Cd le Thanh Mau Lilu Hanh la vi Nft than - Thanh Mau dftdc dan gian truyen tung vdi nhieu huyen thoai, truyen thuy6't va ciing la -vi than linh dftdc cac nha van, thd Nho hpc de cdng
Trang 130 Nghien CLTU Ton giao SdlO - 2010^
THANH MAU LIEU HANH, Tir VI CHUA DEN THAN CHU DAO MAU VIET NAM
I NGUON TU" LIEU M 6 I VE THANH MAU
LIEU HANH -,;•; :j •' yy ;::x: '[i.^ n^rm
1 Cd le Thanh Mau Lilu Hanh la vi Nft
than - Thanh Mau dftdc dan gian truyen
tung vdi nhieu huyen thoai, truyen thuy6't
va ciing la -vi than linh dftdc cac nha van,
thd Nho hpc de cdng san dinh than tich,
than pha, th6 hien tren cac bi kl, cac tac
pham viet bang chft Han Ndm Theo thd'ng
ke sd bp, de'n nay cd gan 100 dau sach va tft
lieu •vLe't ve Ba, trong dd c6 cac tft lieu Han
Nom, chft qud'c ngft va cac thft ngdn ngft
nftdc ngoai, nhieu nhat la tieng Phap, Anh,
trong d6 dac biet quan trpng la cac ngudn
tft lieu CO Han Ndm''l
Trong kho tang tii lieu phong phu nhft
vay, tr6n cai nen kha thong nhat ve cdt
truyen, n6'u can cft sft khac biet cac tinh
ti6't ve cupe ddi ve Thanh Mau thi co th6'
phan thanh 3 loai tft lieu khac nhau :
(1) Nhiing tu: lieu truyen ke dan g i a n
do nhan dan sang tao va truyen tung vdi
nhieu di ban, ma di6n hinh la truyen ve
Cong chua Li6u Hanh, do N g u y i n Ddng
Chi siiu tam va san dinh cong bd' trong
Kho tang truyen cd tich Viet Nam, cac
huyen thoai ve tran Sdng Sdn dai chie'n,
ma sau nay dftdc Vftdng Duy Trinh,
Nguy6n Van Huyen san dinh va cdng bd'
trong cdng trinh cua minh'*^' Cac truyen
NGO DUG THINH'' k6 nay thftdng ddn g i a n va chan chat ' (2) Ngudn tft lieu Han Nom, ma md
dau la tac pham Van Cat Than nii
truyen'-^^ cua Nft si Doan Thi Diem (the ki
XVIII) va Tien Phi dich luc (dau the' ki
XX) cua Kieu Oanh Mau'*' va tie'p tuc vdi hang loat cac tft lieu khac chiu anh hu'dng ve phong each va npi dung, trong
dd dac biet chi de cap de'n hai lan giang sinh cua Thanh Mau d Van Cat (Phii Day)
va Nga Sdn (Thanh Hoa)
Truyen thuy6't ve Li6u Hanh cua Nguyen Ddng Chi mo ta Li6u Hanh la co cdng chua thft hai ciia Ngpc Hoang, tinh tinh ftdng nganh, xuo'ng tran gian md quan ban hang, g a y nhieu phien toai cho
A*- A ' 9 A V A
ngftdi tran, ke ca vdi vua quan nha Le -chua Trinh Vi cac hanh ddng l o n g hanh
* GS TS., Vien Nghien cuu Van hda, Vien Khoa hpc xa hpi Viet Nam
1 Ngo Dire ITiinh Dgo Mau Viet Nam Nxb Tdn
giao li 2009
2 Nguy6n Ddng Ghi Kho tdng iriiyen cd tich \'iet Nam lap 4 (tai ban), H., 1980
- Nguydn Van Huyen "Nu than Lieu Manh" in
trong Tuc thd ciing than lien d\'iel Nam 1944 Nay tap hop trong bd sach 2 tap Gdp phdn nghien ciru vdn hod Viet Nam tap 2, Nxb KHXIl, H., 1996
3 Doan Thi Diem Truyen nit than \'dn Cdt in trong Truyen ki Idn phd 1993
4 Kieu Oanh Mau Tien phd dich Inc Nguyen Xuan Dien dich \ii chil giai in trong: Ngo Di'rc Thinh Dgo Man Viet Nam Nxb Tdn giao H 2009
Trang 2Ngo Due Thinh Thdnh Man Licni Hanh 31
nhft vay, t r i e u d i n h da p h a i mftdn Bat Bd
Kim Ciidng d u n g mftu Ifta va bat Cong
chua, khi6'n cho P h a t Ba Quan Am p h a i
n h d tdi p h e p t h u a t mdi g i a i thoat dftdc
Cong chua c u n g da dap lai mdt each
k h a n g k h a i n h i i n g ldi k6't toi cua n h a
vua, n h d th6' m a t h o a t tdi Tft do Cdng
chua quy y, lam viec b a n phuc, t a n Idc
cho ngftdi ddi
Tft mpt CO gai x i n h dep, nhuiig tinh tinh
ftdng hiidng, thi vdi Doan Thi Di6m, n a n g
la Cong chua Quynh Hoa •vi Id tay d a n h vd
chen ngpc trong n g a y Hpi dao tien, nen bi
vua cha qud phat day xudng tran
Cach Cdng chiia Quynh Hoa g i a n g t r a n
Cling khac Mpt dang, co gai bftdng binh,
khien Ngpc Hoang noi g i a n day xud'ng
tran, thi vdi n h a n quan cua mdt nft van si
tham n h u a n Nho hpc, Cong chiia Quynh
Hoa Id tay danh vd chen ngpc n6n bi Ngpc
Hoang phat g i a n g t r a n t h o n g qua dau thai
vao gia dinh L6 Thai Cong, mpt g i a d i n h
danh gia, nho nha, ndi ma sau nay n a n g
diidc nuoi dftdng t r o n g moi triidng giao
due de trd t h a n h cd gai k h o n g chi x i n h
dep ma cdn du tai cam, ki, thi, hoa va dftc
cong, dung, ngdn, hanh
Bang tft tiidng Nho g i a o n h u a n
nhuy6n, mpt but p h a p v a n chftdng t r u y e n
ki dieu luyen va cd c h u t liu ai m a n g day
chat nft tinh, nft si Doan Thi Di6m da tao
nen mpt h i n h tftdng L i l u H a n h Cdng
chua vfta x i n h dep, tai hoa, day ca t i n h
va t r a c an T i n h each h a m c h u o n g t h d
van, g i a o du r d n g r a i , t h i c h d a m dao v a n
thd cua Cong c h u a Lieu Hanh, m a sau
nay, du Ba da hi6n l i n h va diidc p h o n g
than, k h d n g he cd t r o n g cac t r u y e n
thuye't d a n g i a n , p h a i c h a n g la b a n sao
