A study of rhetorical devices in titles of online tourism newspapers in english versus vietnamese

THE UNIVERSITY OF DANANGUNIVERSITY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE STUDIES PHẠM THỊ PHƯƠNG ANH A STUDY OF RHETORICAL DEVICES IN TITLES OF ONLINE TOURISM NEWSPAPERS IN ENGLISH VERSUS VIETNAMESE MASTE

THE UNIVERSITY OF DANANG

UNIVERSITY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE STUDIES

PHẠM THỊ PHƯƠNG ANH

A STUDY OF RHETORICAL DEVICES

IN TITLES OF ONLINE TOURISM NEWSPAPERS

IN ENGLISH VERSUS VIETNAMESE

MASTER THESIS IN LINGUISTICS AND CULTURAL STUDIES OF

FOREIGN COUNTRIES

Da Nang, 2020

THE UNIVERSITY OF DANANG

UNIVERSITY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE STUDIES

PHẠM THỊ PHƯƠNG ANH

A STUDY OF RHETORICAL DEVICES

IN TITLES OF ONLINE TOURISM NEWSPAPERS

IN ENGLISH VERSUS VIETNAMESE

Major: ENGLISH LINGUISTICS Code: 822.02.01

MASTER THESIS IN LINGUISTICS AND CULTURAL STUDIES OF

FOREIGN COUNTRIES

Supervisor: Assoc Prof Dr Nguyễn Thị Quỳnh Hoa

Da Nang, 2020

STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP

Except where reference is made in the text of the thesis, this thesis contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a thesis by which

I have qualified for or been awarded another degree or diploma

No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgements in the thesis

This thesis has not been submitted for the award of any degree or diploma in any other tertiary institution

Phạm Thị Phưcmg Anh

ABSTRACT

This thesis studied rhetorical devices in titles of online tourism newspapers in

English and Vietnamese An analysis was made to find out the commonly used

rhetorical devices and point out the similarities and differences between them in

English and Vietnamese titles of online tourism newspapers The data of this studywere collected from two online newspapers in English and Vietnamese namely

Travel Daily News and Du Lich The data were descbribed and contrastively

analyzed on stylistic aspects under qualitative and quantitative approaches On the

basis of a contrastive analysis, the thesis tried to find out commonly used rhetorical

devices in English and Vietnamese titles of online tourism newspapers, namely metaphor, metonymy, simile, personification, rhetorical questions, stylistic inversion, enumeration, alliteration, and rhyme The analysis was based on 400

samples (200 in English and 200 in Vietnamese), which were collected from popularand prestigiuos online toursim newspapers in English and Vietnamese

On the basis of the findings, this thesis set out some implications andsuggestions for teaching and learning both languages The research result could beuseful for teachers, copywriters, freelancers and learners of English, as well as thosewho are interested in tourism, linguistics and language in use

TABLE OF CONTENTS

STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP i

ABSTRACT ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS iii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vi

LIST OF TABLES

vii LIST OF FIGURES

vii Chapter One INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 RATIONALE 1

1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 2

1.2.1 Aims of the study 2

1.2.2 Objectives of the study 2

1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 2

1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY 3

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 3

1.6 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY 3

Chapter Two LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 5

2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW 5

2.2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 7

2.2.1 Definition of Online Tourism Newspaper 7

2.2.2 Definition and features of titles of online tourism newspapers 9

2.2.3 Definition of Rhetorical Devices 11

2.2.4 Functions of Rhetorical Devices 12

2.2.5 Classification of Rhetorical Devices 13

2.3 SUMMARY 23

Chapter Three RESEARCH METHODS 24

3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN 24

3.2 RESEARCH METHODS 24

3.3 DATA COLLECTION 24

3.4 DATA ANALYSIS 26

3.5 RESEARCH PROCEDURE 27

3.6 RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY 27

3.7 SUMMARY 27

Chapter Four FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 29

4.1 PHONETIC RHETORICAL DEVICES IN TITLES OF ONLINE TOURISM NEWSPAPERS IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE 29

4.1.1 Alliteration 29

4.1.2 Rhyme 31

4.2 LEXICAL RHETORICAL DEVICES IN TITLES OF ONLINE TOURISM NEWSPAPERS IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE 31

4.2.1 Metonymy 31

4.2.2 Metaphor 35

4.2.3 Personification 39

4.2.4 Simile 43

4.3 SYNTACTICAL RHETORICAL DEVICES IN TITLES OF ONLINE TOURISM NEWSPAPERS IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE 46

4.3.1 Stylistic Inversion 46

4.3.2 Rhetorical Question 49

4.3.3 Enumeration 52

4.4 FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF SOME COMMON RHETORICAL DEVICES IN TITLES OF ONLINE TOURISM NEWSPAPERS IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE 55

4.4.1 Frequency of occurrence of three types of RDs in TOTNs in English and Vietnamese 55 4.4.2 Frequency of occurrence of RDs in TOTNs in English and

Vietnamese 56

4.5 SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES IN USING SOME COMMON RHETORICAL DEVICES IN TITLES OF ONLINE TOURISM NEWSPAPERS IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE 59

4.5.1 Similarities 59

4.5.2 Differences 60

4.6 CONCLUDING REMARKS 61

Chapter Five CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS 62

5.1 CONCLUSIONS 62

5.2 IMPLICATIONS 63

5.3 LIMITATIONS 65

5.4 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH 65

REFERENCES

QUYẾT ĐỊNH GIAO ĐỀ TÀI (BẢN SAO)

APPENDIX

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

RD Rhetorical Device

RDs Rhetorical Devices

TOTNs NewspapersTitles of Online Tourism

Ph RDs Phoentic Rhetorical DevicesLex RDs Lexical Rhetorical DevicesSyn RDs Syntactical Rhetorical Devices

2.1 Inverted pyramid in comprehensive form by ChristopherSchwartz (2013) 9

3.1 English Online Tourism Newspaper 253.2 Vietnamese Online Tourism Newspaper 264.1 Da Quy Flower Field in Gia Lai 344.2 The Romantic Beauty of Y Ty 384.3 The Flower Garden of Blue Queen 454.4 Nam Cat Island, Cat Ba, Hai Phong 46

Chapter One INTRODUCTION 1.1 RATIONALE

Newspaper nowadays is an indispensable part of human‘s lives by providing ahuge amount of information such as facts, stories, statistics, and reports aboutvarious areas of life Since tourism proves its typical role in the socio-culturalintegration of a country together with economic development, tourism newspapersbecome more and more popular Tourism is also a gold opportunity to spread thelocal and domestic culture, traditions and values The rapid development of scienceand technology in recent years has led to the creation of online tourism newspaperthat has become a breakthrough with the great benefits it brings to the tourismindustry in not only advertising effectiveness but also time and cost saving

