Adjacency pairs in the conversations in the film call me by your name by luca guadagnino

ABSTRACT This is a study of adjacency pairs and verbal strategies for doing dispreferred second parts in the conversations extracted from the film.. This study aims to analyze adjacency

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING

QUY NHON UNIVERSITY

LÊ THỊ TRINH NỮ

ADJACENCY PAIRS IN THE CONVERSATIONS

IN THE FILM “CALL ME BY YOUR NAME” BY

BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC QUY NHƠN

LÊ THỊ TRINH NỮ

CẶP KẾ CẬN TRONG NHỮNG ĐOẠN HỘI THOẠI TRONG PHIM “GỌI EM BẰNG TÊN ANH” CỦA LUCA GUADAGNINO

Chuyên ngành: Ngôn Ngữ Anh

Người hướng dẫn: TS Bùi Thị Đào

STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP

I certify my authorship of the master thesis submitted entitled

“Adjacency pairs in the conversations in the film “Call me by your name” by Luca Guadagnino” is the result of my own research I hereby declare that the work is submitted in partial fulfillment of the master’s degree requirements Any use of the works of any other author, in any form, is accurately accepted

at their point of use

Binh Dinh, 2020 Signature

Le Thi Trinh Nu

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I would first and foremost like to thank my supervisor, Dr Bui Thi Dao for providing me support, guideline, and feedback when I carried out my thesis Without her encouragement, guidance, and comments, the thesis would have never been finished

I would also like to extend my thankfulness to all the teachers in the Foreign Language Department at Quy Nhon University who gave me essential help as well as the most useful advice during the process of doing this thesis

Finally, my warmest thanks are sincerely sent to my family, my best friends and so many others who always offered spiritual support and encouragement when I had difficulty Without their help, this work could not have achieved the current status of the thesis

ABSTRACT

This is a study of adjacency pairs and verbal strategies for doing dispreferred second parts in the conversations extracted from the film The study aims to examine the types of adjacency pairs and verbal strategies for doing the dispreferred structure in the conversations investigated Descriptive

is considered as the main method in combining both quantitative and qualitative approaches in this study Besides, contrastive, analytic, and synthetic methods are also used to help to work out the best possible findings The data include a total of 250 adjacency pairs comprising 4327 words in 85 conversations

The results show that there are 16 types of adjacency pairs proposed by Yule (1996), Schegloff (2007) and Rymes (2008) found in the film Among

them, the most dominant type making up 38.4% is Question-Answer while the smallest ones are Offer-Decline and Thanking-Response comprising 0.4%

Besides, in 11 verbal strategies for doing a dispreferred second part suggested

by Yule (1996), there are 9 verbal strategies found in the film The biggest

verbal strategy is expressing doubt with 10 cases accounting for 27.03% while the least ones are using preface, using token Yes, making it non-personal, using mitigators and hedging the negative with 2 occurrences (5.41%) of the

total occurrences

TABLE OF CONTENTS

STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP I ACKNOWLEDGMENTS II ABSTRACT III TABLE OF CONTENTS IV ABBREVIATIONS AND CONVENTIONS VIII LIST OF TABLES IX

