Hien tugng ve cac nii than, Thanh Mlu ciing khdng nam ngoai quy luat ay..., vi du: tmyen ke dan gian ve Lieu Hgnh kha phong phii dieu nay cd the kiem chiing cu the trong Truyen co tich V
Trang 1T H O N G QUA L 6 I H A T C H A U VAN
TRAN THI THANH NHI
Trudng Dgi hoc Su pham - Dgi hgc Hue
Tom tit: Dgo Mau la mpt san phim v2n hoa dpc dao cua Viet Nam Dao Mau dl cap din su thd phung nir tiiin me tai, keo theo niem tin va tiiuc hanh kha khac nhau: bao g6m viec thd phung nu tiian ciing nhu su simg bai tii phu, kit hpp vdi nghi le len d6ng Thong qua ldi hat chau \-an ngudi doc co thi hilu die dilm cua Nu tiiin me nhu khai niem, nhgn tiiiirc ve tiie gidi, sd
phan cua con nguoi vi cac vin dl lien quan den nghi ll len dong
Tir khoa: Dao Mau \'iet Nam, Thanh MSu, len dong, chau van
l.MC)DAU
Nhin mgt each khai quat, tdng hgp cd the nhan thay biic tranh cua cac bg phan, cau tnic, tiianh to kiln tao nen he tir brdng mang tmh chat triet hgc, tdn giao Viet Nam tmdc khi
cd anh hudng ciia phuong Tay gom cd Nho giao, Phat giao, Dao giao, tin ngudng Mau Cac nha nghien ciiu van hgc deu ddng thugn la dien mao tu tudng Viet Nam dugc hinh thanh bdi tam giao (Nho, Phat, Lao), vd tinh danh gia thap, tham chi cho tin ngudng Miu la me tin dj doan Day la mgt thieu sdt kha quan trgng vi hon bat cii mdt tu tudng trilt hgc hay tdn giao nao vira ke tien (deu anh hudng, tiep nhgn tir ben ngoai) tiii tin ngudng Mau xuat hien va hinh thanh nen tir thuc te van hda ban dia
2 HIEN TUONG VAN HQC CHIU ANH HUCJNG TIN N G U O N G T H 6 MAU Thudng thi cac van ban ghi chep ve thin linh nhu than tich, than pha, nggc pha, tmyen tho ban dau xuat phat tir than thoai, huyen thoai, tmyen thuyet, tmyen ke dan gian Trong thuc te lgi cd hien tugng ddng chay ngugc la huyen thoai hda, dan gian hda cac van ban than tich, than pha Hien tugng ve cac nii than, Thanh Mlu ciing khdng nam ngoai quy luat ay , vi du: tmyen ke dan gian ve Lieu Hgnh kha phong phii (dieu nay cd
the kiem chiing cu the trong Truyen co tich Viet Nam do Nguyen Ddng Chi sun tim) sau nay dugc ghi chep lai tiong cac tac pham nhu Viet Bien u Unh tap (Li Te Xuyen),
Su thd cung cdc vj thdn tien & Viet Nam (Nguyen Van Huyen), Nam Hdi di nhdn
(Phan Ke Binh) Nhung chuyen ke dan gian vl Thien Ya Na cung dugc Phan Thanh Gian ghi chep, san dinh va cho khic bia d Thap Ba Nha Trang Tmyen kl vl Ba Chiia
Xir Ba Den dugc Trinh Hoai Diic ghi chep lai trong Gia Djnh Thdnh Thong chi
Tai hien lgi cudc ddi cac than nu, khdng it tac gia khdng dimg lgi d viec suu tam tai hien
ma tien hanh san dinh (ghi chep lai, sang tac them huyln thoai, tmyin thuylt da dugc
suu tim, ghi chep tu tmdc; tiiam chi cao hon la sang tac tiiem cho phii hgp vai tu tudng,
dac biet Nho giao, phuc vu cho viec phong tiiin) Trong cac nii thAn thi Lilu Hanh la mgt dien hinh rd nhit \ e dilu nay Tmyen tiiuylt vl Lieu Hanh dugc san dinh diu tien
phai ke den la Vdn Cat thdn nir trong tap Truyen ki tdn phd (Doan Thi Dilm), ngoai