Practically, reading newspapers in foreign language is pretty difficult to fullyunderstand all the writers‘ implication Structures and expressions in English articlesoften make Vietnamese readers confused By that reason, English online tourism

newspapers accompanied with different rhetorical devices make it hard for

Vietnamese readers to catch the meaning of the text

Meanwhile, the title is considered to be one of the most important parts ofnewspaper article A bad, unattractive or inappropriate title may make readers passthe news and ruin the effort of the writer Using rhetorical devices in the titles,journalists can attract and catch the eyes of readers by drawing vivid pictures for thereaders to visualize and evoke their positive emotions from the first moments In

terms of language and linguistic functions, rhetorical devices prove their effects in expressing the author‘s ideas and intention Rhetorical devices are widely employed

strategies in a wide range of fields such as arts, literature, communication,

presentation and daily life Studies about rhetorical devices or stylistic devices have

been done by many researchers and linguists but in different aspects Following is an

example of a title in Vietnamese online tourism newspaper:

“Mơ màng Suối Yến”

The writer use personification (words used for human-being are applied to illustrate things/ objects) to describe the beauty of '—Suối Yến/Yen Stream” The noun "mơ dream' _ a series of thoughts, images, and sensations occurring in a person's mind during sleep, is the root adjective —mơ màng/dreaming” used to describe Yen

Stream instead of a person It sketches a fanciful and beautiful scene which is rare

and incredible like a dream By questioning what the dreaming thing appears in that

Yen Stream, readers might click on and continue reading to finally realize the miracle

attraction is not only in the beauty of the stream but also underneath the mystery

stories that people keep telling about Yen Stream Consequently, the use of

personification (one of rhetorical devices) in this title might have potential effective

on motivating tourists to spend time exploring more and help develop tourismbehavior

All of these motivate me to conduct the research “A STUDY OF RHETORICAL DEVICES IN TITLES OF ONLINE TOURISM NEWSPAPERS IN ENGLISH VERSUS VIETNAMESE”.

1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1.2.1 Aims of the study

This study is aimed to:

- Investigate into the effectiveness of rhetorical devices in titles of online

tourism newspapers in English and Vietnamese

1.2.2 Objectives of the study

This study is intended to:

- Find out and describe common rhetorical devices used in titles of online

tourism newspapers in English and Vietnamese

- Explore the similarities and differences between common rhetorical

devices used in titles of online tourism newspapers in English and Vietnamese

1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

In order to achieve the above aims and objectives, the following researchquestions are put forward:

3 What are similarities and differences between rhetorical devices used in

the English and Vietnamese titles of online tourism newspapers?

1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This study focused on the rhetorical devices used in English and Vietnamese

titles of one American and one Vietnamese online tourism newspaper in the period

2018-2019 This thesis was carried out and based on 200 English titles from Travel

Daily News and 200 Vietnamese titles from Du Lich Travel Daily News and Du Lich are two popular online tourism newspapers in English and Vietnamese The

aspects of tourism mentioned in those articles vary from food, destinations toactivities, travel experience, hotel and lodging, mice industry, aviation, sea travel and

so on

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This thesis may help English learners and teachers in Vietnam have better

insight into the rhetorical devices used in titles of online tourism newspapers in

English and Vietnamese It is hoped that, the data and contrastive analysis of thisresearch will be worth reading for the readers who take interest in reading Englishand Vietnamese online tourism newspapers

1.6 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY

There are five main chapters in this study as follows:

- Chapter 1: Introduction - includes the rationale, aims and objectives, the

research questions, the scope of the study, the significance of the study a

- nd the organization of the study

- Chapter 2: Literature Review and Theoretical Background - presents

the previous studies which are closely related to the thesis and the theoreticalbackground of the study

- Chapter 3: Research Methods - describes the research design, the research

methods, the data collection, samples, instrument, procedure of the study, the dataanalysis and the reliability and validity of the study

- Chapter 4: Findings and Discussion - aims at describing, comparing to

find out the similarities and differences in the rhetorical devices using in the titles of

English and Vietnamese newspapers

- Chapter 5: Conclusion and Implications - gives the summary of what has

been drawn out from the study and some implications This section will also givesome suggestions for further research

Chapter Two LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW

Rhetorical devices play an important role in a variety of fields such as

communication, academy, literature, arts, advertising and so on, which makes it afamiliar and interesting topic for linguists and researchers in the world, including

Vietnam In this part, the previous studies dealing with RDs will be reviewed.

RDs are clearly defined in one of the most extensive and popular investigation

into this field named “ Stylistic” by Galperin (1977) The book mentions some

statements by Russian and foreign scientists, writers, critics about the problems of

style and stylistics, and contributes to a deeper disclosure of these concepts RDs, also

called stylistic devices in the book, are used purposefully to intensify the expression

of some typical structural and/ or semantics property of a language unit This

intensification is generalized to a generative model Galperin divides rhetorical

devices into three large groups: phonetic, lexico-phraseological and syntactic.

Galperin clearly distinguishes between a stylistic use of a language unit, which

acquires a stylistic meaning, and a stylistic device/ rhetorical device, which is the

realization of an already well-known abstract scheme designed to achieve a particularexpressive effect While some linguists focus their interests only on the formal-

structural side of the language, the author shows his attention to style- an independent

branch of the science of language In this book, stylistics is defined as the science ofthe subsystems of the literary language (language styles) and the means of linguisticexpression, the application of which determines the desired effect (purpose) of theutterance Each style of language can be most accurately determined by the nature ofthe use of language expressions in it It is the originality of the interaction of thesefunds that makes it possible to distinguish one style from another When this book ispublished, it is regarded as one of the most complete and comprehensive analysis of

the linguistic nature of the applied language means including RDs, for various

purposes and areas of communication

Another valuable reference is “99 phương tiện và biện pháp tu từ tiếng Việt”

by Dinh Trong Lac (1996) This book builds a well-divided rhetorical devices system

in Vietnamese, with specific definitions and examples for each device Theillustrating examples are taken from various sources such as poems, songs, novels,stories, speeches or news articles Before the publicity of this book, Vietnameseliterature teachers used to consult other books which only focus on some mostessential language aspects for specific readers, many books even have heterogeneoussystems of classification and application Dinh Trong Lac writes the book in the hopethat it will help both Vietnamese learners and teachers with the most comprehensiveand complete view of Rhetoric

Some Vietnamese college researches also pay interested in RDs For instance, Trịnh Thị Quỳnh Châu (2012) carries out a contrastive analysis named '—Stylistic