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 RATIONALE 1

1.2 AIM & OBJECTIVES 2

1.2.1 Aim 2

1.2.2 Objectives 2

1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 2

1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY 3

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 3

1.6 STRUCTURE OF THE THESIS 3

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 5

2.1 PREVIOUS STUDIES 5

2.2 THEORY OF ADJACENCY PAIRS 7

2.2.1 Definition of adjacency pairs 7

2.2.2 Types of Adjacency pairs 9

2.2.3 Adjacency pairs and preference structure 16

2.2.4 Verbal strategies for doing dispreferred second parts 18

2.3 THE FILM “CALL ME BY YOUR NAME” 20

2.4 SUMMARY 22

CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 23

3.1 RESEARCH METHODS 23

3.2 RESEARCH PROCEDURES 23

3.3 DATA SOURCES AND SAMPLES 24

3.4 DATA ANALYSIS 25

3.5 VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY 27

3.6 SUMMARY 28

CHAPTER 4 FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 29

4.1 TYPES OF ADJACENCY PAIRS 29

4.1.1 Greeting-Greeting 30

4.1.2 Question-Answer 31

4.1.3 Summons-Acknowledgement 34

4.1.4 Assessment-Agreement 36

4.1.5 Assessment-Disagreement 37

4.1.6 Invitation-Acceptance 38

4.1.7 Invitation-Refusal 40

4.1.8 Offer-Acceptance 41

4.1.9 Offer-Decline 41

4.1.10 Proposal-Agreement 42

4.1.11 Proposal-Disagreement 42

4.1.12 Request-Acceptance 43

4.1.13 Request-Refusal 45

4.1.14 Thanking-Response 46

4.1.15 Apology-Acceptance 47

4.1.16 Announcement-Acknowledgement 47

4.2 VERBAL STRATEGIES FOR DOING DISPREFERRED SECOND PARTS 48

4.2.1 Delaying/ hesitating 50

4.2.2 Using preface 50

4.2.3 Expressing doubt 50

4.2.4 Using Token Yes 52

4.2.5 Mentioning obligation 53

4.2.6 Making it non-personal 53

4.2.7 Giving an account 53

4.2.8 Using mitigators 54

4.2.9 Hedging the negative 55

4.3 SUMMARY 57

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS 60

5.1 CONCLUSION 60

5.2 IMPLICATIONS 61

5.3 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY 61

5.4 SUGGESTIONS OF FURTHER RESEARCH 62

REFERENCES 63

ENGLISH 63

VIETNAMESE 66

ELECTRONIC SOURCE 67

APPENDIX RESEARCH SAMPLES i

ABBREVIATIONS AND CONVENTIONS

Italic Used for terms and direct quotations

(( )) Used to specify “some phenomenon that the

transcriber does not want to wrestle with” or some non-vocal action, etc

[1], [2], [3] … Numbers of samples in the Appendix

(2.1), (3.1), (4.1) … Numbers of examples in the main text

LIST OF TABLES Table

numbers

numbers

2.1 The general patterns of preferred and dispreferred

structure (Adapted from Levinson, 1983)

17

3.2 Verbal strategies for doing dispreferred second

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 RATIONALE

Communication plays a fundamental role in human life, from their job

to social gatherings, to their family life It not only helps people express their thoughts and ideas but also helps them to build healthy relationships with others It is very exciting to learn how to use language in daily life and to express opinions and share information through conversation, especially, how

to communicate together expressed through the movie Besides, analyzing conversations between characters in a movie helps viewers understand exactly and use languages more effective in communication Hence, investigating the conversations in the film has been considered as a necessary need to be carried out

It is the fact that in communication, there are a lot of cases where speakers cannot show what they would like to say This leads to a communication breakdown Therefore, to control the conversation, both of the speakers need to be interrelated in creating the utterances This interrelated utterance is called an adjacency pair that is a pair of interrelated utterances that consist of the first speaker and the second one This study aims to analyze adjacency pairs applied by all characters in “Call me by your name” movie, especially, about types of adjacency pairs and verbal strategies for doing the dispreferred second parts according to the theoretical framework of Yule (1996), Schegloff (2007) and Rymes (2008) which have been generally acknowledged

Previous researches have also addressed several fields of adjacency pairs and preference structure such as a study of linguistics features of

dispreferred structures used at work in English and Vietnamese by Nguyễn Đức Thắng (2014), a contrastive study on linguistic features of adjacency pairs in English and Vietnamese romantic movies by Nguyễn Thị Phương (2015), and another on good textbooks “New Interchange 1 and 2” by Inthavong (2018) With the expectation of going further into the aspect of

adjacency pairs, the research title “Adjacency pairs in the conversations in the film “Call me by your name” by Luca Guadagnino” is carried out

1.2 AIM & OBJECTIVES

To gain the aim above, two following objectives have to be reached:

- to examine the types and frequencies of adjacency pairs found in the conversations between the characters involved

- to examine the verbal strategies for doing the dispreferred second parts

1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The study aims to answer two following research questions:

1 What are the types of adjacency pairs and how frequently are they used in the conversations in the film?

2 What are the verbal strategies for doing the dispreferred second parts in the conversations in the film?

1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The study focuses on the adjacency pairs in the conversations of the film directed by Luca Guadagnino, with a focus on the types of adjacency pairs and the verbal strategies for doing the dispreferred second parts Based

on the theoretical frameworks of Yule (1996), Schegloff (2007) and Rymes (2008), 250 adjacency pairs are collected from 85 conversations in the film Meanwhile, 16 types of adjacency pairs suggested by Yule (1996), Schegloff (2007) and Rymes (2008) and 11 verbal strategies for doing the dispreferred second parts proposed by Yule (1996) are investigated Descriptive is considered as the main method in combining with both quantitative and qualitative approaches in this study

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study is believed to contribute a study on adjacency pairs and related issues in the conversations in the movie Besides, the results of the study are also expected to help Vietnamese learners of English understand more about adjacency pairs to communicate effectively

1.6 STRUCTURE OF THE THESIS

The thesis consists of 5 chapters:

