INTRODUCTION
Rationale of the study
Globalization has increased the demand for advanced language skills, particularly in the shipping industry, where modern technology and education are crucial Effective communication among seafarers from diverse nations is essential for successful operations at sea and between ships and shore English has established itself as the primary language for maritime communication, making it vital to understand English terminology and its Vietnamese equivalents in maritime logistics My experience living in a major port city in Vietnam, coupled with my family's traditional involvement in port activities, has motivated me to conduct research to enhance my knowledge in this field.
Aim of the study
The research on translating specialized maritime logistics terminology seeks to provide an overview of effective translation strategies and procedures, enhancing understanding and communication within the field of maritime logistics.
In details, my Graduation paper aims at:
* Collecting and presenting English terms in maritime logistics profession
* Providing Vietnamese equivalents or expressions for its English terms in maritime logistics profession
* Preliminarily analyzing translation strategies and procedures employed in the translation of English terms into their Vietnamese corresponding
* Providing some knowledge of maritime logistics profession to students majoring in the field.
Scope of the study
Maritime logistics is a vast field that demands extensive research and expertise Due to time constraints and limited knowledge, this study focuses specifically on two interconnected aspects: sea shipping and port warehousing.
Method of the study
This graduation paper employs qualitative methods that emphasize logical reasoning and an objective perspective It prioritizes stable data and detailed, convergent reasoning over divergent approaches, ensuring a focused analysis of the subject matter.
All of English and Vietnamese terms in this graduation paper are collected from internet and dictionary These data are divided into groups based on their common character.
Design of the study
This Graduation paper is divided into three parts, in which the second one is the most important part
Part I: The rationale, aims, method, scope and design of the research are mentioned to provide readers an overview of the research
Part II: Mention the main content of the research and is divided into three chapters: Chapter I: Theoretical background of translation
Chapter II: Maritime logistics terminology
Chapter III: Difficulties and and suggestions in translating process
Part III: Summarize main ideas mentiond in previous parts.
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
Translation theory
Translation is a multifaceted concept, with various definitions shaped by individual translators, researchers, and linguists, each offering their unique perspective on its meaning.
Translation, as defined by Brislin (1976), encompasses the transfer of thoughts and ideas between languages, regardless of whether the communication is written or spoken This process applies to languages with established orthographies as well as those that utilize sign systems, such as those used by the deaf community.
Eugene Nida (1964) views translation as a scientific discipline, emphasizing that the transfer of messages between languages warrants scientific analysis In his subsequent work on translation theory, he introduces the idea of dynamic equivalence, defining translation as the closest natural equivalent to the source language message, prioritizing meaning first and style second (Nida, 1982).
According to Roger T Bell (1991), translation involves conveying the meaning of a text from a source language to a target language while maintaining both semantic and stylistic equivalences He further emphasizes that translation is essentially the substitution of a text in one language with a corresponding representation in another language.
"Translation is a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and/or statement in one language by the same message and/or statement in another language" (Newmark, 1981, 7)
“It is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text” (Newmark, 1988, 5)
“The process of changing something that is written or spoken into another language” (Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 7 th edition, p1632)
Surjeet Singh Warwal defines translation as the process of understanding the meaning of a source text and creating an equivalent target text that conveys the same message in a different language He clarifies that the original text is referred to as the source text, while the language it is translated into is known as the target language Warwal further elaborates on the term "translation" to provide a deeper understanding of its significance.
“Translation is the word for Greek and translation word made up two think one is
Translation, derived from the components 'Trans' meaning across and 'Lation' meaning to bring, refers to the process of converting text from a source language (S.L) to a target language (T.L) This creative endeavor involves reproducing the original text while maintaining its context, akin to changing from one set of clothes to another.
Despite the variations in definitions, translation shares common characteristics In essence, it involves identifying the most suitable equivalents to effectively convey meanings from the source language to the target language.
There are various methods by which the text is translated According to Peter Newmark (1988, 45) there are eight methods which have been put in the form of a flattened V diagram below:
Word-for-word trans Adaptation
Faithful Translation Idiomatic translation Semantic Translation Communicative translation
Interlinear translation showcases the target language (TL) directly beneath the source language (SL) words, maintaining the original word order and translating each word individually by its most common meaning, often without considering context Cultural terms are translated literally This method primarily serves to help understand the structure of the source language or to interpret challenging texts as a preliminary step in the translation process.
In the translation process, SL grammatical constructions are transformed into their closest TL equivalents, while lexical words are translated individually and out of context This pre-translation approach highlights the challenges that need to be addressed.
A faithful translation aims to accurately convey the original text's contextual meaning while adhering to the grammatical structures of the target language It effectively transfers cultural terms and maintains the level of grammatical and lexical deviation from the source language norms This approach strives to remain true to the author's intentions and the overall realization of the source text.
Semantic translation differs from ‘faithful translation’ only in as far as it must take more account of the aesthetic value (that is, the beautiful and natural sounds of the
In translation, it is essential to balance fidelity to the original text with a degree of flexibility to ensure coherence and clarity This involves using culturally neutral terms rather than direct cultural equivalents for less significant words, allowing for a more relatable interpretation The distinction between 'faithful' and 'semantic' translation highlights the need for a rigid approach versus a more adaptable one, where the translator's empathy and intuition can enhance the overall meaning without compromising the essence of the original work.
The 'freest' form of translation is primarily utilized for plays, comedies, and poetry, where the source language's (SL) cultural elements are adapted to fit the target language's (TL) culture while preserving the essential characters and plots Although the unfortunate trend of literal translations followed by rewrites from established dramatists or poets has led to numerous subpar adaptations, some have successfully revitalized classic period plays.