Devices Commonly used in English and Vietnamese Poems” to find out the

similarities and differences belonging to phonetic, syntactic and semantic rhetorical

devices The research pays attention to the effects of sound technique (alliteration,

rhyme, rhythm), figurative languages (simile, metaphor, personification, imagery);and structural arrangements (repetition, inversion).After analyzing the data

collection, she measures the frequencies of occurrence of some commonly used

stylistic devices and concludes that Vietnamese poets often use imagery and simile in poetry language while simile is the most persuasive and effective way of expression

in English ones According to her, using rhetorical devices is the fastest and the most

successful way to achieve the emotion, sympathy of readers and thanks to it, readersspend more time reading and researching poems There are also some other thesises

majoring in RDs or expressive means in English and Vietnamese in contrast; their

major contents are stated following:

'—The expressive means of the pun in English and Vietnamese” by Huynh Thi

Thu Giang (2006), in which she analyzed pun, which is used much in riddles

—An investigation into stylistic devices in English and Vietnamese proverbs”

by Hoang Kim Anh (2008) in which she chose the most common ones in phonetic,lexical and syntactical stylistic devices used in proverbs to show the differences andsimilarities For instance, she analyzed alliteration, rhyme, rhythm in phoneticstylistic devices.

In addition, there are some master thesises analyzing stylitstics such as Phan

Thị Uyên Uyên (2006) paid attention to some common stylistics devices in

advertising language in English and Vietnamese She highlighted the similarities anddifferences of using the stylistic devices in advertising language in English andVietnamese newspapers Some common stylistic devices were investigated on herstudy namely metaphor, reperition, personification, simile, hyperbole and rhetoricalquestions

In summary, the above works presented many aspects related to rhetorical

devices including definition, form, meaning, content, style, structure However, none

of them mentioned the contrastive analysis of the rhetorical devices in titles of

tourism newspapers titles in English and Vietnamese, which inspires me to complete

this study.

2.2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

2.2.1 Definition of Online Tourism Newspaper

According to Oxford Learner Dictionary, newspaper is “a set of large

printed sheets of paper, or a website, containing news, articles, advertisements, etc and published every day or every week; the organization responsible for producing this” DeFleur and Dennis (1996) define newspapers as the eyes and

ears of society because they have important functions in society and surveillance They not only inform the readers about events and issues taking place around the world but also perform correlation by interpreting aspects of society including how various media shape public opinion through the information that helps readers solve their own interests and problems Some items in the newspapers are also designed to amuse and provide enjoyment to the readers such as stories, comics, puzzles, etc.

The advancement of high-tech has given birth to a new kind of newspaper which immediately has become familiar with readers, which is online newspaper In recent years, most of readers are looking for online newspapers, especially young readers who have a tendency to get lasted information from the Internet, as a result, the number of online newpapers and online readers have increased rapidly The dominant characteristics of online newspaper is its storage capacity over the traditional printed ones Modern readers can read and re-read the news anytime they prefer Moreover, online newspapers can also provide the most accurate understanding for the readers with colorful and vivid images, as well as videos clips The best thing is that the news in online newspapers can travel instantly all around the world only by one click and becomes the link between people and the outside world.

Tourism online newspaper is one genre of newspapers which is an online resource for travel industry executives From market intelligence, trend analysis and breaking news, to exclusive interviews, insightful features and perceptive videos, the newspaper provides all the information insiders need to keep their fingers on the travel pulse Readership includes senior thought leaders from across the travel industry, including tour operators, travel agents, airline reservation agencies, incentive houses, and events & meetings organisers, as well as the very consumers that keep the wheels of our industry in constant motion Tourism online newspaper offers up-to-date news on the most relevant topics in tourism and the travel industry.

2.2.2 Definition and features of titles of online tourism newspapers

With regard to the structure of a news item, Van Dijk (1988) clarifies that —

the constituent part of a news can be divided into different categories: Headline, lead, and Body which are considered crucial elements structuring news in English online newspapers Besides, there are supplementary or optinal factors (the time, name of reporter, sub-headlines, hyperlinks or non-linguistic features)” News stories

are organized using the inverted pyramid style, in which information is presented indescending order of importance This allows the audience to read the most crucialdetails quickly so they can decide whether to continue or stop reading the story From

an editing perspective, using the inverted pyramid style makes it easier to cut a storyfrom the bottom, if necessary (Scanlan, 2003)

By that reason, the headline/ tittle plays an essential role in the success of an

online news According to Van Dijk (1988), the title is at the beginning of everynews It is not a summarization of the news but mainly brings the purpose of gettingreaders‘s interest and attention The title will be the information readers memorizemost from a news

“Short” and “catching, are words describing the features of English titles

(Bastian et al., 1956, p.62) The significances of the news are packed in some keywords in the titles and a good title will not only convey the brief content of thearticles but also catchy enough to arouse reader's curiosity In some Englishnewspapers, sensational titles are quite common The practices of title writing aredifferent with different newspapers The selection of language is based on the peculiarnature and expression meaning of the titles (Galperin, 1977, p.303) Besides some key

Interesting/Related items/ \ May include extra context / \ In blogs, columns, and / \ other editorials:

the / \ assessment of the/ \ Journalist

/

"The Body": The crucial info

Argument, Controversy, story, Issue Evidence, background, details, logic, etc \ Quotes, photos, video, and audio that /

\ support, dispute, expand the topic /

"The Lead": The most important info

Who? What? Where? When? Why? How?

Approximately 30 words (1-2 thin paragraphs) May include a "hook" (provocative quote or question)

Figure 2.1 Inverted pyramid in comprehensive form by Christopher Schwartz

(2013)

As the figure 2.1 shows, the most important and relevant information issupposed to be put first Conventionally, a news should contain the answers to thequestions of who, what, when, where, why, how - the important information mustcome first (Van Dijk, 1985) This style of the most to the least important informationallows readers to skim quickly the content

words in the texts, the titles may even contain emotionally colored words or phrases,for example,

Tax agent a cheat (Daily World)

In order to attract the reader's attention, writers may apply many types of

rhetorical devices It might be the terms deformation as in following example with an

allusive set expression of “cakes and al^,.