Chapter 1, Introduction, presents the rationale, aim and objectives,

scope, research questions, significance, and the structure of the thesis

Chapter 2, Literature Review, investigates a review of relevant

theoretical aspects related to the topic research, previous studies and summarizes the main content of the film

Chapter 3, Research Methodology, describes the research methods,

research procedures, data sources, samples, data analysis, validity, and

reliability

Chapter 4, Findings and Discussion, deals with the results of the

study

Chapter 5, Conclusions, presents the conclusions, implications,

limitations and suggestions for further research Commented [A1]:

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 PREVIOUS STUDIES

There have been certain studies conducted with data collected from the

conversations in the film Fauzia (2015), for example, studied on adjacency

pairs in the modern script of Franco Zeffirelli’s Romeo and Juliet movie with

a focus on the types of adjacency pairs, the preference sequences, and the

functions of responses The study applied both qualitative and quantitative

methods The findings of the research showed that first, there were nine types

of adjacency pairs in the movie Second, there were 72 occurrences of

preferred social acts and 28 occurrences of dispreferred social acts Third,

there were four types of responses that appeared in the movie; they included

responding to statement, responding to question, responding to request,

responding to offer and invitation The other two types of response, namely

responding to apology and responding to thank, did not occur in the movie

In the same vein, Hamidah (2016) studied on adjacency pairs in

“Frozen” by Buck and Lee Based on the theoretical frameworks of Levinson

(1983), Yule (1996), and Rymes (2008), adjacency pairs found in the movie

were analyzed, especially, about types of adjacency pairs and feedback of

dispreferred response Conversation analysis was applied to analyze the data

The result of this study showed that the data were classified into 11 types The

highest type of adjacency pairs was Question-Answer, while the lowest type

was Invitation-Acceptance/Refusal Besides, there were 55 feedbacks of

dispreferred response which were classified into 7 forms of feedback, they are

Act, Attitude, Expression, Act + Attitude, Act + Expression, Expression +

Attitude, and No Response Meanwhile, the largest form of feedback of

dispreferred response was Attitude, while the smallest form was Act +

Commented [A2]: canh lai format

Expression

Also related to movies, Nguyễn Thị Phương (2015) made a contrastive study between English and Vietnamese romantic movies focusing on adjacency pairs and verbal strategies in doing dispreferred second parts in the conversations in English and Vietnamese films The data consisted of 200 adjacency pairs in each language taken from English and Vietnamese romantic movies Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used in the study The findings exhibited similarities and differences in the realizations of adjacency pairs and in doing dispreferred seconds The findings also showed that differences in culture had impact on the way people did their dispreferred seconds

Another relevant study was conducted by Inthavong (2018) He studied

on adjacency pairs in New Interchange 1 and 2, with a concentration on the types of adjacency pairs, verbal strategies, and indirect parts Based on the theoretical framework of Levinson (1983) and Yule (1996), 243 adjacency pairs were collected from the conversations in these textbooks The results showed that there were 16 types of adjacency pairs realized in the conversations in the textbooks Besides, all the verbal strategies proposed by Yule (1996) were found in combination with two new ones were also found in the data Additionally, direct parts appeared almost 4.5 times as often as indirect ones and indirect first parts almost double indirect second parts

As a matter of fact, there has been no study of those studies exclusively focusing on types of adjacency pairs, and verbal strategies in doing dispreferred second parts in the conversations in the film “Call me by your name” by Luca Guadagnino Thus, this thesis is an attempt to meet such study needs

2.2 THEORY OF ADJACENCY PAIRS

2.2.1 Definition of adjacency pairs

There have been several definitions of adjacency pairs suggested from

the perspective of adjacency pairs Schegloff and Sacks (1973) proposes that

the concept of adjacency pairs is considered as the term itself, supplied

according to the following lines

Adjacency pairs are sequences of two utterances that are:

(i) adjacent;

(ii) produced by different speakers;

(iii) ordered as a first part and a second part;

(iv) typed, so that a particular first part requires a particular for

second (or range of second parts) - e.g offers require acceptances or

rejections, greetings require greetings, and so on

Going together with this, adjacency pairs can be defined by Richards et

al 1992, p 12) that an adjacency pair is “a sequence of two related

utterances by two different speakers The second is always a response to the

first.” This is exemplified by:

(2.1) A: Could you help me with this?

B: Sure

(2.2) A: What time is it?

