Pearson type 3 distribution
The three-parameter gamma distribution is illustrated, with the frequency factor K being dependent on both skewness and the return period or cumulative distribution function (CDF) To assess the T-year flood, the moments of the data are calculated.
Estimating design hyetographs/hydrograph
Base on the rainfall data collected from meteorological stations (Mahaxay, Boualapha,
Xaibouathong, Banhay and Xebangfai) in basin, using the probabilistic distribution, the total of rainfall corresponding to various return periods such as: 200 years, 100 years,
The estimated timelines for each station are 50 years, 10 years, and 5 years This structured approach ensures a comprehensive development plan that addresses both immediate and long-term needs By prioritizing these timeframes, stakeholders can effectively allocate resources and strategize for sustainable growth.
The method can be chosen for calculation In this study, Person type 3 distribution is used for rainfall frequency analysis
Choosing a measured rainfall time-series (hyetograph) which has total rainfall is similar to design rainfall The design hyetograph is obtained by using the ratio:
Where: R r : is the rainfall ratio
X a : is the total actual rainfall/maximum discharge in a period
X d : is the total design rainfall/maximum discharge as the same period of actual rainfall
Then, Design hyetograph = Actual hyetograph x Ratio (R r )
The NAM model, developed by Nielsen and Hansen in 1973, simulates the rainfall-runoff process in catchments by continuously monitoring moisture content across four interconnected storages: Snow Storage, Surface Storage, Low Zone Storage, and Ground Water Storage, which represent the physical elements of the catchment.
The NAM model is a deterministic, conceptual, lumped-type framework that quantitatively describes the land phase of the hydrological cycle through a series of interconnected mathematical statements It requires moderate data inputs and allows for the division of the model area into multiple sub-catchments, treating each as a single unit with parameters reflecting average values for the entire area By utilizing both empirical and semi-empirical equations, NAM effectively simulates the rainfall-runoff processes in rural catchments.
Shamsdin and Hashim (2002) applied NAM model for predicting the runoff rate in
The Layang River, situated in the northern region of Malaysia, has been the focus of a study aimed at estimating rainfall runoff discharges in its watershed The findings indicate that the predicted values generated by the NAM model align closely with historical data, demonstrating the model's effectiveness Overall, the results of the study were satisfactory, confirming the reliability of the NAM model for hydrological assessments in the Layang River area.
The NAM hydrological model simulates the rainfall-runoff processes occurring at the catchment scale NAM forms part of the rainfall-runoff (RR) module of the MIKE 11
The river modelling system incorporates a rainfall-runoff module that can function independently or simulate multiple contributing catchments, generating lateral inflows into a river network This approach allows for the analysis of both individual catchments and extensive river basins with intricate networks of rivers and channels within a unified modelling framework.
The NAM (Nedbứr Affstrứmnings Model) model is a deterministic, lumped conceptual rainfall-runoff model which is originally developed by the Technical University of
The Denmark Nielsen and Hansen model utilizes the hydrological cycle as a foundation for quantitatively simulating water storage and flow within a watershed, with parameters reflecting average values across the entire area This model features a general structure comprising four interconnected storage components, each associated with specific flow dynamics.
The NAM auto calibration process assigns equal weight to all objectives and employs the shuffled complex evolution algorithm to prevent the solution from being trapped in local optima (Madsen 2000, 2003) [12,29].
In this paper, the calibration scheme includes the overall volume error and the overall root mean square error (RMSE) performance statistics (Madsen, 2000; DHI, 2009)
[12,28] Calibration of the rainfall-runoff model (RR or NAM) is done by adjusting nine
The NAM model was initially configured using nine parameters related to surface and root zone, as well as groundwater Calibration procedures, based on available discharge data, were employed to estimate catchment parameters To enhance model performance, two additional groundwater parameters—recharge to lower reservoirs and a time constant for routing lower base flow—were incorporated to simulate a slower base flow in catchments The estimation of these parameters was successfully carried out through an auto-calibration procedure.
The initial phase of implementing the NAM model for estimating rainfall runoff involves calibrating the model to identify the optimal parameter values Following this, the second phase entails simulating discharge and making predictions using the parameters determined during the calibration stage.
2) Flood Process Simulation by MIKE 11-NAM model
MIKE11 NAM is a rainfall-runoff model within the MIKE 11 software suite, developed by the Danish Hydraulic Institute (DHI) in Denmark This advanced software facilitates the simulation of flow dynamics, water quality, and sediment transport across various water bodies, including rivers, irrigation systems, and channels.
The NAM (Nedbor Afstromnings Model) is a deterministic and conceptual rainfall-runoff model that effectively manages moisture content across three interconnected storage types: overland flow, interflow, and base flow.
The NAM model has been applied to a number of catchments around the world, representing many different hydrological regimes and climatic conditions Fleming
(1975); Kjelstrom and Moffat (1981); Kjelstrom (1998), Arcelus (2001), Shamsudin and
Hashim (2002) and many other researchers carried out rainfall runoff modeling using
NAM simulates the rainfall-runoff process by four storages are:
Lower or root zone storage
Groundwater storage is a critical aspect of water resource management, playing a vital role in sustaining ecosystems and supporting agricultural practices Effective groundwater management ensures the availability of clean water, mitigates drought impacts, and enhances resilience against climate change Understanding the dynamics of groundwater recharge and discharge is essential for developing sustainable strategies that protect this invaluable resource Investing in research and education, such as programs at hydrology universities, can foster innovative solutions to optimize groundwater use and conservation efforts.
Figure 2: NAM model structural a) Snow routine
Precipitation is classified as snow when temperatures fall below the freezing point, and it accumulates in snow storage until melting conditions arise Once temperatures exceed the freezing point, the stored snow begins to melt, releasing water.
Surface storage plays a crucial role in managing rain and melted snow by regulating overland flow, interflow, and evaporation losses This natural system helps maintain the balance of water resources, ensuring efficient water management and reducing the risk of flooding Understanding the dynamics of surface storage is essential for effective hydrological studies and environmental conservation.
The water trapped on the ground and moisture intercepted on the vegetation are represented as surface storage
Amount of water U, in the surface storage is continuously reduced by evaporation and interflow The excess water (P n ) will enter the streams as overland flow
When U ≥ U max , P n gives raise to overland flow as well as to infiltration Q OF denotes the part of P n which contributes to overland flow:
L denotes the moisture content of the lower zone storage c) Lower zone storage
Excess rainfall that does not contribute to overland flow infiltrates into lower zone storage, where a portion of this infiltration increases the moisture content in the lower zone The remaining infiltrating moisture then seeps deeper, recharging groundwater storage.
G and DL are calculated from
As long as any water is present in surface storage is continuously decreased by evapotranspiration and interflow The interflow contribution (Q IF ) is assumed to be proportional to U:
Governing equations
MIKE 11 HD module devides a channel cross section in a series of rectangular channels and solves them by Saint Venant equations:
B: width at the water surface of the river cross section, including specified storage for each segment (m)
A: cross section area (m 2 ) g: gravitational acceleration α: momentum distribution coefficient
Boundary condition
The boundary conditions are required at all models at upstream and downstream The data applied at the boundary can be:
Constant values of water level (H) and discharge (Q)
Time varying values of water level (H) and discharge (Q)
The relationship between water level (H) and discharge (Q) is a crucial aspect of hydrology studied at the University of Water Resources Understanding this relationship helps in managing water resources effectively and predicting hydrological behavior in various environments Accurate measurements of water levels directly influence the calculation of discharge, which is essential for flood forecasting, irrigation planning, and environmental conservation By analyzing the correlation between H and Q, researchers can develop models that enhance water management strategies and ensure sustainable usage of water resources.
The selection of boundary depends on the availability of data and the physical situation being simulated.
GIS
Location
The Xebangfai (XBF) is one the main tributaries of the Mekong River that contribute of
2.43% of the flow of Mekong River It has long 190 km and located in Khammouane and Savannakhet province central of Lao PDR, it is located between Latitude
The geographical coordinates of the region are 16°40'N to 18°N latitude and 104°20'E to 106°30'E longitude, encompassing a total area of 10,064 km² Elevation within the catchment area ranges from a minimum of 66 meters to a maximum of 1,657 meters above mean sea level (MSL) This area experiences significant rainfall, receiving between 1,422 mm and 3,500 mm annually.
