INTRODUCTION
Aims of the study
This study aims to explore the similarities and differences in greeting practices between Japan and Vietnam, providing insights into common greetings used in both countries Additionally, it highlights key factors that influence greeting etiquette, helping individuals avoid misunderstandings and communicate effectively across cultures.
Research questions
To fulfill the aim set above, the following questions need answering
1 What are common greetings in Vietnamese and Japanese cultures?
2 What factors affecting greetings in Vietnamese and Japanese cultures?
Scope of the study
Greetings encompass a wide range of gestures globally, reflecting diverse cultural practices This article specifically examines common greeting methods and the factors influencing them within Vietnamese and Japanese cultures, acknowledging the constraints of time and personal experience in exploring this expansive topic.
Methods of the study
The study is conducted with two main research methods: qualitative and quantitative
Firstly, the quantitative method helps the researcher to find out frequency and number of cases when greeting gestures are used The most common greeting gestures in two cultures
Secondly, the qualitative method supports the researcher to justify the factors that influence greeting gestures in Vietnamese and Japanese cultures
The study contains the three parts
- Part I: : Introduction presents the rationales, aims, research questions, scope, methods and structure of the study
- Part II: Consists of three chapters
+ The first chapter is theoretical background which provides readers the overview of culture and overview of greeting gestures
+ The second chapter discusses common greeting gestures in Japanese and Vietnamese cultures and what factors influences greeting gestures in Japanese and Vietnamese cultures
The final chapter focuses on data analysis and comparison, where I examine the findings from the survey questionnaires and evaluations This analysis highlights the similarities and differences in greeting gestures between the two countries.
- The study is ended with the third part - Conclusion This part presents an overview of the study, and recommendations for further study
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
Overview of Japanese and Vietnamese culture
Japan's culture has evolved significantly over thousands of years, transitioning from the prehistoric Jōmon period to a contemporary society that integrates diverse influences from Asia, Europe, and North America.
Japan's indigenous culture primarily stems from the Yayoi people, who settled in the region between 1000 BCE and 300 CE This Yayoi culture rapidly expanded across the main island of Honshū, blending with the existing native Jōmon culture.
Modern Japanese people have a genetic makeup comprising approximately 80% Yayoi and 20% Jōmon ancestry The cultural development of Japan has been significantly shaped by various Chinese dynasties from ancient times through the Middle Ages, with additional influences from other Asian nations.
The Japanese language incorporates Chinese characters, known as kanji, despite having no genetic ties to Chinese Since the Meiji period, Japan has been significantly influenced by Western countries, leading to a continuous process of influence, absorption, and selection that has shaped its distinct and unique culture.
For over 220 years during the Tokugawa shogunate, Japan experienced a significant period of isolation from the outside world, which ended with the arrival of the "Black Ships" and the onset of the Meiji period Today, Japan's culture is recognized as one of the most influential and prominent globally, largely attributed to the widespread popularity of its cultural exports.
Japanese is the official language of Japan and features a unique pitch-accent system The earliest evidence of the Japanese language dates back to a Chinese document from 252 AD, with significant developments occurring by the 8th century when key works of Old Japanese were compiled Despite its historical interactions with Chinese, Japanese belongs to the Japonic language family and has no genetic ties to Chinese Nonetheless, it incorporates a substantial number of Chinese characters, known as kanji (漢字), into its writing system.
Japanese writing utilizes a combination of three scripts: hiragana, katakana, and kanji Hiragana and katakana originated from the Chinese man'yōgana in the 5th century, evolving from kanji Hiragana appeared around the 9th century and was primarily used by women for informal communication, while katakana was predominantly employed by men in formal contexts.
By the 10th century, kanji, which are Han characters imported from China, became widely used in Japan, a country that lacked its own writing system until around 50 AD Primarily utilized for nouns, adjective stems, and verb stems, kanji have evolved over centuries, resulting in a significant number of characters in modern Japanese that differ in meaning from their Chinese counterparts Additionally, Japanese incorporates fewer simplified Chinese characters, leading to a general reduction in kanji usage.