B: About eight-thirty

In the mentioned examples above, a request is probable to be answered

by an acceptance (2.1) while a question by an answer (2.2)

Like Richards et al (1992), Yule (1996) also affirms that an adjacency

Commented [A3]: tat ca khoangr cach qua xa, dung tab

kich len line 1.5 binh thuong

Commented [A4]: tat ca tu et al deu viet in nghieng

pair always includes a first part and a second part, made by different speakers,

with the second part being a response to the first part This pattern is

illustrated in example (2.3)

(2.3) First part Second part

Anna: How are you? Bill: Fine

On the other hand, Renkema (1993) strongly disagrees with the

previous researchers; he argues that the term “adjacency pair” is not

completely exact because the two parts of a pair are not always next to each

other For example, the beginning question and the answer can be separated

by another question-answer pair

Yule (1996) also realizes the situation proposed by Renkema (1993)

and reminds us of adjacency pairs with inserted sequence in the modal

Q1-Q2-A2-A1, as in the following example:

(2.4) Agent: Do you want the early flight? ((=Q1))

Client: What time does it arrive? ((=Q2))

Agent: Nine- forty ((=A2))

Client: Yeah-that’s great ((=A1))

(Yule, 1996, p 78)

As shown in (2.4), there is a pair that includes making a

Question-Answer (Q1-A2), with an insertion sequence of a Question-Question-Answer (Q2-A2)

which seems to function as a condition on the answer (A1) being provided

Commented [A5]: mean? lập luận lại cho rõ, dùng tuwd

đơn giản dễ hiểu

2.2.2 Types of Adjacency pairs

Based on the theory of Yule (1996, p 77-79), Schegloff (2007, p 13) and Rymes (2008, p 38) for the purpose of the research, the following 16 types of adjacency pairs are identified as main categories for collecting data from the film

2.2.2.1 Greeting-Greeting

Greeting-Greeting happens when beginning a conversation or when

two speakers meet for the first time and introduce themselves, as illustrated by the example below

(2.5) Nurse: Good morning, gentlemen

Mercutio: Good afternoon, fair lady

(Fauzia, 2015, p 49)

2.2.2.2 Question-Answer

In this type, the first part asks a question to find out information or

requests an answer from the second part The first part of Question-Answer adjacency pair can be a WH-question, a Yes-No question, question words or phrases, or a declarative question The second part may be an expected answer or unexpected answer or no answer

Firstly, the structure of the first part can be a WH-question beginning

with WH-words used to ask about specific qualities, times, places, people,

choices, possession, reasons/causes, manner/process including what, when,

example sentence to illustrate for this structure

(2.6) Jason: Where do you work, Andrea?

Andrea: I work for Thomas Cook Travel

(Inthavong, 2018, p 31)

Secondly, the first part can also be a yes-no question form A typical

example is (2.7)

(2.7) Liz: Do you like jazz, Tom?

Tom: No, I don’t like it very much

(Inthavong, 2018, p 31)

Thirdly, the form of question words or phrases is usually used in the

question in the first part, with example (2.8)

(2.8) Andrea: Which restaurant?

Jason: Hamburger Heaven

(Inthavong, 2018, p 31)

Finally, the last form of the question in the first part is a declarative question consisting of a declarative structure and a question mark at the end

of the sentence, with example (2.9)

(2.9) Alex: Oh, you’re not going to live at home?

Susan: No, I don’t want to live with my parents- not after I start

to work

(Inthavong, 2018, p 33)

2.2.2.3 Summons-Acknowledgement

Summons-Acknowledgement is an adjacency pair happening when the

first speaker summons and the second speaker acknowledges by calling the name also or giving other response or no response Following is an example

to illustrate for this type

(2.12) Hans: Anna, no It’s too dangerous

Anna: Elsa’s not dangerous I’ll bring her back, and I’ll make

this right

2.2.2.6 Invitation-Acceptance

Invitation-Acceptance happens when the first pair asks someone in a

polite or friendly way to come somewhere, such as to a party or formally asks someone to do something The second pair can provide acceptance as the

preferred form Following is an example successively:

(2.13) A: Why don’t you come up and see me some times?

B: I would like to

(Atkinson & Drew, 1979, p 58)

2.2.2.7 Invitation-Refusal

Invitation-Refusal is the opposite type of Invitation-Acceptance

adjacency pair with the first part being an invitation and the second part being

a refusal toward the invitation, as in example (2.14) below

(2.14) A: Uh if you’d care to come and visit a little while this morning

I’ll give you a cup of coffee

B: Heh Well that’s awfully sweet of you I don’t think I can

make it this morning Hh Uhm I’m running an ad in the paper and-and uh I have to stay near the phone

(Atkinson & Drew, 1979, p 58)

2.2.2.8 Offer-Acceptance

Offer-Acceptance is an adjacency pair in which the first speaker

recommends do something his/herself as a favor for the second one or someone else and receives an acceptance of the second one, as in the following example

(2.15) Anna: Okay, can I just say something crazy?

