Collection and services provided by ramjas college library and hindu college library, university of delhi a study

COLLECTION AND SERVICES PROVIDED BY RAMJAS COLLEGE LIBRARY AND HINDU COLLEGE LIBRARY, UNIVERSITY OF DELHI: A STUDY PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF LIBRARY AND INFORMATIO

COLLECTION AND SERVICES PROVIDED BY

RAMJAS COLLEGE LIBRARY AND HINDU COLLEGE LIBRARY, UNIVERSITY OF DELHI:

A STUDY

PROJECT REPORT

SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT OF PAPER M-112-PROJECT REPORT

AND VIVA VOCE EXAMINATION FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF

MASTER OF LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE

Date: Bui Thi Hoang Thanh

This is to certify that BUI THI HOANG THANH of Master of Library and Information Science Course has prepared the report on the project entitle “Collection and Services Provided by Ramjas College Library and Hindu College Library, University of Delhi: A Study” The report is the result of her efforts and endeavours The report is found worthy of acceptance as final project report for the requirement of paper M-112 She has prepared the report under my guidance

Date: 24-05-2017 Mr Manish Kumar Place: DELHI Department of Library and Information Science

iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to express my special thanks and gratitude to my supervisor Mr Manish Kumar as well as our principal Prof Mohan who gave me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic “Collection and Services Provided by Ramjas College Library and Hindu College Library, University of Delhi: A Study”

I came to know about so many new things I am also grateful to all my teachers viz Dr Paramjeet K Walia, Dr Shailendra Kumar, Dr R K Bhatt, Dr M Madhusudhan, Dr K P Singh and Dr Meera for helping, supporting and guiding me the whole year of MLIS course

Secondly I would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped me a lot in finalizing this project within the limited time frame

Bui Thi Hoang Thanh

The Project Report “Collection and Services Provided by Ramjas College Library and Hindu College Library, University of Delhi: A Study” has been carried out to fulfill the

requirement of Paper M-112 of Master of Library and Information Science under the supervision

of Mr Manish Kumar The present study is intended to study the collection and services

provided by Ramjas College Library and Hindu College Library, University of Delhi

The present project report contains six chapters, as follows with brief description:

Chapter 1: Introduction: Discusses the background of the study, statement of problem under

study, objectives, scope, need, methodology used for the study, limitations of study and style of bibliographic description

Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature: Some of the earlier studies that have been done in

the area of collection and services in academic libraries, as well as the academic library in the new era

Chapter 3: Academic Library in Electronic Environment: In this chapter, the introduction,

definition, objectives, functions, academic libraries in new role, collection of academic library, collection development, collection development policy, challenges of collection development in digital era, academic library services and automation in academic library is given

Chapter 4: Profile of Libraries: In this chapter, the introduction, vision, facilities, collection

and services of libraries etc provided by Ramjas College Library and Hindu College Library, University of Delhi are mentioned

Chapter 5: Data Analysis and Interpretation: In this chapter, data collected from Ramjas

College Library and Hindu College Library, University of Delhi are analysed

Chapter 6: Findings, Suggestions and Conclusion: Provide the findings and suggestions

emerged out of the study and gives conclusion at the end of this chapter

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

The academic library has traditionally been as the ‘heart of the university’ serving the academic community of its parent institution The current rapid developments in the field of information and communication technology (ICT) have changed significantly the nature of work in academic library In order to remain a dynamic and important ‘heart of the university’, academic librarians must change and create digital libraries

Academic libraries must provide resources and services to support the learning, teaching, and researching needs of students, faculty, and staff Academic librarians must find creative ways to repurpose library spaces and make optimal budgeting choices

The academic library itself is an educational system or self-contained educational entity within its parent institution - a place where a student (or even a non-student) can become self-educated This identity is critical to the academic library’s ability to pull itself out of the periphery and back into the academic and scholarly foreground of its parent institution (Rexrot 2015)

Demographic changes, technological advances and globalization have totally changes the concept of education The teaching-learning is a delicate process which needs to be standardized throughout the world The important question today is no longer whether to implement e-teaching and e-learning in academics but how to run it well and how to get the best out of it And the latest development in academic, and other libraries, is the introduction of “maker spaces”, defined as “collaborative learning environments where people come together to share materials and learn new skills Makerspaces are not defined by a specific set of materials or spaces, but rather a mindset of community partnerships, collaboration, and creation” (The Library as Incubator Project 2013)

II STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

In present electronic environment, the users are more advance and demand for more information resources which put pressure on library collection and services It is need of the hour that library should equip with the latest more number of resources and provide good services to satisfy the

information needs of the users In this regard, I was interested to know about the collection and services scenario of two academic libraries of University of Delhi in terms of infrastructure, budget provision and users satisfaction about collection and services

III OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

The main objectives of the study are:

i To study the collection and services of selected libraries;

ii To study the collection development policy of selected libraries;

iii To check the user satisfaction regarding facilities, collection and services;

iv To find out the problems faced by librarians in the terms of budget, infrastructure facilities, collection and services; and

v To know the future plans of these libraries

IV SCOPE OF STUDY

The study covers two libraries these are Ramjas College Library and Hindu College Library, University of Delhi

individuals to obtain statistically useful information about a given topic When properly constructed and responsibly administered, questionnaires become a vital instrument by which statements can be made about specific groups or people or entire populations (Tripathy 10-11) For the study, two sets of questionnaires were prepared i.e one for the librarian and another for users 80 questionnaires were distributed in mid of March month and after regular visits and persuasion only 60 duly filled in questionnaires were received back in mid of April month, 2017 The final output in the form of data analysis and interpretation is presented in chapter 5