Tap chi Khoa hpc va Giao due, Trucmg Dai hoc Sir pham Hui
Trang 2cac chi tiet dan gian, Hdng Ha nu sT da them vao nhieu tinh tiet tho hga hap din Sau dd,
Nguyen Cdng Tni cung tien hanh san dinh lai vdi cudn Lieu Hgnh cong chua dien am,
va Kieu Oan Mgu la quyen Tien phd dich luc da lam cho cugc ddi Lieu Hgnh cd them
nhieu chi tiet li ki, hap dan Xu hudng khac niia la phdng tac cac tilu thuyet ma tieu
bieu la cudn Bd chua Liiu (Hoang Tuan Phd), Lieu Hgnh cong chua (Vu Nggc Khanh), Ngirdi nir ti cua bd chiia Liiu (Luu Trgng Lu), Mdu Thirffng Ngdn (Nguyin
Xuan Khanh)
Ngoai ra khdng the khdng ke den he thdng cac bai hat hiu van gan vdi cac nghi ll dgo Mau cd nhieu bai co gia trj van chuang: Hat van (chiu van, hat bdng) la mdt loai hinh nghe thuat ca hat cd tmyin ciia Viet Nam Day la hinh thiic le nhac gin liin vdi nghi thtic hiu ddng cua tin ngudng Tii phii (Dao Miu) va tin nguong thd Diic Thanh Tran Ciing voi am nhac mang tinh tam linh va cac ldi van kinh can, nghiem trang nhung khdng kem phan bdng bay, trau chudt, chiu van dugc coi la hinh tiuic ca hat mang y
n ^ i a chau thanh Chau van sir dung nhieu the tho khac nhau nhu tho that ngdn, song that luc bat, luc bat, hat ndi Tach khdi phan nhac, le, ldi nhiing bai hat chau van mang tinh van chuong dang dugc ghi nhan vdi ngi dung phan anh phong phii va giau gia tri nghe thuat Qua nhihig bai hat chau van, ngudi dgc cd the thu nhgn nhieu hieu biet li thu
ve Dao Man
2 SU" PHAN ANH DAC DIEM DAO MAU TRONG L6I HAT CHAU VAN 2.1 The hien quan niem, nhSn thiic v l t h i gidi
Nhiing tac pham van hgc chiu anh hudng true tiep va gian tiep tin ngudng thd Mau da cho thiy tin nguong Mau Tam phu - Tii phu budc dau da chua dung nhung nhan td
v l vii tru luan nguyen so, Miu la mdt luc lugng sang tao va cai quan 4 mien cua vii tru Nguyen nhan la do tu duy ngudi Viet xua muon khong chi toan khap bdn phuang tam hudng khdng gian trdi - dat - niii - nude, tit ca chiing deu nim trong quyen nang cai quan cua Mau, khdng cd khoang khdng gian nao ma ta quy quai cd the xdm phgm den Mau de nhit - MSu Thugng Thien (gin vdi khdng gian thien phii) la lire lugng sang tao
ra biu trdi vdi cac quy luat van hanh vu tru, dieu khien may, mua, sam, chdp, van hanh mdi giao hda thien thdi - dja lgi, chu ciia vdng quay thdi gian thdi tiet Nhin tii phuang dien vu tru quan cd the thay quan niem ve Mau ndi chtmg va Man Thien ndi rieng, trong quan niem cua dan gian ve Tii Phap: Phap Van, Phap Vu, Phap Dien, Phap Ldi, dd la bon vi Nii than tgo ra may, mua, sam, chdp, vdn lien quan tdi Than mua ciia tin nguong ndng nghiep Mau Thugng Thien cd quyen nang tdi thugng, hd muu ggi gid Vi the de
trimg phat va cho nhan gian biet siic manh cua minh ba da: Ldm cho chuyin ddt ddng tr&i / Rudng ddng nut ni, song ngdi tieu khd / Nuac lan trdn hd hdi minh mdng / Song xd bdo gigt diing dirng / B& kio coi ng noi ong do do ' (Gidng Tien ki luc) [3] Nhung khi dugc cdng nhSn, thd phung Thanh MSu da trd thanh phiic than: Ban tdi, ban ldc, ban ngoi, ban quyin / Khuongphd nggc dn ba qudn gi&i thdn /Gia uy linh ciru