Free translation reproduces the matter without the manner, or the content without the form of original Usually it is a paraphrase much longer than the original, a So-called
‘intralingual translation’, often prolix and pretentious, and not translation at all
Idiomatic translation reproduces the ‘message’ of the original but tends to distort nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialism and idioms where these do not exist in the original
Communicative translation attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership
Translation procedures, as defined by Chesterman (1989), are essential methods used by translators to create equivalence when transferring meaning from the Source Text to the Target Text In the 1950s, Jean Paul Vinay and Jean Darbelnet identified seven key translation procedures: borrowing, calque, literal translation, transposition, modulation, equivalence, and adaptation, each offering distinct ways to achieve equivalence in translation.
Borrowing involves taking a word from the source language and incorporating it into the target language, making it one of the simplest translation procedures This technique is commonly used in two scenarios: first, when introducing a new technical term that lacks an equivalent in the target language, and second, when a translator chooses to retain a foreign term for stylistic purposes, enhancing the richness of the target text.
A calque involves the literal translation of an expression from the source text into the target text This can occur in two ways: by adhering to the syntax of the target language while translating each word literally, or by maintaining the syntax of the source language, resulting in an awkward structure in the target text When translators employ calques, they effectively create neologisms in the target language by adopting the structural elements of the source language.
A word-for-word translation can be used in some languages and not others dependent on the sentence structure
English for Specific purposes in translation (ESP)
I.2.1 Definitions and characteristics of ESP
English for Specific Purposes (ESP) has emerged as a significant focus within English as a Foreign Language (EFL) education According to Strevens (1988), ESP represents a specific subset of special purpose language teaching The definition of ESP varies among researchers, highlighting the complexity and diversity within this field.
According to Strevens (1988, 1-2), a definition of ESP needs to distinguish between four absolute and two variable characteristics:
ESP consists of English language teaching which is:
1 Designed to meet specific needs of the learners
2 Related in content (i.e., in its themes and topics) to particular disciplines, occupations and activities
3 Centered on the language appropriate to those activities, in syntax, lexis, discourse, semantics, etc
4 In contrast with general English (GE)
ESP may be, but is not necessarily:
1 Restricted as to the language skills to be learnt (e.g.: reading only, speech recognition only, etc.)
2 Taught according to any pre-ordained methodology (i.e., ESP is not restricted to any particular methodology – although communicative methodology is very often felt to be the most appropriate)
To clarify the meaning of ESP, Dudley-Evans (1998, 4) gave an extended definition in terms of “absolute” and “variable” characteristics…
1 ESP is defined to meet specific needs of the learners
2 ESP makes use of underlying methodology and activities of the discipline it serves
3 ESP is centered on the language appropriate to these activities in terms of grammar, lexis, register, study skills, discourse and genre
1 ESP may be related to or designed for specific disciplines
2 ESP may use, in specific teaching situations, a different methodology from that of
3 ESP is likely to be designed for adult learners, either at a tertiary level institution or in a professional work situation It could, however, be for learners at secondary school level
4 ESP is generally designed for intermediate or advanced students
5 Most ESP courses assume some basic knowledge of the language systems
The definition Dudley-Evans (1998) offered is clearly influenced by that of
Strevens (1988) refined the definition of English for Specific Purposes (ESP) by moving away from absolute characteristics that distinguish it from General English (GE) and incorporating more variable traits ESP is not limited to a specific discipline or learner group; instead, it is an approach to language teaching where content and methods are tailored to the learner's objectives, as noted by Hutchinson (1987) Learners are motivated by their need for relevant knowledge, exemplified by students in maritime logistics who seek practical English skills applicable to their careers Consequently, they enroll in English courses not out of personal interest, but for the career benefits they provide As Strevens (1988) emphasizes, the focus is on identifying learners' needs and designing courses that address those needs effectively.
English for Specific Purposes (ESP) is a significant subset of English as a Foreign Language (EFL), as highlighted by Hutchinson & Waters (1987) They describe ESP as a key branch within the broader framework of English Language Teaching (ELT), emphasizing its specialized focus tailored to the specific needs of learners.
17), there are two main types of ESP: EAP (English for Academic Purposes) and EOP/EVP/VESL (English for Occupational Purposes/ English for Vocational
English for Specific Purposes (ESP) can be categorized into distinct branches based on its objectives According to Robinson (1991), the first classification divides ESP into two main categories: English for Occupational Purposes (EOP), which focuses on work-related needs and training, and English for Academic Purposes (EAP), which addresses academic study requirements Alternatively, the second classification presents ESP as having three branches: academic, professional, and vocational, encompassing both work and study-related needs.
Pre-experience EOP Simultaneous/ in-service
Pre-study For study in a specific discipline In-study
Figure 1: The ES P ‘family tree’ (Robinson, 1991, 3)
Business ESP Professional Social Usually done privately
Figure 2: ESP in the USA (Robinson, 1991, 4)
Another typical tree diagram for ESP which divides EAP and EOP according to discipline or professional area is presented by Dudley-Evans (1998, 6) (figure 3)
English for academic purposes English for occupational purposes
English for English for English for English for English for English for
Science and Medical Legal Management, Professional Vocational
Technology Purposes Purposes Finance and Purposes Purposes
English English Pre- Vocational for for Vocational Purposes
Medical Business English Purposes Purposes
Figure 3: ESP classification by professional area (Evans & John, 1998, 6)
English for Specific Purposes (ESP) encompasses two main types of instruction: English for Occupational Purposes (EOP) and English for Academic Purposes (EAP) EOP focuses on equipping individuals, such as hotel staff and air hostesses, with the English communication skills necessary for their jobs In contrast, EAP emphasizes skills like oral presentation, which require careful planning and consideration of the audience to thrive in academic environments However, distinguishing between EOP and EAP can be challenging in Vietnam, where English is primarily taught as a foreign language in universities Graduates often use their English skills in the workplace, blurring the lines between study and professional use As Hutchinson (1987) noted, this distinction is "not a clear-cut" since many individuals work and study simultaneously, applying language skills learned in academic settings to their future careers.