2 Interview

In this method the interviewer personally meets the informants and asks necessary questions to them regarding the subject of enquiry Usually a set of questions or a questionnaire is carried by him and questions are also asked according to that The interviewer efficiently collects the data from the informants by cross examining them The interviewer must be very efficient and tactful

to get the accurate and relevant data from the informants Interviews like personal interview/depth interview or telephone interview can be conducted as per the need of the study (Tripathy 12) For this study, I also use interview method to collect the relevant data and information

3 Observation

Observation is a complex research method because it often requires the researcher to play a number of roles and to use a number of techniques; including her/his five senses, to collect data The observer puts himself in the actual situation and watch carefully On the basis of his knowledge, skills and experience he collects the data without contacting the respondents Observation methods can overcome some of the criticisms of quantitative research methods (validity, bias etc.) and can be useful when its subject cannot provide information, or can only provide inaccurate information Out of available methods for collecting primary data, survey and observation methods have been found suitable for the topic study These have fulfilled the requirements for data collection properly (Tripathy 13-14) For this study, I also use observation method to collect the relevant data and information

VII LIMITATIONS OF STUDY

1 Due to time constraints and users’ unwillingness to provide information, I only able to get 60 duly filled in questionnaires from both libraries

2 Lack of clarity from users’ side also affect and pose as a limitation in eliciting the requisite information

VIII STYLE OF BIBLIOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION

For this research work, I used MLA (Modern Language Association) style (8th ed.) for giving references

a) The basic form for a book citation is:

Last Name, First Name Title of Book Publisher, Publication Date

b) Book with one author

Mulligan, Casey B Side effects and complications the economic consequences of health-Care

reform Chicago, Ill., Univ of Chicago Press, 2015

c) Book with two authors

Farmer, Lesley S J., and Alan M Safer Library improvement through data analytics Chicago,

ALA Neal-Schuman, an imprint of the American Library Association, 2016

d) Book with three or more authors

Christenbury, Leila, et al Handbook of adolescent literacy research New York, Guilford, 2010

“Libraries stress importance of services.” The Sun - Naperville (IL), 3 Nov 2009

4 Website (one page or selection)

5 For conference papers and proceeding entries

Wilhite, Jeffrey M “85 years IFLA: a history and chronology of sessions 1927-2012.” Walter de

Gruyter, 85 years IFLA: a history and chronology of sessions 1927-2012, 2012

6 Online journal

O’connor, Steve “Leadership in Academic Libraries Today.” Australian Academic & Research

Libraries, vol 45, no 4, Feb 2014, pp 336–337., doi:10.1080/00048623.2014.974242

7 Electronic books

Deshmukh, Chandan Six secrets smart students don't tell you Chennai, Westland, 2014,

play.google.com/store/books/details/CHANDAN_DESHMUKH_SIX_SECRETS_SMART_STUDENTS_DON_T?id=pYqcAwAAQBAJ

REFERENCES

“Welcome to the Purdue OWL.” Purdue OWL: MLA Formatting and Style Guide,

owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/01/ Accessed 5 Apr 2017

Turner, Arlee, et al “Learning spaces in academic libraries – a review of the evolving

trends.” Australian Academic & Research Libraries, vol 44, no 4, 2013, pp 226–234.,

doi:10.1080/00048623.2013.857383

Goldsmith, Melissa U D., and Anthony J Fonseca “The academic library as an educational

system.” Proactive Marketing for the New and Experienced Library Director, 2014, pp 17–

CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

I INTRODUCTION

After finding a suitable topic, the researcher is ready with the topic of his liking Very often the

review of related literature is seen as a necessary evil to be completed as fast as possible so that

one can get with the “real research” Literature review of related literature is of great significance

as any other part of the research process and can be done quite painlessly if attended in an

orderly way

The review of the literature is defined as a broad, comprehensive, in-depth, systematic and

critical review of scholarly publications, unpublished scholarly print materials, audio visual

materials, and personal communications A literature review is a way to relate studies and to

know exactly what research has been carried out on that particular topic

A literature review is a critical and deep evaluation of previous research It is a summary and

synopsis of a particular area of research, allowing anybody reading the paper to establish why

you have selected this particular research topic A good literature review will help the researcher

to finalise the topic with comfort

Characteristics of literature reviews:

- Marking vital research trends;

- Making us aware about strengths and weaknesses of existing research;

- Getting to know the potential gaps in knowledge; and

- Determining the need for current and/or future research projects (Dhrui 16-23)

II LITERATURE REVIEW

Frederick in his work deals with e-books are an important presence in the vast majority of

academic libraries It is reasonable to expect that this presence will increase in the years to come The value of eBooks to many students, faculty and researchers is undeniable and their availability has created new learning and teaching opportunities which were not possible with print-only library collection Some eBook platforms offer students new and enhanced ways for interacting with library materials, including accessibility features The addition of eBooks to academic library collections addresses a growing preference among some patrons for information in the electronic format (12-15)

Pauline, the disparity between the reception of e-books in the general population and the

adoption of them in the academic world suggests that print is still important to faculty and students Given the advances in e-book technology, the increasing popularity of online/distance education courses, the adoption of the new EPUB 3 format, and the ubiquity of mobile devices, e-books are expected increasingly to replace print volumes in academic libraries (27-37)