The Xebangfai river basin boasts abundant natural resources, including rich land, water, forests, and biodiversity The upper region is well-supplied with water, while the fertile middle area is ideal for agriculture The lower section supports rice farming, benefiting from effective irrigation systems Land use in the basin is primarily forest land (51.79%) and agricultural land (36.75%), with additional areas of open woodland and barren land.
The primary soil types in the study area are loamy and Haplic Acrisols, characterized by clay composition The Xebangfai watershed features five rain gauges, one weather station, and two discharge gauging sites, as noted by Champathangkham and Pandey (2013).
In this province, there are 9 district such as Thakhek, Mahaxay, Nongbok, Hinboun,
Nhommalath, Boulapha, and Nakai districts are notable regions in the province, characterized by numerous streams that flow into the Mekong River Among the significant rivers originating from the mountainous areas of this province are the Xebangfai River, Hinboun River, and Namtheun River, which contribute to the rich hydrology of the region.
The Xebangfai River Basin is a significant geographical area that plays a crucial role in the local ecosystem and hydrology It is essential for understanding water resource management and environmental sustainability in the region The basin's location influences various factors, including biodiversity, agriculture, and community livelihoods, making it a focal point for research and conservation efforts Proper management of the Xebangfai River Basin is vital for ensuring the health of the surrounding environment and supporting the needs of local populations.
The XBF River has main tributaries flow into the XBF River including Nam Gnom,
Nam Oula, Nam XeNoy as the detail below:
No Name of river Area(km 2 ) Length(m)
Topography
The XBF basin features diverse topography, with mountainous regions and steep slopes in the headwaters, where altitudes range from 400 to 1,600 meters above mean sea level (MSL) In the middle section of the basin, elevations decrease to between 150 and 400 meters above MSL, while the lower part of the basin consists of plains that are situated below 150 meters above MSL.
MSL and lower than 150m above MSL cover 25%, 70%, and 5% of the total basin area respectively.
District location and geography
Nongbok district is located in the southern part of Khammouan province It shares the northern border with Thakhek district, the southern with Xayboury district and
Savannakhet province separated by Xebangfai River, the east with Xebangfai district and the west with Thatphanom district of Nakorn Phanom province, Thailand There is
The Mekong River serves as a significant national border between two countries, playing a crucial role in defining their geographical and cultural boundaries This vital waterway not only influences the ecosystems along its banks but also impacts the livelihoods of communities that depend on its resources As a natural border, the Mekong River facilitates trade and communication while fostering cooperation and shared interests between neighboring nations Understanding its importance is essential for promoting sustainable development and environmental conservation in the region.
Nongbok district covers 313 square kilometers including agricultural area of 14,521.40 hectares (paddy field 12,807.40 ha and crop field 1,714 ha), forests 9,400 ha and wetland
Covering an area of 52,726 hectares, the region experiences a temperature range that varies from warm to nearly hot It has two distinct seasons: a dry season and a rainy season Annual rainfall during high flood periods reaches approximately 1,857.3 mm, while middle flood rainfall averages around 1,544.1 mm, and low flood rainfall is about 1,382.5 mm.
The flooded region primarily consists of agricultural land, focusing on both in-season and off-season rice cultivation, along with various economic crops Notably, 58.33% of this land is registered for taxation purposes, highlighting its significance in land use planning.
Figure 4: Location of NongBok District, Khammouan province
Water Resources Status
XBF, a major tributary of the Mekong River, contributes an annual flow of 11.72 million cubic meters, accounting for 2.43% of the river's total flow While the per capita and per unit land water availability in the basin suggests an abundance of water resources, the seasonal nature of rainfall and current water usage practices highlight the occurrence of localized water shortages in certain years.
Bathymetric data
The case study on the Xebangfai River includes a total of 37 cross sections, ranging from upstream of the Mahaxay station to the confluence with the Mekong River This cross-section data has been gathered as part of the Flood Management and Mitigation Programme.
(FMMP, LNMC) and Natural Resources and Environment Institute.
Maps and information
A 90x90 meter Digital Elevation Map (DEM) for the Xebangfai basin, along with a digital land use map for Khammouan province and an administrative map at a scale of 1:500,000, has been sourced from the Geography Department of MONRE.
The Digital Elevation Map of the Xebangfai Basin, created by the University of Water Resources, provides essential topographic data for the region This map is crucial for various applications, including environmental studies, urban planning, and resource management Its detailed elevation information aids in understanding the landscape's features and supports effective decision-making processes The research conducted by the University emphasizes the importance of accurate elevation data in enhancing geographical analyses and promoting sustainable development in the Xebangfai Basin area.
Climate
The Xebangfai basin experiences a climate heavily influenced by the seasonal southwest and northeast monsoons From May to October, the southwest monsoon brings frequent and heavy rainfall, marking the wet season Conversely, the dry season, along with a transitional period, occurs from late October to the end of April The average annual rainfall in the region varies between 1500 and 1900 mm.
The seasonal range of mean temperature in the low and river valleys mountain if the
The Lower Mekong Basin experiences a modest climate characterized by both tropical and subtropical elements This region undergoes significant seasonal and diurnal variations, particularly at higher altitudes where the climate becomes cooler.
Data collection
In Laos, meteorological and hydrological data collection has been considered in early
1970s Most of them major provinces have been built for instance at Vientiane capital,
XiengKhouang, Parksan, Thakhek In the 2000s, meteorological stations have been invested by companies in order to collect observe data for their project such as
The Nam Theun 2 Hydroelectric Project faces challenges due to the low quality of rainfall data, primarily attributed to outdated data collection technologies Many rainfall records are incomplete, with significant gaps caused by equipment malfunctions Additionally, in Laos, meteorological data is not accessible to individuals, further complicating the situation.
All of data were collected from Flood Management and Mitigation Programme (FMMP) under the Lao National Mekong committee; Department of Hydrology and
Meteorology; Natural Resources and Environment Institute in The Ministry of Natural
The study area is equipped with comprehensive hydro-meteorological data, as detailed in the accompanying table This data is crucial for understanding the resources and environmental conditions prevalent in the region The extensive collection and analysis of this information provide valuable insights into water management and environmental sustainability efforts.
In the study area, there are five rainfall stations which measurement daily rainfall
Including Mahaxay, Banhay, Boualapha, Xaibouathong, Xebangfai district; however the measurement at these station were interrupted and/or when the heavy rainfall occurred
Base on the collected data, the average annual rainfall of Xebangfai basin is 1964.8 mm
17% of dry season with the transition period is started from end of October to the end
No Station Location Type of Measured Data Period of Data
1 Mahaxay XBF river Daily Water level
2 XBF-bridge No.13 XBF river Daily Water level
3 Tohen XBF river Daily Water level 1992-2010
1 BanHay XBF river Daily Rainfall 1998-2011
2 Mahaxay XBF river Daily Rainfall 1998-2011
3 Xaibouathong XBF river Daily Rainfall 1999-2011
4 Xebangfai XBF river Daily Rainfall 2001-2011
5 Boualapha XBF river Daily Rainfall 2001-2011
Between 1998 and 2011, the Thakhek XBF river experienced significant evaporation patterns, influenced by seasonal rainfall Approximately 83% of the annual rainfall occurs during the flooding season, which spans from May to September Notably, major floods, typically triggered by heavy rainfall, tend to happen in August or September, highlighting the critical relationship between precipitation and river dynamics in this region.
The main reason causing heavy rainfalls in Xebangfai basin are tropical storm because the southwest monsoon (wet season) normally affects the basin from mid-May to early
In October, Asia experiences low atmospheric pressure, leading to frequent and heavy rainfall A brief dry spell typically occurs for one to two weeks between June and July, but after this period, rainfall intensifies, often accompanied by heavy storms due to tropical cyclones entering the region from the south.
China Sea, which mostly occur during September to November
The Xebangfai basin experiences 4 to 5 rainfall events annually, with daily totals ranging from 50 to 100mm, and 1 to 2 events exceeding 150mm per day Heavy rainfall typically lasts from 3 to 5 days, occasionally extending up to 7 days Notably, maximum daily rainfall recorded includes 322mm in Mahaxay, 324.5mm in BanHay, 202mm in Xaibouathong, and 230mm in other areas.