ciia b a n t h a n nft si Doan Thi Diem D6'
s a u nay, sft hi6n l i n h cua Nft t h a n Van
Cat diidi d a n g cac bai g i a n g but c a n g
l a m t a n g c h a t l i n h t h i e n g p h a lan c h a t
t h d m d n g cua Ba
(3) Dac biet, n h i i n g n a m g a n day,
c h u n g t a bi6t th6m mdt sd tii lieu H a n Ndm cdn du'dc Iftu gift d Bao t a n g Nam Dinh, d Phii N a p ( Q u a n g Cung l i n h tft) thudc x a Y6n Dong, h u y e n Y Yen, Nam
Dinh, n h i i t a m b i a Quang Cung linh td bi kf^'> do Bac Tft Nguy6n Dinh Viep, tri
h u y e n Dai An s o a n n a m 1741; Quang Cung linh tit pha A/*" do Vu Huy Trac soan n a m 1781; t a c p h a m Cat Thien Tam the' thiic lud''^ do n h o m tac g i a Doan
Tri6'n, T6' tiiu Qud'c Td Giam Ti6'n si
K h i e u N a n g Tinh, Doc hpc Bac N i n h
N g u y e n X u a n Thieu, Ddc hpc Hai P h o n g Nguy6n Van Tinh, Dd^c hpc tri si D a n g Quy va Dd Huy Lieu, s o a n va de tfta v a n
1993 Dac biet, n h d m tac g i a n a y la ngu'di thudc t r a n Sdn N a m va b a n be thupc cac
t i n h k6' can c6 mdi q u a n he dac biet vdi Phii Nap, cd nhftng t r i a n r i e n g vdi
T h a n h Mau T r o n g cac tac p h a m nay, cd
th6 coi Quang Cung linh td pha ki ciia
Vu Huy Trac (1781) cd n i e n dai g a n vdi Van Cat t h a n nft cua Doan Thi Di6m
2 So vdi t r u y e n ke d a n g i a n , t r u y e n
n o m k h u y e t d a n h va tat ca eac tac p h a m ciia cac n h a N h o hpc chiu a n h hftdng cua Doan Thi Di6m, Kieu O a n h Mau dftdc
s a n g tac tft gifta the' ki XVIII den d a u th6'
5 Biic Tu Nguyen Dinh Viep (Tri huyen Dai An) Quang Cung linh tir hi ki Duong Van Virpng dich \'a
chii giai hien kru tai Phu Nap, xa Yen Ddng, huyen
Y i'en Nam Dinh
6 Tie'n si Vu Huy Trac Qiidng Cung Linh tir phd ki
Ban chep tay lu'u tai Phu Nap; Duong Van Virpng dich va chii giai
7 Cdt Thii'ii Tam the thuc Inc Duong Van Virpng
dich va chu giai, ban chiTr Han hien luu tai Phii Nap,
Y Yen, Nam Dinli,
Trang 332 Nghien cUu Ton giao SdlO - 2010
ki XX t h i deu n d i ve hai lan giang sinh
cua T h a n h Mau Lieu Hanh, mdt l a n d
Van Cat va l a n s a u d N g a Sdn, T h a n h
Hoa (cd v a n b a n ndi la d N g h e An) Tuy
nhien, cac t a c p h a m cua n h d m Sdn Nam,
ma cac tac p h a m cua h p c u n g r a ddi c u n g
thdi vdi cac tac p h a m cua nft si Doan Thi
Diem, Kieu O a n h Mau (tftc la gifta th6' k i
XVIII de'n d a u th6' k i XX), lai de cap tdi
ba lan giang tran (Tam s i n h t a m h o a )
cua Cdng c h u a Lieu H a n h Do la:
- Lan giang tran dad tieir tft n a m 1434
- 1473, t h d i Le T h a i Td', d x a T r a n Xa,
h u y e n Dai An, phii N g h i a Hftng, t r o n g
v d n g 40 n a m , t h a e s i n h vao g i a d i n h d n g
P h a m Dftc C h i n h va ba Doan Thi Phiidng,
lay ten la P h a m Ti6n Nga, k h d n g lay
chdng, mdt I d n g p h u n g dftdng Cha Me v a
lam viec t h i e n c o n g dftc, m d m a n g n g h e
A 9 A?
n g h i e p cho ngftdi d a n sd tai, n a m 40 tuoi,
Tien Chua h o a ve Trdi, n a y d a n sd tai l a p
den t h d Ti6n Chua, dd c h i n h la P h u
Q u a n g Cung (Phu Nap) ,- ,,,
- Lan giang tran thd hai cua Cdng
chua Li6u H a n h vao t h d i k i tft 1557 - 1577
tai t h d n Van Cat, x a An Thai, h u y e n
Thi6n Ban, p h u N g h i a Hftng, t i n h N a m
Dinh, la con g a i ciia g i a d i n h Le Thai
Cdng va L6 Thai Ba Tien Chua s i n h r a
lay ten la Le Thi T h a n g , s a u k6't d u y e n
c u n g T r a n Dao Lang, s i n h h a dftdc h a i
ngftdi con Con t r a i la T r a n N h a m va con
g a i la Hda (cd tft lieu chi n h a c d6'n mdt
con trai) Tien Chua h o a ve t r d i n a m 21
^9 ^9 V
tuoi, de lai p h a n mp, n a y c h i n h la l a n g
T h a n h Mau
- Lan giang tran thd ba: Ti6n Chua
(1650-1668) xud'ng dat l a n g Soc, x a Tay Mo,
huyen Nga Sdn, t i n h T h a n h Hoa, ten la
Hoang Thi Trinh, lay c h d n g hp Mai, tiidng
truyen la h a u s i n h eiia c h d n g cii, s i n h mdt
con trai, ten la Con Tien Chua hoa ve trdi
n a m 19 tuoi Hien tai, d den Phd' Cat cdn Iftu gift mdt t a m sac p h o n g Dftc d n g N h a m
va d n g Con, h a i ngftdi con t r a i cua h a i ddi chdng cua Tien Chiia
Tat n h i e n , h i e n t a i t r o n g cac t a i lieu
H a n N d m cd sii k h a c biet ve n i 6 n d a i ba
l a n "Tam s i n h t a m hoa" cua Ti6n Chua
c u n g nhu" t e n gpi, viec l a m ciia Ba t r o n g
ba l a n g i a n g s i n h d b a ndi Tuy nhien,
cd di6m c h u n g n h a t la d ca b a l a n g i a n g
t r a n , Tien Chua deu the' h i e n la ngftdi con g a i x i n h dep n e t na, t r u n g t r i n h ,
l a m n h i e u viec t h i e n g i u p d a n lanh,
x i i n g d a n g la m a u mftc cong, dung,
n g o n , h a n h cua ngftdi p h u nft Viet Nam'^\ khi6'n cho s a u k h i Tien Chua h o a