Hans: I love crazy

2.2.2.9 Offer-Decline

Offer-Decline is an adjacency pair in which the second pair declines the

offer made by the first one, for instance

(2.16) A: What can I get you?

B: Um, I’m not sure

(Mudra, 2018, p 133)

2.2.2.10 Proposal-Agreement

This type of adjacency pair is identified by the first part of the conversation that contains the proposal and the second part of the conversation that consists of the agreement, as in example (2.17) below

(2.17) Susan: Oh, that’s Ok Let’s just meet at the theater before the

show, around 7:30

Dave: That sounds fine

(Inthavong, 2018, p 37)

2.2.2.11 Proposal-Disagreement

Proposal-Disagreement is an adjacency pair in which the second pair

does not agree with the proposal made by the first one For example

(2.18) Ted: Ok What about an evening riverboat tour?

Brenda: Uh, actually, I’ve gone twice this week

(Inthavong, 2018, p 38)

2.2.2.12 Request-Acceptance

Request-Acceptance is an adjacency pair in which the first part contains

request and the response contains an acceptance toward the request

Some common phrases and expressions like “Can you ?”, “Could you ?”, and “Would you mind…?” can normally be used for making requests when the first speaker asks someone to do something for him/her, as

in example (2.19) below

(2.19) A: Could you help me with this?

B: Sure

(Yule, 1996, p 77)

Besides, other popular phrases and expressions like “Can I…?”,

“Could I…?”, “Do you mind if I…?”, “Would you mind if I ?”, and “Mind if I…?” can normally be used for making requests when the first speaker wants

to do something, as in example (2.20) below

(2.20) Clementine: Can I come over to your house to sleep? I’m so

tired

Joel: Okay Yeah Sure

(Nguyễn Thị Phương, 2015, p 33)

Furthermore, it is also noticeable that the structure of the request in the

first part can be an imperative sentence that is a type of sentence that gives

instructions or advice, and expresses a command, an order, a direction, or a

request Request-Acceptance adjacency pairs taken in this research have the

forms of imperative sentences in the first parts

- Imperative sentences with a positive form

(2.21) Rita: Tell me about your brother and sister, Sue

Sue: Well, My sister is lawyer

(Inthavong, 2018, p 39)

- Imperative sentences with a negative form

(2.22) Mary: Please, don't tease me Just tell me

Jane: Well, remember the other day when you said that Ed is a

man who really shows you nothing but consideration?

(Hoàng Thị Ánh Hồng, 2011, p 13)

- Imperative sentences with a question tag form

(2.23) Tom: You just moved here, right?

Summer: Mm-Hmm

(Nguyễn Thị Phương, 2015, p 33)

2.2.2.13 Request-Refusal

The structure Request is followed by Refusal to make the type of

Request-Refusal, as in the following example

(2.24) Anna: Take me up the North Mountain Please

Kristoff: We leave at dawn And you forgot the carrots for

Sven

(Hamidah, 2016, p 35)

2.2.2.14 Announcement-Acknowledgement

Announcement-Acknowledgement is an adjacency pair produced when

the first speaker wants to make something known or tell about something

officially to others and the second speaker gives a response, as in example

(2.25) below

(2.25) Clerk: He asked for you a few minutes ago I think he’s in the

restaurant

Jean: Thanks I’ll go and look for him

(Inthavong, 2018, p 42)

2.2.2.15 Thanking-Response

Thanking-Response is an adjacency pair occurring when the first

speaker expresses to the second one that he/she is pleased about or is grateful for something that the second one has done A typical example is below

(2.27) Kate: I’m sorry I didn’t mean to upset you

Rick: No, it’s fine, Kate Thank you

(Permatasari & Listiyanti, 2017, p 16)

2.2.3 Adjacency pairs and preference structure

Levinson (1983, p 336) divides the structure of preference into two acts: preferred and dispreferred social acts The preferred act means the structurally expected upcoming act, while the dispreferred one is the next act which is structurally unexpected

Likewise, according to Yule (1996, p.79), preference structure has also divided second parts into preferred social acts which is the structurally expected next act and dispreferred social acts which is the structurally unexpected next act The overall patterns of preference structure suggested Levinson (1983) are given in Table (2.1) below

Table 2.1 The general patterns of preferred and dispreferred structure

(Adapted from Levinson, 1983)