Trang 3nhdn dg Ihi / Tre cung gia ai ndy dgi an {Bia tien thdnh mau van) Phep mdu ldm gid ldm mua /Bdnh tan gidc gid giiip vua mdy ki (Mdu sdng van)
Mau de nhj - MSu Thuang Ngan (gJn vcri khong gian Nhac phu) la vj than sang tao va cai q u i t rimg nui - ngu6n ciia cai vo tan; cung la hoa than cua Thanh Mau toan nSng trong coi miin rimg nui, dia ban chinh sinh song cua nhieu dan toe thieu s6 Neu Mlu Thuong Thien (ma Lilu Hanh cong chiia la hien than) la nguoi Tifti thi Mau Thirong Ngan xuit xir la nguoi niin, la con gai hay chau Vua Himg, la dai dien tieu bieu cho con nguoi gin bo voi niii rimg, yeu thien nhien, cay co, muong thii, co tai phep, bao hp
mang lai yen im cho rimg nui, ban lang: Anh linh hien hdch chua San Trang / Cai qudn
ba muai sdu ara ngdn / Bd mudn lodi, xd gida sdi lang / Chim keu vicgn hat trin ngdn / Sudi reo nude bgc cd vdng chdu len / Birng doi ben ldn ran phugng mua / Sdp hai hdng chdu chua San Trang (Van Mdu Thuang Ngan) Bk cai quan niii rimg rong Ion, Mau CO mot dpi ngii trp Ihii die lire la cac Chau; Day chim bach yen ngdm tha / Chim ung go ma gd rimg lung kinh I Cdng xde cdnh ben ghinh miia quat / Phugng gdy ddn
ca hdt dem thdu / Dgy voi keo go bdc cdu / Dung den Mdu ngu, dung den Chua chai (Chdu Thdc Bar - Pham Van Khiem); cac Co: Mau ban coi sdc cdc tda / Nhd tay Cd Be thdng gid Ihem xanh / On Cd Be bdn mudng thinh thdi / On tren gidng phuc trir tai / Ddn nhd phuc dy nui ddi nd hoa {Co Be Bong Cuong)
Mau de tam - Mau Thoai (gin voi khong gian Thoai phu) la luc luong sang tao ra mpi dong song su6i, bien ho; ma fruoc tien la nguon nuoc eiia nghe trong liia (nuoc) cua cu dan Viet Ba la vi than tri vi viing song nuoc, xuat than tir dong doi Long Vuong, hen quan true tiep voi thiiy to nguoi Viet buoi dau dung nucfc Cong lao cua ba voi nhan dan
dupc xung tung: Nuang uy trai te dg sinh linh / Ddi ddi nice lieng tham danh / Bien vdng ghi lgc sir xanh ddi truyen / Kiem ngU phiic ddng len cdi thg / Nuac thi tnrdng thdnh chua himg long {Van Mau Thodt)
Mau de hi - Mau Dja (gan vcri khong gian Dia phii), la nguoi sang tao nen mpi dong mpng, dat dai phi nhieu, yeu to cue ki quan trpng ciia nong nghiep Mau Thuong Thien
ma hoa than la Thanh Miu Lilu Hanh la con gai Ngpc Hoang Mau Thucmg Ngan va Mau Thoai deu co nguon goc Scm than va Thuy than co lien quan toi cac nhan vat nira lich sir nua huyen thoai cua dan tpc, nhu Tan Vien, Himg Vucmg, Au Co (Mau Thugng Ngan) hay Lac Long Vuong, Kmh Duoiig Vuong, Kinh Xuyen (Mlu Thoai) He thong
Tam Toa Thanh Mlu cho thay ''cd sir ket hap, dan quyen giira nr duy mang tinh vii tru luan (Trdi Bdt, Nude), tu duy huyen thoai (Thien Thdn, San Thdn vd Thuy Thdn) vd lu duy lich sir (Lac Long Qudn - Au Ca, Hiing Vuang) Bdy cung la mgt khia canh tdm ly mang ddc thii Viet Nam" [6, tr 70] Trong tu tuong cua ngucri phuang Dong xua ciu