ve t r d i , ngftdi b a n h a t deu n h d thiidng, bi6't dn v a l a p d e n t h d Ba
3 Cac tft lieu H a n Ndm n6u tr6n cdn dftdc bd s u n g b a n g cac cau ddi, dai tft,
g h i r o cac l a n g i a n g s i n h ciia T h a n h
M i u VI du, c a u dd'i d P h u Ti6n Hiidng (Phu Day) g h i rd: "Tam the' l u a n hdi, vu
v i Nhu6', v u V a n Cat, vu N g a Sdn, n g u bach dft n i e n q u a n g thftc luc / Lich tri6u
ba cdn, vi d6' nft, vi dai vftdng, vi c h u n g mau, vi t h a n h t h a n t i e n phat, ftc thien
v a n cd d i e n d a n h b a n g " (dich n g h i a : Ba ddi t h a y doi d Vi Nhue', d Van Cat, d Nga Sdn, d6'n n a y h d n 500 nam, sii tich s a n g
n g d i t r o n g thftc luc / Cac t r i e u dai p h o n g
t a n g la con vua, la dai -vftcfng, la me, la
t h a n h t h a n ti6n Phat du cho tdi van n a m sau ti6'ng tam v a n g ddng k h a p n h a n gian)
8 Hien tai, ddng hp Pham a Y Yen, Xuan Trudng
(Nam Dinh) da tdn Thien Ghiia Lidu Hanh - Pham Tien Nga la Ba Td Gd ciJa ddng hp, thanh lap cau lac
bp gai dam dau hien theo girong cua Tien Mau
Theo: Pham Minh Liem, Su lich Thdnh Mau Lieu
Hanh Phgm Tien Nga (I4.N-I473) - Mot Bd id hg Phgm (luu hanh npi bp)
Trang 4Ngo Diic ITiinh Thdnh Man Licht Hanh 33
Hay ddi cau ddi d Phu Nap de Tft Dftc
thap bat nien, tam nguyet (Thang 3 nam Tft
E>ftc thft 18) cd ghi: "Giang vu Vi Nhu6' do
tien sii / Dia hiiu Sdng Sdn thupc hau thdi"
(dich nghia: Sinh ndi Vi Nhue'la than trftdc;
Viec dat Song Sdn ay ki6p sau),v.v_
Sft tich "Tam s i n h t a m hoa" c u n g da
dftdc the hien t r o n g v a n chau len d d n g d
mpt sd^ den phu, c u n g nhft cac di b a n d a n
g i a n k h a c la do d a n g i a n hda tft cac tac
p h a m cua cac n h a Nho d v u n g nay,v.v
Mpt hu'dng tim tdi tft lieu mdi lien
quan d6'n Tam sinh Tam hda ciia T h a n h
Mau Lieu Hanh, do la k h a i t h a e n h i i n g tii
lieu ve gia pha, n g p c pha, m a dieu n a y da
va d a n g dien r a vdi d o n g h p P h a m d Phii
Nap va d o n g hp Tran, Le d P h u Day
T r o n g k h i vi6't g i a p h a h p P h a m d Viet
Nam, ngftdi ta g i a thi6't r a n g , P h a m Thi
Nga (Ti6n Chua) s i n h r a tft g i a d i n h h p
P h a m d P h a m Xa, Y6n D o n g (cha la
P h a m Dinh Chinh), co th6 la tft gdc cu to
P h a m Dao Soan, ngu'di hp P h a m d a u ti6n
tft Hai Diidng ve k h a i p h a v u n g N a m
Dinh vao ddi Tran, n a m 1386 Luc d a u lay
ten la H o a n g Xa, s a u doi t h a n h P h a m Xa
Trong hp P h a m d day, cd d n g P h a m Dao
Chii, P h a m Dao Bao (ddi thft 5) dd tie'n si
de t a m g i a p va de n h i g i a p , t6n tuoi dftdc
g h i vao v a n bia<^'
Gan day, cac n h a n g h i 6 n ciiu da q u a n
tam n h i e u tdi cac n g u d n tii lieu gia pha,
nggc pha cua d o n g hp Tran, h p L6 d P h u
Day Cudn Van Cat Le gia nggc pha, tac
g i a la N g u y 6 n Qud'c T r i n h ( N g u y i n Quoc
Khdi), chep g i a p h a d o n g hp Le d Van
Cat Van Cat Le gia nggc p h a vao n a m
Vinh Tft thft 11
Theo b a n n g p c p h a n a y thi k h o a n g the'
k i XVI, cd ngu'di con t r a i thft 5 cua vua
Le, cd le la Le Chi6u T d n g h a y L6 Tft Vinh,
k h i n h a Mac ciidp ngdi n h a L6 thi L6 Tii Vinh l a n h ve t h d n Van Cat, x a An Thai, huyen Vu Ban (Nam Dinh); ong lay vd la
ba T r a n Thi Thue, s i n h du'dc con t r a i la L6 Tft Thang L6 Tft T h a n g lay vd la Tran Thi Tft, s i n h dftdc con g a i la Giang Ti6n, tftc Li6u Hanh G i a n g Ti6n m a t khi con It tuoi, n g a y h d a la m d n g 3 t h a n g 3 L6 Tft
T h a n g lay g i a tai, r u d n g vftdn cimg cho
d a n l a n g de c u n g h a u cho G i a n g Ti6n Dd
la vao n a m Gia Thai thft 5, ddi L6 The' Tong (1577) Can g h i n h a n them la n a m
1939, Tdng doc T h a n h Hda k h i tu siia den Song da tim t h a y b a n g i a p h a b a n g d d n g
CO npi d u n g nhft da ndi tr6n
N6'u b a n g i a p h a n a y la mdt tft lieu
x a c thftc t h i G i a n g Ti6n - Mau Li6u H a n h c6 th6 la mdt n h a n vat c6 thiic, c6 d d n g ddi h o a n g tpc n h a L6, s i n h r a d dat Van Cat, CO n g a y s i n h t h a n g de, cd mo m a s a u
k h i mat Sau nay, t r o n g boi c a n h x a hoi Viet Nam t h e ' k i XVII - XVIII, G i a n g Tien
^9 ^ A V A
da h i e n l i n h va h o a t h a n h Lieu H a n h cong chua, r d i T h a n h Mau Li6u Hanh Day c u n g la mpt each t a o t h a n m a n g
t i n h P h i i d n g Dong, gid'ng nhft Thi6n Hau
T h a n h Mau thdi n h a Tong d T r u n g Quoc
II T f TIEN CHUA TAM SINH TAM HOA
DEN THANH MAU LIEU HANH
1 Nhu" Khi6'u N a n g Tinh t r o n g Cat Thien tam the'thitc luc h a y c h i n h cau ddi
tai P h u N a p vfta n e n tr6n da chia cuoc ddi cua T h a n h Mau Li6u H a n h t h a n h 2
