Sino vietnamese words used in translating english international economics terms pre and post 1992

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGE AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHER EDUCATION GRADUATION PAPER SINO-VIETNAMESE WORDS USED IN TRANS

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI

UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGE AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES

FACULTY OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHER EDUCATION

GRADUATION PAPER

SINO-VIETNAMESE WORDS USED IN TRANSLATING ENGLISH INTERNATIONAL

ECONOMICS TERMS PRE AND POST 1992

Supervisor: Ngo Ha Thu, MCS

Student: Hoang Thi Thu Hien Year of enrolment: QH 2009

Ha Noi, May 2013

ĐẠI HỌC QUỐC GIA HÀ NỘI TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC NGOẠI NGỮ KHOA SƯ PHẠM TIẾNG ANH

KHOÁ LUẬN TỐT NGHIỆP

NGHIÊN CỨU TỪ HÁN VIỆT ĐƯỢC SỬ DỤNG TRONG DỊCH THUẬT CÁC THUẬT NGỮ KINH TẾ QUỐC TẾ TIẾNG ANH TRƯỚC VÀ

ACCEPTANCE

I hereby state that I: Hoang Thi Thu Hien, class 09E23, being a candidate for the degree of Barchelor of Arts (TEFL) accept the requirements of the College relating to the retention and use of Bachelor’s Graduation Paper depsited in the library

In terms of these conditions, I agree that the origin of my paper deposited in the library should be accessible for the purposes of the study and research, in accordance with the normal conditions established by the librarian for the care, loan or reproduction of the paper

Hanoi, April 25th 2013

Hoàng Thị Thu Hiền

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

On the completion of this thesis, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Ngo Ha Thu, MCS for her critical comments, helpful suggestions as well as her constant encouragement from the beginning stage of working out the research proposal to the final stage of writing up the thesis Without her valuable guidance, this thesis would be far from completed

I also acknowledge my indebtedness to Dr Khu Tuyet Mai and other lectures of University of Economics and Business, VNU, who gave me their practical guidance, assisted me with data collection and shared with me their long and varied experience

I take this opportunity to extent my special thank to all lectures of Faculty

of English Language and Teacher Education at University of Languages and International Studies, for their useful lectures during my B.A course

Finally, I would also like to thank to my family and my classmates for their great support and encouragement in the accomplishment of my thesis

in the link with the 1992 Constitution To achieve these aims, the methods applied

to collect data are sampling, data collection instrument and data analysis

Overall, the usage of Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary in translation of English international economics documents under the influence of the 1992 Constitution has not been paid proper attention by translators in general, and by students in particular Therefore, the paper concentrates on indicating the changing classification and usage tendencies around the milestone of 1992 so as to help translators and students have the wider overview on Vietnamese Chinese-derived words in English international economics terms translation However, limitations are unavoidable which hopefully would shed light on the further study

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.2 Review of international economics terminology 9

2.2.3 International economics terms 12

2.3.3 Classification 18 2.4 Review of the year 1992 in Vietnam 20 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Research question 1: What types of Sino-Vietnamese words

are used to translate English international economics terms pre

and post 1992?

24

4.2 Research question 2: What are the trends of using

Sino-Vietnamese words to translate English international economics

terms pre and post 1992?

30

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

LIST OF FIGURES

1 The proportion of time-based types of

Sino-Vietnamese words used for translating English international economics terms

26

2 The proportion of form-based types of

Sino-Vietnamese words used for translating English international economics terms pre 1992

28

3 The proportion of form-based types of

Sino-Vietnamese words used for translating English international economics terms post 1992

29

LIST OF TABLES

1 Form-based classification of Sino-Vietnamese words 19

2 Common international economics terms translated

by different Sino-Vietnamese words pre and post

1992

31

3 The trend of using Sino-Vietnamese words in

translating English international economics terms

34

ULIS University of Languages and International Studies

VNU Vietnam National University

LIST OF APPENDICES

1 English international economics terms translated

by Sino-Vietnamese words pre 1992

43

2 English international economics terms translated

by Sino-Vietnamese words post 1992

46

Especially, in global settings, trade exchange among different countries has increased dramatically and national barriers seem to be faded out These favorable conditions enable international economics to strongly develop (Stiglitz and Charlton, 2012) That is a reason for a large number of international economics documents such as economic contracts, researches on economic issues, books about economics, etc to be translated

That situation can be seen obviously in many countries included Vietnam After persistent and resilient wars to achieve freedom and independence for the whole nation, Vietnam carried out an economic reform policy known as “doimoi”

in the year of 1986 together with the enacting of 1992 Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam 1992 Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam is the modified version of 1980 Constitution, which was initiated by Vietnam National Assembly in the sixth Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam The modified constitution aims to meet requirements of some new missions, new tasks

in the new historical period (Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam,

1992) Therefore, it mentions some new areas in the economy including new

regulations for international economics in relationship with foreign countries This constitution marks an important watershed when Vietnam underwent a transition from a centrally planned economy into a free market oriented one According to