tnic khong gian vu tru bcri nam yiu t6 (nam hanh) theo thir Ur: Kim - Mpc - Thuy - Hoa
- Tho hrang ung ydi cac phuang hudng Tay, Dong, Bic, Nam, trung tam dilu nay dl lai
dau vet frong nhieu bai chiu van: Tdy phuang thinh dire Kim tinh I Thdn thdng hiin hda anh Hnh ldm ddu/ Chdu moc tin coi lay ldu / Tren ngudn dual bi vgng cdu cUng ghe/ Chdu thii)- tan coi nam khe /Bdng vdn gid vS ngir vi Ida chuang / Chdu hda tdn coi bdc
Trang 4ngd hudng phep cdng oai Unh (Ngu hdnh tien nuang) Trong dgo Mau, ngudi Viet
Nam nhan hda tu nhien mang tinh n&, lam cho viec siing bai tu nhien thanh simg bai con ngudi mang nu tinh Ci day, viec tdn thd Man khdng chi dimg lai d phuong dien hien than cua ban the tu nhien ma cdn la lire lugng cai quan tu nhien, hien than cua ngudi Me Tu Nhien ay cd thg che chd, mang lai nhiing dieu tdt lanh cho con ngudi:
Dire De Nhdt Kim tinh thdn nir / Gidng coi trdn gin giir bdu chdu / Bgc vdng chi kem dong thau / Tien bd chi ve duoi ddu cho ddn /Due Di Nhi Mdc tinh thdn nir / Gidng coi trdn gin giir xanh hoa /Bon mita qua lgi, lgi qua / Trdm hoa dua no trdi hoa dan dimg / .Diec De Tam Thiiy tinh thdn nu / Gidng cdi trdn gin giir non sdng / Ve cho ddn biet nu&c due trong md diing / Due De Tu hoa phong thdn nir / Ve dan dua lua vi nhd / .Due De NgU Thd Due tiin nuong/ Ldm noi ldm trdch cho ddn ve diing/ Giup ddn hong lgc an ldnh du&i tren (Su tich nam bd)
2.2 Quan niem ve trdi, so menh, con ngudi
Cac tin dd ciia tin ngudng Mau cdn cho ring sd phan moi con ngudi giau sang, phii quy hay ngheo hen, khd dau da dugc dinh sin bdi "menh Trdi", "mgi su tgi Trdi", trdi cho the nao thi con ngudi nhan the dd Trdi cd quyen nang va siic manh to ldn trong viec dua lgi cudc sdng binh yen cho con ngudi Tuy nhien, khi xam nhgp vao dien Mlu, vai trd cua Nggc hoang hay dng Trdi lgi md nhat hon so vdi cac Thanh Mau Dieu nay chiing td mau sic Dao giao da bi tin nguong Mau Viet hoa rat nhieu Mat khac, de cho gan gui va than thien hon vdi con ngudi, Nggc Hoang da dugc chuyen hoa thanh Cha tuong ling vdi Me trong dien MSU Cd nhieu noi Diic vua cha (Nggc Hoang) dugc hoa
thSn thanh Tam vj dk thich iing vdi Tam toa Thanh Mlu nhu vua cha Bat Hai (Thuy pihu
- Nude), vua cha Nggc Hoang (Thien phii - Trdi), vua cha Diem vuong (Dia phu - Dat) Dilu dac biet la mac du Nggc Hoang dugc tiid trong dien Mlu nhung khdng bao gid giang ddng nhu cac vi Thanh khac trong dien Mac du khdng giang ddng de ban tmyen phan bao nhung giiia Nggc Hoang - dng Trdi va con ngudi vin cd sir giao cam linh iing Ong Trdi d tren cao nhung van gan gui, ciru giup con ngudi luc nguy nan Dieu nay chiing td ngudi Viet chju anh hudng sau sic bdi tir tudng tin ngu&ng tin vao "menh Trdi" cua Nho giao Ldi nguy?n cau cua con ngudi cd the thau den trdi, mdi viec lam
ciia con ngudi deu dugc trdi chimg giam: Chi thdnh hiru cdm tdt thdng/ S& cdu tdt ung gidng ldm ho tri (Di nhdt hodng tu vdn) Mgi viec lam xau tdt cua con ngudi deu dugc