Cakes and Bitter Ale (The Sunday Times)

Sometimes, it goes with alliteration (Miller in Maniac Mood- The Observer)

or interrogative sentences (Do you love war? - Daily World) These patterns do not cover all typical rhetorical devices used in news titles and it will take a large amount

of time and research for a specific statistic and analysis of all rhetorical devices used

in newspapers titles Clearly, it is undeniable that the title of newspaper is an

important vehicle both of information and appraisal and rhetorical devices are

powerful assistant for writers to fully perform the titles‘ desired functions

Conventionally, it is believed that newspapers have more readers than anyother kind of written text According to Van Dijk (1986), "for most citizens, news isperhaps the type of written discourse with which they are confronted most frequently"(p 156) In the newspaper it is the headline that has the highest readership Itsummarizes the content of a story, and entices an audience into reading the article.According to Ungerer (2000), "a headline describes the essence of a complicatednews story in a few words It informs quickly and accurately and arouses the reader'scuriosity" (p 48) Newspaper titles are particularly important for the way readerscomprehend a news text, they are markers that monitor attention, perception and thereading process (Van Dijk, 1988) According to Danuta R (1998), headline is aunique type of text It has a range of functions that specifically dictate its shape,content, and structure and it operates within a range of restrictions that limited thefreedom of the writer In other words, headline should encapsulate the story inminimum words, attract readers to the story Many students of English find thatnewspaper titles are especially difficult to understand Obviously, it is not just amatter of vocabulary; even the style of writing is different from any other text they

have met in their studies The language of titles is special and has its owncharacteristics on the lexical, syntactic, and rhetorical levels for its brevity,attractiveness, and clarity (Danuta R., 1998) These language features pose a greatchallenge to foreign learners of English when they begin to read English newspapers.

In general, the titles of online tourism newspapers are the headings of the newswhich contains the most important and interesting information of the articles They

are often short and catching in order to catch readers‘ most attention and also help

them to have a quick, accurate and comprehensive visualization of the news

2.2.3 Definition of Rhetorical Devices

Rhetoric has raised a great deal of awareness among many linguists and

researchers in the world for so long Richard (1973, p.160) defines it as "the art of

linguistically or symbolically creating salience After salience is created, the situation must be translated into meaning” Farrell (1993) claims that '—rhetoric is

an acquired competency, a manner of thinking that invents possibilities for persuasion, conviction, action, and judgments." According to Corbett (1999), rhetoric is one concern of choosing the suitable means in written or spoken

communication or debate to motivate the audience Having a more general point of

view, Knoblauch (1984) insists that rhetoric is the process of using language to

organize experience and communicate it to others and the study of the methods usedfor that It is not only the action of one trying to understand other‘s meaning but also

refers to a science of discourse analysis Moreover, "rhetoric can be defined as the art

or method of reconciling individual and systemic goals and constraints", said

Edelman (2003) To sum up, rhetoric can be defined as the distinctive linguistic

expression in an elegant and forceful but hidden way to influence, impress andpersuade the audience It is also the study of the principles and devices by whichwriting is created with its own inventory of tool to serve writers‘ purposes

Basing on the use of rhetoric in language, Galperin (1977) defines each RDs

as a generalized model of applying extra certain structures or semantic property inbasic structure sentences with specific purposes In the book —99 phương tiện và biện

pháp tu từ tiếng Việt” by Đinh Trọng Lạc (2003), RDs in Vietnamese is defined as

means of language which usually bring additional information apart from the basicmeaning of words It can be seen that the theory of Galperin emphasizes more on the

key function of RDs which will be explained more following Although there are some other different definitions of rhetorical devices, the ones of Galperin and Đinh

Trong Lạc can be used as the theoretical background of this study thanks to theircomprehension

To conclude, rhetorical devices are language tools which are used intentionally to

express writer‘s thoughts, make the written texts more effective and persuasive In

other words, rhetorical devices are distinctive linguistic expressions to serve special

purposes and create certain artistic effects on readers

2.2.4 Functions of Rhetorical Devices

According to Galperin (1977), RDs are used as language tools with 2 main functions For the sake of the readers, RDs make the objectives of the writers clearer

to the readers so that they can understand the emotions, feelings, and ideas of thewriter at a deeper level About the writers, RDs convey their messages andperspectives more vividly to evoke readers‘ responses under the writers‘ purposes

Bazerman (1988) points out — the basic function of rhetoric is the use of

words by human agents It is rooted in the essential function of language itself, a function which is wholly realistic, and is continually born a new” People used RDs

in their writings with an aim to evoke the feelings from other people and somehowlead to actions This function is rooted in the basic function of language itself withcontinual development, said Madison (1998)

Nowadays, together with the evolution of theories about communicative

language functions, there are many other works on RDs into the applications of

language in society and theories aiming at methods of teaching language in school

Having an indispensable and magnificent role, RDs are popular in not only literary

works but also in music, daily communication, advertisements and in newspapers

Generally, RDs create a system of signs used to evoke emotion in readers andinfluence their decisions and actions For this reason, RDs used in online tourismnewspapers might have their goal to add special effects on the advertisements which

will appeal to the potential audience and finally influence human choices on specifictravel decisions and bring benefits to the industry.

2.2.5 Classification of Rhetorical Devices

2.2.5.1 Phonetic Rhetorical Devices

a Onomatopoeia

In English, onomatopoeia is defined by Galperin (1977) as words which copy

and imitate natural sound from everything around us The sound can be made bynatural phenomena, by things and objects, by people or by animals Certainly, theonomatopoeia words will be used to refer to the producers of the sounds Following isthe examples of two types of onomatopoeia

—DING-DONG ROW OPENS ON BILL”

DING-DONG is a direct onomatopoeia which imitates the natural sound of the

bell ringing continuously This device sometimes doesn‘t only refer to the subjects of

the sound but also has transferred meaning such as — noisy” or —strenuously

contested” In this example, both meanings are implied.

“Silver bells how they tinkle, tinkle, tinkle" (Poe)

The word tinkle is an example of indirect onomatopoeia which is repeated

several times in order to make the sound of the utterance an echo of its sense It is

sometimes called "echo-writing".

b Alliteration

In English, Alliteration is a phonetic stylistic device which creates melodic

effect to the sentence (Galperin, p.126) Like most phonetic devices, although thisdevice is not intended to bring any special messages, alliteration is generally regarded

as a musical accompaniment of the author's idea which raises some vague emotionalatmosphere to the readers Repeating sounds, in particular consonant sounds at the

beginning of words is the essence of this devices, for example: Sense and Sensibility

(Jane Austin); Pride and Prejudice (Jane Austin).