g i a i d o a n la tien sitvk hau thdi Tien sft
9 Ghung toi dii cd cudc trao ddi thii vi vdi dng Pliam Minh Lien, trudng ban lien lac hp Pham d Pham Xa
Y Yen iiy vien lien lac hp Pham Viet Nam Ong Liem da cung cap tu lieu cho chiing toi xin cam on ong
Trang 534 Nghien cuu Ton giao SdlO - 2(11^
tftc la thdi k i "Tam s i n h t a m hoa" ciia
Lieu H a n h Cdng c h u a d Phii N a p (Vi
Nhu6), Van Cat va N g a Sdn, con h a u t h d i
c h i n h la g i a i d o a n Cdng chua Li6u H a n h
hi6'n t h a n h de' t r d t h a n h T h a n h Mau Lieu
Hanh, m a t r a n Song Sdn dai chien va di
tich den Song ( T h a n h Hda) la diem mdc
Ne'u g i a i d o a n tien sft vdi "Tam s i n h t a m
hoa", Cong c h u a Li6u H a n h da t r a i qua
cudc ddi b i n h y6n, h a n h phuc, m a n g lai
n h i e u h a n h p h u c cho ddi, diidc ngiidi ddi
ca t u n g cdng lao m d m a n g n g h e n g h i e p ,
c h a n hftng cac v u n g qu6, thi g i a i d o a n
h a u thdi lai t r a i qua bao s o n g gid, t h a m
chi la t h a m kich, nhftng cuoi c u n g Ti6n
Chua lai bftdc len dai hi6n t h a n h - T h a n h
Mau Lieu Hanh, t h a n chii cua dao Mau
Tam phu, Tft phu
Ve thdi h a u t h d i cua T h a n h Mau Lieu
Hanh, c h u n g ta chi t h a y p h a n a n h t r o n g
truyen k6 d a n g i a n ve Li6u H a n h Cong
chua ciia N g u y e n D d n g Chi, t r o n g k h a o
ciiu ve tuc t h d tien ciia Nguy6n Van
Huy6n va b a n dien ndm ve Sdng Sdn Dai
Chien cua Chu Manh T r i n h t r o n g Thanh
Hoa quan phong Cdn t r o n g cac tac p h a m
chft H a n Nom ciia cac n h a Nho thi k h d n g
de cap tdi, trft c d n g t r i n h Tien phi dich
luc ciia Kieu O a n h Mau, viet vao nhftng
n a m dau th6' ki XX
Theo toi (NDT), d6' hi6'u g i a i d o a n "Hau
thdi" hien t h a n h cua Cdng chua Li6u
Hanh, can p h a i x e m xet bdi c a n h x a hdi
Viet Nam t h e k i XVII - XIX, tftc thdi k i
cuoi cua the che q u a n chu
Day la thdi ki p h a t t r i e n budn b a n
t h o n g thftdng gifta cac v u n g mien d ca
D a n g T r o n g va D a n g Ngoai, m a t r o n g
cac l u d n g b u d n b a n dd, p h u nft gift vai
tro q u a n t r p n g Cac den phii mpc len t r e n
cac tuy6'n thftdng m a i tft T h a n g Long di
ngiidc L a n g Sdn, T h a n g Long - Y6n Bai, Lao Cai; T h a n g Long - Hai Phdng<'^°>,
Q u a n g Ninh; T h a n g Long theo diidng Thien Ly xudi ve p h i a nam: N a m Dinh,
T h a n h Hda, N g h e An.v.v Day c u n g
c h i n h la n h i i n g con du'dng h a n h hftdng cua cac con n h a n g de tu' h i e n n a y vao dip
m u a x u a n va m u a thu C6 th6' ndi, tft thdi
ki nay, dao Mau tft mpt t i n n g i i d n g m a n g
t i n h n d n g n g h i e p d a n d a n t h a n h tin
n g i i d n g thftdng n g h i e p
Xa hdi Vict Nam thdi L6 Mat trd di la thdi ki lich sii day bi6'n dpng Dd la cudc
t r a n h g i a n h gifta Le - Mac, rdi sau do la hinh thai Vua L6 - Chiia Trinh d Dang Ngoai va chia cat T r i n h - Nguy6n p h a n t r a n h gifta
D a n g Ngoai va D a n g Trong Day la chfta k6 cac cudc khdi n g h i a n o n g dan nd ra li6n mi6n, n h a t la thdi Tay Sdn - Nguy6n Triidc n h i i n g bi6'n d o n g lich sii va xa hdi nhft vay, ddi s d n g n h a n d a n cd ciic,
t a m t r a n g ngiidi d a n bat dinh, m u o n tim sft a n t o a n t r o n g ddi s o n g t a m linh Hdn th6' nfta, tft the' k i XV vdi viec n h a nu'dc
t r u n g lidng t a p q u y e n lay Nho giao lam
n e n t a n g tii tiidng va t r d t h a n h he y thftc ddc t d n t h i P h a t g i a o va Dao g i a o co xu hiidng d a n g i a n hda, tft bo ddi s o n g cung dinh, di vao ddi s o n g d a n da d n d n g thon Day la d i p cac dinh, den, c h u a mpc I6n
n g a y m d t n h i e u d n o n g thon, n h a t la tft thdi n h a Mac t r d di
P h a t g i a o k h i di vao ddi sd'ng d a n
g i a n , l a n g qu6n d a n cac k i n h sach vdi cac tri6't li cao xa, d6 d a n t r d t h a n h mdt thft dao II iing xU' x a hdi, vai trd cua P h a t
Ba Quan Am vdi chftc n a n g ciiu k h d ciiu
n a n cho d a n chimg t r d n e n g a n g u i khie'n c h o P h a t g i a o d a n g i a n n i i d c t a
10 Ngo Dire Thinh Dgo Mdii Viet Nam Sdd
Trang 6Ngo Diic Thinh Thdnh Mau LichiHgnh ^ 35
thftdng m a n g m a u sac P h a t giao Quan
Am Roi cac x u hftdng t h a m n h a p gifta
Phat g i a o vdi t i n n g i i d n g d a n gian, lam
cho P h a t g i a o c u n g bi6'n d a n g , tao n6n
nhiing sac t h a i k h a c n h a u Cuoc Sdng
Sdn dai chie'n gifta Lieu H a n h vdi d d n g
Ndi dao la cd hdi d6' P h a t Ba Quan Am r a
tay ciiu giup, khi6'n Lieu H a n h quy y, da
md r a con diidng t h a m n h a p gifta P h a t
giao va tin n g i i d n g thd Mau H i n h t h a i