(Boualapha), 127mm (Xebangfai district) The maximum rainfall in 3 days could be
589.8mm (BanHay), 459.3mm (Boualapha), 384.6mm (Mahaxay), and respectively
Figure 6: Average of monthly rainfall at Mahaxay station.
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
The average monthly rainfall recorded at the Mahaxay station of the University of Water Resources is a significant aspect of local climate data Understanding these rainfall patterns is essential for agricultural planning, water resource management, and environmental studies in the region Accurate rainfall measurements contribute to effective decision-making in various sectors, highlighting the importance of reliable meteorological data.
The distribution of daily rainfall over a 5-day period varies significantly, with heavy rainfall potentially occurring on the first, second, middle, or last day This pattern is also observed in a 7-day rainfall analysis, highlighting the unpredictability of rainfall distribution.
Consider the maximum of total rainfall during 3 days, 5 days and 7 days in a year at the rainfall stations
For example, in 2011 at Mahaxay station, the maximum of total rainfall in 7 days from 6-12-August-2011
Figure 7: Hyetograph of rainfall occurred from 6-12-August-2011at Mahaxay station
Thời gian học tại Đại học Thủy lợi là một yếu tố quan trọng mà sinh viên cần nắm rõ Trường cung cấp nhiều chương trình đào tạo chất lượng, giúp sinh viên phát triển kiến thức và kỹ năng cần thiết trong lĩnh vực thủy lợi Việc hiểu rõ lịch học và các môn học sẽ giúp sinh viên lên kế hoạch hiệu quả cho việc học tập và nghiên cứu Đại học Thủy lợi cam kết mang đến môi trường học tập tốt nhất cho sinh viên, với đội ngũ giảng viên giàu kinh nghiệm và cơ sở vật chất hiện đại.
In 2011 at BanHay station, the maximum of total rainfall in 7 days from 30-July to 3-
Figure 8: Hyetograph of rainfall occurred from 30-July to3-August-2011at BanHay station
In 2011 at Xaibouathong station, the maximum of total rainfall in 7 days from 12-16
Figure 9: Hyetograph of rainfall occurred from 12-16-June-2011 at Xaibouathong station Total rainfall: 476.7 mm
The University of Water Resources offers a comprehensive education in hydraulic engineering, focusing on the principles and practices essential for effective water management With a strong emphasis on practical applications, students are equipped with the necessary skills to tackle challenges in water resource management The curriculum covers various aspects of hydraulic systems, ensuring graduates are well-prepared for careers in the field Through innovative teaching methods and hands-on experience, the university fosters a deep understanding of water-related issues, making it a leading institution for aspiring hydraulic engineers.
In 2007 at Boualapha station, the maximum of total rainfall in 7 days from 28-30-June-
Figure 10: Hyetograph of rainfall occurred from 28-30 -June-2007 at Boualapha station.Total rainfall: 694.8 mm Runoff data
In the Xebangfai river basin, there are 2 discharge station including Mahaxay and Bridge
No 13 station and the average of discharge is 476.2 m 3 /s The maximum of discharge at
Mahaxay station with total annually is 267.3 m 3 /s
Table 2: Average of monthly discharge at Mahaxay and Bridge No 13 (m 3 /s)
Station Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Average
Trường Đại học Thủy lợi là một trong những cơ sở giáo dục hàng đầu tại Việt Nam, nổi bật với các chương trình đào tạo chuyên sâu về lĩnh vực thủy lợi và quản lý tài nguyên nước Với nhiều năm kinh nghiệm, trường đã đào tạo hàng nghìn kỹ sư và chuyên gia chất lượng, góp phần quan trọng vào sự phát triển bền vững của ngành thủy lợi Các khóa học tại đây không chỉ cung cấp kiến thức lý thuyết mà còn chú trọng thực hành, giúp sinh viên nắm vững kỹ năng cần thiết Đại học Thủy lợi cam kết mang đến môi trường học tập hiện đại, cùng đội ngũ giảng viên giàu kinh nghiệm, nhằm đáp ứng nhu cầu ngày càng cao của thị trường lao động.
Table 3: Maximum water levels of big floods at some stations (m, MSL)
Station Sep-1996 Sep-2000 Aug-2005 Aug-2011
Xebangfai is the largest river in Khammouan province, significantly affected by the inflow of various rivers The flooding in the lower Xebangfai region results from a combination of floods from both the Mekong River and the Xebangfai itself.
The XBF area, particularly near its confluence with the Mekong River, is significantly influenced by the river's dynamics However, this influence gradually decreases as one moves upstream from the confluence.
Flooding along the Xebangfai River basin typically occurs from July to September, with varying discharge and water levels at different monitoring stations Significant flood events during this period have been recorded at the Mahaxay and Xebangfai Bridge No 13 stations, highlighting the river's capacity for substantial water flow Understanding these patterns is crucial for effective flood management and mitigation strategies in the region.
Figure 11: Several big flood discharges measured at Mahaxay station in Xebangfai river
Figure 12: Several big flood discharges measured at Xebangfai bridge No 13 station in Xebangfai river
1-Jan 1-Feb 1-Mar 1-Apr 1-May 1-Jun 1-Jul 1-Aug 1-Sep 1-Oct 1-Nov 1-Dec
Measesured flood at Mahaxay station in various years
1-Jan 1-Feb 1-Mar 1-Apr 1-May 1-Jun 1-Jul 1-Aug 1-Sep 1-Oct 1-Nov 1-Dec
Measured flooding at Xebangfai bridge no 13 station in various years
Trường Đại học Thủy lợi, được thành lập vào năm 1996, đã trải qua nhiều giai đoạn phát triển quan trọng vào các năm 2000, 2005 và 2011 Với sứ mệnh đào tạo nguồn nhân lực chất lượng cao trong lĩnh vực thủy lợi, trường đã không ngừng nâng cao chương trình giảng dạy và nghiên cứu khoa học Đại học Thủy lợi hiện nay là một trong những cơ sở giáo dục hàng đầu tại Việt Nam, đóng góp tích cực vào sự phát triển bền vững của ngành thủy lợi và quản lý tài nguyên nước.
Frequency analysis and Developing design and Hyetograph
Frequency Analysis
Based on data of daily rainfall collected from meteorological station such as Banhay,
Mahaxay station (1998 – 2011), Xaibouathong station (1999 – 2011), Xebangfai
Boualapha, station (2001 – 2011) in Xebangfai basin, using Pearson type 3 distribution, the maximum of total rainfall during 7 days corresponding to various return period of 5,
10, 50, 100 and 200 years for each station are estimated as show in table
Table 4: Result of frequency analysis of maximum rainfall during 7 days at various station
Based on daily discharge data collected from the Mahaxay station (upstream) and Xebangfai Bridge No 13 (downstream), the maximum discharge (m³) over a 7-day period has been estimated for various return periods of 5, 10, 50, 100, and 200 years at each station, as detailed in the accompanying table.
Maximum rainfall corresponding to various return periods(mm)
Xebangfai 370.20 0.35 0.48 763.07 717.26 668.93 541.55 475.05 Đại học Thủy Lợi là một cơ sở giáo dục hàng đầu, nổi bật với các chương trình đào tạo chất lượng trong lĩnh vực thủy lợi Trường cung cấp nhiều khóa học đa dạng nhằm đáp ứng nhu cầu học tập của sinh viên Với cơ sở vật chất hiện đại và đội ngũ giảng viên giàu kinh nghiệm, Đại học Thủy Lợi cam kết mang lại môi trường học tập tốt nhất cho sinh viên Các hoạt động nghiên cứu và hợp tác quốc tế cũng được chú trọng, giúp sinh viên có cơ hội phát triển toàn diện.
Table 5: Result of frequency analysis of maximum discharge at various return periods
Table 6: Result of frequency analysis of maximum discharge at various return periods
Maximum discharge corresponding to various return periods(m3/s)
200 year 100 year 50 year 10 year 5 year
Estimating Design Hyetographs and Developing Design Hydrographs
To estimate the design hyetograph, actual hyetographs with total rainfall comparable to the design rainfall are selected for comparison The typical distribution should yield the highest peak discharge hydrographs within the sub-basin Subsequently, design hydrographs are generated using the NAM model.