The Latin alphabet, known as rōmaji, is frequently utilized in contemporary Japanese for purposes such as company names, logos, and advertising, as well as for inputting Japanese text on computers While Hindu-Arabic numerals are predominantly used for numerical representation, traditional Sino-Japanese numerals remain widely prevalent.
Shintoism and Buddhism are two prominent religions in Japan, with Shintoism being an ethnic faith centered on ceremonies and rituals Followers of Shintoism believe in kami, deities or spirits present in nature, such as rocks, trees, and mountains, and even within humans A key objective of Shintoism is to foster a connection between humanity, nature, and kami This religion originated in Japan before the sixth century CE, leading to the construction of shrines dedicated to the worship of kami.
Buddhism originated in India between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE and later spread to China, Korea, and Japan, where it was introduced in the 6th century CE Initially, Buddhism struggled to gain popularity in Japan due to the complexity of its philosophical teachings; however, the appreciation for its artistic expressions contributed to its growing acceptance Central to Buddhism is the belief in the soul and life after death, emphasizing that all individuals, regardless of status, experience sickness, aging, and death, followed by reincarnation in a cycle known as saṃsāra The suffering encountered in life is viewed as a means to achieve a better future, with the ultimate aim being to break free from the cycle of death and rebirth by attaining true insight.
Early Japanese literature was significantly shaped by cultural exchanges with China, often utilizing Classical Chinese for its writings Over time, Japanese authors established a distinct literary style, focusing on themes and narratives relevant to Japan Following the reopening of Japan's ports to Western trade and diplomacy in the 19th century, a mutual influence between Western and Eastern literature emerged, which persists to this day.
Japanese calligraphy, known as 'shodō' (書道), is a traditional art form that combines the beauty of brush-drawn text with the conveyance of written information, including phrases, poems, and stories The writing style can reflect the subject matter, influencing texture and stroke speed, and achieving the desired effect of a single character may require over a hundred attempts This meticulous process is regarded as an art in itself, emphasizing the journey of creation alongside the final piece It is important to distinguish 'shodō' from 'sumi-e' (墨絵), or ink painting, which focuses on depicting scenes or objects rather than written characters.
Japanese painting has a rich history, with the brush serving as both a traditional writing and artistic tool Painters in Japan are often categorized by their subjects, focusing on animals, landscapes, or figures The introduction of Chinese papermaking in the 7th century led to the development of washi, which remains integral to Japanese art Today, native painting techniques coexist with those from continental Asia and the West Notable schools, such as the Kano school from the 16th century, are recognized for their bold brush strokes and dramatic contrasts, particularly influenced by figures like Oda Nobunaga and Tokugawa Ieyasu Renowned Japanese painters include Kanō Sanraku, Maruyama Ōkyo, and Tani Bunchō.
Traditional Japanese clothing, particularly the kimono, sets Japan apart from other countries The term "kimono," meaning "something one wears," originally referred to all types of clothing but has evolved to denote the full-length garment known as the naga-gi, or "long-wear," which is still worn on special occasions by individuals of all ages Influenced by traditional Han Chinese clothing, or hanfu, kimonos began to emerge as a distinct style in Japan as early as the 5th century AD, following cultural exchanges with China By the 8th century, Chinese fashion trends had significantly influenced Japanese styles, particularly the overlapping collar that became popular among women Collectively, kimonos and other forms of traditional Japanese attire are referred to as wafuku.
Overview of greetings in Japanese and Vietnamese
(kanji: お早うございます, hiragana: おはようございます)
This greeting is how you would say “good morning” in Japanese The kanji 早 used here means “morning.”
In Japanese communication, greetings exemplify a notable trend where longer phrases indicate greater formality This linguistic structure encompasses various levels of politeness, highlighting the nuanced nature of Japanese expressions and verbs.
