
Data collection procedure
The participants were contacted via e-mail to ask for interview permission and then make an arrangement
During TECHFEST 2020, five students were invited to interpret two humor recordings, which were recorded for later analysis Subsequently, the researcher engaged them in a discussion about the challenges of interpreting humor, after which the participants completed a prepared questionnaire.
Interviews were held with five students who participated in interpreting at TECHFEST 2020, with prior notification of the time and location given at least one week in advance The researcher aimed to identify the limitations of their strategies and gather suggestions for effective utilization Each tape-recorded interview lasted between 15 to 20 minutes.
Data analysis procedures
The collected data was carefully categorized in order to make filtering the data and importing them into the Excel for analysis less laborious
The results from the questionnaires distributed to 5 students were illustrated statistically in bar charts, tables and detailed descriptions
6.22 Data from semi-structured interview
Step 1: Transcribing the recordings into texts
Step 2: Rereading the data to get familiar with them
Step 4: Searching for themes with broader patterns of meaning
Step 5: Looking for the connection between the data and the themes
Step 6: Interpreting the data and writing reports
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
The conference “Smart city creative Hanoi” was held on 28 th November,
In 2020, Mr Nguyễn Duy Hồng, representing Smartlog, delivered a speech on the importance of promoting digital transformation in Vietnam's logistics sector, highlighting the significant impact that digital advancements have had on everyday life.
Mình chuyển đổi số nhưng vẫn phải chuyển đổi số bằng cơm, đúng không ạ? Chúng ta khắc phục, đúng không ạ? Chuyển đổi số mà vẫn phải dùng tay
In today's digital age, having remote control enhances flexibility, yet there are instances where manual operation is necessary, reminiscent of the traditional machines powered by rice.
Interpreter 2 (T.L) Okay Can you, can you change a slide? I find it funny that we have to perform digitalization manually I think we can improve on it
Interpreter 3 (K.N) Please press the button for me It's digital transformation but we still have to do manually, right? But we still have to accept that
Interpreter 4 (Q.H) Digital transformation still needs rice to run, doesn't it?
Okay So still with…we still do, just form the digital with our hand
Interpreter 5 (T.N) Is there a press for you to change? It is digital transformation, but we still need to use hands, right? It's okay We will work on that
Sự thay đổi là điều cần thiết để thích ứng với cuộc sống hiện đại Hai năm trước, bố mẹ tôi đã bắt đầu sử dụng Facebook, điều này cho thấy sự chuyển biến trong cách họ giao tiếp và kết nối với mọi người Thỉnh thoảng, khi tôi đi đâu, họ cũng thường xuyên hỏi thăm và cập nhật thông tin qua mạng xã hội.
Bố mẹ tôi, thuộc thế hệ trước, cũng đã bắt đầu sử dụng Facebook và thường xuyên "post" hình ảnh Họ có nhu cầu vui chơi và tương tác với con cái, thường nói đùa rằng ở nhà thì ít nói nhưng ra đường lại "chém gió" nhiều Điều này cho thấy con người cần phải thay đổi để thích nghi với thời đại Bà ngoại tôi gần 90 tuổi, chỉ dùng điện thoại cục gạch nhưng vẫn có thể gọi con cháu về ăn cơm Bà đơn giản ghi số điện thoại với cách gọi như “A Hồng”, “A Vinh” để dễ nhớ Các cụ đã thay đổi rất nhiều và đôi khi tôi cũng trêu rằng nếu không biết sử dụng điện thoại, con cháu sẽ gặp khó khăn trong việc giao tiếp.
“đốt” xuống không biết dùng Đúng không ạ? Các cụ phải tập sẵn đi sau này “đốt” xuống còn biết “dùng”
Extracted from the conference “Smart city Creative Hanoi” (1:02:20-1:03:12)
In recent years, my parents have embraced Facebook, leading to a noticeable shift in our communication Whenever I share pictures online, they engage with my posts, often questioning why I seem quiet at home despite my active presence on social media.
So you have the chance So my parents had the chance to
At 90 years old, my grandma relied on her phone to connect with her children, demonstrating the importance of technology in maintaining family relationships She was able to navigate her contacts easily, allowing her to reach out to the right person with just a few taps This highlights how digital communication can bridge the gap of physical distance, enabling meaningful interactions even in our older generations.
Many believe that it's essential to practice using smartphones, as this knowledge can be valuable for future generations The idea is that when one passes away, their grandchildren can honor their memory by burning joss paper, symbolically providing them with resources in the afterlife.
Adapting to change is essential in today's digital age, as demonstrated by my parents, who embraced Facebook two years ago to connect with their children Even my 90-year-old grandmother has learned to use her phone effectively, showcasing that change is possible at any age In Vietnamese culture, there's a belief that if one doesn't know how to use a phone, they cannot take it with them to the afterlife, emphasizing the importance of technological literacy.
In just two months, my parents have embraced Facebook, showcasing a remarkable change in their communication style Surprisingly, they have become quite talkative online, sharing pictures and engaging with us, despite being more reserved in person This shift highlights how adapting to new technology can transform social interactions.
So that's certainly a change My grandmother, who's almost 90 years old Also call her grandparents Yeah And I mean she's very, she's very adaptive and there's
22 certainly a change And I have been joking around that
Uh, my grandparents have to practice using the phone so that when they passed away, I can, uh, they, they can still connect with us in some way
Interpreter 4 (Q.H) That's the change and we have to change to adapt to that
For the past two years, my parents have learned to navigate Facebook, showcasing their adaptability to technology In contrast, my nearly 90-year-old grandmother still uses a basic phone but knows how to make calls to connect with her family Despite the simplicity of her device, she is also adapting to the changing digital landscape It's essential for older generations to familiarize themselves with mobile technology, ensuring they can stay connected with loved ones, even if it means understanding newer devices in the future.
In recent years, my parents have embraced social media, particularly Facebook, to connect with us and engage with our lives by liking our pictures This shift highlights a broader trend of the older generation adapting to technology, as even my nearly 90-year-old grandmother now uses the phone to invite us over for meals Their willingness to change demonstrates the evolving nature of family interactions in the digital age.
She will ask us to write down numbers to facilitate communication with others We want to share a lighthearted joke about how our grandparents struggled with phone usage before they passed away.
Các nhà nhập khẩu tại Hà Nội cần phải vận chuyển hàng hóa từ Hải Phòng về, đồng thời phải trả lại vỏ rỗng Tương tự, các nhà xuất khẩu cũng phải mượn vỏ rỗng từ Hải Phòng để đóng hàng rồi chở xuống đó Điều này dẫn đến việc có hai chiều vận chuyển rỗng Tôi đã khuyến khích hai nhà xuất nhập khẩu nói chuyện và hợp tác với nhau, từ đó giúp họ tối ưu hóa quy trình bằng cách sử dụng lại vỏ rỗng.
Giống như các bạn trẻ ở đây, nếu buổi sáng bạn chở bạn gái của mình đi học, đừng quên chở bạn gái của người khác về Sau đó, khi người đó đi đón, họ sẽ chở bạn gái của bạn về Đây chính là một ví dụ về nền kinh tế chia sẻ, không phải là cạnh tranh mà là sự hỗ trợ lẫn nhau Việc A chở bạn gái của B đi học và sau đó đón bạn gái của mình về giúp cả hai đều có thời gian rảnh rỗi.
When importing goods to Hai Phong, it's essential to calculate and pay the necessary import fees Afterward, you must return the empty container to the Hai Phong port This process can be likened to a scenario where you transport someone from one location to another while simultaneously coordinating the return of another individual, highlighting the importance of logistics in international trade.