1 Estimating design hyetographs and developing design hydrographs at Mahaxay station
Based on the data collected at Mahaxay station, some actual hyetographs which have total rainfall 7 days similar to design rainfall corresponding to 5 year return period
(X= 378.32 mm) were selected The actual hyetographs names case 1 to case 2 As show in figure
The design hyetographs are estimated based on the actual time distribution of 7-day rainfall and the ratio of this rainfall to the total depth of the design rainfall for a 5-year return period, which is 378.32 mm, as presented in the table.
Maximum discharge corresponding to various return periods(m 3 /s)
Trong 5 năm qua, Mahaxay đã ghi nhận các chỉ số quan trọng như 2265.34, 0.20, -1.57, với mức giá đạt 2865.91, 2851.6, 2828.32, 2704.96 và 2585.94 Đại học Thủy Lợi tiếp tục khẳng định vị thế của mình trong lĩnh vực giáo dục, với nhiều chương trình đào tạo chất lượng cao, đáp ứng nhu cầu của xã hội Các hoạt động nghiên cứu và phát triển tại trường cũng được chú trọng, tạo ra nhiều cơ hội học tập và phát triển cho sinh viên.
Table 7: Values of design hyetograph of 5 year return period corresponding to different rainfall distribution at Mahaxay station (mm)
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th
Figure 13: Actual hyetograph of rainfall occurred from 14-20-Aug-2005 at Mahaxay station
Total rainfall is 336.7 mm – Case 1
12-Aug 13-Aug 14-Aug 15-Aug 16-Aug 17-Aug 18-Aug
Thời gian học tại Đại học Thủy lợi là một yếu tố quan trọng đối với sinh viên Trường cung cấp chương trình đào tạo chất lượng cao, giúp sinh viên nắm vững kiến thức và kỹ năng cần thiết trong lĩnh vực thủy lợi Với đội ngũ giảng viên giàu kinh nghiệm và cơ sở vật chất hiện đại, Đại học Thủy lợi cam kết mang đến môi trường học tập tốt nhất Sinh viên sẽ có cơ hội tham gia các hoạt động ngoại khóa và nghiên cứu thực tế, từ đó nâng cao khả năng ứng dụng kiến thức vào thực tiễn.
Figure 14: Actual hyetograph of rainfall occurred from 12-18-Aug-2011 at Mahaxay station Total rainfall is 409.4 mm – Case 2
Table 8: Values of design hyetograph of 5 year return period corresponding to different rainfall distribution at Banhay station (mm)
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th
12-Aug 13-Aug 14-Aug 15-Aug 16-Aug 17-Aug 18-Aug
Thời gian học tại Đại học Thủy Lợi rất quan trọng cho sinh viên, giúp họ nắm vững kiến thức chuyên ngành Đại học Thủy Lợi cung cấp chương trình đào tạo chất lượng, với giảng viên giàu kinh nghiệm Sinh viên được khuyến khích tham gia các hoạt động ngoại khóa, nâng cao kỹ năng mềm và kết nối với cộng đồng Môi trường học tập tại đây tạo điều kiện thuận lợi cho sự phát triển toàn diện của sinh viên, chuẩn bị cho họ bước vào thị trường lao động Đại học Thủy Lợi cam kết mang đến trải nghiệm học tập tốt nhất cho sinh viên.
Figure 15: Actual hyetograph of rainfall occurred from 5-11-Aug-2000 at Banhay station Total rainfall is 390.5 mm – Case 1
Figure 16: Actual hyetograph of rainfall occurred from 7-13-Aug-1999 at Banhay station Total rainfall is 402.2 mm – Case 2
5-Aug 6-Aug 7-Aug 8-Aug 9-Aug 10-Aug 11-Aug
7-Jul 8-Jul 9-Jul 10-Jul 11-Jul 12-Jul 13-Jul
Thời gian học tại Đại học Thủy lợi là rất quan trọng cho sinh viên trong việc tiếp thu kiến thức và kỹ năng chuyên môn Đại học Thủy lợi cung cấp chương trình học đa dạng, giúp sinh viên nắm vững các lĩnh vực liên quan đến thủy lợi và môi trường Sinh viên có cơ hội tham gia vào các hoạt động thực tế, nghiên cứu và phát triển, từ đó nâng cao khả năng làm việc trong ngành Thời gian học tập tại đây không chỉ giúp sinh viên phát triển kiến thức mà còn rèn luyện các kỹ năng mềm cần thiết cho sự nghiệp sau này.
Table 9: Values of design hyetograph of 5 year return period corresponding to different rainfall distribution at Xaibouathong station (mm)
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th
Figure 17: Actual hyetograph of rainfall occurred from 15-21-Aug-2006 at Xaibouathong station Total rainfall is 423.6 mm – Case 1
15-Aug 16-Aug 17-Aug 18-Aug 19-Aug 20-Aug 21-Aug
Thời gian học tại Đại học Thủy lợi rất quan trọng cho sinh viên Trường cung cấp nhiều chương trình đào tạo chất lượng, giúp sinh viên nắm vững kiến thức chuyên môn Các hoạt động ngoại khóa và nghiên cứu cũng được khuyến khích, tạo cơ hội cho sinh viên phát triển toàn diện Đại học Thủy lợi cam kết mang đến môi trường học tập tốt nhất, giúp sinh viên chuẩn bị cho tương lai nghề nghiệp.
Figure 18: Actual hyetograph of rainfall occurred from 15-21-Aug-2008 at Xaibouathong station Total rainfall is 452.7 mm – Case 2
Table 10: Values of design hyetograph of 5 year return period corresponding to different rainfall distribution at Boualapha station (mm)
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th
15-Aug 16-Aug 17-Aug 18-Aug 19-Aug 20-Aug 21-Aug
Thời gian học tại Đại học Thủy lợi là một yếu tố quan trọng ảnh hưởng đến quá trình học tập của sinh viên Đại học Thủy lợi cung cấp nhiều chương trình đào tạo đa dạng, giúp sinh viên nắm vững kiến thức chuyên ngành Việc quản lý thời gian học hợp lý sẽ giúp sinh viên đạt được kết quả tốt trong học tập và phát triển kỹ năng cần thiết cho tương lai.
Figure 19: Actual hyetograph of rainfall occurred from 14-20-Aug-2007 at Boualapha station Total rainfall is 349.8 mm – Case 1
Figure 20: Actual hyetograph of rainfall occurred from 16-22-Aug-2010 at Boualapha station Total rainfall is 333.7 mm – Case 2
14-Aug 15-Aug 16-Aug 17-Aug 18-Aug 19-Aug 20-Aug
16-Aug 17-Aug 18-Aug 19-Aug 20-Aug 21-Aug 22-Aug
Thời gian học tại Đại học Thủy lợi là một yếu tố quan trọng giúp sinh viên nắm vững kiến thức chuyên ngành Đại học Thủy lợi nổi bật với chương trình đào tạo chất lượng, cung cấp cho sinh viên những kỹ năng cần thiết cho sự nghiệp Đặc biệt, sinh viên có cơ hội tham gia vào các hoạt động thực tiễn, nâng cao khả năng ứng dụng kiến thức vào thực tế Đại học Thủy lợi cam kết mang đến môi trường học tập tốt nhất, đồng thời hỗ trợ sinh viên phát triển toàn diện.
Table 11: Values of design hyetograph of 5 year return period corresponding to different rainfall distribution at Xebangfai station (mm)
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th
Figure 21: Actual hyetograph of rainfall occurred from 15-21-Aug-2007 at Xebangfai station Total rainfall is 473.4 mm – Case 1
15-Jul 16-Jul 17-Jul 18-Jul 19-Jul 20-Jul 21-Jul
Thời gian học tại Đại học Thủy Lợi là rất quan trọng, nơi cung cấp kiến thức chuyên sâu về lĩnh vực thủy lợi và quản lý tài nguyên nước Sinh viên sẽ được trang bị các kỹ năng cần thiết để giải quyết các vấn đề liên quan đến kỹ thuật thủy lợi Chương trình học được thiết kế để đáp ứng nhu cầu thực tiễn, giúp sinh viên phát triển toàn diện và sẵn sàng cho thị trường lao động Đại học Thủy Lợi cam kết mang đến môi trường học tập chất lượng và cơ hội nghiên cứu cho sinh viên.