chep ghi d sach cua Thien Tao, BSc DSu de dugc ban on hay trimg phat: Ong quan De Tii trong Ngu vj hoang tu van cd nhiem vu ghi nhan long tdt va su xau xa cua con ngudi
nhan gian d l quyet dinh thudng phat qua Thien Tao, Bac Dau: M&i ggi qua Nam Tdo Bdc Ddu / Sd nhdn gian ldo du chip biin / Ngu&i ndo hieu thudn thdo hien / Tu nhdn tich due sd bien thg tnr&ng / Bao nhiiu ke ngang tdng bgo ngugc / Chi hgi ngu&i khdng tru&c thi sau/Loi ldm dng tha chi ddu
Trong nhan thuc dan gian ciing nhu trong quan niem ciia ngudi Viet, the xac va linh hdn vira gin bd, vira tach biet, chung gan bd khi sdng va phan tach khi chet The xac da hoa vao cat bui nhun^ phin hon van tdn tgi - chuyen sang sdng mgt the gidi khac Ngudi
Trang 5nhu cudc Sdng duone gian, v k cin an udng, nha d, sinh boat va phuong tien tieu dimg
va giira ngudi sdng va ngudi da chit cd mdi lien he mat thiet Vi tiie nguoi Viet cho ring viec ciing tl td tien la cin thilt, tiidng qua linh bdn td tien se phu hd cho ngudi
dang song: Cd khdng d iai long ta /Khdng md vdn eddy la phep than/ Cd thi cd tu mdy may / Khong thi ca thi gian ndy cUng khong / Ddu bgc chdy tien dong cung hit / Thdc di rdi cdn biit chi ddu /Mudn noi taphdi bdc cdu /Muon dn qua ngot bdo nhau vun trdng /Nay hda nhdt ky cdng an due / Chir thinh tinh li bgc kinh ddng / Gidi bdy mdy khiic ca vdn /Nguyin xin tiin td lai ldm hd trinh (Vdn chdu to)
23 Nhihig van d l lien quan den nghi le hau dong
Hiu ddng la nghi le nhap hon cua cac vj Thanh Tii Phu vao than xac ong Ddng ha Cdt
Trong nghi ll dd, hat van phuc vu cho qua trinh nhap ddng hien thanh: "Len dong la mgt dgng cd thudt/ nghi li dugc thuc hdnh b&i nhimg chii thi cd nhdn co to chdt ngdy tho Irong sdng, thudn khiit thanh sgch Thogt ki thuy, lin ddng chi dugc thuc hiin b&i nhirng ngu&i cdn nhd tudi, vi sau ddi tugng ndy dugc md rgng ra cd & nhirng ngirdi tnr&ng thdnh nhung phdi cd cdn ddng" [2, tr 54]
Cdc thanh ddng: Tir quan niem cho ring linh hdn nhung ngudi da mat cung vdi thin
linh ma quy Iudn hien htru d dau dd rat gan vdi con ngudi, van theo ddi, lang nghe va cd kha nang tac dgng tdi cudc sdng ciia ngudi dang sdng d the gidi hien thuc neu dugc cau vien tdi Bdi vay da xuat hien nhilu phuong thiic lien lac giua n ^ d i sdng va ngudi chet (ching hgn nhu Hau ddng ciia tin ngudng Mlu) nhim giai quyet nhu cau da dgng cua con ngudi khi hg cam thiy ban than va cdng ddng d the gidi thuc tai khdng dii siic giai quyet Hg cau mong Iinh hdn ngudi chet phu hg cho minh sue khoe, binh an, gap nhieu may man Ddi khi ldi cau cua nhiing ngudi binh thudng khdng the thau den dugc this linh de giai quyet nhiing viec khd khan thi hg phai nhd den mgt lire lugng trung gian la cac thanh ddng Thanh ddng - ngudi dam nhiem nhiem vu giao tiep vdi the gidi than linh: Ddi vdi cac tin dd cua tin ngudng Mlu thi mdi ngudi sinh ra da thudc su cai quan ciia chu vj than thanh va (juan gia thi than cua thanh Mau, do dd hg cd trach nhiem thd phung Cling te vi Thanh ay Tir nhan tinic do, ngudi