In Vietnamese, when the writer intentionally creates a melody by repeating thefirst consonants of words, with an aim to the shape and expression of sentencesis

Điệp phụ âm đầu (Đinh Trọng Lạc, p.183) which share the same essence as

alliteration and make the sentence more flexible, lively and increase emotional

effects Alliteration is generally regarded as a musical accompaniment of the author'sidea , supporting it with some vague emotional atmosphere which each readerinterprets for himself

c Rhyme

In English, “rhyme is the repetition of identical or similar terminal sound

combinations of words Rhyming words are generally placed at a regular distance from each other In verse they are usually placed at the end of the corresponding lines” (Galperin, p.128) The full rhyme presupposes identity of the vowel sound and

the following consonant sounds in a stressed syllable, as in might, right Incomplete

rhyme is divided into two main groups: vowel rhymes and consonant rhymes In vowel rhymes the vowels of the syllables in corresponding words are identical, but the

consonants may be different, as in flesh— fresh—press Consonant rhymes, on the contrary, show concordance in consonants and disparity in vowels, as in worth—

forth; flung—long Compound rhyme may be set against what is called eye-rhyme,

where the letters and not the sounds are identical, as in love—prove, flood— brood

which can be found more in written texts such as newspapers‘ titles

2.2.5.2 Lexical Rhetorical Devices

a Metonymy

In English, '—metonymy is based on a different type of relation between the

dictionary and contextual meanings, a relation based not on identification, but on some kind of association connecting the two concepts which these meanings represent.”(Galperin, 1977, p.144) Both these meanings represent two different

concepts but metonymy creates an association of them and build another meaning

For instance, the word crown may stand for king or queen or a hand for a worker,

the moustache stands for the man as the following sentence:

"Then they came in Two of them, a man with long fair moustaches and a silent

dark man Definitely, the moustache and I had nothing in common." (Doris

Lessing)

In this case, the man‘s facial appearance is the feature which catches the eye:

the moustache The function of the metonymy here is to indicate that the storytellerknows nothing of the strange man but the first impression of appearance that thespeaker has about him.

In Vietnamese, Đinh Trọng Lạc (2012, p.61) also emphasizes the definition of

metonymy as the result of a process which renames an object by a different object‘s

name The interrelation between the dictionary and contextual meanings should stand

out clearly and conspicuously Metonymy can be formed based on different logical

relations such as a part and totality, subject and belonging, tool and result, containingthing and contained thing, etc Following is an example of

metonymy:

“Vì sao Trái Đất nặng ân tình

Nhắc mãi tên người Hồ Chí Minh” (Tố Hữu)

In this sentence, Trái Đất/ the Earth (container) refers to people living in it

(object that be contained) to express the fame and glory of Ho Chi Minh to the masses

of people all over the world

b Metaphor

Metaphor is different from metonymy at the point that a metaphor employs the

similarities of two objects while metonymy is based on the closeness of the objects.

Occasionally, the writer mentions to the readers an object that possesses some or all

of the characteristics that belong to another object while these characteristics do not

even belong to the mentioned object To interpret metaphor we need to understand

both the literal meaning and facts about the world and it depends on the originlinguistic knowledge about words, their semantic properties and their combiningpowers that all speakers possess

In English, Galperin (1977) defines that a metaphor basically operates by the

affinity or similarity of the dictionary and contextual logical meanings of mentioned

objects For example: Love is a journey, love is tenor and journey is the vehicle to

imply the unpredictability and the combination of both difficulties and joy during thetime of loving as well as journeying Sometimes the process of identification can

hardly be decoded as in this example "You light up my life” when the vehicle is the

action of turning on the light equipment to describe the joy and happiness of thewriter.

In Vietnamese, Đinh Trọng Lạc (2012, p.50) identifies metaphor/ hoán dụ as

the second way of identification which is rooted from the similarity between two

objects and consists of two main parts named the tenor and the vehicle The vehicle is the metaphorical word(s) which is seen by the readers while the tenor is the implied

idea or the hidden subject of the comparison

“Chao ôi, trông con sóng, vui như thấy nắng giòn tan sau kì mưa dầm, vui như nói

lại chiêm bao đứt quãng” (Nguyễn Tuân)

Giòn tan/ crispy is not the adjective often used to describe the nắng/ sunshine, when

these two images combine, it creates an artistic image and evokes strange andinteresting feelings The natural scenery is displayed with the whole shape of colorand sound The sunshine in this sentence seems to be smellable, touchable andtestable

Metaphor is classified as — ẩn dụ định danh”, “ẩn dụ nhận thức” and “ẩn dụ hình tượng” “Ẩn dụ định danh” creates new words by using existing vocabulary.

“Ẩn dụ nhận thức” transforms the word combination of some characterizing words

by changing its meaning from specific to abstract, for example giá lạnh/ cold which often goes with băng tuyết/ ice to be cold ice can be used with abstract meaning like

cold heart “Ẩn dụ hình tượng” is the source of synonyms, for example hoa/ flower is

not only referred to a beautiful woman but also a decent gentleman in another context

c Personification

In English, Galperin (1977) asserts that in personification, either an inanimate

object or an abstract concept is spoken of as though it was endowed with life or with

human attributes or feeling For example: “The car that cares” is an advertising slogan of KIA car company The appearance of a verb “to care” becomes a signal of

a car which is designed by the company to make their customers feel comfortable orsafe

In Vietnamese, personification is stated clearly by Đinh Trọng Lạc (2012) to

be one variant of metaphor which is used to express the feelings and attitudes of the

writers cecretly Another concept of personification by Cù Đình Tú (2001) in “Phong

cách học và đặc điểm tu từ tiếng Việt” shares some common features that the writer

chooses words denoting properties and activities of human to indicate the propertiesand activities of non-human objects basing on the similarities of their properties andactivities

“Lúa đã chen vai đứng cả dậy” (Trần Đăng)

In this example, lúa/ rice is given human‘s behavior by the word chen vai/

crowd and đứng dậy/ stand up, this sentence uses personification to depict the

abundant beauty of the rice field with the happiness of the writer at that moment

d Simile

Simile can be easily found in different text genres such as songs, literature,

advertisement, or newspapers

In English, Galperin (1977) emphasizes the differences between ordinary

comparison and simile that comparison considers two objects in one class to show

their sameness or differences, while simile cares for describing one object by

connecting it to an entirely different class‘s object Comparison takes intoconsideration all the properties of the two objects, stressing the one that is compared

Simile, on the contrary, excludes all the properties of the two objects except one

which is made common to them Common used connective words in English are like,

as, such as, as if, seem for example As cold as ice, Shine like the stars.

In Vietnamese, Đinh Trọng Lạc (2012) calls simile a figurative comparison

which compare two different objects sharing only one similarity in the reality to

delineate a new way of perception about those things These objects are usually one

unfamiliar thing and one familiar thing (an object, event, process) known to the

readers Common used connective words in Vietnamese are như, như là, là, bao

nhiêu, bấy nhiêu A complete simile structure model consists of 4 elements, for

instance:

“Mặt tươi như hoa.”