Figure 22: Actual hyetograph of rainfall occurred from 12-18-Aug-2011 at Xebangfai station Total rainfall is 456.6 mm – Case 2
Figure 23: Design hydrographs corresponding to various return periods at Mahaxay station
12-Aug 13-Aug 14-Aug 15-Aug 16-Aug 17-Aug 18-Aug
Trường Đại học Thủy lợi là một trong những cơ sở giáo dục hàng đầu tại Việt Nam, nổi bật với các chương trình đào tạo chất lượng trong lĩnh vực thủy lợi và quản lý tài nguyên nước Với các mã ngành như T5, T10, T50, T100 và T200, trường cung cấp đa dạng các chuyên ngành phù hợp với nhu cầu phát triển của xã hội Sinh viên tại đây không chỉ được trang bị kiến thức chuyên môn vững vàng mà còn có cơ hội thực hành và nghiên cứu thực tế, giúp nâng cao khả năng cạnh tranh trên thị trường lao động Đại học Thủy lợi cam kết mang đến môi trường học tập hiện đại và hỗ trợ tối đa cho sinh viên trong quá trình học tập và phát triển nghề nghiệp.
Figure 24: Design hydrographs corresponding to various return periods at Xebangfai bridge No 13 station
Trường Đại học Thủy lợi là một trong những cơ sở giáo dục hàng đầu tại Việt Nam, chuyên đào tạo các ngành liên quan đến thủy lợi, thủy văn và quản lý tài nguyên nước Với các chương trình đào tạo đa dạng từ bậc đại học đến sau đại học, trường cam kết cung cấp kiến thức và kỹ năng cần thiết cho sinh viên Đại học Thủy lợi không chỉ chú trọng vào lý thuyết mà còn tích cực áp dụng thực tiễn qua các dự án nghiên cứu và hợp tác với các tổ chức trong và ngoài nước Sinh viên tốt nghiệp từ trường được đánh giá cao và có nhiều cơ hội việc làm trong ngành công nghiệp thủy lợi và môi trường.
FLOOD HAZARD ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION
Calibration and Verification of NAM Model
The calibration and validation criteria for the NAM model require that the computed hydrographs closely align with observed hydrographs in terms of peak timing and flow volume Initial parameter values are derived from land use, soil type, and geological maps Calibration involves fine-tuning these parameters within realistic ranges to achieve hydrographs that closely resemble both simulation and observation data.
NAM model for Xebangfai bridge no 13 sub-basin
The area of Xebangfai Bridge No 13 sub-basin is 4467 km 2 In order to calibrate MIKE-
NAM for Xebangfai bridge no 13 sub-basin, the daily and discharge measured at
Xebangfai bridge no 13 station from 6-Jun to 15-Jul 2007 are used The parameters and initial condition are determined (see the table) base on the criteria which are mention above
Table 11: Parameters and Initial condition of MIKE-NAM for Xebangfai bridge no 13 sub- basin
Ck1,2 47.2 BF 58 m³/s là thông số quan trọng trong lĩnh vực thủy lợi Đại học Thủy lợi cung cấp các chương trình đào tạo chuyên sâu về quản lý và kỹ thuật thủy lợi, nhằm đáp ứng nhu cầu ngày càng cao trong ngành này Các nghiên cứu và ứng dụng thực tiễn tại Đại học Thủy lợi đóng góp vào việc phát triển bền vững nguồn nước và bảo vệ môi trường.
Figure 25: Observed and Simulated daily discharge hydrographs of at Xebangfai bridge no
13 station from 6-Jun to 15-Jul 2007
Table 12: differences in peak of observed and simulate hydrographs in Calibrate at
Verification
Using the parameters above and another daily rainfall measured from 23-Jun to 15-Jul
2011 The calculated and observed hydrograph at Xebangfai bridge no 13 during Jul t0
August 2011 are illustrated in Figure The difference of peaks of observed and simulated hydrographs is shown in Table:
The University of Water Resources is dedicated to providing high-quality education and research in the field of water management and engineering With a focus on innovative teaching methods and practical applications, the university aims to equip students with the skills necessary for addressing contemporary water-related challenges Through a combination of theoretical knowledge and hands-on experience, students are prepared to excel in various sectors, including environmental protection, infrastructure development, and sustainable resource management The institution also fosters collaboration with industry partners to enhance learning opportunities and contribute to the advancement of water resource solutions.
Figure 26: Observed and simulated daily discharge hydrographs of at Xebangfai bridge no
13 station from 23-Jun to 15-Jul 2011
Table 13: Difference in peaks of observed and simulated hydrographs in Verification at Xebangfai bridge no 13 station
Calibration and Verification of MIKE-11
To simulate flood flow in the Xebangfai River basin for various return periods, model calibration and verification are essential This process involves comparing computed water level hydrographs with observed data from monitoring stations in the study area While the Xebangfai River has several flood-prone areas, significant flooding events are rare; however, the Nong Bok district in Khammouan province frequently experiences floodplain occurrences.
Dis ch ar ge (C MS)
The University of Water Resources offers a comprehensive education in hydraulic engineering, focusing on practical applications and innovative solutions With a strong emphasis on research and technology, students gain hands-on experience in various fields related to water management and environmental sustainability The curriculum is designed to equip graduates with the necessary skills to address contemporary challenges in water resources, ensuring they are well-prepared for careers in this vital sector.
Due to observed water level hydrographs are unavailable in the floodplains, so calibration in floodplains is done by comparing observed and simulated maximum water level in floodplains only
The simulated and observed water level hydrographs at Tohen station are illustrated in figure The difference of simulated and observed maximum water levels at station
Table 14: Difference of simulated and observed maximum water levels from 01-28
Time to get peak (Simulated)
Time to get peak (Observed)
Figure 27: Computed and Observed daily water level hydrographs at Tohen station from 1-25-Aug-2005- Calibration
The University of Water Resources is dedicated to providing high-quality education and research in the field of hydrology With a focus on practical applications and innovative solutions, the institution prepares students for various challenges in water management and environmental sustainability The curriculum emphasizes hands-on learning and collaboration with industry experts, ensuring graduates are well-equipped for their careers Through advanced research initiatives, the university aims to contribute significantly to the advancement of water resource management and related technologies.
Table 15: Difference of simulated and observed maximum water levels from 8-21-
Time to get peak (Simulated)
Time to get peak (Observed)
Figure 28: Computed and Observed daily water level hydrographs at Tohen station from 1-20-August-2009 - Verification
According Table of computed and observed show difference of simulated and observed maximum water levels does not much, ranging is 0.27% in calibration and 0.06% in verification
In addition, checking water level hydrograph at Tohen station, the correlation coefficient
(R) and Efficiency Index (EI), it shows that station R>0.99 and EI>0.97 These results show that, the parameter of MIKE 11 for flood simulation in Xebangfai river network is good
The University of Water Resources offers a comprehensive education in hydrology and related fields With a focus on practical applications, the curriculum prepares students for various challenges in water management The faculty consists of experienced professionals dedicated to fostering academic excellence Students benefit from hands-on training and advanced research opportunities, ensuring they are well-equipped for their future careers The university's commitment to innovation and sustainability positions it as a leader in water resource education.
Flood simulation along rivers network
The study focused on the Xebangfai River, analyzing flood events over a seven-day period characterized by heavy rainfall each year It determined the discharge levels for each year, identifying the peak of actual floods The findings were utilized to design hydrographs corresponding to various return periods, specifically for 5, 10, 50, and 100 years.
The Mahaxay station has been operational for 200 years, during which flood flow simulations were conducted using the MIKE 11 model parameters These simulations account for varying return periods of floods, assuming that the flooding occurs during heavy rainfall, with a one-day time step for input data.
Constructing Flood Inundation Maps and Hazard Assessment
Constructing Flood Inundation Maps
Flood inundation maps are created using simulated maximum water levels and a digital elevation model (DEM) with a 90m x 90m resolution This study employs MIKE 11 GIS to directly import river networks alongside calculated water levels and discharge hydrographs at designated H and Q points, facilitating accurate flood mapping.