Terminology
Terminology is crucial for grasping the context of specialized texts, as it enables students to understand the core message and allows professionals to convey information more effectively Extensive research has been conducted on this subject, leading to numerous proposed definitions that highlight the significance of precise terminology in technical and scientific communication.
Terminology encompasses two key meanings: first, it refers to the discipline focused on the principles and methods for studying concepts and their associated terms, names, and symbols across various fields; second, it signifies the specific set of terms that constitute the specialized language within a particular subject area (Valeontis & Mantzari, 2006).
In the Oxford advanced learner’s dictionary (7 th edition, 1583) it is said that terminology is the set of technical words or expressions used in a particular field
Terminology refers to a collection of terms that are assigned specific meanings within particular contexts, with each term representing a concept relevant to fields such as economics, science, and biology.
I.3.2 The distinction between term and word
It is necessary to distinguish between terminology and ordinary words As Baker
According to a 1998 study, terms differ from regular words as they possess a unique form of reference Specifically, terms refer to distinct conceptual entities, properties, activities, or relations that define the knowledge space within a specific field.
A word is defined as a single unit of language that conveys meaning and can be either spoken or written, according to the English Oxford Advanced Dictionary (7th edition, 1758) In contrast, a term refers to a specific word or phrase that serves as the name of something, particularly within specialized fields such as technical, legal, or scientific contexts.
Basically, they are names of concepts and subjects belonging to different specialized fields
In short, a term is a point of reference, whereas a word is only a constituent of language Hence, all terms are words, but only some words can be terms
There are three characteristics of terminology and they are classified namely as accurateness, systematism and popularity
A term represented a concept in particular field must be clear and exact to make sure there is no misunderstanding and confusion for the ones receiving the terms
In normal conversation, normal words often convey some characteristics of polysemy and synonym Accuracy is necessary so that people never mistake one concept to another
In the realm of language, each term holds significance and is interconnected with others, forming a conceptual framework unique to a specific profession The meaning of a term is largely defined by its relationships within this system; thus, when a term is detached from its context, it risks losing its professional relevance For instance, the phrase "free time" typically denotes "spare time" in everyday language, but within the maritime profession, it carries a distinct meaning that is essential to its context.
“the amount of time that a carrier will be used to load or unload goods on vessels”
To effectively disseminate knowledge and benefits, terminology must be widely recognized and easily understood Achieving this popularity requires scientific content to be clear, memorable, and straightforward in both speech and writing, making it accessible for editing and sharing.
In a nutshell, terminology has five important characteristics accurateness, systematism, internationalism, nationalism, and popularity These characteristics are key elements to the creation of terminology
The following Internationalism and nationalism characteristics come with the scale of popularity as it indicates the popularity of terms in the world as well as within a nation
Internationally recognized terms are essential for advancing scientific communication across languages Standardizing terminology, especially in fields like medicine, facilitates faster progress in research and understanding For instance, conditions such as Down syndrome, Ebola, and Hepatitis C, along with medications like Tetracycline, Timolol, and Vinsamin, exemplify the importance of agreed-upon terms in the global medical community.
Each language may require other principles in accordance with its culture Therefore, terminology in Vietnam also has two typical characteristics including nationalism and popularity
Terms, while specific to specialized fields, are inherently part of the national language and embody its cultural and linguistic traits Consequently, they are constructed using the lexicon and grammatical structures of the national language.
Non-equivalence at word level and above word level
I.4.1 Non-equivalence at word level
In the process of translating certain text, translator will focus on decoding linguistic element which conveys meaning The smallest unit which possesses individual meaning is a word
Baker (1992) defines non-equivalence at the word level as the absence of a corresponding term in the target language for a word found in the source text She identifies 11 common types of this non-equivalence, which include culture-specific concepts, lexical gaps for source language terms, and semantically complex words in the source language.
Roger T Bell (1991) argues that the pursuit of total equivalence in translation is unrealistic, stating that "the ideal of total equivalence is a chimera." She emphasizes that absolute synonymy does not exist even within a single language, which raises the question of why one would expect to find perfect synonymy across different languages Consequently, Bell concludes that word equivalents are inherently absent among languages.
Newmark (1991) emphasizes that achieving perfect translation equivalence between a source language word and its target language counterpart is unrealistic Linguistic theorists acknowledge the challenges of non-equivalence at the word level, which significantly impacts the translation of terminology between English and Vietnamese.
I.4.2 Non-equivalence at above word level
The second level above word is collocation which is of utmost importance for translation studies of each register (in this case Maritime Logistics English)
In both spoken and written communication, words seldom appear in isolation; they typically combine with other words to form coherent phrases According to Baker (1992), language is governed by specific rules that dictate how words can be combined to effectively convey meaning.
Understanding collocation is essential for analyzing word combinations, as it highlights how words interact with one another Collocations play a crucial role in both general language and specialized languages, serving as key indicators of linguistic specificity.
Extensive research has been conducted on collocation, highlighting its crucial role in enhancing productive vocabulary While many researchers and linguists agree on the importance of collocation, they hold differing perspectives on its definition and nature.