Becker in his work has explained that the largest pressure on space has always been physically

housing and navigating the resource collection Libraries have always needed lots of space to store materials, such as books, journals and microfiches Computer technology first started to change with the introduction of electronic catalogues, which were widely adopted by academic libraries between 1980 and 1994 This withdrew the need for bulky card indexes and allowed library users to easily browse the collection themselves The wide-scale availability of the internet by the mid-1990 striggered further changes in academic libraries as search engines slowly began to replace the need for most items in the reference collection (41-44) The most significant development from the internet has been the evolution of electronic resources, such as eBooks and online periodicals (journals) Becker also argues that 2009/2010 was the “tipping point” for eBooks as publishers began to offer their collections in both print and digital formats, while archives such as JSTOR rendered entire back catalogues of material obsolete (Sennyey …

et al 252-259)

Potter and Holley in their article mentioned that the appeal of special collections is not limited

to lovers of history, literature, and the humanities Rare materials have a museum aspect Our

education system and intellectual culture promote field trips for schoolchildren to local museums

or to Washington DC to see the cultural treasures, including rare books, as an educational tool For scholars, access to rare and often unique materials is vital to original research The best photography or digitization cannot adequately present the awesomeness of some cultural treasures (148-153)

Maddaiah describes the abode of knowledge is in transition mode from repositories to open

access, drastic changes in acquisition, process, storage and dissemination of information, harnessing and apt application of versatile technologies, gap between user needs and services rendered and from phobia of ICT developments to justify the inevitable changes required in e-environment for sustainability and future life Libraries have been significantly transformed with the advent of Internet and the ability to provide resources to people who may never visit a physical building, but use resources intensively in their own homes or work places The unimaginable development in the information environment such as improve accessibility, interoperability and open access to educational materials has on one side facilitated the nature, role and services but on the other side pose a serious challenge to harness the technology and provide state of the art services, otherwise we will be left behind in the transformational phase (309-315)

Choudhury describes collection development (CD) is the effective, timely and systematically

building of a library collection based on meaningful data It is the process of accessing the strength and weakness in a collection and then creating a plan to correct the weakness and maintain the strength CD = Collection Planning (CP) + Collection Implementation (CI) + Collection Evaluation (CE) CP means accessing the needs of users, missions and priorities of the libraries and the purpose for which the material is likely to be used CI is to acquire the material for used CE is to determine the utility of the collection in relation to the academic programme of the institutions and its wider objectives (360-365)

Waydande and Waghchoure emphasize that libraries have always held significant data

resources, most of which relate to their users Every library collection should be established for a definite purpose The collection may be developed primary for research and institutional support

In recent years, traditional formats for information such as print and microforms have

of computer technology The advances in network technology, use of the Internet and electronic products have brought about a revolutionary change profoundly affecting the library’s landscape Library collection development is a process of planning and acquiring a balanced collection of library materials of many formats, including books, periodicals, online resources and other media The collections are developed by the libraries by acquiring reading materials over period

of time, based on assessment of the information needs of the library’s users (270-276)

Bankarand Vaishn describe the basic components of the library are books, people, building and

the heart of the library lies in its collection Collection development is the first and foremost function of any library The term “collection development” includes all such activities as assessing the user needs, evaluating the present collection, determining the selection policy, coordinating the selection of items, re-evaluating and storing parts of the collection, and planning for resources sharing Thus collection development is not a single activity but a group of activities Acquisition is usually distinguished from collection development Acquisition refers to the process of verifying ordering and making the payment for the required materials (277-285)

Parameswaran his article has tried to point out that explosion of electronic resources for

university libraries has changed the information seeking habits of both the students and faculty

of university departments The academic departments in the university have a wealth of materials, both past and current available electronically The increasing popularity of this digital information has brought great convenience to library users (296-301)

Hunt investigated that the long-unfashionable subject of collection management has re-emerged

as both a pressing and prescient concern for UK academic libraries In many cases, this is not driven by collection pressures but by space requirements Also, in these instances, collection space has to be sacrificed to new and expanded study spaces that are required to support the increased student population and the changes in study methods such as the importance of multiple types of study space from group study to single quiet and silent study In this context, large historic collections of rarely used materials occupy space which is at a premium for the library Collections have to be relegated or disposed of to maximise the space available and to satisfy student needs in an ever-more-demanding and league table-driven higher education sector where student satisfaction is a significant factor in planning and funding (29-34)

Horava and Clark founded that demand-driven acquisition which the big deal allows libraries

to provide access too much more than was ever possible in the past Continuing this trend of trying to provide users with more, libraries are expanding the scope of the collections budget

beyond the traditional focus on content The collections budget now funds metadata, discovery services, memberships and resource sharing In a networked world, it makes sense to think of the collections budget as a tool not only to acquire content but also to help expand access to content The focus is on developing an engagement model so that the collection is fully integrated into our users’ practices, expectations and workflows An increasing focus on the role of “collection

as process” and “collection as access”, whilst not neglecting the importance of the “collection as thing”, suggests an evolving role for libraries with important new dimensions Libraries have also taken on support for open access through funding of article processing charges and memberships In more cases than not, that funding comes entirely or partially from the collections budget, which makes sense when one considers that a transition to open access is expected to help ease all of the pressures put on a collections budget with an expanded scope but flat or barely increasing funding (97-102)

According to the study of Mangrum and Pozzebon, the professional literature, blogs, and

listservs are replete with testimonies about the effects of the changing nature of resources on our collections, budgets, and services The way we work with content creators and content consumers evolves daily While this is, perhaps, precisely the reason why libraries do not continually maintain their collection development policies, it is also the reason why they should Libraries are still essentially information providers In order to continue to provide relevant collections at the time of need, library personnel need a shared frame of reference regarding the criteria determining how we make decisions about resources, who informs decision-making, how those decisions are implemented, and what we expect from vendors Collection development policy documents can inform internal and external customers about how the library fulfills its most basic, and simultaneously most complicated, function as resource access evolves (108-114)