t h a m n h a p gifta P h a t g i a o vdi dao Mau
d a n g i a n t a o n e n mpt h i n h t h a i "tien
Phat hau Mau" t r o n g cac n g d i chua d Bac
Bp chinh la k6't qua cua qua t r i n h t h a m
n h a p lau dai nay
Dao g i a o T r u n g Hoa vdi d d n g tu ti6n
va d o n g p h u thiiy ciing t h a m n h a p va
p h a t trien m a n h d Viet Nam Thiic ra,
Dao giao T r u n g Hoa t h a m n h a p vao nu'dc
ta tft lau, n g a y tft dau thdi Bac thupc D6'n
thdi p h o n g ki6'n tii chii, cac tu: tiidng ciia
Dao g i a o da cd n h i i n g a n h hu'dng n h a t
d i n h d6'n ca t a n g Idp vua quan, quy tpc d
cung dinh, t h a m ehl tii tftdng Tam g i a o
(Phat, Nho, Dao) c u n g da du'dc diia vao
cac de t h i d c u n g dinh Nhieu viidng
cong, quy tpc thdi T r a n c u n g da tiing la
dao si Tuy nhien, p h a i s a u t h e k i XV, k h i
ma Nho g i a o ddc ton thi Dao g i a o va
Phat g i a o mdi t h a m n h a p sau vao ddi
song d a n d a d n d n g thon Dao g i a o vdi
cac d o n g t u Ti6n va d d n g p h u t h u y p h a t
A*' 9 A A A A A
trien m a n h d n o n g thon, ket h d p vdi cac
A V A '
t m ngiidng d a n g i a n h m h t h a n h cac k i e u
Dao g i a o d a n g i a n , m a s a u n a y cac n h a
n g h i e n ciiu gpi dd la Ndi dao, n h i i t h d
Dftc T h a n h Tran, t h d Mau, t h d Tam
T h a n h ciia T r a n Doan,v.v Chinh t r o n g
bd'i c a n h nhu: vay, tuc t h d Nft t h a n va
M i u t h a n b a n dia da k6't h d p vdi a n h
hu'dng cua Dao g i a o d6 h i n h t h a n h n6n
dao Tam phii, Tft phii, m a T h a n h Mau Lieu H a n h la mdt t h a n chii
N h i i n g a n h hu'dng cua Dao g i a o dd'i vdi viec h i n h t h a n h dao Mau Tam phii, Tft phii tft t h e k i XVI - XVII chii yeu t r e n
m a y phftdng dien Thit nhat, ve q u a n
n i e m vu t r u luan, p h a n chia th6 g i d i
t h a n h ba (Thi6n, Dia, Thiiy) h a y bdn (Thien, Dia, Thuy, Thiidng N g a n ) va sii cai q u a n ciia cac T h a n h Mau dai dien O day, ngiidi ta da d d n g n h a t vu t r u vdi nft
t i n h , mdt s a n p h a m ciia tft- duy theo
nguyen li Me (chft ciia T r a n Qud'c Yvtdng)
cua ngftdi Viet t r u y e n thd'ng T r o n g Dao
g i a o T r u n g Hoa, co q u a n niem Tam Q u a n (Thien quan, Dia q u a n va Thuy quan), nhftng dai d i e n cac q u a n d day la n a m
t h a n , t u y n h i e n , k h i vao Viet Nam nd t r d
t h a n h nft t h a n , vdi tft each la cac vi t h a n cai q u a n cac m i e n k h a c n h a u ciia vu tru Trong dien t h a n Tam phii, Tft p h u cimg
CO sft g a lap tft dien t h a n ciia Dao giao
T r u n g Hoa, do la Ngpc Hoang vdi tft each
la Vua cha cua Li6u H a n h Cdng chua Roi, nhu: da ndi d tr6n, chinh sft quy y ciia Li6u Hanh da md du'dng cho Phat Ba Quan Am
t h a m n h a p vao dien t h a n Mau Tam phii, Tft phu va chie'm vi tri cao nhat Tuy nhi6n, xet cho cung nhiing a n h hiidng nhii vay van la h i n h thftc, cdn thftc chat vi t h a n chii dao Mau Tam phii, Tft phii van la cac vi Thanh Mau, t r o n g dd Thanh Mau Li6u Hanh van d vi tri t r u n g tam
Cung da cd tac g i a de cap tdi n g u o n go'c t h a n bi6n ciia ngftdi Cham da t h a m
g i a vao qua t r i n h t a o dftng nen h i n h tiidng T h a n h Mau L i l u Hanh<"l K h o n g
A'' 9
t h e p h u n h ? n n h f t n g g i a o lu'u v a n h o a
11 Ta Chf Dai Trudng Thdn Ngirdi vd diit \'ie/
Nxb Van lida Thdng tin H 2006,
Trang 736 Nghien cuu Ton giao SdlO -2010^
Viet - Cham, nhftng cd le day la h i e n
tftdng tiidng d d n g v a n hda, n h a t la v a n
hoa t h d nft t h a n , h d n la dftdc bat n g u d n
tft ngftdi Cham h a y cac d a n tdc khac
Chung ta ciing k h d n g the p h u n h a n
n h i i n g a n h hftdng ciia v a n hda Kito g i a o
vdi h i n h tftdng Dftc Me M a r i a da a n h
hftdng vao nu'dc ta bat d a u tft t h e ' k i XVI,
n h a t la d cac v u n g ven bien d d d n g b a n g
Bac Bp Cung la tdn t h d Me (Thanh Mau/
Dftc Me), h a i h i n h thftc tdn g i a o n a y vfta
g i a o t h o a vfta t r a n h g i a n h a n h hftdng,
mpt ben la yeu td' b a n dia, mdt b6n la ye'u
to' n g o a i lai, it n h i e u c u n g tao n e n sft
kich thich cho sft p h a t t r i e n m a n h cua
dao Mau vao t h 6 ' k i XVII - XVIII
Tuc t h d Nft t h a n va Mau t h a n da cd tft
lau va chi6'm vi t r i q u a n t r p n g t r o n g dien
t h a n cua cac d a n tpc Viet Nam Tuy
nhien, dd la mdt thft t i n n g i i d n g d a n
g i a n cdn p h a n tan, r d i r a c t r o n g p h a m vi
cdng d d n g t h d n l a n g Chi sau k h i x u a t
hien T h a n h Mau Lieu H a n h th6' k i XVI
-XVIII thi dao Mau mdi dftdc len k h u d n ,
d i n h hinh, cau t r u e lai h e thd'ng vdi cac
quan niem ve vu t r u l u a n va n h a n sinh