Linguistically speaking, collocations are mostly used to make reference to some sort of syntagmatic relations of words
Collocation is defined by Baker (1992, 47), is the tendency of certain words to co- occur regularly in a given language
In Oxford advanced learner’s dictionary, it is said that “a combination of words in a language, that happens very often and more frequent than would happen by chance”
In Oxford collocations Dictionary, collocation is defined as “the way words combine in a language to produce natural-sounding speech and writing”
Collocation, in brief, is said to be connected with other words in a way that is familiar with native speakers
I.4.4 Collocational meaning and the shift of meaning in collocation
Baker (1992) argues that a word's meaning is shaped more by its collocational patterns than by its isolated definition For instance, the term "dry" takes on distinct meanings in various contexts, such as "dry cow" (indicating a cow that cannot produce milk), "dry wine" (referring to wine without residual sugar), "dry country" (denoting a nation where alcohol is banned), and "dry voice" (describing a tone that lacks emotion) These specific combinations highlight meanings that diverge from more common uses like "dry clothes," "dry river," or "dry weather," where "dry" simply means 'free from water.'
The term 'waterless' illustrates how a word's meaning is influenced more by its collocates than by the individual meanings of its components Consequently, focusing on collocational meaning rather than merely replacing words with their dictionary definitions is crucial for accurately translating the source text.
In maritime terminology, certain words experience changes in meaning, such as the verb "steer," which can signify both "direct" when referring to "to steer a ship" and "keep" in the context of "to steer a steady course."
Certain phrases exist in both standard and maritime English with similar forms but different meanings For instance, "to take the plunge" in standard English means to make a decision after much contemplation, while in maritime English, "to take a plunge" refers to the act of immersing or diving This highlights the importance of context in understanding phrases across different registers.
A STUDY ON TRANSLATION OF MARITIME LOGISTICS TERMINOLOGY
Logistics
Logistics involves the comprehensive management and integration of the product value chain, spanning from suppliers to customers This process encompasses various critical components, including design, supplier coordination, financing, information flow, energy management, transportation, distribution, and sales.
(http://www.investinganswers.com/financial-dictionary/businesses-corporations/logistics-580)
Logistics, derived from a late 19th-century French term meaning "accountant" or "responsible for counting," has evolved to play a crucial role in the economy Today, it encompasses the planning, implementation, and control of processes that ensure the efficient and effective transportation and storage of goods from their origin to the final point of consumption.
II.1.2.1 Concept, focusing point and functions of maritime logistics:
Concept _Maritime logistics is the process of planning, implementing and managing the movement of goods and information involved in ocean carriage
Focusing point _Maritime logistics is concerned with not only individual functions relating to sea transportation, but also an effective logistics flow as a systematic entity of the logistics integration system
Sea transportation encompasses a variety of activities including contracting, shipping, sea voyages, cargo movement, and the loading and unloading of goods In addition to these core functions, it also involves supplementary logistics services such as stripping and stuffing, storage and warehousing, providing distribution centers, quality control, testing, assembly, packaging, repacking, repairing, and facilitating inland connections and re-use.
Source: Song D K, 2012, Maritime logistics: A complete guide to effective
Maritime transport is the shipmen of goods (cargo) and people (passengers) by sea and other waterways
According to the Global Facilitation Partnership for Transportation and Trade (GFP), over 80% of global trade is conducted via maritime transport, making it the primary method for goods transportation This sector has experienced an annual growth rate of approximately 3.1% over the last 30 years Despite the presence of numerous shipping companies, the majority are small and hold minimal market shares Notably, in 2012, the top 10 largest service operators accounted for 52% of the world's TEU capacity, with Maersk Line leading the industry.
Denmark's MSC, Switzerland's CMA-CGM Group, and France collectively provide 5,291,145 TEU, representing around 30% of the global TEU capacity While the largest shipping companies are based in developed nations, their fleets are primarily registered in developing countries Notably, Panama and Liberia lead in ship registries, together accounting for one-third of the world's deadweight tonnage.
International maritime transport costs are typically two to three times higher than the customs duties imposed by importing countries Despite this, maritime shipping remains the most cost-effective method for transporting large volumes of goods compared to other transportation options.
Construction of maritime logistics terminology
Single term is a technique word that has its own meaning The below illustration is the classified single term formed by a noun or a verb
II.2.1.1 Single terminologies in form of noun formed by suffiex and prefixes
The article explores maritime terminologies that utilize suffixes and prefixes, including "ment," "er," "inter," "age," "tion," and "ness." A comprehensive table is provided, showcasing a curated list of relevant nouns that exemplify these linguistic elements in the context of maritime language.
An agreement made by an ocean carrier to provide cargo space on a vessel at a specified time and for a specified price to accommodate an exporter or importer
Người thuê tàu hoặc chủ hàng sẽ tiến hành đàm phán và ký kết hợp đồng thuê tàu với người chở thuê hoặc chủ tàu Hợp đồng này quy định rằng người chở thuê cam kết vận chuyển hàng hóa và cung cấp diện tích hoặc toàn bộ tàu cho người thuê trong một khoảng thời gian nhất định để phục vụ cho việc xuất nhập khẩu hàng hóa, trong khi người thuê phải thanh toán số tiền cước đã được thỏa thuận.
A carrier is any individual or organization that agrees to execute or arrange the transportation of goods or passengers through various means, including rail, road, sea, air, inland waterways, or a combination of these modes.