Mặt is the element which is compared, tươi is the comparative aspect, the

characteristic of the objects, như is the connective word, hoa is the target object used

to compare In fact, there are many simile sentences are written without all 4 elements

but readers still understand the hidden factors

e Irony

According to Galperin (1977, p.147), irony is a RD which is based on the

simultaneous realization of two logical meanings—dictionary and contextual, but thetwo meanings stand in opposition to each other For example:

"It must be delightful to find oneself in a foreign country

without a penny in one's pocket."

That someone has no penny in the pocket is an unpleasant situation which is

opposed to the word “ delightful” used to describe the circumstance Irony can

sometimes be likened to humour but the function of irony is not confined to

producing a humorous effect, it helps emphasize the features of mentioned event, like

in this example

In Vietnamese, Đinh Trọng Lạc (2012) names this RD as "—nói mỉa” which

changes the name of one phenomenon into another having opposite meaning In the

sentence using irony/ nói mỉa, readers will understand the opposite meaning of the

words Those ironical words often expresses disrespect or negativity, for instances:

“Để thiên hạ cười cho, rõ đẹp mặt”

Practically, the person who để thiên hạ cười cho/ let other people laugh in the

face will feel embarrassed and lose his face; however, the writer use the opposite term

đẹp mặt/ to have beautiful face in this situation Despite the opposite literal meaning

of words, this irony brings an extra emphasis on the humiliation to the object.

f Hyperbole

In English, hyperbole is a deliberate overstatement or exaggeration of a leature

essential to the object or phenomenon under the writer‘s purpose (Galperin, 1977)

This exaggeration is carried to an illogical degree For example:

"He was so tall that I was not sure he had a face." (O Henry)

The mentioned man is described with such a height that people standing next

to him cannot look up to his head above so that they will not know whether the man

has face or not There is no way in earth a man will be that tall but the hyperbole

device used in this sentence has highlighted the special characteristic of a man Hyperbole it is intended to make the readers understand it is an exaggeration which

sharpens the reader's ability to make a logical assessment of the utterance

In Vietnamese, using words or expressions to multiply or exaggerate theattributes of the object or phenomenon in order to highlight the nature of the object

and to make a particularly strong impression is called phóng đại.(Dinh Trong Lac, 2012) There are many signs to realize this RD as following:

- Words with exaggerated meanings which can replace adjective like rất, lắm,

quá/ very, extremely, for instance: đến chết/ to die, hết chỗ nói/ speechless, chúa/ God, etc

- Words with exaggerated meanings which is used to describe the direct

impacts on human‘s psychology, emotions and body parts, for example: sôi máu/

boiling blood, rụng rời chân tay/ loss of limbs, etc

- The comparison not basing on the precise of mathematically times, for

example: gấp vạn lần/ thousands times, gấp trăm/ hundred times, etc

- Exaggerated idioms for examples: chân cứng đá mềm/ soft rock hard legs,

vắt cổ chày ra nước/ squeeze the baseball neck into the water, etc

g Allusions

In English, an allusion is under the form of word or phrase which refers

indirectly to widely known event such as a historical literary, mythological, biblicalfact or to a fact of everyday life made in the course of speaking or writing It is noteasy for every reader to decipher an allusion because it is based on the accumulatedexperience and the knowledge of the writer who presupposes a similar experience andknowledge in the reader Sometimes, the old knowledge stored in readers‘ minds will

be called forth by an allusion in a peculiar manner For instance:

"'Pie in the sky' for Railmen"

The workers' song refrain "You'll get pie in the sky when you die" is known by mostly people in the USA and Britain This allusion implies that the Railmen had

been given many promises but nothing at the present moment

In Vietnamese, this kind of rhetorical device is called '—dẫn ngữ” by Dinh

Trong Lac (2012) which adds ancient idioms, famous quotations, historical poems orvaluable poetry into the words being presented and described in order to replace thenormal expression This RD has both function of this is to make the speech moreconcise and convincing For example:

“Mỗi người phải ra sức góp công góp của, để xây dựng nước nhà Chớ nên

ăn cỗ đi trước, lội nước đi sau.” ( Ho Chi Minh)

The Vietnamese proverb — ăn cỗ đi trước, lội nước đi sau” criticizes people

with cowards and selfish lifestyles, who only think of their own interests From the

literal meaning of two phrases, when —cỗ”/ festivals, parties hold, those people then hurry ahead to find a good location to take delicious foods When they have to —lội

nước”/ to wade, they go after other people to avoid the dangers such as unpredictable

deep rocks, sharp thorns If the danger comes, whoever goes first will meet first sothat the latecomers can avoid those things Using the well-known proverb in hisspeech, Ho Chi Minh wants to emphasize a wrong but popular lifestyle among thecitizens which needs to be condemned and replaced in order to build up a developedand strong country

2.2.5.3 Syntactical Rhetorical Devices

As defined in — Stylistics” by Galperin (1981), —within the language as a

system there establish themselves certain define types of relations between words, word-combination, sentences and also between larger spans of utterances The branch of language science which studies the types of relations between the units enumerated is called syntax” Stylistic syntactical patterns may be viewed as variants

of the general syntactical models of the language and are more obvious andconspicuous if presented not as isolated elements or accidental usages, but as groups

easily observable and lending themselves to generalization Therefore, Syntactic

Rhetorical Devices are often used in scope of texts or between sentences but not the

separated sentences while a title of newspaper are normally a short and brief sentence

In terms of syntactic rhetorical divices in newspapers’ titles,

a Stylistic Inversion

Stylistic inversion helps writers highlight the important detail by changing the

word order and place the words with expressive value in the front Galperin (p.

203) defines inversion as an emphatic construction which appears as frequently as ordered structures Some of the main effects of stylistic inversion are listed by Dinh

Trong Lac (p 94) as to change the rhythms of the sentence, to bring melody, to make

a strong impression and to evoke emotional response from readers

Word order is a crucial syntactical problem in many languages Stylisticinversion, a new writing style, aims at attaching logical stress or additional emotion

coloring to the surface meaning of the utterance Inversion as a RD is always motivated Using stylistic inversion is common in poetry and prose Invesive

sense-structures can highlight description, change writing style and avoid monotonousrepetition in using language

b Enumeration

As defined in “ Stylistics” by I.R Galperin: '—enumeration is a stylistic

device by which separate things, objects, phenomena, properties, actions are named one by one so that they produce a chain, the links of which, being syntactically in the same position (homogeneous parts of speech), are forced to display some kinds of semantic homogeneity, remote though it may seem” (p.216)

Enumaration, in fact is the way to expand sentence which can help to

replenish a certain semantical or grammatical unit This expanding process is toarrangement of necessary components in a line Most of notions are associated withother notions due to some kind of relation between them: dependence, cause andresult, likeness, dissimilarity, sequence, experience (personal and/or social),

proximity, etc Enumeration may be conventionally called a sporadic semantic field.