3 ACADEMIC LIBRARY SERVICES

Asogwa his article mentioned that users are migrating in great numbers to the new environment

in search of their needed information Virtual visits and access to library resources are out numbering physical visits, and “the number of books on and loans from library stacks is no longer an accurate measure of user traffic on library resources” (603-621)

Madukoma, Onuoha, Omeluzor and Ogbuiyi describe that library instruction was introduced

in academic institutions to ensure that students have the intellectual ability and skill to access and retrieve information as well as construct a framework for learning The effect of library instruction goes beyond the number of years that students spent in universities It traverses all learning and research activities of students, staff, and faculty of any university It has a life-long effect on library users and enables them to acquire library skill to be able to identify, access, retrieve and use library materials with ease It is a process of educating the users to use information that is available in the library to their advantage (39-58)

Bamidele pointed that librarian can develop reading and library use plan by delving into a series

of lectures under user instruction, user education or library orientation programme Library instruction should be result-oriented and must focus on sensitive areas as follows:

1 Bibliographic instruction in using a catalogue, index, abstract and understanding the catalogue filing

2 Training users in the use of electronic information resources (EIRs)

3 Training users in information evaluation, access, and retrieval

4 Training users in the adequate use of library websites

5 Training users in the use of online public access catalogue (OPAC)

6 Training users in using electronic databases (i.e Ebsco, Science direct, etc.)

7 Training users in Boolean search technique, and

8 Referencing and citation techniques (74)

Cha and Kim their article deals with the most important requirements as availability of space,

noise level, comfort of furniture, cleanliness and crowdedness This shows the importance of environmental controls within libraries as they ensure users are comfortable (274-279)

Holmgren and Spencer suggest that by 2024, academic libraries will be academic commons, no

longer repositories for information but spaces “designed to enhance student learning and facilitate collaboration” Little suggests that libraries are the catalysts for such developments, stretching the role of librarians to include technological support and teaching (351-353)

Kerry emphasizes that the rise of MOOCs creates unique challenges and opportunities for

academic libraries In her call-to-action article “Using Information Expertise to Enhance Massive Open Online Courses”, Katy Mahraj listed the many ways that librarians can get involved in MOOCs, such as collecting open educational resources, helping with the organization and management of information, and teaching information literacy skills (359-368) These are exactly the things that the MOOC pioneering librarians (or “MOOC librarians”) are doing

Proffitt investigated that the mid-March OCLC conference on MOOCs and libraries attracted

125 in-person and over 400 online attendees The first of its kind, the conference featured speakers from institutions that offer MOOCs and provided the most comprehensive look at the current landscape of libraries, both academic and public, in the context of MOOCs (576-587)

Ann, Evans and Ward emphasized identifying both strengths and weaknesses of the existing

site and the opportunities afforded by the update process On the positive side, overall, the navigation of the existing library Web site was efficient and simple However, the look and feel was dated, as was the homepage layout There were many uncategorized choices Labels often represented professional library terminology rather than patron-friendly vocabulary Users could

be overwhelmed by the number of choices on the home page Behind the scenes, the structure had gotten out of control There were many patches and some redundant content Content owners had come and gone, making ownership uncertain The Web site had even become an archive for files that no one claimed (1-15)

According to guidelines of ACRL, the guidelines for University Library Services to

Undergraduate Students are designed as a tool to help those providing services to undergraduate students in a large university setting establish individual goals for developing, maintaining and expanding those services within the context of their library’s and university’s goals These guidelines provide both a quantitative and a qualitative approach to assessing the effectiveness of undergraduate programs and services They advocate the use of input, output, and outcome measures in the context of the general library’s mission statement and goals, and they encourage comparison of these measures with those of peer institutions (ACRL 2005, revised 2013)

Gerolimos and Konsta described that the integration of Web 2.0 services into the working

framework of some of the most advanced academic libraries in the world When some of the most core Web 2.0 services were examined, user participation was quite low A quantitative

of twelve pre-determined services In addition, the literature review focuses on the critical opinions expressed regarding the use of these web services by academic libraries, highlighting some of the problems and issues that have been raised, but are often overlooked

Vasileiou and Rowley their report research into the marketing and promotion of e-books, and

use this as a case study context to generate insights into approaches in academic libraries to the marketing of new services As such it contributes to the limited empirical research on both the introduction of e-book services and on marketing in academic libraries Their study demonstrates

a laissez faire approach to the marketing of potentially significant new services from academic libraries – providing access to e-books Recommendations for development focus on taking a strategic approach to marketing and promotion, managing tensions between promotion and supply, innovation in promotional tools, and influencing word-of-mouth (624-643)

Miriam focused on e-resources are now an integral part of the collections in academic libraries

Librarians are under pressure to justify the investment through evidence of usage Consequently, librarians have realized that they must aggressively market and create awareness Marketing, however, costs money In many libraries, the allocation of funds for marketing has been overlooked Many librarians have created promotional activities at a minimal cost to the library (94-101)

Lodge and McCausland, their main findings of surveys and phone interviews show that

academic librarians had varied perceptions of the effective approaches used to market services and resources Surveys and interviews were perceived to be more effective techniques than any other ones used to determine clients’ needs and wants Breaking down students and staff into groups by levels of studies and types of staff was an effective approach Library web sites, newsletters, social media tools and training sessions were the most effective promotional tools used to market services and resources Surveys were effective approaches to evaluating marketing activities E-mail, library blogs, Facebook and Twitter were effective social media tools used to market services and resources Individual and group training for clients, online social networks, personal contacts, word of mouth, webpage alert and use guide were effective techniques used to market electronic resources Using multiple marketing approaches was perceived to be the most effective strategy used to market services and resources The other

effective strategies included targeting the users, breaking down clients into smaller groups and identifying clients’ needs and wants The factors influencing the marketing techniques used were technology, time, cost, librarian’s skill levels and client groups (585-602)