Chinh Li6u H a n h chft k h d n g p h a i ai k h a c
da vfta n a n g tuc t h d nft t h a n n g u y 6 n
t h u y len t a m cua mdt tdn g i a o d a n g i a n ,
lai vfta keo nd g a n lai vdi ddi sd'ng n h a n
s i n h cua con ngu'di: Sftc khoe, Tai, Ldc,
mpt lidc v p n g v i n h h a n g cua con ngftdi d
mpi thdi dai Dieu dd g i a i thich vi sao
dao Mau phd cap mdt each r d n g r a i , d
mpi t a n g Idp n h a n dan, cd sftc sd'ng t i e m
a n va cap n h a t mpi sft t h a y ddi eiia x a
A ? 9
hpi, ke ca x a hpi h i e n dai ,,
Sft kien Song Sdn dai chie'n x a y r a d
giai doan m u d n hdn, sau 3 lan sinh hoa
cua Tien Mau, t r o n g bdi canh x a hpi Viet
Nam the' ki XVI - XVIII T r o n g giai doan
h a u thdi nay, Tien Mau td t h a i dp p h a n
k h a n g trieu d i n h Le - Trinh, k6' ca truiig phat n h a n d a n cac viing, ndi ma Ba v a n du qua vi k h d n g tdn t r p n g va t h d p h u n g Ba
Ba da cd nhiing h a n h ddng qud phat, khi6'n
p h a t sinh dich benh, chi6'n t r a n h lam nhieu ngftdi dieu diing, vua q u a n ciing lam vao t i n h t r a n g hdn loan Cuoi cung ciing k6't thuc b a n g cudc chi6'n dft dpi gifta ddng Npi dao (Tam Thanh) cua trieu d i n h va Cdng chiia Lieu Hanh Va ciing tft cupe
x u n g dot dft dpi nay Lieu H a n h tim thay con dftdng khac, dd la quy y theo Phat phap, lam viec cifu k h d ciiu n a n cho chiing sinh, b a n tai p h a t ldc, khi6'n dan chiing cam phuc va t h d p h u n g Ba k h a p mpi ndi,
tdn v i n h Lieu H a n h Thanh Mau la Mau nghi thien ha Cdn trieu d i n h k h d n g
nhiing k h d n g bat tdi Ba, ma con tdn phong
la Ma vang che'thang dai viidng, xep vao
h a n g thftdng d a n g than"
III THANH MAU LIEU HANH, VI THAN CHU CUA DAO MAU TAM PHU, TTf PHU
T r o n g d i e n t h a n Tam phu, Tft phu,
T h a n h Mau Li6u H a n h bao g i d ciing ddng
n h a t vdi M a u Thftdng Thi6n, mac mii ao
dd, n g d i c h i n h gifta, hai ben la Mau Thoai (b6n t r a i ) va Mau Thiipfng N g a n (ben phai) Cling cd k h i Ba diidc d d n g n h a t vdi Dia Tien T h a n h Mau (Me Dat) 6 dau cd dien t h d t h a n Mau, du vi t h a n chu d dd dftdc t h d la ai, n a m t h a n h a y nft than, thi deu cd l i n h tiidng T h a n h Mau L i l u Hanh Ndi t h d cua Ba d Phu Nap (Y Y6n), P h u Day (Vu Ban), Tay Mo (Nga Sdn, T h a n h Hda) la 3 ndi Ba g i a n g t r a n theo "Tam
s i n h t a m hda"; Phu Sdng Sdn (Thanh Hda), ncrt Ba hie'n Thanh; P h u Tay Ho (Ha Npi), ndi Ba tftng g a p gd, d a m dao t h d v a n cua
Trang 8Ngo Dire Thinh Thdnh Mau Lichi Hanh 37
nha thd Phiing Khic Khoan va cac thft
sinh hp Ngd, hp Ly Ngoai nhftng ndi
chinh dd ra, Ba cdn diidc thd vpng d khap
mpi ndi, trong Nam, ngoai Bac, mien xuoi
Cling nhft mien niii Ndi dau Thanh Mau
ciing de' lai nhiing di tich thd cimg, cac
nghi le va l l hdi > - ,17
1 N o i d6'n c a c d i t i c h t h d M a u T a m
phu, Tft p h u t r a i d a i t r 6 n d a t nftdc ta,
trftdc nhat phai ke tdi Phii Day O giai
doan tien than cua Mau, tuy Phu Day chi
la mpt trong ba ndi Ti6n chua Li6u Hanh
giang tran, nhftng sau khi ngai hien
thanh thanh Thanh Mau Lieu Hanh thi
Phii Day nhanh chdng trd thanh trung
tam cua Dao Mau Tam phii, Tft phii Cho
de'n nay van chfta cd ai li giai vi sao
Thanh Mau Lieu Hanh hien thanh d Sdng
Sdn (Thanh Hda), nhftng trung tam thd
Mau Li6u Hanh lai d Phu Day (Nam
Dinh) Theo toi, cd le dd la ke't qua cua sii
tong hdp tft nhieu 11 do Trftdc nhat, dau
an cua lan giang tran thft hai cua Ti6n
Chua d day da dftdc ngftdi ddi ghi nhd,
dac biet la dftdc nft si Doan Thi Di6m td
dam trong triidc tac Van Cat than nii, Ao
cai ten Mau Van Hitdng (dftdc gpi d Hue'
va Nam Bd), Cat Tien (diipfc gpi hep hdn d
Phu Nap) da triic ti6'p lay cai ten que
hu'dng nay de gpi Thanh Miu Lilu Hanh
Hdn the'nfta, cac di tich thd Thanh Mau d
Phu Day hinh thanh tr6n manh dat cd be
day van hda ciia vung Thi6n Ban vdi
Thien ban luc ki (6 dieu ki la cua Thi6n
Ban)'^', tao nen mdt quan th6 vdi may
chuc di tich, ban dau chi mdi la Phii Ti6n
Hftdng, phu Van Cat va Lang Mau, sau
lan ra theo xu hiidng Mau hda cac di tich
vdii xfta thd eac vi than dia phiidng,
tham ehl la tft cac tft dftdng thd cua ddng
ho Le, Tran'^^' Vi tri dia 11 thuan ldi tr6n
dftdng thien II Bac - Nam va sft hien dien cua he thd'ng vua quan thdi phong kien, dac biet la thdi Le - Nguyin, da khong chi de'n tham thu ma cdn ddng gdp cdng sftc tu siia *^"' khi6'n Phu Day cang trd nen noi ti6'ng
2 Phu Nap thudc thdn Vi Nhue, xa
Y6n Dong, phu Nghia Hftng, tinh Nam Dinh, nay la xa Yen Dong, huyen Y Y6n, Nam Dinh Theo cac van bia va thft tich hien trft d Bao tang Nam Dinh, cung nhft