The grouping of sometimes absolutely heterogeneous notions occurs only in isolatedinstances to meet some peculiar purposes of the writer People can use enumeration

with conjunction or without This RD contains a strong emotional value and has

function of making deep impression on readers

c Rhetorical Questions

Following the definition of Galperin (1977), rhetorical question is not a

normal question which needs to be answered but rather a statement expressed in the

form of an interrogative sentence Rhetorical question is one of the rhetorical devices

which have strong effects on the way the authors emphasize their ideas to the readers

or listeners For instance, “What difference does it make?”, which has form of a question but may play a role as a statement, — It makes no difference.”

It can be determined based on the context and the intonation The rhetorical

question re-enforces the essential quality of interrogative sentences and uses it to

convey a stronger shade of emotive meaning Rhetorical questions, due to their power

of expressing a variety of modal shades of meaning, are widely used in differentlinguistic styles

In Vietnamese, Đinh Trọng Lạc (2012) also defines rhetorical question in —

99 phương tiện và biện pháp tu từ tiếng Việt” as not only a question in form but a

positive or negative statement with the emotions It does not require an answer, is just

used to enhance the expressiveness of the utterance As an advertising slogan “Why

pay more for a car ?” might be understood as —Don‘t buy those expensive car.” This

rhetorical question refers to an offer of a cheap car which is a feature that enhancesthe chance that a customer will purchase this product

2.3 SUMMARY

Rhetorical devices, their charateristics and functions have attracted

attention of many linguists as well as researchers The matter of discovery of theirl marvel as weel as application them in literature is always new and endless RD is certainly an important instrument which can help language users transfer their message fully and meaningfully, reach their aims in communication.

Although the title plays an important role in the effectiveness of an online tourism newspaper, the RDs used in those are not always the same in all articles or in the two languages But their similar influence on news‘ success and reader‘s feeling and reaction can not be refused This thesis hopes to partly contribute to analyzing and understanding more about the RDs used in TOTNs, their importance and their impact on readers.

Chapter Three RESEARCH METHODS

3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN

This thesis is aimed at investigating common RDs used in the titles of online

tourism newspapers in English and Vietnamese This is both a qualitative andquantitative study The design has been made with the aim of exploring and finding

the features of some commonly used RDs together with the similarities and

differences in English and Vietnamese TOTNs

3.2 RESEARCH METHODS

This study was carried out via the descriptive method and the contrastive.The descriptive method was used in the first step to describe, characterize the

RDs used in the titles and classify them into different categories.

The contrastive method was used to find out the similarities and differences of

some common RDs in English and Vietnamese TOTNs.

3.3 DATA COLLECTION

This study focused on the rhetorical devices used in English and Vietnamese

titles of one American and one Vietnamese online tourism newspaper in 2018-2019

The sources for this study were chosen based on Google Top Results Travel Daily

News ( https://www.traveldailynews.com/) was the first result with the key words

“the most popular Online Tourism Newspapers” Although Du Lich (http://vtr.org.vn/) was the third result with the key words “Các trang báo mạng du lịch Việt Nam”, it was selected for this study because of its domain (.org) and the

internationality with both English and Vietnamese articles This thesis was carried out

and based on 200 English titles from Travel Daily News (

https://www.traveldailynews.com/) and 200 Vietnamese titles from Du Lich (http://vtr.org.vn/) Travel Daily News and Du Lich are two popular online tourism

newspapers in English and Vietnamese The aspects of tourism mentioned in thosearticles vary from food, destinations to activities, travel experience, hotel and

lodging, mice industry, aviation, sea travel and so on.The criteria for choosing samples are:

- The samples must be a language expression displaying a specific rhetoricaldevice as defined in Chapter 2

- The sample must be part of a title of one of the online tourism newspapersmentioned in the scope of the thesis

Figure 3.1 English Online Tourism Newspaper

DU LICH

Sự kiện I vê đẹp bắt tận I Pháp luật - Cuộc sồng I Lừ hành I Khách sạn - Nhà hàng I Khám phá I Bạn cỏ biết I vân hóa - Giài trí I Nghiên cứu - Trao đổi I xà hội I VietnamToday

HOTNEW: Kiến nghị miễn visa hàng loai thi trường để kích cằu du lích khi dich Corona đưoc khổng chế Từ khỏa tìm kiém Q □□□

Bộ Chinh trị ban hành chủ trương khắc phục tác

động cùa đại dịch Covid-19

(Tạp chí Du lịch) - Bộ Chính trị đà ban hành Két luận số 77- KL/

TW ngày 5/6/2020 vể chù trương khắc phục tác động của đại

dich Covid-19 để phục hồi và phát triển nền kinh té đất nước.

> Hàn Quốc đẩy mạnh quàng bã du hch tạt Việt Nam

> Bân vẻ quy hoạch và kiến true du tịch hậu Coũd-19

> Nhiều lời chúc mừng dành tặng Tap chí Du lịch nhân

Ngáy Báo chi Cách mạng Việt Nam

> Thêm nhiều sân phẩm du lích giữa TPHCM và Đỏng Nam Bô

> HanoiRedtours chính thức đổi tên thành Flamingo Redtours

> Quàng bá du lịch Hài Tiền bằng thơ

> Đồng hành cùng cuộc thi Hoa hậu sắc đẹp quốc tế quàng bá

Du lịch Việt Nam

> Đi cùng Tiên Phong - gia tăng lợi ích

> Hòn Bò - điểm 4 check-in" mới tinh ở Hoằng Hóa (Thanh Hỏa)

> về Lý Sơn khám phá núi lùa vã san hô trong lòng đại dương

> SCMP: Bánh mi Việt Nam hãnh trinh đĩ khắp thé giới kích thích vị giác toàn càu

> Từ 23h59 ngày 17/6 nhũng người đà ờ Việt Nam trong 14 ngày liên tiếp sè không phải cách ly tập trung khi nhập cành vào Singapore

> Quy Nhon vào top 20 điểm đến hàng đầu thế giới nãm 2020

> Quàng Bình quàng bá hình ảnh "điểm đến an toàn và khác biệt'

> Tống cục trường Tổng cục Du lịch Nguyễn Trùng Khánh chù trì phiên hop Hội đồng Giám khảo Cuộc thi Ảnh Nghệ

STARLIGH T

TOURM<I

60 nảm ngành Du lích Việt Nam I Trong nước I Quốc tế I Tin ngành

Tổng cục trường Tổng cục Du lịch Nguyễn Trùng

Nhiều lời chúc mừng dành tặng Tạp chí

Du lích nhàn NflॠBáo chi Cash mang

> Năm Du lịch quốc gia 2021 tiếp tục tồ chức tại Ninh Binh

> Thứ trường Lê Quang Tùng: Du lích Viét Nam đà khởi sắc trờ lai với hình ành điểm đến

Fiugre 3.2 Vietnamese Online Tourism Newspaper

3.4 DATA ANALYSIS

Each TOTN was analysed by qualitative method RDs used in English and Vietnamese are classified and categorized in accordance with particular types of RDs.