As shown in Table (2.1), in considering assessments or proposals as first parts, agreement is the preferred and disagreement is the dispreferred second part In examples (2.28), the responses in each second part all denote preferred structure That is the reason why acceptance or agreement is the preferred second part in response to a request (2.28a), an offer (2.28b), an assessment (2.28c), or a proposal (2.28d)

(2.28)

First part Second part

b Want some coffee? Yes, please

c Isn’t that really great? Yes, it is

d Maybe we could go for a walk That’d be great

(Yule, 1996, p.79)

2.2.4 Verbal strategies for doing dispreferred second parts

Levinson (1983, p 334) shows that the characteristics of dispreferred seconds can be further generalized such turns typically exhibit at least a substantial number of the following features:

(a) delays: (i) by pause before delivery, (ii) by the use of a preface, (ii)

by displacement over a number of turns via use of repair initiators or insertion sequences

(b) prefaces: (i) the use of markers or announcers of dispreferreds like

Uh and Well, (ii) the production of token agreements before disagreements, (iii) the use of appreciations if relevant (for offers, invitations, suggestions, advice), (iv) the use of apologies if relevant (for requests, invitations, etc), (v) the use of qualifiers (e.g I don't know for sure, but .), (vi) hesitation in various forms, including self-editing

(c) accounts: carefully formulated explanations for why the (dispreferred) act is being done

(d) declination component: of a form suited to the nature of the first part of the pair but characteristically indirect or mitigated

Some verbal strategies and illustrated examples in disagreeing as a

dispreferred structure are also presented by Nguyễn Quang Ngoạn (2009, p

13) in his work “Lecture Notes on Pragmatics”

- A delay: er, mm, hmm, e.g Mm, I don’t think we can get it done if we

do it this way, though

- Prefacing filler: well, oh, e.g Well, you have a right to your opinion, but I ; Oh, come off it Enrique! I didn’t see it was funny at all

- A structure of expressing doubt: I’m not sure, e.g I’m not quite sure, but I believe ; I’m not so sure I agree

- An apology: I’m sorry, e.g I’m sorry to disagree, but his so-called humor did nothing to me in that film; I’m sorry, Alicia, but it just doesn’t appeal to me

- An appeal for understanding: you see, you know, e.g You know, I don’t think I can this weekend

- A non-personal expression: everyone else, one, e.g Everyone has different tastes I thought everyone could appreciate classical music!

- An explanation, e.g This is the way I like my living room; I really enjoy

it, actually I find it quite a good use of my time, especially because it’s very relaxing

- A mitigator: really, mostly, e.g You can’t really be serious; I think the yellow paint really brightens it up

- An obligation: I must do X, I have to do X, e.g I really have to go home; I’m sorry but I already have a commitment

- A hedge for the negative answer: as a matter of fact, to a certain extent, actually, e.g I guess we have different tastes, then

Furthermore, there are eleven verbal strategies for doing dispreferred

second parts proposed by Yule (1996, p 81), namely (1) Delaying/Hesitating, (2) Using preface, (3) Expressing doubt, (4) Using token yes, (5) Apologizing,

(6) Mentioning obligation, (7) Appealing for understanding, (8) Making it nonpersonal, (9) Giving an account, (10) Using mitigators, and (11) Hedging the negative The examples are illustrated as follows:

Verbal strategies Examples

1 Delaying/ Hesitating Pause; er; em; ah

2 Using preface Well; oh

3 Expressing doubt I’m not sure; I don’t know

4 Using token Yes that’s great; I’d love to

5 Apologizing I’m sorry; what a pity

6 Mentioning obligation I must do X; I’m expected in Y

7 Appealing for understanding you see; you know

8 Making it non-personal everybody else; out there

9 Giving an account two much work; no time left

10 Using mitigators really; mostly; sort of; kinda

11 Hedging the negative I guess not; not possible

2.3 THE FILM “CALL ME BY YOUR NAME”

Call Me by Your Name is a 2017 coming-of-age romantic drama film directed by Luca Guadagnino Its screenplay, by James Ivory, who also co-produced, is based on the novel of the same name by André Aciman

The film garners several accolades, including many for its screenplay, direction, acting, and music It gets four nominations at the 90th Academy Awards (the 2018 Oscars), winning for Best Adapted Screenplay The screenplay also wins at the 71st British Academy Film Awards, 23rd Critics’ Choice Awards, and the Writers Guild of America Awards in 2017