MIKE 11 The water depth in floodplain is determined as subtraction of water level in cell and elevation value
To enhance the reliability of inundation maps, field survey data on water depth in floodplains is utilized, addressing the scarcity of observed data in rivers and floodplains This analysis is based on total rainfall measurements from five stations within the Xebangfai River basin and the maximum water level recorded at the river's outlet.
The flood inundation map, depicting various return periods, is presented in the main figure, while additional inundation maps for different return periods can be found in the appendix These visual representations are essential for understanding flood risks associated with specific return periods.
Table 16: Total area (ha) corresponding to each interval of inundation depth (m) in upstream
Table 17: Total area (ha) corresponding to each interval of inundation depth (m) in downstream
The total area measured is approximately 397,994.3 hectares, reflecting a consistent figure across various assessments This data is crucial for understanding land usage and development potential The focus on "dai hoc thuy loi," or hydraulic engineering universities, emphasizes the importance of education in this field, contributing to sustainable land management and water resources It is essential to highlight the role of these institutions in training professionals who can address contemporary challenges in hydraulic engineering and environmental conservation.
The inundation map for the NongBok district in Khammouan Province illustrates the flood risk associated with a five-year return period This map serves as a critical tool for understanding potential flooding impacts and aids in flood management planning Accurate flood mapping is essential for local authorities to implement effective mitigation strategies and safeguard communities from future flood events.
The inundation map for the Nong Bok district in Khammouan Province illustrates the flood risks associated with a 10-year return period This map serves as a crucial tool for understanding potential flooding impacts in the region, highlighting areas that may be vulnerable during significant flood events It is essential for local planning and disaster management efforts to mitigate the effects of flooding and protect communities.
The inundation map for Nong Bok District in Khammouan Province illustrates the flood risk associated with a 50-year return period event This assessment highlights the potential impact of flooding in the region, emphasizing the importance of flood preparedness and management strategies Understanding these flood dynamics is crucial for local communities and authorities to mitigate risks and enhance resilience against future flooding incidents.
The inundation map for the 100-year return period flood in Nong Bok District, Khammouan Province, illustrates the potential flood impact in the area This analysis is crucial for understanding flood risks and planning for future water management and disaster preparedness By assessing the likelihood of such flooding events, local authorities can implement effective strategies to mitigate damage and enhance community resilience.
The inundation map presented in Figure 33 illustrates the flood risk in NongBok district, Khammouan Province, based on a 200-year return period This analysis highlights areas susceptible to flooding, providing crucial insights for urban planning and disaster management strategies Understanding these flood patterns is essential for mitigating potential damage and enhancing community resilience against future flooding events.
Hazard Assessment
To assess the impact of floods on people, the economy, and the environment, researchers often utilize terms like "hazard level," "hazard score," or "hazard rate" as a qualitative-quantitative scale This study specifically employs "hazard level" to categorize the severity of flood effects It is important to distinguish that these terms differ from the broader statistical definition of "hazard."
In Section Five, flood simulation results reveal the flooding depth (h) across various points in the study area for different flood return periods Due to the challenges of real-time evaluation of flood event characteristics, a synthesized indicator will be developed to assess the hazard level and potential flood magnitude.
Flooding depth and flow velocity are critical characteristics of floods, significantly impacting buildings, infrastructure, transportation, economic activities, and, most importantly, human safety To assess the hazard level in a study area, it is essential to classify the flood intensity's effect on human safety In this case study, a 1D flood simulation model was used, which did not provide velocity distributions in flooded areas Therefore, the hazard level was classified solely based on flooding depth, as illustrated in the table below.
Table: The classification of hazard
The University of Water Resources (Dai Hoc Thuy Loi) is renowned for its high academic standards, consistently achieving a GPA above 3.0 This institution specializes in water resource management and engineering, offering comprehensive programs that equip students with essential skills for their future careers The university's commitment to excellence in education is reflected in its rigorous curriculum and dedicated faculty, making it a top choice for aspiring professionals in the field of water resources.
After classifying the study area, the flood hazard levels at various points are assessed based on different return periods This approach mirrors the methodology used in the Kulturisk project (Ferri et al., 2013; Ranzi et al., 2013), where the synthesis of flood hazards is estimated accordingly.
𝑤 200 + 𝑤 100 + 𝑤 50 + 𝑤 10 + 𝑤 5 where: H 200 , H 100 , H 50 , H 10 , H 5 : the hazard level value at each point for 200-year, 100- year, 50-year, 10-year and 5-year return period of flood, and w 200 , w 100, w 50, w 10, w 5 are the weight associated with return period, respectively
The synthesized flood hazard assessment for various return periods has been conducted and is illustrated in the accompanying map This analysis provides valuable insights into the potential risks associated with flooding, helping to inform effective flood management strategies and decision-making processes Understanding the frequency and severity of flood events is essential for enhancing community resilience and ensuring public safety.
The synthesized hazard levels at Thuy Loi University indicate a comprehensive assessment of risks associated with various factors This evaluation is crucial for understanding the potential hazards faced by the institution and its community By analyzing these hazard levels, Thuy Loi University can implement effective safety measures and enhance its preparedness for emergencies Continuous monitoring and assessment of these risks will contribute to a safer educational environment for students and staff alike.
Table 18: The percentage of area at each hazard level
The synthesized hazard level map plays a crucial role in flood management and planning by providing essential information about areas prone to hazards It facilitates the identification, investigation, and monitoring of potential hazards, raising community awareness of their causes and effects To understand the adverse impacts of flood hazards on people and the economy, as well as the community's capacity to cope, the next chapter will focus on developing vulnerability curves and estimating both tangible and intangible costs associated with flood damages and losses.
Background
The Disaster Management in Lao PDR has been officially initiated in 1999 under the responsibility of the management office disaster of the Ministry of Labor and Welfare
Society until 26 November 2013 The task was transferred to the Ministry of Water
Resources and Environment During the work the Secretariat under the Ministry of
Labor and Welfare Society, called the management office disaster of such a great initiative and success many, such as:
Enhanced role of the Commission to manage disasters National 3 times (Decree
158, August 1999, Decree 261, August 2011; Decree 373, September 10, 2011;
Created disaster management committees for 14 provinces and completed the 26 districts under province (Bokeo, Xayaboury and Champasak); Village houses
225; 3 of the sector (defense, agriculture and forestry, public health);
Create a strategy to reduce the risk of disasters since 2003 - 2020;
Draft strategy Disaster Risk Reduction 2011 - 2015 period;
Planning for disaster risk reduction in local such 7 provinces, 9 districts and 225 houses the community;
Adopted a mechanism to create a joint emergency response to the disaster is planning between governments and international organizations in Laos in 2012;
Create a guide to the technical basis for the functioning of the quantities of number one;
Also organizations functioning cooperation with foreign countries to seek assistance to implement the project on the management of disasters in the country has significantly;
Create reports evaluating national level to reduce disaster risk in every 2 years from 2012 onwards;
A draft law on disaster management and climate change is currently being prepared by Dai Hoc Thuy Loi This initiative aims to establish a comprehensive framework to address the challenges posed by climate change and enhance disaster resilience The proposed legislation will focus on integrating sustainable practices and improving response strategies to mitigate the impacts of natural disasters Stakeholders are encouraged to participate in the development process to ensure the law effectively meets the needs of affected communities.
Disaster Management Institutional Arrangement for Lao PDR
Figure 35: Disaster Management Institutional Arrangement for Lao PDR
Priority Areas
DRR capacity development and Institutional strengthening:
- Law on Disaster and Climate Change in 2017
- DRR financing and funding mechanism and mobilization
- Completion of DRM institutional arrangement at Provincial and District Level and risk village / community level
- Development official DRR and contingency plans for critical areas;
Village Disaster Prevention Unit (VDPU)
National Line Agency Focal Points
National Disaster Prevention and Control
Department of Disaster Management and Climate
The Agency Focal Points at Thuy Loi University play a crucial role in enhancing academic collaboration and research initiatives With a focus on water resources and environmental management, the university aims to address pressing challenges in these fields Through strategic partnerships and innovative programs, Thuy Loi University seeks to advance knowledge and promote sustainable practices The institution is committed to fostering a dynamic learning environment that encourages student engagement and community involvement By prioritizing interdisciplinary approaches, the university prepares its graduates to tackle complex global issues effectively.