Chan his article has tried to point out that it is useful to consider why there might be reason to

have such high expectations for the use of Facebook as a marketing tool, and what advantages a Facebook presence might have over more traditional library marketing strategies This requires a basic understanding of the most common way that libraries (and indeed most organisations) maintain a Facebook presence The library creates a “page”, which is a permanent, customizable profile Users can then choose to become “fans” of the library by indicating that they “like” its page After liking the page, fans will begin to receive updates posted by the library to their News Feed, a core Facebook feature This is essential to understand, as it has been asserted that Facebook users rarely go out and seek information on Facebook, rather they browse those items that come into their News Feed (Miller and Jensen 19) Furthermore, users are able to like and share these library updates These will in turn be fed into the News Feeds of their Facebook friends, many of whom are very likely to be their classmates In this way, information about library services can organically spread among the user population This phenomenon has been described as a type of “electronic word-of-mouth” (eWOM) in the business literature, and it is recognised as a potentially critical promotional tool (479-489)

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doi:10.1108/lm-01-2013-0002

CHAPTER 3 ACADEMIC LIBRARY IN ELECTRONIC ENVIRONMENT

1 INTRODUCTION

Academic libraries are an important part of higher education institutions They usually serve two complementary purposes: on one hand, they support the curriculum and on the other hand, they support faculty and student research Academic library has a variety of positions, so that depending on the various mission and type of institution they serve, some common responsibilities include: managing projects, departments, and community relationships; providing instruction, reference, curriculum, research, and classroom support; and keeping up with trends and technological advancements in library and information science (Khan et al 36-49)

The academic library of the future will still provide its users with access to scholarly material It will continue to provide curricular and research support to students and faculty But the collection will be a very different thing Instead of being material that is either owned or leased

by the library, the collection will be anything that the library can reasonably expect to deliver to students or faculty Collection development will be the process of managing access to and delivery of a broad range of content through strong discovery systems At the same time, libraries will reemphasize special collections, carefully building and curating collections in key areas of strength These two strands will work together to provide users with the broadest and deepest collections possible (Levine-Clark 425-437)

2 DEFINITION OF ACADEMIC LIBRARY

From the National Center for Education Statistics, an academic library is defined as the

library associated with a degree-granting institution of higher education Academic libraries are identified by the post-secondary institution of which they are a part and provide all of the following:

- An organized collection of printed or other materials or a combination thereof;

- A staff trained to provide and interpret such materials as required to meet the informational, cultural, recreational, or educational needs of clientele;

- An established schedule in which services of the staff are available to clientele; and

Gupta defined that academic libraries are the libraries, which are, attached to particular

academic institution or organisation or information centre These are meant to cater to the needs

of study and research purpose of particular organisation to which they are belonging Academic library includes school library, college library and university library (258-262)

According to International Encyclopedia of Information and Library Science defined

academic libraries as libraries attached to academic institutions above the secondary or high school level, serving the teaching and research needs of students and staff (3)

3 OBJECTIVES OF ACADEMIC LIBRARY

i Providing sources of information necessary for faculty members, students and workers, as well as local community

ii Organizing information sources and arranging them so they can be stored and retrieved to take advantage from with less effort

iii Borrowing library materials to beneficiaries and provide places for reading

iv Answer questions and inquiries received by the library, whether they are internal or from outside the academy

v Contribute in developing and supporting libraries through gifting, exchange information and cooperation with other libraries

vi Contribute in serving the local community by organizing lectures and seminars

vii Introducing the library and instruct beneficiaries to places of sources of information and how to use the library

viii Developing skills and abilities of workers in the library through making them involved with

training courses, seminars and workshops (Academy of Civil Protection)

4 FUNCTIONS OF ACADEMIC LIBRARY

Higher education is a part of the nation’s agenda for its development and change, and the library should play a pivotal role though the following supportive functions:

i Perspective plan

Planning is an essential of life It establishes framework of deciding not only what to do? But when? How to do it? Planning produces rationality and order in an organization Therefore, it should not be a one shot affair, but it should be a continuous process to meet the challenges in techno-educational fields

ii Implementation of the plan

Although planning takes time and is a continuous process, but there is no substitute if success is

to be achieved To implement the plans a good liaison between library and its users will certainly improve the present situation, they only it will meet its objectives

iii Easy accessibility

The various services should be easily available to the users and should be provided at the earliest possible time Direct use of library should be identified for the common good

iv Freedom of library

The clients should have all reasonable freedom to avail the various services and resources They should be allowed to have free dialogue with the co-operation This co-operation attitude will strengthen the library as a social institution

v Collection development

Collection development is a gradual work It should be a shared activity between the library and users Collection development should give great sense of library needs and use The collection should serve not only curricular and research needs, abut also should be a universal character

vi User orientation

In the absence of orientation and training, the students of higher education feel handicapped in using the resources Their poor communication skill and lack of confidence, etc can be remedied through in house training in every institute of higher education

vii Accountability and assessment

Accountability of services, resources and users should be honestly studied The services can maintain their genuineness only through regular and objective assessment The various components of the library are the resources, staff and building must be subjected to the

evaluation of library (Kumar, B R 25-29)