“Ohayou gozaimasu” is the full, formal greeting If you’re speaking to friends, you might wish to shorten it to “ohayou” (kanji: お早う, hiragana: おは
(kanji: 始めまして, hiragana: はじめまして)
This greeting in Japanese means “How do you do?” or “Nice to meet you.” Use it when you’re meeting someone for the first time
The phrase comes from a respectful conjugation of the verb
The term "hajimeru" (始める) translates to "to begin" or "to start," and it emphasizes the importance of initiating a new relationship Whether you're forming a bond with a friend, colleague, or acquaintance, it's crucial to make a positive first impression as you embark on this new connection.
(hiragana: こんにちは, kanji: 今日は)
This is probably the most well-known Japanese greeting It translates to
“good day” or “hello” in English
The kanji "kon" (今) translates to "this," while "nichi" (日) means "day," and the grammatical particle "wa" (は) identifies the main subject of the sentence, which refers to "today."
(kanji: 今晩は, hiragana: こんばんは)
"Konban wa" translates to "good evening" in Japanese and serves as a nighttime greeting Its structure mirrors that of "konnichi wa," with the key distinction being the use of 晩 (ban) for "evening" instead of 日 (nichi) for "day."
Related: How to discuss family in Japanese and How to count to 10 in
(kanji: 只今; 唯今, hiragana: ただいま)
Use this greeting when you get home and want to announce your presence! It literally means, “I’ve returned.” It can also be translated as “I’m home.”
(hiragana: おやすみなさい)
Say this to your family or roommates when you’re going to bed Don’t use it when you’re leaving a friend’s house for the night, though
It’s an approximate equivalent to “good night” in English Similarly to
“good morning,” this greeting in Japanese can be shortened to create the less formal equivalent, “oyasumi” (おやすみ)
(kanji: 申し申し, hiragana: もしもし)
When answering the telephone in Japanese, you can use the phrase that translates to "hello," which is derived from the humble form of the verb "imasu" (言います, いいます) This verb means "to say" and is commonly used in everyday conversation.
(kanji: いらっしゃいませ)
In Japanese culture, a specific greeting is often used in restaurants and shops to welcome customers This phrase, which employs the honorific imperative form of the verb, reflects the respect and hospitality that business owners and employees extend to their patrons Although you may not encounter this greeting frequently, its significance in customer service is noteworthy.
“irrassharu” (いらっしゃる) meaning “to come.”
Are you wondering how to greet people in Vietnamese before your visit to this beautiful country? Vietnam values hierarchy, and this is clearly reflected in its greeting customs To express your enthusiasm and respect for Vietnamese culture, it's essential to learn about the appropriate ways to greet in Vietnamese.
How to say “hello” in Vietnamese
The simplest way to greet a Vietnamese is: “Xin chào” /’sin taʊ/ that means “Hello” in English
The most popular greeting among tourists is simple and easy to pronounce; however, it is considered inappropriate for juniors to use it when addressing seniors in Vietnam Therefore, younger individuals are encouraged to learn more respectful greeting phrases to show proper etiquette.
– Em chào chị /em taʊ ti/: hello to the older girls (older than you)
– Em chào anh /em taʊ aŋ/: hello to the older boys (older than you)
– Cháu chào cô /’taʊ taʊ kɒ/: hello to the older women (same age as your mother)
– Cháu chào chú /’taʊ taʊ ‘tu/: hello to the older men (same age as your father)
– Cháu chào bà /’taʊ taʊ bɑː/: hello to the very old women (same age as your grandma)
– Cháu chào ông /’taʊ taʊ ɒŋ/: hello to the very old men (same age as your grandpa)
In many cultures, it is important to acknowledge hierarchy during greetings, starting with the eldest or those of higher rank in the family Typically, younger individuals or juniors initiate the greeting, which is then reciprocated by their elders or seniors Responses can be simple, such as “ừ” for acknowledgment, or more courteous phrases like “Chào em” for peers or “Chào cháu” for younger family members like sons, daughters, grandsons, or granddaughters.
How to say “goodbye” in Vietnamese
In Vietnamese, the phrase "Tạm biệt" (pronounced /tam biet/) is the equivalent of "goodbye." It's important to note that Vietnamese words typically do not have an ending sound, so the "t" at the end of "tạm" should not be pronounced.