Besides, the movie also has an amazing plot It tells about the romantic relationship between a 17-year-old, Elio, and Oliver, a 24-year-old graduate-

student assistant to Elio’s father, an archaeology professor The film sets in the summer of 1983 in rural northern Italy To begin with, Elio’s father invites Oliver to live with the family over the summer and helps with his academic paperwork Elio, an introspective bibliophile and a talented musician, firstly he has little in common with Oliver, who has a carefree and liberal personality Elio is frustrated at having to give up his bedroom to Oliver during his stay, and spends most of his time reading, playing the piano, and hanging out with his childhood friend, Marzia Meanwhile, Oliver admits being attracted by one of the local girls, annoying Elio

Elio and Oliver swim together, walk-in town, and accompany Elio's father on an archaeological expedition Elio begins a sexual relationship with Marzia and brags in front of Oliver to evaluate his reaction, but finds himself increasingly attracted to him During a trip to the local post office, Elio indirectly confesses his feelings to Oliver, who tells him he should not act on them After that day, the two kiss, but Oliver does not want to go any further

They are increasingly distant One day, Oliver says to Elio: “Call me by your name and I’ll call you by mine.” Completely infatuated with Oliver, Elio

begins avoiding Marzia

At the end of Oliver’s stay, both he and Elio find themselves overcome with uncertainty and longing Elio's parents, who know their relationship privately but do not disclose it, advise him and Oliver to visit Bergamo together before Oliver returns to America They spend three romantic days together Elio, heartbroken after Oliver’s departure, calls his mother and asks her to come to pick him up from the railway station and take him home Elio's father, observing his deep sadness, tells him that he is aware of his relationship with Oliver and confesses that he had almost a similar relationship during his youth He urges Elio to learn from his pain and grow

up, instead of just going so fast

During Hanukkah, Oliver calls Elio’s family to tell them he is engaged to

be married He tells Elio that he still remembers everything very obviously After

the call, Elio sits down by the fireplace and stared at the fire, reminiscing with

tears The film ends when Elio still sits by the fireplace and glances at the

camera when his mother calls him

2.4 SUMMARY

This chapter has reviewed relevant previous studies and theoretical

background based on the theoretical frameworks of Yule (1996), Schegloff

(2007) and Rymes (2008) including the notion of adjacency pairs, the types of

adjacency pairs, and the verbal strategies for doing dispreferred second parts

Lastly, the main content of the movie has been summarized 16 types of

adjacency pairs including (1) Greeting-Greeting, (2) Question-Answer, (3)

Summons-Acknowledgement, (4) Agreement, (5)

Assessment-Disagreement, (6) Invitation-Acceptance, (7) Invitation-Refusal, (8)

Offer-Acceptance, (9) Offer-Decline, (10) Agreement, (11)

Proposal-Disagreement, (12) Request-Acceptance, (13) Request-Refusal, (14)

Thanking-Response, (15) Apology-Acceptance, (16)

Announcement-Acknowledgement, suggested by Yule (1996), Schegloff (2007) and Rymes

(2008) and 11 verbal strategies for doing the dispreferred second parts

consisting of (1) Delaying/Hesitating, (2) Using preface, (3) Expressing

doubt, (4) Using token yes, (5) Apologizing, (6) Mentioning obligation, (7)

Appealing for understanding, (8) Making it nonpersonal, (9) Giving an

account, (10) Using mitigators, and (11) Hedging the negative, proposed by

Yule (1996) are investigated

Commented [A6]: nói thêm gồm nhuwgx định nghĩa gì và

lý thuyết cuả ai sẽ là khung nghiên cứu cho e chứ tóm tắt gì

có 3 hàng quá ngắn

CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 RESEARCH METHODS

Descriptive has been used for describing and listing all types of

adjacency pairs and verbal strategies for doing dispreferred second parts

found in the film, and is considered as the main method in combining with

both quantitative and qualitative approaches in this study The quantitative

analysis is to measure numbers and percentages in terms of occurrences of

adjacency pairs and verbal strategies for doing dispreferred second parts while

the qualitative analysis helps to describe and analyze types of adjacency pairs

and verbal strategies for doing dispreferred second parts found in the movie

Besides, contrastive, analytic, and synthetic methods are also used to

examine the data in different ways These methods are used in combination as

follows:

The contrastive method is used to compare and contrast the similarities

and differences between any two different kinds in comparison

The analytic method is to analyze and classify adjacency pairs and

verbal strategies of the investigated adjacency pairs

The synthetic method is used to synthesize the findings and draw out

conclusions in the final process of the research

3.2 RESEARCH PROCEDURES

The procedure for the study are as follows:

Firstly, a literature gap for this study has been worked out by reviewing

the literature of the previous researchers

Secondly, 250 adjacency pairs are found carefully through 85 Commented [A7]: ở trên nói là 88, dưới nói 99 là sao

conversations in the film based on the theoretical framework

Next, the analysis process is carried out to find out the types of

adjacency pairs and the verbal strategies for doing dispreferred second parts

used in the examined data before coding them and doing the statistics with the

assistance of Microsoft Word and Microsoft Excel

Then, based on the results of the analysis, conclusions are drawn out

and implications are made after the findings are synthesized, tabularized,

interpreted, and discussed

3.3 DATA SOURCES AND SAMPLES

The data source of this study is taken from the conversations of the film

which tells about the romantic relationship between a 17-year-old, Elio and

Oliver, a 24-year-old graduate-student assistant to Elio’s father, an

archaeology professor

As mentioned in the scope of the study, all adjacency pairs in the

conversations in the film are investigated The reason, the researcher

assumed, is that there are a lot of adjacency pairs that need to be collected and

analyzed in the conversations of the movie Moreover, the conversations in

the famous movie present an accurate account of events that typically include

an element of comments For these reasons, the conversations are considered

as the main source of the data used in the present study

From the data source, there are all 85 conversations exploited from the

film consisting of 250 adjacency pairs, demonstrated in instances (3.1), (3.2),

(3.3) and (3.4)

(3.1) Elio: May I bring your things up to your room? [8] [O-A]

Oliver: Sure Yeah

Commented [A8]: 2 con số này cũng không khớp

(3.2) Mr Perlman: I’m glad Would you like some espresso?[18][I-A]

Oliver: I would love some Thank you very much

(3.3) Mr Perlman: No misbehaving tonight No No laughing When

I tell you to play, you'll play You're too old not to accept people for who they

are What's wrong with them? You call them Sonny and Cher behind their

backs [178] [R-R]

Elio: That's what Mom calls them

(3.4) Oliver: Here Hold this Trust me I'm about to be a doctor Hey,

hey, come here See? That's the problem You're too stressed You just gotta

relax a little bit [46] [R-A]

Elio: I am relaxing

3.4 DATA ANALYSIS

According to Moleong (2001, p.103), data analysis is a process of

organizing and classifying data into a category of patterns and an analytical

unit to find topics and to form hypotheses that work as the data propose

When analyzing data in the movie, the writer works under

comprehensive framework in analyzing data The frameworks used in this

study include the descriptions relating to the types of adjacency pairs and the

verbal strategies for doing dispreferred second parts

The data analysis in this study is carried out by observing the data

gotten and then classifying them into two sorts: the types of the adjacency

pairs based on the theory of Yule (1996), Schegloff (2007) and Rymes (2008)

and the verbal strategies for doing dispreferred second parts suggested by

Yule (1996) The theoretical frameworks are shown in Table 3.1 and Table

3.2 below

Commented [A9]: tất cả đều line 1.5 chứ ko giãn nhiều

Table 3.1 Coding: Types of adjacency pairs.

Commented [A10]: cac bang de phia tren

Table 3.2 Verbal strategies for doing dispreferred second parts

After the data is classified and analyzed based on the theoretical frameworks and theories in chapter 2, conclusions which are the answers to the objective of the study as outlined in Chapter 1 are drawn

3.5 VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY

The reliability of the data can be ensured because the data of this study has been taken from the famous film which receives four nominations at the 90th Academy Awards (the 2018 Oscars), winning for Best Adapted Screenplay 85 conversations extracted from the film have supplied learners

of English with reliable and updated resources

Furthermore, the validity of data analysis is expressed with the theoretical frameworks built up by famous researchers The data is analyzed

Verbal strategies for doing

dispreferred second parts

Examples

1 Delaying/ hesitating Pause; er; em; ah

3 Expressing doubt I’m not sure; I don’t know

4 Using token Yes that’s great; I’d love to

6 Mentioning obligation I must do X; I’m expected in Y

7 Appealing for understanding you see; you know

8 Making it non-personal everybody else; out there

9 Giving an account two much work; no time left

10 Using mitigators really; mostly; sort of; kinda

11 Hedging the negative I guess not; not possible

by qualitative and quantitative methods to find the features of the text appropriately

3.6 SUMMARY

In this chapter, the research methods, research procedures, data sources, samples, data analysis, validity and reliability have been presented The data analysis is carried out in sequence together with types of adjacency pairs and verbal strategies for doing the dispreferred second parts that have been coded and illustrated as sample examples for extracting data in the next chapter, Chapter 4

CHAPTER 4 FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 TYPES OF ADJACENCY PAIRS

The frequencies and percentages of the types of adjacency pairs in the movie script are presented in Table 4.1 below

Table 4.1 Types of Adjacency Pairs in the conversations