Người vận tải hàng hoá, người lái tàu
A shipment of goods to a consignee
Việc vận chuyển hàng hoá đến người nhận hàng
A truck trailer body that can be detached from the chassis for loading into a vessel, a rail car or stacked in a container depot
Là một công cụ vận tải hàng hoá có sức chứa lớn và dễ vận chuyển trên nhiều phương tiện như tàu thuỷ, tàu hoả,
Used to denote movements of cargo containers interchangeably between transport modes, i.e., motor, rail, water, and air carriers, and where the equipment is compatible within the multiple systems
Vận chuyển hàng hóa là quá trình chuyển giao hàng từ điểm lấy đến điểm giao bằng nhiều phương thức khác nhau như đường bộ, đường thủy và đường hàng không.
Refers to carriage of goods by lighter and the charge assessed there from
Khi tàu không thể cập bến trực tiếp, việc bốc dỡ hàng hóa được thực hiện bằng cách neo đậu tàu ngoài cầu cảng và sử dụng sà lan (lighter) để vận chuyển hàng hóa lên hoặc xuống tàu.
Freight tendered to a carrier by one consignor at one place at one time for delivery to one consignee at one place on one bill of lading
Việc gửi hàng hoá đến người vận chuyện trên một vận đơn đường biển.
The charge made for towing a vessel
Khoản phí để chi trả cho việc kéo, đẩy tàu
– The consolidation of a quantity of individual items into one large shipping unit for easier handling –
Loading one or more large items of cargo onto a single piece of equipment, such as a pallet Đơn vị hoá
Gộp các kiện hàng lẻ thành một đơn vị có kích cỡ thống nhất giúp nâng cao hiệu quả bốc dỡ và vận chuyển Quá trình này đã dẫn đến sự phát triển của phương pháp vận chuyển bằng pallet và container.
The fitness of a vessel for its intended use
Tính năng hàng hải Chỉ tàu đủ điều kiện để ra khơi
II.2.1.2 Single terminologies in form of verb:
Single terminologies in form of verbs are widely used in communication in maritime logistics as following examples
A compound term can function as a noun, adjective, or verb, comprising two or more words or parts of words, which may be written as a single word or hyphenated In maritime logistics, compound terminologies are primarily understood as terms made up of two or more words, with a significant number being compound nouns and compound adjectives.
II.2.2.1 Compound terminologies consisting of noun as classifier + thing:
It includes two nouns, in which the initial holds the function as classifier and help distinguish the second noun from other similar concepts
Money paid so that a ship can anchor somewhere
Số tiền phải trả để neo đậu tàu Average adjuster
Experts in the law and practice of general average and marine insurance
They prepare claims under marine insurance policies which generally involve loss or damage to marine craft
Chuyên viên tính tổn thất
Chuyên gia có kinh nghiệm trong công việc tính toán thiệt hại và phí tổn của những bên có quyền lợi trong chuyến đi biển
If a vessel chartered for loading “on the berth”, the contract of carriage was
Hợp đồng chở hàng tại bến
Khi hợp đồng thuê tàu quy định chủ tàu phải nhận chở hàng tại một bến cụ thể được nêu tên, nó được gọi là "hợp đồng chở tàu tại bến".
A storage area for large items which at at a minimum are most efficiently handle by pallet load
Khu lưu giữ số lượng lớn hàng hóa được quản lý hiệu quả bằng pallet
Known as ro-ro, vessels designed to carry wheeled cargo, such as cars, trucks, etc
Là loại tàu chuyên dung để các phương tiện có bánh lái như xe ôtô, xe tải, etc
Fees payable in return for permission to moor at a particular harbor
Số tiền chủ tàu chi trả để sử dụng cảng trong việc kinh doanh
A certificate stating the gross and net tonnage of a ship
Giấy chứng nhận dung tải
Giấy chứng nhận kích thước, dung tích, trọng tải của tàu
II.2.2.2 Compound terminologies consisting of adjective as classifier + thing:
The adjective element of the compound term holds the function of classifier as illustrated below
Một loại cảng được quản lý bởi chính quyền sở tại
Solids, liquids, gases that can harm people, other living organisms, property, or the environment
Các loại hàng hóa có đặc tính lý hóa như dễ cháy nổ, ăn mòn, nhiễm độc và phóng xạ có thể gây nguy hiểm cho con người, sinh vật sống, tài sản và môi trường.
If loading/discharging achieved sooner than agreed, there will be no freight money returned
Miễn thưởng bốc/dỡ nhanh
Chủ tàu không có trách nhiệm thanh toán chi phí bốc dỡ nhanh cho chủ hàng, ngay cả khi thời gian bốc dỡ hàng hóa được rút ngắn hơn so với quy định trong hợp đồng.