An interesting point in Vietnamese greetings is that you can use the same
“hello” honored sentences to say goodbye to the senior
Body language in Vietnamese greetings
Body language in informal communication is simpler than in formal business settings When meeting locals for the first time, it's common to shake hands, especially among men, while women often prefer a slight bow and a smile Hugging is typically reserved for family and close friends, but it's acceptable to hug after getting to know someone as a farewell gesture A good practice is to maintain eye contact, smile, and offer a warm greeting Children are taught to fold their hands across their chest and bow to show respect to seniors, although this custom tends to fade as they grow older.
Bad manners in greetings custom
Ignoring or failing to respond to someone's greeting is considered rude and can lead others to feel disrespected This behavior may discourage them from wanting to engage with you in future interactions.
In Vietnam, it is considered inappropriate to point at someone when introducing them to others, as this gesture is often associated with commanding attention from pets or instructing them to perform a task.
The Vietnamese greeting customs reflect the deep-rooted cultural values of "Respect the old, love the children," which have evolved over thousands of years Understanding these traditions will enhance your ability to adapt to local lifestyles and enrich your experience in this enchanting country.
Do not hesitate to tell us about your thought about Vietnamese culture! We are always willing to hear from you!
COMMON GREETINGS IN VIETNAMESE AND
Common greetings in Vietnamese and Japanese cultures
3.1.1 Common greetings in Japanese culture
In Japan, greetings hold significant cultural importance, and failing to greet someone properly is seen as disrespectful It is essential to greet others thoughtfully rather than in a casual or indifferent manner The most prevalent forms of greeting in Japan include bowing and using polite phrases.
Ohayō gozaimasu/ Ohayō (Good morning [formal/informal])
In Japan, bowing is a common greeting, with a slight nod used among friends and family, while a deeper bow of about 90 degrees is reserved for superiors as a sign of respect However, most Japanese individuals are understanding and do not expect foreign travelers to be familiar with these customs, often accepting a simple head nod or handshake instead.
How often do you use greetings like "How are you?" in daily conversations? These brief exchanges, often overlooked, are prevalent in many cultures, including Japan In Japanese, the equivalent greeting is "Genki desu ka," which translates to "Are you well?" This highlights the universal nature of such pleasantries in fostering social connections.
Other common ways to ask how someone is doing are
Hajimemashite (How do you do?)
O-genki desu ka (How are you? [formal])
Genki? (How are you? [informal])
Maiku-san wa? (How about you, Mike?)
As you’d expect, when someone asks you how you’re doing, there are many possible responses
Hai, genki desu (Yes, I’m fine.)
Ē, māmā desu (Well, so-so.)
Hai, watashi mo genki desu (Yes, I’m fine, too.)
Mastering the art of introductions in Japanese is essential for making a positive first impression Unlike American English, the Japanese language emphasizes formality, leading to a more structured approach to introductions Understanding this pattern can significantly enhance your communication skills in a Japanese context.
If you're looking to connect with a group, it's ideal to have someone introduce you However, if you don't know anyone, you can take the initiative to introduce yourself Start with the phrase "Totsuzen desu ga, jiko shōkai sasete kudasai," which means "Pardon me, may I introduce myself?" This will help you break the ice and begin the conversation.
The simplest greeting is Konnichiwa, which means Hello or Good Afternoon
The two most common ways to introduce yourself are Watashi no namae wa desu (My name is .) or Watashi wa Sumisu desu (I’m .)
3 Inquire about his or her name
Use the more formal form because you’re meeting the person for the first time:
O-namae wa nan desu ka (What’s your name?)
When addressing others, it is important to use respectful titles appropriately; for instance, "San" is the most common title used after the names of individuals, regardless of gender or marital status For clients or those deserving of high respect, the formal title "Sama" should be used after their family names However, when addressing superiors, it is more appropriate to use their job titles after their family names instead of using respectful titles.