Viet da din vdi tin ngudng Mlu, den vdi nghi ll len ddng hau Thanh mdt mat the hien niem tin vao tin ngudng dd, mat khac la sir giri gam y n ^ y e n ciia con ngudi den cac vi Thanh Trong tri tudng tugng cua ngudi Viet, trudc het la cac dng Ddng, ba Ddng thi Hiu dong la hinh thiic hg cd tiie giao tiep vdi than linh, khdng phai chi trong su ciu khin va sir thanh tam ciia hg ma con bang cudc hanh trinh dua cac vi Thanh tir thi gidi vd hinh din thi gidi trin giau thdng
qua chinh ban than hg dimg tiie xac cho cac Thanh ngu: Bdy gi& de nr kiu cdu /Xin bd nghT lgi tnroc sou thucmg ddng/Bd lgi hda phep thdn thdng/Tiip lgc cho ddng ciru trg
binh nhdn (Chdu de tam thodi phu); Ngu lin ddng cmi tu do sinh / Gid ngu len cuu
ddn dd the /Nuong uy tr&i sua tri qudn sinh / Ra tay cdi tu hodn sinh / Td ma cUng phuc yiu tinh tiim tdng / Gidng bdn ddn trir td tri binh/ Phep anh linh hiin thdnh cuu ddn [Be Bdt hodng tir van)
Quan niem ve nguyin nhdn mdc binh vd cdch chira benh: mic benh cd till do nhilu
Trang 6Tiin nhdn vi lieu oan khien / Tham sdn tam nghiep, lien mien thdng ngdy / Minh Dd Hga lgc thdng ngdy nhugm nho / Me me sdng sdng trdi vd chdn tay / Chiem bao mgng hien dim ngdy/Bdo cho md biet co rdy khong dung (Co Ba Tay Hd); cung cd thi la do
cac Thanh cham ddng, cd y thu nhan lam con nhang de tii mugn than xac de hanh dgo
nhung ngudi dd chua biet de ra trinh dong nen bi 6m: Bd bdt dong ai gd cho ra / Binh
bd ldm ai thay cUng kinh / Binh ldm thdp tu nhdt sinh / Cdu bd bd cuu binh ldnh nhu xua / Ke thieu niin thanh tan ljch su / Sai cdc ndng ldm co triu nguoi / Dem vi hdu
hg dong choi / Vdng xanh trdng do ldm tdi chdu Bd / Binh ldm khi dm khi ldnh / Khi phdt binh quy khi sinh benh td /Ldm binh bd khi mi khi tinh /Luc ndng minh khi lanh chdn tay / Benh ldm dem ndng han ngdy / Cam dn chdng dugc nu&c rdy cdm hai / .Biit tay bd keu van th&i song /Khong biit bd tim ddng ma troi (Van chdu LeMgi Bgi vuang); Binh ldm tram chirng hiim ngheo / Xem ra cd sd phdi tho/ Ai lich su gid ngu dong chai (Chau Be Nhat); hoac cd dilu gi so suit lam cac Thanh, Cd ndi gian: CUng cd ki Id chdn nhiim nhdt / cdc co hdu theo bdt chdng tha / Cd phen nhiiu hgi nhdn gia /Xudt thdn nhdp thdnh ai md chdng kinh / Chda nghe ndi ldi dinh ndi gidn / Tir rdy khdng dugc nhiiu hgi nhdn gian (Vdn chdu bd Li Chieu Hodng)
Cdch chira binh: chii yeu la bang bua phep va tan huong nude thai Trong y nghTa bieu tugng van hda the gidi: "Biia dugc xem nhu vdt cd hien hien hodc tdng dn mgt sire mgnh thdn dieu: nd thuc hien cdi md nd biiu tnmg mdt mdi quan hi dgc biet giira ngu&i mang nd v&i sire mgnh md nd bieu thi Nd cd dinh vd tap trung mgi sue mgnh hogt dgng & mgi phuong diin vu tru nd ddt con ngu&i vdo trung tdm cdc sue mgnh dy, ldm tdng sinh luc cua nd, ldm cho n& tr& nen dnh huong hiru thuc hon Tuy theo hinh thuc vd hinh dnh md chimg thi hiin, ngu&i ta cho rdng biia cd ndng luc truyin cho chiing ta sue khoe, tri khdn, sir tuoi vui trong cugc sdng" [ 1, tr 109] De xin trir ta chiia benh cac tin dd xin biia thieng: Ke xin phep nhiim, ngu&i cdu bira thieng / Nen huong bdt nu&c khdn nguyin /Li keu cd Chin ddng len Thdnh Tda/ Tdn huong nuoc thdi ban