Goods that must be loaded individually, and not in intermodal containers nor in bulk as with oil or grain
Là các loại hàng thông thường, được đóng thành đơn vị khác với công-te-nơ hoặc hàng hóa số lượng lớn như dầu hoặc ngũ cốc
Highly effective way to secure shipment, equipment, etc
Dùng để niêm phong hàng hóa, công-te- nơ, etc
A carrier that needs assistant from equipment installed at port
Tàu không có trang bị bốc/dỡ hàng
The water levels within the port are subject to change with the ocean tides
Là cảng có mực nước biến động do chịu ảnh hưởng của thủy triều lên xuống
II.2.2.3 Compound terminologies consisting of present participle + noun:
These terminologies include one word which is Present participle – V-ing form and one word being a noun (thing) as following examples
A machine designed for packaging goods
Thiết bị đóng bao Thiết bị dung để đóng bao hàng hóa Coasting trade
Trade carried on by water between neighboring ports of the same country
Là hoạt động vận chuyển của các con tàu giữa cảng ven bờ của cùng một nước
The time it takes to fully discharge a shipment thời gian dỡ hàng Thời gian dung để dỡ hàng hóa
A policy covering loss of or damage to specified goods irrespective of the ship in which they are consigned
Hợp đồng bảo hiểm để ngỏ
Là loại bảo hiểm ghi điều khoản chi trả thiệt hại của một số hàng hóa đã được định sẵn giá trị
Dues pay for mooring at ports
Chi phí chi trả để neo đậu tại cảng Rolling cargo
Any wheeled freight that is usually loaded or towed onto a ship
Hàng chuyển chở có bánh lăn
Các loại hàng hóa có bánh lăn chuyên chở
List of ports of call of a ship
Bản biểu về thời gian và chuyến đi cụ thể ghé qua các cảng làm hàng của tàu Shipping conference
A group of shipping lines which have associated to offer regular service on specific routes at publicly announced prices
Là hình thức liên kết kinh doanh của các hãng tàu chợ cùng kinh doanh trong một khu vực hay trên một tuyến đường vận tải
II.2.2.4 Compound terminologies consisting of past participle + noun:
Terminologies include one word which is past participle – verb-ed form and one word being a noun (thing) in below table
The vessel must reach the agreed destination and be physically and legally ready to commence cargo and the notice of readiness must be given correctly by the master
Tàu phải đáp ứng đủ ba điều kiện để được gọi là “tàu đã đến”: (1) đã thực sự vào cầu, bến và có tên trong hợp đồng
(2) đã sẵn sàng để bốc, dỡ hàng, (3) đã có văn bản thông báo bốc dỡ trao cho người nhận
Dutiable goods undergo manufacturing operation without payment of duty
Hàng lưu kho ngoại quan
Các hàng hóa tạm thời lưu ở kho ngoại quan để chờ nộp thuế.
A building or other secured area in which bonded cargo is stored
Nơi lưu giữ hàng hóa ngoại quan chưa đóng thuế
A form of intermodal transport, which is the movement of goods with same loading unit using two or more modes of transport
Vận tải đa phương thức
Cách vận chuyển hàng hóa có sự tham gia phối hợp từ 2 phương thức vận tải trở lên
The insulated area to store goods during the shipment
Khoang cách nhiệt Khoang hàng được cách nhiệt để lưu giữ cách hàng hóa trong khi vận chuyển
A type of ship used to transport perishable commodities which require temperature-control
Loại tàu dùng để vận chuyển hàng hóa dễ hư hỏng cần nhiệt độ thấp để bảo quản
Container provided ventilation to prevent depreciation
Các công-te-nơ được trang bị hệ thống thông gió
II.2.3 Neologism in maritime logistics
Neologisms are the process of creating new words by combining existing words, they can be considered as eponyms and acronyms
II.2.3.1 Eponyms in maritime logistics
Eponyms are proper nouns that commonly used for an idea it is associated with which is usually a person, place, thing
A set of international rules for the international carriage of goods by sea
Là quy tắc luật pháp dựa trên công ước quốc tế chi phối vận chuyển hàng đường biển.
A set of rules governing the international shipment of goods
Là quy tắc luật pháp chi phối hợp đồng vận tải đường biển
The largest ships that can pass through the Strait off Malacca
Tàu có kích thước lớn có thể đi qua eo biển Malacca
The size regulations for vessel set by the
Kích thước của tàu thuỷ được đặt ra bởi cơ quan quản lý Panama
Named after the famous Suez Calnal
They are mid-sized vessels, designed to pass through Suez canal
Là tiêu chuẩn sử dụng để miêu tả các tàu có kích cỡ lớn nhất có thể đi qua kênh đào Suez
The law of general average is a maritime principle that mandates all parties involved in a sea venture to proportionately share losses incurred from sacrifices made to protect the remaining cargo This codification ensures fairness among stakeholders by distributing the financial burden of losses equitably.
Quy tắc tính thiệt hại tổn thất chung yêu cầu các bên liên quan, bao gồm chủ tàu và chủ hàng, phải cùng nhau chia sẻ gánh nặng tổn thất khi xảy ra sự cố, nhằm bảo vệ lợi ích của tất cả các bên.
II.2.3.2 Acronyms in maritime logistics
Acronyms in maritime logistics are essential abbreviations derived from the initial letters of words, commonly found in documents, contracts, and communications within the industry These abbreviations streamline communication and enhance understanding among professionals, as illustrated in the accompanying table.
A.B.S American Bureau of shipping Tổ chức đăng kiểm tàu Hoa Kỳ
BIMCO Baltic and International Maritime
Công hội Hàng hải Quốc tế và vùng Bantic
DWT Deadweight tonnage Đơn vị đo năng lực vận tải của tàu tính bằng tấn
FAS Free Alongside Ship Giao dọc mạn tàu
FIO Free In and Out Miễn phí bốc và dỡ
IMDG Code International Maritime Dangerous
Quy tắc quốc tế về vận chuyển hàng nguy hiểm đường biển IMO International Maritime
Tổ chức hàng hải quốc tế
DIFFICULTIES AND SUGGESTED SOLUTIONS IN
Difficulties in translating maritime logistics terminology
III.1.1 Finding the most adequate equivalent unit
Translating source text can be challenging due to the varying meanings of words in general and specific English This complexity often leads to confusion for translators, making it difficult to find the most appropriate equivalent units As a result, misunderstandings may arise between general English usage and specialized terminology.