d ban phu, thi day la ndi giang tran lan thft nhat cua Ti6n Chua Lieu Hanh Ngoai ngoi den thd Mau, den thd td phu va td mau cua Tien Chua, thi ndi day cdn Iftu
12 1) Trang Lirdng tire Luong Tlie Vinh, thanh hoang lang Gao Huong 2) De sat thanh hoang lang Van Gat 3) Gudng Bao Dai Virong 4) Ba Chiia Giap, 5) Ba Lilu Hanh 6) Ba Phiing Tlii Ngpc Dai, deu dupe cac lang thd Thanh hoang
13 Xem cu the phiin md ta tren 20 di ti'ch cua Phii
Day trong sach: Ngo Diic Thinh Dgo Mdii Viet
Nam Nxb Tdn giao, H 2009
14 Nguyen xua di tich phii Tien Huong cdn lam bang tranh, miii nam Duong Hda thir 8 (1642) vua Le Than Tong xudng chi dao cho dan dia phuong xay lai den va Ipp ngdi Ngdi den nay da qua nhieu lan triing tu va ton tao, Ddi Ganh Tri, den dupe xay lai bang gach va md rpng han Nam Tir Dii'c thu" 19 (1866), den cijng dupe trung tu Gd le lan ti'ung tu Idn nhai ngdi den khien cho nd cd dien mao nhu ngay nay chfnh la vao nam Duy Tan thir 8 (1914) Tdng ddc Nam Dinh la Doan Trien da sai linh d tinh
ve ciing vdi dan lang Tien Huong xay dung va md rpng to dep nhu ngay nay
Qua trinh xay cai phii Van Gat da dupe ghi trong tam bia "Thanh Miu cd trach linh tir bi kf", soan nam
Thanh Thai, Tan Suu (1901) nhu sau: '"Chgn dd'i
dung Idm ni'ii tir ddi Le Cdnh Thinh (166.^-1671) Idm dan gian md dep Khoang thdi Cdnh Thinh (1794-1800) Hgi nguyi'ii Trdn Gia Du, Thieu id gidm Trdn Cdng Bdn dd md rgng ra Deh ndm Ky Mao (1879) quan huyen Le Ky dd sira lop Igi Ndm Thdnh 'Thdi thir 10 (1898), dim j)hii hu hai nhieu vi inua gid nen cdc quan huyen cimg cdc hgc thdn hdo dirng ra sira De'n ndm Thdnh Thdi thir 12 (1900) thi hodn thdnh "
Rieng phuong du thi dupe lain mudn hon, vao cudi trieu Nguyen
Trang 938 ^ g h i e n CU'U Ton giao SdlO - Wljl
gift n h i e u t r u y e n thuy6't va di tich, nhu:
t6n Q u a n g Cung, vi ten Tien Chua la Tien
N g a k h i g i a n g t r a n , Ba Khe di tich ve 3
chiec gie'ng lien q u a n tdi 3 gipt m a u cua
Ti6n Chua luc ve trdi, cac n g d i c h u a ndi
Tien Chua di t u Phat,v.v
Ngdi chua p h u h i e n nay, theo Quing
Cung linh tu" phi ki thi cd sdm n h a t vao
nien h i e u H o a n g Dinh, n a m 1601, n h i i n g
d6'n n a m 1741, t h i n g d i den du'dc hftng
cong tft n g a y 2 t h a n g Tam d6'n 15 t h a n g
Chap thi xong'^^l Co 16 triidc k h i hftng
cong, ngdi den p h u cdn sd sai, vd'n t r e n
V A 9 ^
nen dat cu cua Tien Chua de lai s a u k h i
ve Trdi T r o n g l a n h i i n g cong nay, cd sft
d o n g gdp cua n h i e u q u a n chftc va de tft,
ma t a m bia da g h i k h a cu the: Cac q u a n
t r o n g p h u ciing 250 q u a n tien, d a n sd tai
25 quan, k h a c h t h a p phiidng 250 quan,
huyen N g a Sdn c u n g 100 cay gd lim, 250
q u a n tien, q u a n lieu d T h a n g Long c u n g
1.020 quan, q u a n h u y e n va x a c u n g 12
m a u r u p n g , r u d n g npi tii 3 m a u 3 sao*''*'
Con t r o n g v a n b a n H a n Nom Quing
Cung linh t& quing ki do Vu Huy Trac
soan n a m 1781 da noi rd viec hftng cdng
x a y dftng lai n g d i den phu: "Toi la ngftdi
ban dia, lam q u a n g a p n h i e u g a i gdc,
n h a n tft k i n h sft ve qua day, t h a y t a m bia
de t h d to' x a T r a n Xa''''' cua Thuy Thd
Giao Thiiy D a n g P h i Hi6'n t r i e u triidc
vi6't n h i i n g k h d n g n e u sft tich M I U ta,
n6n tim cac g i a p h a hp P h a m , hp Doan
va Q u a n g Cung tft g h i chep tdm tat d d n
m a y ddng, g h i n a m t h i n g s a u trftdc n h a n
de la Quing Cung linh tu' phi ki, m a y
g a p q u a n b a n t r a n la T h a n h Oai Cao dai
n h a n g i u p tien siia toa c h i n h tam, l a m
lai tiidng t h a n p h u T h a n h Mau tft tiidng
go r a tiidng d d n g d a t h a i b6n N g a y
k h a n h t h a n h , d n g lai g i u p tien k h u y e n
g i a o t h a p phiidng su'a tda t r u n g dftdng,
ta hiiu vu va tien t6', chi p h i cd tdi h a n g
v a n q u a n tien H i n h d a n g n a y tft xfta
c u n g chfta tiing cd Roi lai dftdc vd c h d n g
L a n g G i a n g P h a m dai n h a n due lai p h o tiidng d o n g ciia Mau, du l a n thft h a i d An Thai, l a n thft ba d Tay Mo c u n g k h d n g so
s a n h dftdc ve tii to dep vay"
C h u n g tdi dac biet lifu y de'n ngoi tftdng d d n g du'dc due tft the' ki XVIII vdi
p h o n g each tiidng t h d h a u r a t dep, k h a c
n h i e u vdi cac p h o tftdng cua T h a n h Mau Li6u H a n h dftdc t h d d cac den phii khac,
la mpt t r o n g n h i i n g bao v a t c6 g i a tri
n h a t cua P h u N a p n g a y nay
Cung n g d i phii t h d Mau d Phu Nap con
cd ngoi den td ndi d thdn Dong, xa La Ngan, t h d td n g o a i d thdn Nhue' (xa Vi Nhu6) va ca n g d i chua Kim Thoa d xa Doi Trung, m a k h i con s i n h thdi, Ti6n Mau thftdng lui tdi, N g a y nay, ngdi den d La