ra / Uong vdo dd benh cd nhd binh yen (Co Chin vdn) Ben canh bua thi nir&c: Cd vi trdc gidng dien tda /Dem nu&c chin gieng ban cho mgi ngudi /Ldng trdn dd rua sgch rdi / Tu nhdn tich due mudn d&i hiin vinh (Cd Chin Giing) hoac tan nhang nu&c thdi cua thanh cung dugc xem la thudc tri bach benh: Thuoc bd ba vi thdn tien / Gidy trang, nu&c thdi, tdn huong lgi ldnh (Chau Qui Vdn)
Dac biet trong ddng Thanh lien quan den TrSn trieu thi cd each chiia benh la hon la xin dau thanh va ddi guom thaiih Guam cd y nghia trong viec bilu Men siic manh va trir ta
ma: "Id cdng cu chdn li hdnh dgn^ Id biiu tirgng sue mgnh sdng sudt cua tinh thdn, ddm cdt dirt vdn de & diim xung yiu ciia nd: su mii qudng kieu cdngva nhirng sudi cao gid tri sai lgc, mdu thudn vd ddi nghich Thanh guom la bieu tugng cOa quyen lire co thi cho duac sdng hogc bdt phdi chit bleu trung cho sire mgnh thdi duong" [I, tr 369] vi the cac con nhang de tii: Ngu&i xin ddu cua din sdn miiu/Ke ra vdo linh chiiu ddi guom/ Dem vi tu thiet ttnh du&ng/ Dim ngdy vgng bdi den huang khdn cdu/ Ddng
Trang 7Nguoi muon khoi benh ngoai cac phuang phap tren cdn phai biet thanh tam sam loi,
biJt ll bai ciu nguyen va tra ll ik ciic ding Thanh than chimg giam: Thinh lu le sdm lot cdn /Thinh gidng hdi ddng cd Thodi ngir chai/Thanh tdm lien bdn van moi /Toy Hd cd Thodi ngu vui tire Ihi {Co Ba Tdy Hd), Biit ra li bdi thinh mat / Chdu bd trie gidng vi nai bdn din / Li bd non thdm hai xanh {Chau Qui Van) Ll vat dang cho cac Ba, cac
Co la chiec ndn uing, ddi hai xanh: Hdi cudm ndn trdng lien ddng / Ldm rdm khdn nguyen cd chung tdm ldng Ihdnh {Co Ba Bong)
2.4 Nbirng u^c nguyen hirorng din mang tinh hien sinh
Khac vdi nhi6u tdn giao tin nguong, dao Mlu khdng hudng con ngudi va nilm tin cua con ngudi ve thi gidi sau khi chet, ma la thi gidi h i | n tai, thi gidi ma con ngudi can phai cd sue khde, cd tiln tai va quan lpc Dd la mpt nhan sinh quan mang tinh tich cue, phii hop vdi quan niem hien sinh cua con nguoi trong the gidi hien dai Luc nay niem tin vao cai sieu nhien ma Thanh Mlu la dai dien, mang tinh phucmg tien, cdn muc dich song cua con ngudi mdi la quan trpng Trong phan ket thuc cua nhieu bai chau van bao gid cung la Icri ciu xin Niem mong ciu ldn nhat la thien xuan thp trudng, udc muon duac sdng lau la dilu ma mpi ngudi deu hudng din trudc nhat Suy cho cimg, hem tit ca