4 After they tell you their name you should express pleasure
Common ways to express this are
Yoroshiku (Nice to meet you.)
Yoroshiku onegai itashimasu (It’s a pleasure to make your acquaintance
To enhance your introduction process, consider sharing details about your origins For instance, you can express your background by saying "Amerika kara desu" (I’m from America) and inquire about others by asking "Dochira kara desu ka?" (Where are you from?) Additionally, if you wish to discuss your current residence, you can ask "Doko ni sunde imasu ka?" (Where do you live?).
The following conversation will show you how Japanese people greet and make introduction
Angela: Konnichiwa Watashi no namae wa Angela desu (Hello My name is Angela.)
Kenji: Watashi wa Kenji desu (I’m Kenji.)
Angela: Yoroshiku (Nice to meet you!)
Angela: Watashi wa Amerikajin desu Dochira kara desu ka (I’m American Where are you from?)
Kenji: Shusshin wa Tōkyō desu Ôsaka de sodachimashita (I was born in Tokyo I grew up in Osaka.)
Amerika no dochira kara desu ka (Where in the United States are you from?)
Angela: San Furanshisuko kara desu (I’m from San Francisco.)
Kenji-san, kochira wa watashi no tomodachi desu Steven-san desu (Kenji, this is my friend This is Steven.)
Kenji: Yoroshiku onegai itashimasu (It is a pleasure to make your acquaintance.)
3.1.2 Common greetings in Vietnamese cultures
Greetings are vital in the spiritual and cultural life of the Vietnamese, serving as both a form of communication and a reflection of community values Rooted in over a thousand years of history, these greetings embody national traits such as respect for elders and teachers, as well as appreciation for various social relationships For the Vietnamese, a greeting transcends a mere phrase; it encompasses diverse expressions of acknowledgment If you're considering a Vietnam Local Tour, it's essential to familiarize yourself with the country's unique greeting customs and etiquette.
How do You Say Greetings in Vietnamese?
For beginners learning Vietnamese, it's essential to familiarize yourself with basic phrases and sentences that are frequently used in everyday conversations by locals.
You will start with learning how to greet someone in Vietnamese to how to give basic expressions in Vietnamese
"Xin chào" is a common formal greeting in Vietnamese, frequently used by reporters, TV presenters, and event hosts to address their audiences and attendees.
More casual and common ways of Vietnamese greetings often start with the word Chào To say goodbye in Vietnamese, you can also use the pattern Chào + pronoun
Structures When to use Examples
Chào + pronoun most common way to greet anyone Chào chú
Chào + name only to someone younger Chào Ly
Chào + pronoun + name only to someone older
Pronoun 1 + chào + pronoun 2 only to someone older
Em chào chị (Mai) Con chào chú
(A is a male, old enough to be B's older brother)
(C can be a male or female, young enough to be D's nephew/niece)
Say “Xin chao” as a common greeting
This greeting is ideal for non-native speakers as it is both simple and polite for addressing Vietnamese individuals However, native speakers typically avoid using it due to its formal tone.
Say “Chao ban” when you are close
If you get a close relationship with the person you are talking to, let’s use
“Chao ban” as a greeting “Ban” is considered an informal way meaning “you”
The term "34" can be used for individuals of any gender, typically within a similar age range as yourself However, it is advisable to avoid using this term when addressing elders or individuals to whom you wish to show respect.
Use “Chao anh”, “Chao chi”, “Chao co”, “Chao chu”, etc for elders
When addressing individuals older than you in Vietnamese, it's important to use specific phrases based on their gender For males, use "Chao anh" or "Chao chu," while for females, say "Chao chi" or "Chao co."