5 ACADEMIC LIBRARIES IN NEW ROLE

Academic libraries are changing dramatically by adopting new means of technology in all activities of print to electronic environment The new roles of an academic library in present era can be seen as:

i Gateways to information

An academic library has to function as a central gateway for library users to access, locate, transform, and utilize information resources in a variety of printed and electronic formats via applications, databases, networks, platforms and systems

ii Learning centre

An academic library has to provide library users with dynamic equipment, facilities, resources and services to support their learning activities, which cover assignments, presentations, projects, research papers, reports, etc

iii Training centre

An academic library shall provide best supporting and training facilities to faculty and instructors for designing, developing, integrating and implementation of various teaching courses, programmes, workshops including support for distance learning programmes

iv Publication centre

An academic library shall provide library users with computer hardware and software, video equipment and other supporting facilities and peripheral devices to create, design, develop, integrate, publish, and upgrade their various multimedia presentations, projects, reports, websites, blogs, and so on (Kumar, Manish 104-108)

audio-6 COLLECTION OF ACADEMIC LIBRARY

Academic library provides many types of resources to its users These resources are divided into the following:

dictionaries, thesauri, yearbooks, guide to organizations, pamphlets, exhibition catalogues and many other categories of publication will all be important (Brophy 123)

ii E-books

E-book can be defined as a text in digital form, a book converted into digital form, digital reading material, a book in a computer file format, an electronic file of words and images to be displayed on computer screen, or read on a computer over a network, or viewed on a desktop/ notebook/ dedicated portable device, or read on all types of computers, or formatted for display

on e-book readers (Jenkins 1-6)

- Licensing

There are three broad categories of e-book licensing models: print, database, and open access licensing arrangement The print model allows only one user to access an e-book at a time Digital Rights Management (DRM) technology can restrict printing, copying, saving and sharing

of e-books between reading devices DRM restrictions are one of the top complaints amongst academic library users with regard to e-books But the limits of viewing period and printing affect the access and use of e-books Therefore, the second e-book model database has been developed to deal with DRM restriction It enables many users access to e-book contents simultaneously And especially, the final model, open access (OA) which allows e-book contents

to be accessed freely with few restrictions

- Pricing

There is absence standard pricing model of e-books The price and purchasing of e-books are depended on the various access models It is a common assumption that e-books cost less than their print counterparts But often it is more Details are the cost of hosting e-book content, maintaining platform features and providing technical support increase cost of e-book or at least grow it at par with print books E-books can be purchased on a title-by-title basis They can also subscribe to an e-book collection or lease e-books (Kumar, S 124-129)

iii Print periodical

Print periodical is anything publishing at regular intervals throughout the year such as a magazine, journal, or newspaper:

- Magazine: A magazine is a collection of articles and images about diverse topics of popular interest and current events Usually these articles are written by journalists or scholars and are geared toward the average adult

- Journal: A journal is a collection of articles usually written by scholars in an academic or professional field It provides the main route for researchers to report their findings

- Newspaper: A newspaper is a collection of articles about current events usually published daily It is a great source for local information (Brophy 123-124)

iv E-resources

Electronic resources refer to those materials that require computer access, whether through a personal computer, mainframe, or handheld mobile device They are either be accessed remotely via the Internet or locally Some of the most frequently encountered types are:

- E-journals

- E-books

- Full-text (aggregated) databases

- Indexing and abstracting databases

vi DVD databases

DVD (an abbreviation of "digital versatile disc" or "digital video disc") is a digital optical disc storage format invented and developed by Philips, Sony, Toshiba, and Panasonic in 1995 The medium can store any kind of digital data and is widely used for software and other computer files as well as video programs watched using DVD players DVDs offer higher storage capacity than compact discs while having the same dimensions (Paragon Computer Systems 2017)

vii Audio visuals

The term audio-visual materials is commonly used to refer to those instructional materials that may be used to convey meaning without complete dependence upon verbal symbols or language (Francis 2011)

viii Reference sources

Reference sources such as dictionaries, encyclopedias, almanacs, atlases, etc are research tools that can help you with your paper or project Reference sources provide answers to specific questions, such as brief facts, statistics, and technical instructions; provide background information; or direct you to additional information sources In most libraries, reference sources

do not circulate and are located in a separate reference collection This practice makes reference sources readily available and easily accessible Quick guide for selecting the right type of reference source (Collins 151):

For information about Choose

Names & addresses of people, organizations,

historical yearbooks

ix Dissertations and theses

Copies of dissertations and Ph.D theses should be collected by the library Microform copies

should be also collected (Bankar 277-285)

7 COLLECTION DEVELOPMENT

Collection development is a process of systematically building library collection to serve study, teaching, research, recreational and other needs of library users The process includes selection and deselection of current and retrospective materials, the planning of strategies for continuing acquisition, preservation and evaluation of collection to determine how well they serve user needs

In digital information era, collection development is available in variety of resource There are electronic version of books, journals, encyclopedias and sound, to digital version of theses in a variety of formats such as CD-ROM, DVD, digital video tape, to online digital e-journals, e-books and online databases, microform and microfiche The collection development should meet the information needs of the library users It is also possible to use at the time of payment that means the collection is going to be vanished from the library collection if the payment is not paid

in time (Waydande and Waghchoure 270-276)

8 COLLECTION DEVELOPMENT POLICY

Collection development policy is a set of theoretical goals or a statement of real practice It can act as a guideline for various activities including planning, budgeting, selecting and acquiring the documents

Utility of collection development policy:

- Helps to develop a consistent, live, dynamic and comprehensive collection

- A policy which is prepared basing on the immediate and future needs of the users

- Explains the mission of the library and helps the administrative authority in establishing priorities of fund allocation