mpi thu, dupc sdng tren ddi la dieu hanh phuc ldn lao nhat khdn gi sanh bang: Do cho ddng hudng lgc thien xudn / Chir rdng Phdt gidng luu dn / Thdng gidng luu phuc thien xudn thg Irudng {Van cdng dong); Van bdn miia dm duang tuyet thdo /Long chi thdnh cdu ddo binh an / Mdu ve gidng hg dien trung / Phu hg de lir thien xudn thg Irudng {Tam toa Ihdnh mau vdn) Di cimg song ISu la an vui sire khde, an vui: Chieu ldi tiip lgc mudn vdn /Ngu ddng ciru do the gian la thudng / Ban cho ldc ve cho de tir nay / Ldc ndy lgc Ihdnh tdt thay / Giau sang sd he bdi Irdi / Cdu dugc manh khde yen vui trong nhd {Van cong dong); Chiing de tu den huang phung sir / Doc mgt long khdng dam dan sai / On bd phdt ldc Hep lai / Tre gid mgnh khde, gdi Irai sum vdy {Van Mau phu Bdy); Lay chdu xin gidng jjhuc cho / Tir rdy de ttr gdm no khang Iru / Tir Ihdi bdt nil vd ngu / Chu lai ngn dch lang dua hdi ngodi / Chir rdng thien gid thien Iai /Be lir cdu tdi Idi ddo tai gia / Thd Phat tha Thdnh tren Ida / Ban cha bdn chir vinh hoa thg Irirdng {Cuu triing thdnh Mau van) Va dilu khdng thi khdng mong ciu trong cuOc song la cd cupc sdng vat chit day dii, sang giau: Mdt nguyen gidng phiic Irir tai/Bdng gia nam nir ai ai thinh cudng / Hai nguyen budn bdn trdm dudng / Tiin ldi luu lodi bac vdng de da / Ngu}'en thii ba dng hdu cap de / Hg liiu Idi phii quy sgng gidu / Bdn nguyen qudc phii ddn an / Can qua ninh tinh ddn an thdi binh {De Ngu virang quan van) Nhieu ngudi cdn hudng din cac Mlu dl ciu nhan duyen: Hai cd diu gidng phiic luu dn / Cdt ddng duyen hgp Tdn Tdn {Van thd nhi vi cdng chiia) va ciu con cai: Cdu
ba bdcho cd cgn / Cd nam cd nir vudng Iron nhiiu lhay_ Sinh thdi vua Dong Khanh khi
cdn tiem long da ciu xin Mlu dupc lam vua va dupc Mau cho nhu udc nguyen
3 KET LUAN
Ldi hat chau van vdi dung lupng kha ldn, tiim an gia tri van chuong nhung lau nay chua dupc gidi nghien ciru danh cho su quan tam dich dang Nghien ciru ldi hat chiu
Trang 8do cd the hieu sau hon ve Dao Mau nhu each quan niem ve the gidi chia lam nhieu mien, phu; each quan niem ve trdi, sd menh, sdng chet; su giao tiep vdi than lmh thdng qua hinh thiic len ddng, quan niem ve nguyen nhan gay benh va each chiia benh; nhiing udc nguyen mang tinh hien sinh
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
[1] Jean Chevaliev, Alain Gheerborant (2002) Tir diin biiu tuong vdn hda ihi gidi,
NXB Da Ning
[2] Nguyin Ngoc Mai (2003) Nghi le len ddng lich sir vd gid tri, NXB Van hoa tiiong
tin Ha Noi
[3] Ngo Due Thinh (2010) Dgo Mdu Viel Nam, NXB Ton giao Ha Ngi
Title: LEARNING SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF MOTHER GODDESS IN THE "CHAU VAN" LYRICS
Abstract: Mother Goddess is a product of the unique culture of Vietnam Mother Goddess refers to the worship of mother goddesses in Vietnam, draws together fairly disparate beliefs and practices: ±ese include the worship of goddesses as well as the cult of the Four Palaces, associated with 'ien dong" ritual Through "chau van" lyrics the reader can understand characteristics of Mother Goddess as the concept, the perception of the world, heaven, human destiny and the issues relating to "len dong" ritual
Keywords: Vietnam cult form Mother goddess To mount the medium, Chau van
ThS TRAN THI THANH NHI
Khoa Ng& v5n, Trudng D?i hgc Su phgm - Dai hpc Hue
DT: 0978 821 814, Email: Thanhnhidh@gmail.com