For example, “free time” which can be translated in general English into
In Vietnamese, "thời gian rảnh" translates to free time, indicating time available for leisure activities, but in a maritime context, "free time" refers specifically to the period during which cargo owners can unload goods without incurring charges, known as "thời gian nhận hàng." A misunderstanding of this term by translators can lead to incorrect assumptions about break times for unloading, potentially disrupting the entire operational system.
Taking account of more following examples: “general average”, “rider”, and
In the maritime industry, the term "broken stowage" refers to the loss of cargo space due to inefficient packing, which is distinct from its ordinary meanings In everyday language, it might be misconstrued as a calculation of values, a horseback rider, or simply damaged storage However, within the maritime context, it is crucial to understand these terms accurately, as they translate into Vietnamese as "tổn thất chung" and "phụ lục đính kèm," highlighting their specific relevance in shipping and logistics.
Translators often face the challenge of multiple translations for a single source text, making it essential to select the most suitable option for the professional context For instance, the term “additional charges” can be translated into Vietnamese as “phí bổ sung,” “chi phí thêm,” or “phụ phí,” with only “phụ phí” being commonly used in the maritime industry Similarly, the term “Carrier” can refer to both a person and a vessel, requiring translators to consider the context to determine the correct meaning.
In order to deliver a best possible translated text, translators have to practice and accumulate experiences so it requires a lot of time and effort of the translators
III.1.2 No direct equivalence from target language to source language
Maritime logistics involves numerous specialized terms that represent innovative ideas and concepts developed during the working process This often leads to challenges for translators who may struggle to find direct equivalents in the target language, highlighting the need for a deeper understanding of industry-specific terminology.
The term "pallet" refers to a flat wooden structure used for storing and transporting goods; however, there is no direct equivalent in the Vietnamese language Despite the long-standing existence of pallets, this concept has not been lexicalized in Vietnamese.
One significant challenge in translation is the complexity of semantic terms in the source language, where certain terms may convey multiple meanings that lack direct equivalents in the target language.
Non reversible layday Thời gian bốc dỡ không bù trừ
Vessel sharing agreement Thỏa thuận chia phần tàu chạy chung lịch trình
Cell guide Cấu trúc định hướng chất xếp container
Gearless ship Tàu không có trang bị bốc/dỡ hàng
Despite the challenges faced in translation, professional translators are essential in accurately re-creating the message of the source text To address the difficulties encountered in maritime translation, several suggested solutions will be explored.
Suggested solutions in translating maritime logistics terminology
Omission in translation refers to the practice of excluding non-essential words from the source text This technique helps to prevent redundancy and ensures a more concise and clear translated message.
The term "Bill of lading" can be directly translated into Vietnamese as "Hóa đơn về vận tải," but to ensure it sounds natural for Vietnamese speakers, it is better to use "Hóa đơn vận tải" or simply "Vận đơn." This approach maintains the original meaning while enhancing the fluency of the translated text.
Labels of dangerous goods Nhãn hàng nguy hiểm
Memorandum of affreightment Bản ghi nhớ thuê tàu
Notice of readiness Thông báo giao nhận
Port of distress Cảng lánh nạn
Port of registry Cảng đăng ký
Private form of charter-party Mẫu hợp đồng thuê tàu tư nhân
Rate of freight Cước suất
The international convention of the tonnage measurement of ship
Chứng nhận quốc tế dung tải tàu
III.2.2 Translation by using borrowed words
A borrowed word as the name suggested, it is a word or phrase borrowed from another language to express or describe a concept for which where is no obvious word available
Borrowed words effectively bridge language gaps and enhance communication by addressing culture-specific items and foreign concepts.
Taking some following examples: “Acid”, “Aerial”, “Container”, “Tonnage” and
In the borrowing process, words often undergo phonological and semantic changes The pronunciation of borrowed terms can be altered due to the absence of certain sounds in the borrowing language For instance, words like “sling” may be translated as “A-xít” and “Ăng-ten,” reflecting these adaptations.
“Công-te-nơ”, “Tấn” and “xì-lẵng”
III.2.3 Translation by a collocation with similar meaning
Translators aim to create collocations in the target language that are natural and typical, while also preserving the meaning of the original source language collocations.
Anchor comes home To draw anchor toward the ship
To give a storm warning To notify a signal of a storm
Thông báo dấu hiệu bão.
To give a wide berth To keep reasonable distance
To proceed towards harbor To move towards harbour Di chuyển lại gần bến cảng
To put the hammer down To accelerate Tăng tốc
Some compound nouns can be translated literally into Vietnamese, while others lack direct equivalents This translation technique involves grammatical changes, specifically replacing one word class with another without altering the meaning Although the stylistic value of the transposed expression may differ, the core meaning remains intact Ultimately, it is crucial to select the form that best suits the context.
Shipping agent Đại lý hàng hải
Shipping instructions Bản chỉ dẫn làm hàng
Shipping note Thông báo gửi hàng
The above examples indicate the different equivalent of the word “Shipping” in different context, in which the Vietnamese equivalent for “shipping” changes as
“làm hàng”, “gửi hàng”, “hàng hải” to fit best the context of the word
Another example of transposition is the grammatical changes that occur in the target language Taking account of some following examples:
Kho ngoại quan Noun Noun
Thời gian bốc dỡ bù trừ
From above examples, it can be easy to notice that some of the participants of the compound terminologies in these examples change its grammatical form, from
“Adjective” to “Verb” and “Noun” in order to achieve equivalence
III.2.5 Translation by adding information
This strategy is intended to add a word in a sentence to make it more understandable, however, the content of the text should be kept the same as the original text
One way of adding more information is, translator adds a verb so that the produced target text is clear, straightforward and easy to understand as following examples:
Rate of loading Năng suất bốc, xếp hàng
Seasonal port Cảng hoạt động theo mùa
Statement of facts Bảng kê thời gian bốc dỡ hàng
Uncontainable cargo Hàng quá khổ
A translator can enhance the target text by adding specific information to eliminate ambiguity These additions are essential for clarity and precision in translation, ensuring that the intended meaning is accurately conveyed.