N g a n d a n g du'dc s^a sang, ndi thd than phu va t h a n m a u cua Ti6n Chua, nay tuy pham vi dat dai cd h a n hep so vdi triidc kia, nhftng ndi t h d diidc chinh t r a n g hdn Thdi L6 - T r i n h , n g d i den n a y da n h a n du'dc n h i e u dao sac p h o n g , t r o n g do dao sac p h o n g sdm n h a t la cua vua Le Kinh
T o n g (1600-1619), n i e n h i e u H o a n g Dinh De'n n a m 1781, k h i Vu Huy Trac Vie't
Quing Cung linh ti^ phi ki thi Phii
Q u a n g Cung da n h a n du'dc 23 dao sac
p h o n g Cac s a c p h o n g n a y t r a i q u a t h d i
[5 Quang Cung linh tir hi ki ciia Nguyen Dinh Viep
16 Bia Quang Ciing linh tir bi ki do Nguyen Dinh
Viep soan nam 1641
17 Tiin Xa: Nay la ca viing thdn Tran thon Nap thupc xa Yen Ddng, huyen Y Yen Cd may nam cudi thdi Nguyen phu thupc \'ao xa An Trung
- Dang Phi Hie'n nay cd den thd tai xa Tan Tltinh, huven Nam True
Trang 10Ngo Du'c Thinh Thdnh Mau Li chi Hqnh _ 39
g i a n da m a t m a t nhieu, n a y con Iftu gift 4
ban sac p h o n g i t,,n; i.j,>
,-Q u a n g Cung xiia h a n g n a m gio Mau
vao n g a y 2 t h a n g 3 Am lich, sdm h d n
Phu Day mpt n g a y , deu la quoc 16 Tft
n a m 1740, v a n g lenh t r i e u dinh, q u a n phii
N g h i a Hftng deu p h a i sdm l a m chii te'
Sau 16 t e l a hpi, riidc kieu Mau ve den td
hp P h a m d La Ngan, rdi rftdc 16n chua
Kim Thoa va chua P h u c Lam, sau mdi
quay ve P h u Q u a n g Cung Hdm s a u riidc
Mau ve Vi Nhu6', ndi cd t h d td hp Doan
ben n g o a i Tien Chua Tft t h a n g 1/2005, di
tich Quang Cung l i n h tft du'dc N h a nftdc
cong n h a n la di tich lich sif - v a n hda'^^l
3 Chung ta d a n g cdn r a t It tft lieu ndi
ve ngdi den ndi g i a n g s i n h lan thft ba
cua Ti6n Chua d x a Tay Md, N g a Sdn,
Thanh Hda Vfta qua, c h u n g tdi da d6'n
t h a m ngdi den nay, tuy n h i 6 n c u n g chfta
cd thdi g i a n d6 tim hi6u s a u ve lai lich
xay diing va t h d c u n g d day Day la n g d i
d6n nhd, bai t r i cdn sd sai theo th6 thftc
ngoi den t h d Mau N g o a i d a n dia phiidng,
k h a c h t h a p phftdng tft n h i e u ndi cimg
h a n h hftdng ve vi6'ng t h a m n g o i den,
tftdng t r u y e n n a m tr6n v u n g dat cua
rftng m a i r a t dep, ndi g a p g d gifta Ti6n
Chua va c h a n g Mai Sinh
Cung qua cac tii lieu H a n Ndm, tft
nhiing th6' k i triidc, q u a n he g i a o h a o
gifta Phii Nap, Phii Day va N g a Sdn k h a
chat che va t h a n thi6't N g o a i viec qua lai
t h a m dft cac n g h i 16, cdn cd viec N g a Sdn
da tftng quy6n g d p gd va tien bac de
cung tie'n t u su'a Phii Nap K h d n g hi6u
sao, n g a y nay, moi q u a n he n a y bi g i a n
doan T h a m chi gifta Phii Day va Phii
Nap (hai ndi chi each n h a u chiia day 7
km), c u n g t i n h , k h a c huyen, deu la que
hiidng g i a n g t r a n lan 1 va 2 ciia Mau,
nhftng q u a n h e t h a y ciing thfta thdt That
d a n g tft t r a c h cho h a u th6' c h u n g ta
IV KET LUAN VA THAO LUAN
1 Vdi n h i i n g tft lieu mdi, dac biet la
n h i i n g tii lieu H a n Ndm dftdc Iftu gift d
Nam Dinh, nhft Quing Cung bi ki, Quing Cung linh tvtphi kivk Cat Thien tam the' thiic luc, p h a n "tien sii" eiia Tien Chua
Li6u H a n h p h a n n a o da dftdc l a m s a n g td, tftc la g i a i d o a n "Tam s i n h t a m hda" ciia Ngai d ca ba dia diem P h u Nap, P h u Day
va N g a Sdn, t r o n g dd hai ndi g i a n g t r a n lan thft 2 va 3 da du'dc cac tii lieu, sach vd xfta n a y n h a c tdi nhieu Vdi P h u N a p (Quang Cung l i n h tft) t h i tuy t r o n g t a m thftc d a n g i a n da g h i sau, sach vd cua cac bac tien n h a n k h d n g p h a i k h d n g ndi tdi,
cd k h i cdn ki h d n ca h a i ndi kia, nhu'ng
k h d n g rd vi sao cho de'n hdm nay, s a u
g a n 500 n a m , Phii N a p mdi du'dc n6u la mdt t r o n g ba ndi g i a n g t r a n , t h a m chi la ndi g i a n g t r a n d a u ti6n cua Mau, P h a i
A V ? A 9 A A
c h a n g day la a n y cua T h a n h Mau?
2 Tft ba dia d a n h "Tam sinh tam hda" cua Thien Mau: P h u Nap (Quang Cung
l i n h tft) d Y Y6n, P h u Day (Vu Ban) va Tay
Md (Nga Sdn, T h a n h Hda) va cac ncfi hi6n
A A ' A A A^ A
T h a n h noi t i e n g nhft Den Song, Pho Cat (Thanh Hda) da tao t h a n h mpt "khdng
g i a n thieng", ndi x u a t hien dau ti6n ciia dao Mau xfta, la t r u n g t a m cua dao Mau Tam phu, Tft phii Viet Nam hien nay
3 N h i i n g tii lieu mdi n a y da bd s u n g th6m n h a n thftc ve T h a n h M i u Lieu
Hanh, k e ca g i a i d o a n tien sft", c u n g n h i i
"hau t h a n " ndi r i e n g va dao Mau Viet Nam ndi c h u n g
18 Trinh Quang Khanh Qiidng Ngp noi thd Thdnh Mdii Lieu Hgnli gidng sinh Idn thir nhd't In trong
\'dn Nhdn sd 60/2008, tr 49