- Act as a tool to provide require guidelines to carry out the documents selection, task of collection building smoothly

- Helps to evaluate the quality of the existing collection

- Allocation of budget can be done appropriately and judiciously

- Resist not to purchase irrelevant and unused documents

Factors to be considered for formulating collection development policy:

- Proper communication and interaction must be made with the faculty and students to finalize policy and priorities

- Quality of flexibility

- Assessing and analyzing of part use of the collection

- Reviewing at regular interval and changes in teaching methodologies, curriculum, budgetary situation and research programme (Choudhury 360-365)

9 CHALLENGES OF COLLECTION DEVELOPMENT IN DIGITAL ERA

The development of ICT has great impact on every aspect of library operations and information services The technological developments are creating a number of problems and challenges with respect to resources, collection and services There are three areas of collection development that seem to be most problematic:

Selection: The electronic environment creates several dichotomies including print versus

electronic ownership versus access and users versus institutional need; free versus fee and gatekeeper versus user selection Therefore, the librarians must be to learn to strike a balance between collecting and providing access to both print and electronic resources The librarians must also keep mind the needs of patrons as well as the resources of the library when they build collection and prepare for accessing A sample policy is necessary for electronic resources management, selection criteria related to the library policy, vendors, technical concerns, local needs; and a checklist for CD/DVD products and subscriptions

Acquisition: The single criteria should be current user satisfaction, with a goal of fast and

effective delivery or access, instead of ownership Therefore, the librarians must be familiar with short shelf life of new electronic formats and products Nothing should be purchased on the basic

of long term planning It is essential to build the local, regional and national collections The electronic collections are not only for meeting the needs of today’s users, but also are vital for posterity Strong collections are necessary for loans

International-institutional cooperation: In order to deal with the problems of lack of space and

budgets, the traditional cooperation collection developed and resource sharing among libraries began decades ago and now is library consortia (Waydande and Waghchoure 270-276)

10 ACADEMIC LIBRARY SERVICES

The strength of the academic library lies in the strength of its services through which it can ensure effective use of its information resources and play its role in fulfilling objectives of education The following services in academic library include:

10.1 Library orientation courses and lecture

Orientation as part of use of library course is part of a university’s programme for first year students It involves library talk, library tour of various library units, provision of library guide to

each first year student, displays, seminars, workshops, and power point presentation of library tour (Okoye 2013)

- To provide the information for a book needed by the users;

- To renew the date of issued book if required by the user;

- To calculate the fine for overdue books;

- To prepare reminder for users in respect of overdue books; and

- To prepare issue statistics (Devarajan and K Ravindran 2014)

10.3 Reference service

The concept of reference service is the process of establishing contact between reader and his documents in a personal way Today, computers are also used for reference service effectively and efficiently The reference access tools are available through not only offline databases in CD-ROMs but also online databases through Internet The reference service is provided through online, it is also called online reference service or digital reference service or virtual reference service

There are three main types of reference assistance:

- Assistance or instruction with using the library, including locating materials, using the catalog, using computers to access information, and using basic reference sources;

- Assistance identifying library materials needed to answer a question; and

- Providing brief, factual answers to questions, such as addresses, statistics, phone numbers, etc that can be quickly located (Devarajan and K Ravindran 2014)

10.4 Inter library loan service

Interlibrary loan (ILL) is the process by which a borrower in one library obtains books, periodicals articles or other library materials from another, sometime distant library (Shodhganga 51-52)

10.5 Bibliographic service

Bibliographic service includes indexing and abstracting services Indexing and abstracting periodicals are the main bulky physical resources for the academic libraries to manage after some years of their arrivals The value of indexing services lies in furthering the cause of research It may, however, be pointed out that in India it is all the more important to bring out in-house indexing services as most of the Indian journals and other documents are not adequately covered

in the international services Large academic libraries, like university libraries, must take initiative and motivate their staff to produce well-planned and classified indexing services in attractive format, covering largely the Indian periodicals

Now the readers want access abstract and indexes from their desktop And the accessioning and storage of these documents are expensive for libraries Therefore, Google scholar is developed a simple way to broadly search for scholar literature From one place, a user can search across many disciplines and sources, peer-reviewed papers, theses, books, abstracts and articles, from academic publishers, professional societies, preprint repositories, universities and other scholarly organisations Google scholar also helps users to identify the most relevant research across the world of scholarly research Especially, Google scholar is freely accessible through Internet (Devarajan and K Ravindran 2014)

10.6 Newspaper clipping service

In this service, newspaper clippings on topics relevant to the information centre are cut and pasted on sheets of paper and placed in folders for ready reference by users The folders containing the newspaper clippings are properly indexed and in most of modern information centres, this service is being computerised too as a part of regular search operations on database files, one can opt to save the search strategy and final (tested and vetted) search query along with limiting factors in a separate permanent file in the vendor’s computer Such saved search expression can be subsequently executed at specified intervals on small sets of updated records

in the database files concerned The results are then delivered to the user by the mode selected (Devarajan and K Ravindran 2014)

10.7 Reprographic service

Reprography means reproduction of documents, including its scope processes and techniques associated with photocopying, microcopying, blueprinting, electrocopying and thermocopying etc (Prasher 172-173)

10.8 Current awareness service

According to B Guha “a current awareness service is the device of an information system through which the users of information can be informed promptly, as soon as possible after the publication but before absorption into comprehensive secondary sources, of current literature on

a broad based subject field or on an area in which a group of persons are interested, and presented in a manner, volume, rhythm intended to facilitate or cultivate current approach to information In the context of a library, the time limit should be after the receipt of the publications but well before the receipt of the secondary publications containing them.”