Strengthening Early Warning and Preparedness, Disaster Database, Inventory system with their synchronization at all levels while encouraging decentralized approaches
- Expansion and digitalization of existing hydro-met stations throughout the country;
- Establishment of the Early Warning Center and National Emergency Operation
- Establishment of basic disaster database and inventory system and networking;
Pay more attention on Disaster Risk Reduction in some areas of national critical infrastructure; especially, industrial park, and special and specific economic development zone
- Promotion and development of building codes for infrastructure construction in key sectors
- Promotion of physical urban planning by integration of disaster risk factor;
Applying ecosystem base associated with administrative base for disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation in sectorial development
- Promotion of natural resources planning and conservation as effective tools for natural disaster buffer;
Investing in disaster risk reduction is crucial and should be prioritized by strategic planning and financing managers By leveraging more research on the economics of disasters and engaging the private sector, we can enhance our approach to mitigating risks effectively.
- Improvement of common education curriculum on surrounding environment with more DRR integration;
- Undertake drills in some risky schools and communities
- Development and integration of disaster curriculum at university and high education level;
- Supporting more research topics on disaster and climate change;
- Development of disaster management command course for policy makers and governors;
Promoting the socialization of risk reduction as a collective responsibility is essential, with particular emphasis on the contributions of academia and media in fostering a culture of safety The establishment of a comprehensive training package focused on Disaster Resilience is crucial for enhancing community preparedness and response By engaging all stakeholders, we can cultivate a proactive approach to disaster management that empowers individuals and organizations alike.
Leadership attach with existing curriculums on Politic-Public Administration and
- DRR advertisement though medias and other means;
- Drills for particular needs in risky areas;
- Organization and participation on disaster response simulation exercises at local, national and international levels
5.5.4 Roles and Responsibilities of National Disaster Management Committee
Responsible for disaster preparedness and management as a center
Coordination in national disaster management
Study and plan policies on disaster management then process to Lao
Research and collect data and statistic on disaster victims and make requests for assistance
Mobilization from individuals, organizations, internal and external in kinds and money for disaster management
Public awareness about disaster in order to prevent disaster hazards and incidence that may occur Consider to put disaster management, environment and natural conservation into school curriculums
Direct relief operation, disaster preparedness, response and rehabilitation by using government budget and the contribution of concerned agencies,
International organizations and non-governmental organizations Regularly report to the Government
Coordinate and enhance provincial governors to establish provincial and district disaster management committee.
Implementing Approaches
Building a robust Disaster Management Institution requires a comprehensive approach that spans from central government to village levels This structure ensures effective coordination and resource allocation, enabling communities to prepare for, respond to, and recover from disasters efficiently By integrating local knowledge and resources with national strategies, we can enhance resilience and reduce vulnerability to disasters Implementing training programs and awareness campaigns at all levels will empower communities, fostering a culture of preparedness and collaboration Ultimately, a well-established disaster management framework is essential for safeguarding lives and property against the increasing threats posed by natural disasters.
Establish focal points and build DM coordination procedures to unity working toward government plan on socio-economic development
Building and improve codes and regulations on DM
Establishing early warning systems is crucial for effective information collection nationwide, enabling communities to receive essential information promptly This allows them to take appropriate measures to respond effectively when disasters occur.
Establish a comprehensive stockpiling system for essential goods across three regions and provinces to ensure effective relief for disaster victims and facilitate mitigation efforts during the post-disaster phase Additionally, implement educational and awareness initiatives within the community to enhance preparedness and resilience.
Organizing public training courses on DMR and Emergency Response
Establishing DM info collection, storage and exchange center with using more modern equipment
Promoting and cooperation on Integrating DRM into development plan and sector’s programme
Organizing drills, simulation exercises as needed
Monitoring the enforcement of laws, codes and regulations on management of forest, land use, water conservation and nature in preventing the courses of disasters
Monitoring the enforcement of codes and regulations on importing and using chemical peptize, toxics and fertilizers of various sectors
Strengthening cooperation within ASEAN and the broader region is essential for effective disaster management (DM) Collaborative efforts can enhance resilience, improve response strategies, and foster knowledge sharing among member states By prioritizing regional partnerships, ASEAN can better address challenges posed by natural disasters and ensure a coordinated approach to risk reduction and recovery.
Structure committee of disaster management for Nong Bok district
Committee for disaster management of district level
The role of committee for district level
Before disaster occurred During disaster occurred After disaster occurred
Consolidated information flooding was impact if the range of the previous year, analysis and drafting of legislation in the board of directors (summary, plan, order - terms of rules.)
- Prepare the necessary factors for the annual meeting of the Board of
- Coordination between the various sectors in the district - province
- Monitoring information, warning systems and prepare the necessary response for the safety
- Inform to stakeholder related to participants including preparation facilities will house the temporary accommodation;
Urgency to decision- making for solving problem and approval the budget for helping
- To monitor and support the committee and team performance activities in the field
- Monitoring villages affected refuge centers to mobilize minds of people who are affected
- Report higher levels, according to the situation in each period
Follow up, monitor and evaluate the flooding event
- Monitoring the village’s impact for restore, replace affected And restore the minds of people who are affected
- Organize the meeting for summarize and evaluate for implemented activities of committee
The report highlights the significant impact of flooding on the environment and infrastructure, emphasizing the need for effective management strategies It underscores the importance of research conducted by leading institutions, such as Thuy Loi University, in understanding and mitigating flood risks The findings aim to inform policymakers and stakeholders about the urgency of implementing sustainable practices to reduce flood-related damage and enhance community resilience By prioritizing flood management education and awareness, the report advocates for collaborative efforts to address this pressing issue effectively.
The roles and responsibilities of key sectors
Before disaster occurred During disaster occurred After disaster occurred
Preparation of data points risk disaster, target being affected farm (area of agricultural statistics farming - livestock), the system of irrigation
Compile information and report to the secretariat
Preparation to the refuge center
Prepare seeds, livestock, fertilizers and veterinary medicines
Promoting technique for producing in rainy season or flooding
Carefully and closely monitoring when the flooding occurred and recommend the ways for preparedness
Survey the area was affected for recommending about how to restore in agriculture sector (Plants and Livestock)
Monitoring of the irrigation system, introduce people to protect boats and pump water, and recommend how to prepare to improve irrigation systems
Assessment of agriculture impact from flooding
Implementation of restore action plan for improving irrigation system
Report of flooding impact to the top level
Team management disaster district was established by agreement of the President
Committee managing disaster districts, including 04 team include the following:
1 Team management information / coordination / evaluation effects dai hoc thuy loi dai hoc thuy loi dai hoc thuy loi dai hoc thuy loi dai hoc thuy loi dai hoc thuy loi dai hoc thuy loi dai hoc thuy loi dai hoc thuy loi dai hoc thuy loi dai hoc thuy loi dai hoc thuy loi dai hoc thuy loi dai hoc thuy loi dai hoc thuy loi dai hoc thuy loi dai hoc thuy loi dai hoc thuy loi dai hoc thuy loi dai hoc thuy loi dai hoc thuy loi dai hoc thuy loi dai hoc thuy loi dai hoc thuy loi dai hoc thuy loi dai hoc thuy loi dai hoc thuy loi dai hoc thuy loi dai hoc thuy loi dai hoc thuy loi dai hoc thuy loi dai hoc thuy loi dai hoc thuy loi dai hoc thuy loi dai hoc thuy loi dai hoc thuy loi dai hoc thuy loi dai hoc thuy loi dai hoc thuy loi dai hoc thuy loi dai hoc thuy loi dai hoc thuy loi dai hoc thuy loi dai hoc thuy loi dai hoc thuy loi dai hoc thuy loi dai hoc thuy loi dai hoc thuy loi dai hoc thuy loi dai hoc thuy loi dai hoc thuy loi dai hoc thuy loi dai hoc thuy loi dai hoc thuy loi dai hoc thuy loi dai hoc thuy loi dai hoc thuy loi dai hoc thuy loi dai hoc thuy loi dai hoc thuy loi dai
The teams, appointed by the President, consist of members from the Committee and the Secretariat, who are responsible for determining and allocating existing resources The Public Health team is dedicated to serving the public, with allocations starting on Fridays.