Pick up charge Phụ phí nhận công-te-nơ
Rolling cargo Hàng chuyên chở có bánh lăn
Unprotected goods Hàng để trần, không bao bì che chắn
Vanning Việc đóng hàng (chất xếp hàng) vào công-te-nơ.
CONCLUSION
Maritime logistics plays a vital role in facilitating international trade, particularly for open economies With maritime transport accounting for over 80% of global merchandise trade, proficiency in the standardized maritime language, English, is essential for effective communication between ships and shore operations.
This thesis is conducted to have insight knowledge and methods of maritime logistics translation providing readers popular maritime logistics terminologies and methods of translation
This research explores key aspects of maritime logistics, acknowledging its limitations due to constraints in time and experience Constructive feedback from educators, peers, students, and those interested in maritime logistics would be greatly appreciated to enhance the study.
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APPENDIX 1: Choose the appropriate translation
A penalty charge, known as demurrage, is imposed on shippers or consignees for exceeding the allotted free time for using a carrier's equipment The specifics of free time and demurrage charges are outlined in the charter party or freight tariff agreements.
Phí lưu bãi là khoản chi mà chủ hàng hoặc người nhận hàng phải thanh toán khi hàng hóa bị giữ lại lâu hơn thời gian quy định trong hợp đồng thuê tàu hoặc bảng giá cước Thời gian nhận hàng và mức phí lưu bãi được xác định rõ ràng trong các tài liệu này.
Phí phạt được áp dụng cho chủ hàng hoặc người nhận hàng khi thiết bị của nhà cung cấp dịch vụ bị trì hoãn quá thời gian miễn phí cho phép Thời gian miễn phí và mức phí hủy bỏ được quy định rõ ràng trong biểu phí thuê bao hoặc phí vận chuyển.
Phụ trách hình phạt sẽ áp dụng cho chủ hàng hoặc người nhận hàng nếu việc trì hoãn trang thiết bị của hãng vượt quá thời gian miễn phí cho phép Thời gian và lưu bãi cước miễn phí được quy định rõ ràng trong biểu thuế của hợp đồng thuê tàu hoặc hàng hóa.
A freight forwarder is an individual or company responsible for organizing the transportation of goods and managing related formalities for shippers Their key responsibilities include securing shipping space, preparing essential documentation, and facilitating customs clearance.
Người giao hàng, có thể là cá nhân hoặc công ty, thực hiện nhiệm vụ sắp xếp việc vận chuyển hàng hóa và các thủ tục liên quan thay mặt cho chủ hàng Công việc của họ bao gồm việc đặt chỗ trên tàu, cung cấp tất cả các tài liệu cần thiết và sắp xếp các thủ tục hải quan.
Người giao hàng, hay công ty giao nhận, là đơn vị chịu trách nhiệm sắp xếp vận chuyển hàng hóa và thực hiện các thủ tục cần thiết thay mặt cho chủ hàng Nhiệm vụ của họ bao gồm việc đặt chỗ trên tàu, cung cấp đầy đủ các tài liệu cần thiết và xử lý các thủ tục hải quan.
Người giao hàng, hay công ty giao hàng, chịu trách nhiệm sắp xếp xe ngựa chở hàng hóa và thực hiện các thủ tục cần thiết thay mặt cho chủ hàng Nhiệm vụ của họ bao gồm việc xác định vị trí hàng hóa trên tàu, cung cấp đầy đủ tài liệu cần thiết và thực hiện các thủ tục hải quan.
Definition: The consolidation of a quantity of individual items into one large shipping unit for easier and faster handling through methods such as palletizing, stripping, slinging and containerization
Hợp nhất nhiều mặt hàng thành một đơn vị vận chuyển lớn giúp đơn giản hóa quá trình xử lý và tăng tốc độ vận chuyển Các phương pháp như xếp pallet, tước, slinging và containerization được sử dụng để tối ưu hóa hiệu quả vận chuyển.
Sự kết hợp của nhiều mục riêng lẻ thành một đơn vị vận chuyển lớn giúp xử lý dễ dàng và nhanh chóng hơn thông qua các phương pháp như sản xuất tấm pallet, tước, slinging và container hóa.
Việc gộp các kiện hàng lẻ thành một đơn vị vận chuyển có kích cỡ thống nhất giúp nâng cao hiệu quả công việc Điều này được thực hiện thông qua việc sử dụng các tấm pallet, dây xì lẵng hoặc tháo gỡ và sắp xếp hàng vào container.
Definition: A free port in a country divorced from customs authority, but under government control Merchandise, except contraband, maybe stored in the zone without being subject to import duty regulations
Cảng miễn phí là một khu vực nằm dưới sự giám sát của chính phủ tại một quốc gia có quy định hải quan riêng biệt Tại đây, hàng hóa, ngoại trừ hàng buôn lậu, có thể được lưu trữ mà không phải chịu các quy định về thuế nhập khẩu.
Cảng tự do là khu vực không có sự can thiệp của hải quan, nhưng vẫn được chính phủ địa phương kiểm soát Tại đây, các hàng hóa thông thường có thể được lưu trữ mà không phải chịu thuế nhập khẩu, ngoại trừ hàng hóa buôn lậu.