“Chao em” to younger people
For younger people, say “Chao em” when you meet them Do not use that for someone older or have the same age as you
In addition to the main way of greetings mentioned above, there are other expressions used for Greetings in Vietnam
Say “Alo” when answering the phone
If someone calls you, let’s say “Alo” that have the same meaning to “Xin chao” This way is common for phone calls not for communication in face-to- face
Greeting based on time of a day
Vietnamese people do not usually greet others according to the time of the day because it sounds relatively unnatural These greetings are:
“Good morning” is “Chao buoi sang”
“Good afternoon” is “Chao buoi trua”
“Good evening” is “Chao buoi toi”
When you want to say “how are you?” in Vietnamese, it means “Bạn có khỏe không? “ You can change flexibly word “ban” into other words like
“anh”, “chi”, etc to make it appropriate for specific situations and relationships
To reply to this kind of greetings, you inform them of your health status then you can ask them again with a question “Con ban?” like “And you?” in English
In the Japanese language, certain greeting expressions take the form of questions, reflecting varying levels of formality based on context Understanding these nuances is essential for effective communication in different social situations.
In Japanese culture, greetings can also be expressed through statements that often carry meanings beyond a simple hello These greeting expressions utilize various speech levels in the Japanese language and vary based on the context of the conversation Different forms of these statements are used depending on the situation, highlighting the nuanced nature of communication in Japan.
In Vietnamese chào cậu chúng em chào cô ạ
Factors affecting the greetings in Vietnamese and Japanese cultures
Various factors shape the greeting customs of Vietnamese and Japanese people, with three primary influences being context, age, and social relationships.
Greetings encompass a variety of interlinked behaviors, including verbal and non-verbal communication, terms of address, and social context According to Hang, greetings are seen as 'ritualistic expressions' influenced by social factors, particularly cross-cultural differences They serve as significant expressions that elicit responses shaped by cultural and social contexts Irvine, as noted in Dezhara et al., emphasizes that greetings are crucial for initiating encounters, providing context regarding when and where interactions take place From a pragmatic perspective, greetings function as illocutionary acts with expressive meanings that often extend beyond literal interpretation, primarily serving to convey politeness Consequently, the manner in which individuals express greetings can vary widely.
Greetings are essential utterances exchanged when people first meet, with responses varying based on context and situation Different forms of greetings are significantly influenced by cultural factors According to Cutting, greetings involve several interconnected aspects: verbal elements, terms of address, non-verbal cues, and social context Halliday (1973), as cited by Kototrova, further classifies greetings into two categories: time-bound greetings, which are used in formal settings, and time-free greetings, typically found in informal interactions.
Goffman stated that greetings provide the means of opening conversations appropriately,establishing and maintaining social relationship such as “hello” or
“hi” In addition, the use of greetings in a conversation benefits the identification
The presence of communicators is crucial in establishing connections, as greetings serve to acknowledge the speakers and reveal the nature of their relationship.
A conversation typically begins and ends with a greeting, as noted by Fieg and Mortlock, who emphasize that this initial exchange is culturally influenced and varies across different groups The way greetings are expressed can differ significantly based on cultural settings, including the use of names, address terms, and the order of speakers Additionally, suitable responses and the language used in greetings may be constrained by specific circumstances, highlighting the complexity of this introductory phase in conversations.
In common, english greeting expressions share some key formulaic expressions recurrently used in various informal context The expressions are
“hi”+(firt name) followed by “hello” +(firt name) in addition, people tend to greet other according to time of the day
In English culture, personal matters are considered private and typically discussed only with close friends As a result, English speakers often use routine greetings like "How've you been?" or "Nice day, isn't it?" that avoid delving into private issues Conversations generally focus on neutral topics such as food, health, or the weather, reflecting a cultural norm of maintaining privacy in social interactions.
Japanese greetings are rich in variety, including expressions like "sugeng enjing," "sugeng," "siang," and "sugeng sonten." These formal greetings extend beyond everyday communication, showcasing the cultural significance of respectful interactions in Japanese society.
In Japanese culture, informal greetings play a significant role in interpersonal communication, reflecting the relationship between individuals Additionally, Japanese people often employ various intimate expressions to greet one another, demonstrating mutual respect and consideration in their interactions.
Greetings vary significantly between cultures, particularly when comparing English and Japanese, both of which are prominent languages in different contexts This article explores how cultural factors shape the expression of greetings in these languages Through a pragmatic cross-cultural study, we examine the distinct ways people greet one another and the diverse expressions used in each language.