The collected samples were qualitatively categorized and tabulated in accordance

with particular types of RDs as earlier stated.

Linguistic description and analysis helped to analyze each group in detail toclarify its own characteristics

Finally, the data were compared and contrasted to make the conclusion of the

similarities and differences in terms of RDs in English and Vietnamese TOTNs.

3.5 RESEARCH PROCEDURE

The procedure of this study followed these steps:

- Reading carefully the previous studies to choose the topic

- Orientating the problems relating to the thesis

- Reviewing the previous studies thoroughly and identifying the researchscope

- Collecting and classifying of 200 English titles and 200 Vietnamese titles oftourism articles from two travel sites of America and Vietnam

- Analyzing data: point out the artistic, aesthetic and expressive value of eachrhetorical device and their contributions to the success of the titles

- Contrastive analysis for analyzing the data in quantity and quality;similarities and differences of some commonly used RDs in English and Vietnamesetitles

- Putting forward some implications on practical application or further

3.6 RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY

Firstly, the titles used for analysis were taken from reliable sources whichwere the two official online tourism newspapers in English and Vietnamese Allquotations in this thesis were cited exactly from the origin with clear reference of theauthors‘ names, the time, the place of publication and even the page number

Secondly, the findings and conclusions in the study were drawn from theprocess of collecting, classifying, analyzing and comparing the data without anyprejudices and presuppositions.

Finally, the analyses in this study were conducted following the Theoretical

framework mentioned in Chapter Two to make a consistent and rational study By all

these reasons, this research study and its result were reliable

3.7 SUMMARY

In general, in this study, the contrastive analysis was intended to followqualitative and quantitative approaches After the data collection, the observation andanalysis of titles of online tourism newspapers in English and Vietnamese were

conducted so that the similarities and differences in the use of rhetorical devices in

both languages could be drawn out

Chapter Four FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

As mentioned in the previous chapters, RDs are considered as distinctive

linguistic expressions which can make the writings more effective, persuasive and

successful for various purposes In this chapter, common RDs used in TOTNs in

English and Vietnamese will be exposed, analyzed and illustrated by typical

examples quoted from data collection Based on specific features and functions, RDs are divided into 3 types: phonetic RDs, lexical RDs and syntactical RDs.

The purpose of this study is to focus on common RDs used in TOTNs in English and Vietnamese namely alliteration, rhyme, metonymy, metaphor,

personification, simile, stylistic inversion, rhetorical question, enumeration.

4.1 PHONETIC RHETORICAL DEVICES IN TITLES OF ONLINE TOURISM NEWSPAPERS IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE

4.1.1 Alliteration

The repeating of sounds or letters in the titles might not refer to any meaningbut it is a good way to make impression to readers‘ mind, like in the followingexample:

other meaning unless we agree that a sound meaning exists as such But even so wemay not be able to specify clearly the character of this meaning, and the term willmerely suggest that a certain amount of information is contained in the repetition ofsounds, as is the case with the repetition of lexical units.

Certain sounds, if repeated, may produce an effect that can be specified For

example, the sound [g] in (4.1) and (4.2) evokes feelings of encouragement, cheering, and compelling as in the usual cheerleading phrase we often hear: “GO GO GO!”.

The news in (4.1) announces that over 100,000 flights transport, over 10

million passengers across a global air transportation network comprising over 1,400scheduled airlines, 26,000 aircraft in service and 3,900 airports The aviation industry

is increasingly recognizing the need for accommodating People with Disabilities inairports and into airlines Meanwhile, the ACI is confident that implementation of therecommendations will contribute significantly towards the goal of barrier-freeairports and air travel could become smoother and less fraught for disabledpassengers One of its top priorities is helping airports to ensure the efficientmanagement of the flow of passengers, baggage, cargo and mail through airportfacilities, ensuring that services are delivered in a healthy, safe and secureenvironment It also consists of meeting and exceeding the needs and expectations ofcustomers throughout their entire journey through an airport, bearing in mind the

different requirements of security, immigration and customs In article in (4.2)

mentions International Golf Travel Market (IGTM) 2019, the leading business to

business event for the golf travel community which announces the headline content

of its official welcome forum The overall theme will be ‘Grow Golf Together’ tohighlight how international golf travel suppliers can widen their appeal to a morediverse audience, including women and millennials Headline speakers include

BBC’s Naga Munchetty, R&A’s Director of Sustainability Steve Isaac and

IAGTO’s CEO Peter Walton On the other hand, the repetition of [r] sound in (4.3)

brings to readers’ mind the feeling of luxury and comfortable Indeed the newsmentions the event that the manager of the first Royal golf club in the world to

relocate says golf alone is not enough for a modern club to maintain a sustainablebusiness.

4.1.2 Rhyme

Rhyme is a popular RD in literature or art works, however it is not used

frequently in newspapers Sometimes the rhyming words are not at the ends of lines

but within the line When titles using rhyme are read aloud in heads, the repetition of

sounds makes the titles smoother, easier to remember, and more rhythmic

• In Vietnamese:

(4.5) Cùng Vietravel “Đi trọn thế gian, hè tràn cảm xúc”

tron-the-gian-he-tran-cam-xuc%E2%80%9D.html)

(http://vtr.org.vn/cung-vietravel-%E2%80%9Cdi-The repetition of the sound an helps the title sound melodic and more

enthusiasm It also makes readers imagine of summer scene full of energy andactivities

4.2 LEXICAL RHETORICAL DEVICES IN TITLES OF ONLINE TOURISM NEWSPAPERS IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE

4.2.1 Metonymy

Metonymy is a popular RDs and adopted widely by the writers, it is a figure of

speech in which thing or concept is called by the name of something associated in

meaning not by its own name The formation of metonymy is conducted according to the different logical relationship between the objects such as the part- the whole,

subject- possession, container- contained thing, specific number - general number,