Preparedness measures against the flooding
Disaster Preparedness Activities
Raising awareness within the community is essential for effectively managing flood risks This involves communication between relevant authorities and local plantations, engaging the upper class in society with residents in vulnerable areas By fostering an understanding of the risks and behaviors associated with flooding, communities can develop a proactive attitude towards prevention, response, and recovery This collaborative effort aims to minimize loss of life and property, ensuring a quicker return to normalcy even after flood events.
To successfully execute the plan, it is essential for the involved committees or teams to have a deep understanding and effective communication skills, particularly with high-risk individuals Those responsible must possess the necessary knowledge through training or study tours and be equipped with the appropriate tools for advertising, including awareness of legal regulations and access to various media devices such as audio equipment, projectors, and printed materials.
Resources System and Early Warning
An effective resource system and early warning mechanism are essential for planning prevention and response strategies for safe water cave streams These systems enable timely relocation of individuals to safer areas, thereby facilitating their ability to address and combat potential dangers effectively.
Effective monitoring of system resources and risk factors relies on the collective experience of individuals and established teams The volunteer network plays a crucial role in gathering and disseminating information, particularly from institutions like Dai Hoc Thuy Loi This system integrates data from multiple sources, including provincial, national, regional, and global levels Additionally, it is essential to equip the system with the necessary tools for tracking and monitoring disasters, such as water resources, to ensure timely reporting and response.
Activities for action plan system
An effective resource system and early warning mechanism are essential for planning and responding to the safety of water cave streams This includes strategies for relocating individuals to safe areas, which significantly aids in their ability to manage potential dangers effectively.
Preparation disaster response
In response to flooding hazards, the Commission and responsible plantations must be prepared to act swiftly by establishing temporary accommodations in designated safe areas and securing necessary raw materials.
Essential supplies for disaster preparedness include stationery, kitchenware, rice, dry food, drinking water, and latrines It's crucial to have vehicles such as boats and cars ready for transportation Communication coordination is key for the successful completion of tasks, including preparing medical units with necessary equipment Mobilizing the community and teams to construct secure water embankments is vital, along with maintaining regular surveillance and guard duties around the clock.
Practice disaster response
When alarms indicate a critical situation, the team and relevant stakeholders, along with local residents, must swiftly implement measures to address their roles and responsibilities Effective management of information, coordination, and impact evaluation is essential, typically organized by the Secretariat or disaster management authorities.
In the critical first 24 hours following a disaster, it is essential to enhance awareness of potential dangers, gather information, and provide regular updates on the situation's evolution Effective coordination among search and rescue teams is crucial to ensure the simultaneous execution of standard search operations, salvage efforts, and the safe relocation of individuals, animals, and belongings to designated shelters Additionally, a dedicated public health team plays a vital role in health education and the treatment of injuries and illnesses, ensuring that all affected individuals receive the necessary care and support during such emergencies.
To effectively coordinate recovery and relief efforts, it is essential for teams to establish support centers that alleviate emergencies This involves educating the community on the importance of water management and implementing training programs focused on agricultural practices, home renovations, and the improvement of public infrastructure such as irrigation systems, schools, hospitals, and temples By doing so, communities can return to normalcy more swiftly.
Khammouane province frequently experiences significant flooding, particularly in the Xebangfai basin, impacting the area's socio-economic development and quality of life To mitigate flood damage, it is essential to implement effective plans and preparedness strategies This study evaluates flood inundation and hazards associated with various return periods in the basin, highlighting the need for proactive measures to protect the community.
In this study, rainfall and discharge data from various stations were analyzed using the Pearson Type III distribution for frequency analysis The maximum rainfall over seven days for different return periods (200, 100, 50, 10, and 5 years) was assessed at Mahaxay, Banhay, Boualapha, Xaibouthong, and Xebangfai stations Additionally, the maximum discharge at Mahaxay and Bridge No 13 stations for these return periods was evaluated Design hyetographs for each station were developed based on typical rainfall distribution, highlighting the need for incorporating more historical data to optimize the selection of design hyetographs.
The NAM model was calibrated and verified for rainfall-runoff analysis using hyetographs from the Mahaxay and Xebangfai Bridge no 13 stations Parameters specific to each sub-basin were established, and the correlation coefficient (R) for both calibration and verification of the NAM model exceeded acceptable thresholds, indicating strong model performance.
0.94, and the different of peak is less than 5% In addition, the results obtained from
The NAM model indicates that the simulated discharge hydrographs do not align with the observed hydrographs throughout all calibration periods, necessitating adjustments to the parameters based on the most recent observed data Additionally, the calculated design hydrographs at these stations serve as the upstream boundary conditions for flood flow simulations in MIKE.
In the study area, the discharge at the Mahaxay station serves as the upstream boundary condition, while the water level at the outlet of the Xebangfai River acts as the downstream boundary condition The roughness coefficient (Manning) ranges from 0.018 to 0.033 Notably, the difference between the maximum observed and simulated water levels at the Tohen station is less than 0.3% Furthermore, the correlation coefficient (R) for both calibration and verification exceeds a satisfactory threshold, indicating reliable model performance.
The efficiency index (EI) for the Xebangfai River basin, measured at 0.97%, exceeds the acceptable threshold of 0.95%, indicating that the MIKE 11 parameters are suitable for simulating design flood flows within the river network Consequently, water level hydrographs corresponding to various return periods at different stations have been established, based on the assumption that the return periods of rainfall upstream align with those of water levels at the downstream boundary of the model.
Based on the computed water level hydrographs from MIKE 11 model and ground
The study presents a Digital Elevation Map (DEM) with a resolution of 90 x 90 meters for the Xebangfai basin, alongside inundation maps generated using the MIKE 11-GIS model for various flood return periods The accuracy of these inundation maps was validated by assessing flooding depth and extent at selected locations The analysis reveals that the total submerged areas across different flooding depths remain relatively consistent, ranging from 397994.3 ha to 397999.17 ha in NongBok District For flood return periods of 50 years or less (T≤50 years), the majority of the affected area experiences flooding depths of less than 5.0 meters, with the maximum flooding depth reaching up to 7.0 meters.
This study focuses on creating a flood hazard map based on a 10-year return period due to data limitations The map is developed by analyzing flooding depth and duration, categorizing flooding into four levels: below 0.5 meters and between 0.5 to 1 meter, among others.
1.5 meter, 1.5 to 3.0 meter and above 3.0 meter) and flooding duration (under 7 days, 7 to 25 days and above 25 days) is determined For the hazard assessment in return period
The hazard levels over various timeframes reveal significant percentages: 21.90% of the area is classified as low risk, 23.97% as medium risk, 23.08% as high risk, and 31.05% as very high risk.
Disaster Risk Management involves four key components: prevention, response, preparedness, and reconstruction Effective implementation includes crucial steps such as damage and loss assessment, post-disaster needs assessment, and the development of action plans for recovery activities These procedures are essential for mitigating the impacts of disasters and ensuring a structured approach to rebuilding and enhancing community resilience.
Flood inundation, hazard assessment corresponding to various return periods of flood determined can be useful for constructing embankment system, infrastructure, buildings improvement, and the warning of possible flooding
The study established maximum water levels for various return periods at multiple locations along rivers and floodplains using a calibrated and verified model Flooding durations were found to vary, with rivers experiencing floods lasting up to one week, while floodplains could be inundated for as long as one month.
Hazard assessment evaluates the combined impact of flood depth and duration by applying weighted factors to both elements A flood hazard map was created specifically for a 10-year return period, identifying the hazard levels for the community in NongBok district.
Integrating of disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation into developments towards building of safer society and disaster resilience development for sustainable development
All inundation maps different return period and hazard level map at NongBok district is very usefully tool for flood management
Discharges at Mahaxay and Xebangfai bridge road no 13 station should be continuously observed in order to get good results in simulating flood flow in river networks
The resolution of digital elevation map (DEM) should be smaller, such as 30x30 meter