Obviously, context does influence the way people greet and the language in use In a more formal context,
Formal greetings vary based on the context in which they are used, with timing being a key factor influencing their formality Additionally, the age, social status, and level of intimacy between speakers play significant roles in determining the appropriate greeting For instance, in Japanese culture, specific formal greeting expressions exemplify these nuances.
“Kính” chào các quý vị
“Xin” trân trọng gửi lời chào đến toàn các bạn
In Japanese, informal greetings are often used in various contexts, typically within medium to low levels of the language These greetings can be adapted to suit different situations, regardless of time or place.
In vietnamese: Ê, đi đâu đấy?
In the morning, two young Japanese men engage in a friendly conversation on the street, reflecting their close relationship and similar social status Their dialogue is marked by familiar expressions, showcasing the comfort and camaraderie they share.
In Japan and Vietnam, age is associated with respect, leading to distinct greeting styles for older individuals compared to younger ones For instance, in Japan, greetings often reflect this cultural value, emphasizing the importance of honoring elders.
In Vietnamese culture people often use the word “Chao”, “Kinh Chao”, or
“Lay” together with their address form For example:
- Kính chào các cô các bác
However, for the young people, they don’t need to say “Chao” and even when “chao” is used, there is no need to use the address form For example:
The nature of the relationship between conversation participants significantly impacts their greetings For instance, close friends tend to greet each other in a more casual and affectionate manner, while the greeting between a boss and an employee is typically more formal and reserved.
In work place, greetings are different from one colleague to another For example:
FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS
Findings
The data presented in this section share a common context, despite varying settings Key factors such as intimacy, age, and social status significantly influence the specific forms of greetings used in Japanese.
The findings reveal that English greetings vary significantly based on the situation, context, and the individuals involved Additionally, the types, forms, and formulas of greetings are influenced by factors such as age, social status, gender, and culture Moreover, contextual elements like time and place play a crucial role in determining the appropriate types of greetings used.
English greetings are predominantly conveyed through time-specific expressions like "Good morning" and "Good evening." Additionally, they can also be expressed using timeless phrases such as "hello," "hi," and "how are you?"
Different levels of intimacy, connection, and age significantly influence the way English greetings are expressed The most prevalent types of greetings are formal and informal, reflecting a degree of casualness often utilized by English speakers Overall, English speakers tend to prioritize personal connections over social status when greeting one another.
In English, greetings often incorporate both questions and statements, reflecting a blend of formal and informal expressions This combination highlights the social norms and good manners associated with communication, emphasizing the importance of etiquette in everyday interactions.
The Japanese language features a richer variety of greeting expressions compared to English, largely influenced by cultural and contextual factors This diversity in greetings among Japanese speakers stems from the significant variations in how they convey their greetings, reflecting the importance of social nuances in their communication.
The Japanese culture, known for its emphasis on respect and good manners, significantly influences the language and its speakers This cultural backdrop leads to a diverse array of greetings, reflecting the polite nature of the Japanese people.
Japanese and Vietnamese people have some common features in their greetings They are both influenced by social relation, context, and age.
Conclusion
This study, titled "A Study on Greetings in Vietnamese and Japanese Cultures," comprises four chapters and aims to address two key questions: "What are the common greetings in Vietnamese and Japanese cultures?" and "What factors influence these greetings?"
Research indicates that greeting customs vary across cultures, with Vietnamese and Japanese individuals placing significant emphasis on factors such as age, context, and relationship when exchanging greetings.
Limitation
This study examines the common features of greetings in Vietnamese and Japanese cultures, focusing on three key influencing factors: age, context, and relationship Due to time and resource constraints, the research is limited in scope, relying primarily on the analysis of journal articles and online materials.
Suggestions for further study
Future research should explore additional facets of greetings within Vietnamese and Japanese cultures, emphasizing the importance of participant demographics, geographical contexts, and culturally specific concepts.