10.9 OPAC service

ALA Glossary defines OPAC as, "A Computer based and supported library catalog (bibliographic database) designed to be accessed via terminals so that library users may directly and effectively search for and retrieve bibliographic records without the assistance of a human intermediary such as specially trained member of the library staff.”

10.10 Internet access

Internet has become a part of library environment today It has added a great value to the library and information services According to Greyz, “with the expansion of Internet a new class of electronic documents has emerged” Internet is playing an important role in transforming the library system and the way in which we view the library resources and the library services With the help of web based library services in developed countries, users are attended around the

clock Internet provides links to various library sites, specializing in almost every topic and they can be accessed directly from any part of the world (Haokip 2015)

10.11 Document Delivery Service (DDS)

Document Delivery Service (DDS) is actually concerned with the supply of documents to the users on demand, either the original or its copy in print or non-print form, irrespective of the location and form of the original Most of the information services such as current awareness service, selective dissemination of information service, indexing and abstracting service, literature search service, etc are aimed at guiding the users to the documents where required information is likely to be available Whereas DDS actually locates the required document and supplies it to the requester either the original or its copy in print or in non-print form DDS is an important service, since the value and important of other access services are directly dependent

on the efficiency of this service (Shodhganga 109-110)

10.12 Resource sharing

In academic libraries, due to high increase in published information, shrinking budgets and costly material, documents not available in their immediate collection This calls for access to external resources as collectively these libraries constitute a vast resource of books, periodicals, and other documents, enough to meet such requirements Resource sharing has since long been regarded as a mechanism of library cooperation for exploiting resources otherwise scattered in a large number of libraries Therefore, resource sharing provides the basic framework for pooling, sharing, and putting to use the mines of such vast resources

10.13 Library network

This concept of cooperation and sharing of resources has been further extended through participation in networks at international and national level such as INFLIBNET, DELNET, ERNET, INDEST, etc and through them to distant databases

INFLIBNET is providing a significant programme for academic world, particularly for colleges, known as National Library and Information Services Infrastructure for Scholarly Content (N-LIST) programme Colleges in the country can register to obtain this service from INFLIBNET

to have access to e-resources including more than 6,000 e-journals and above 97,000 e-books

10.14 Library consortia

This has led to the development of another concept of consortium where a group of libraries join hands with common interest, say sharing of information resources It is, therefore, a cooperative arrangement among groups or institutions formed to increase the purchasing power of the participant institutions to expand the resource availability and to offer automated services Library consortia may be formed at local, regional, national, or international level on a subject basis or functional basis

10.15 Information literacy

CILIP defined information literacy as “Knowing when and why you need information, where to find it, and how to evaluate, use and communicate it in an ethical manner” (2015)

10.16 E-teaching and e-learning

All educational establishments are currently wrestling with the issues raised by entering the world of e-teaching – the use of internet technologies in teaching and learning E-learning is Internet-enabled learning E-learning provides faster learning at reduced costs, increased access

to learning, and clear accountability for all participants in the learning process

As a part of e-learning an academic library must provide the services to its students and staff from remote access which includes:

- New acquisitions to indicate newly acquired materials for each department;

- View your patron record to see materials borrowed by an individual customer with an option to renew the borrowed materials without visiting the library;

- Request for materials that are borrowed by another user Upon return of the material, communication is sent to the user who made the request to come and borrow the material;

- Users can suggest additional items that the library should acquire based on their need The request can be made online;

- Materials placed on reserve by lecturers for specific courses;

- E-mail communication is provided through the system to enable a two way

- Online charges and fines are made available to users; and

- Searching for past examination papers by faculty, department and course numbers providing access to full text (Sen 176-179)

11 AUTOMATION AND ACADEMIC LIBRARY

Automation is a process of using the machineries for easily working and saving manpower and time The main objective of library automation is to free the librarians and library staff and to allow them to contribute more meaningfully to disseminate knowledge and collection, processing, storage and retrieval of information and do other types of works of library with the help of machineries is called library automation (Devarajan and K Ravindran 78-90)

11.1 Need for library automation

The following factors necessitated the need for library automation:

- Information explosion

- Availability of information sources in various formats such as print, non-print, resources, graphical, audio-visual etc

e Different approaches and needs of user community

- Limitation of the library such as time, space and manpower

- Duplication of housekeeping operations

- Development good management of information retrieval system

- To obtain increased operational efficiencies

- To search national and international databases

- Impact of information communication technology

- To improve the quality, speed and effectiveness of services

- To improve access the resources on other networks and systems, including the websites

- Enable the libraries to participate in resources sharing

- To improve the management of their physical and financial resources

- To facilitate wider dissemination of the information products and services (Devarajan and

K Ravindran 78-90)

11.2 Advantages of library automation

- Easily search information

- Time saving

- Speedy communication

- Helpful in stock verification

- Easily working with the help of automation

- Helpful in resource sharing

- It motivates to library staff

- Development of manpower resource (Devarajan and K Ravindran 78-90)

11.3 Application of computers in library and information field

The computerisation is the part of library automation The application of computers in library and information is known as library computerisation

a) Acquisition

- Selection: duplication checking and completion of bibliographic data of the document

- Ordering: discount patterns, vendor assignment, order placement, status of receipt of the book, notices for claims and cancellation of orders

- Accessioning: matching of the received items with orders given, budget control, payment status etc

b) Cataloguing

It is the list of book made available for use by given author, title, subject and other approaches The main objective is to provide the information of availability of books in the library to the users

The following files are to be maintained:

- Master file: It is made after making few additions and alterations in book receipt

- Index file: This file contains the different entries like author, heading and subject as

information