Mark Sidel (2009) in The Constitution of Vietnam: A Contextual Analysis., it is

also a landmark for a variety of considerable changes in economic sectors, operation and organization of the economy Vietnam has lifted many restrictions

in trade relations with other countries, which has created certain advantages for the country to widen its international business

The year 1992 with many urgent and important reform policies has set foundation for development of Vietnamese economy in general and its international economics in particular (Justino, 2008) For the first time in 1992, Vietnam gained trade balance of import-export Those significant changes attracted a great amount of investment from foreign investors Several multinational corporations have been established, many agreements on export and import have been signed That movement has brought out the high demand for international economics documents’ translation

Especially, Vietnam-China border war in 1979 as a typical event has some certain influences on relationship between these two countries (Freeman and Thompson, 2011) Then, economic and diplomatic exchanges and transactions between these two countries were restricted Thus, the trend that Sino-Vietnamese words were used rather commonly in Vietnamese society may turn its direction Besides, arrival of the President of the United States, Bill Clinton and his declaration of normalizing Vietnam- America relationship in 1995 opened a new page for relation of Vietnam and the United States in various areas such as diplomacy, culture, education, especially economics Those remarkable events are said to probably entail a big change in economic relations and in tendency of using Sino-Vietnamese words and English words for translation

In fact, it is necessary to understand profoundly relation between language and socio-economy of Vietnam in 1992 so that language can be used suitably However, background knowledge of some translators about law and 1992 Constitution as an instance is not really adequate The link between 1992 Constitution and international economics have not received the proper awareness and attention while translation works even can affect other aspects such as cultural and diplomatic exchange Being a student learning International economics as Double major and being interested in Sino-Vietnamese words, the writer is inspired to do this research on “Sino-Vietnamese words used in translating English international economics terms per and post 1992”

Because of the reasons above, carrying out a study on “Sino-Vietnamese words used in translating English international economics terms pre and post 1992” is highly essential

1.2 Aims of the study and research questions

1.2.1 Aims

The research aims at studying and discovering the trends of using Vietnamese words for international economics terms translation before and after the year 1992 Influences of 1992 Constitution of Socialist Republic of Vietnam after “doimoi” on external economics translation will also be made clear Thus, the study aims at providing translators in general a wider and deeper understanding about translating economics documents, especially translating methods applied in those documents Then, the study is also expected to help translators or any people interested in translation enhance their responsibilities and abilities to increase formality in translation and discover the link of translation with many other areas such as economics and law The study can help to contribute to improve the translation of international economics in the modern social context

Sino-through studying the trends of using Sino-Vietnamese words in translating international economics documents pre and post the year 1992 From these aims, the thesis is supposed to introduce to ULIS’s students of translating and interpreting major strategies for study and employability development and solutions for Vietnamese translators to create more valuable translations supporting education and international economics of the country

The premise of this thesis is identifying types of Sino-Vietnamese words used

to translate international economics terms from English into Vietnamese Therefore, all of the international economics terms used in this study are English terms which are selected from English books The focus of this research is put on international economics terms used in international economics books published before and after the year 1992 so that a comprehensive view can be made Main books utilized in this study are French – English – Vietnamese Economics Terms Dictionary (University of Planning, 1981), Oxford – Duden Pictorial English – French - Vietnamese Dictionary (World Publisher, 1990) and International economics Course Book (Khu & Vu, 2010) Those books are translated by professional translators and are censored by famous publishers Therefore, terms which are applied in this thesis are of formal style and high reliability

This study examines how professional translators apply Sino-Vietnamese words in translating those terms; the link between the 1992 Constitution and Sino-Vietnamese words used to translate international economics terms translation, and how translation of those economic terms before 1992 is different from those after the year 1992 Each term has its own meaning and attaches to a specific context; thus, methods used to translate the terms are expected to be diversified It is also expected that the data collection and data analysis will be able to answer research questions above

1.4 Significance of the research

In the setting of globalization, especially with Vietnam’s participation in World Trade Organization in 2007, exchanges goods and services with international markets have been going on more and more busily The wide and deep integration has put Vietnam under several influences by fluctuations and changes of regional and global economies (Khu & Vu, 2010) This fact leads to a high demand for and requirement of good translations for smooth transactions Effective translations not only pave way for global interaction with an excellent opportunity to undergo socio-cultural exchange but also help to set basis for further studies on language and economics Obviously, international economics terms should be paid much more attention than ever before In order to have effective translations, it is necessary to link economic conditions and language in uses of Vietnam and those of other strategic partners, typically China and America

The thesis is expected to positively complement for studies on different areas

of translation Then, the researcher hopes that background knowledge and recommended methods presented in this thesis would be useful for translators of international economics, especially inexperienced translators, in their work

Moreover, it is anticipated that analysis and findings by this thesis will be applicable and supportive to students and lecturers of economics major

1.5 Organization of the research

The thesis consists of five chapters:

Chapter 1: Introduction This part includes rationale, aims of the study,

research questions, scope of the research, and significance of the research and organization of the research

Chapter 2: Literature Review This chapter gives an overview to theories

related to the topic of the study Definition of key terms and presentation about previous related studies are included in this chapter

Chapter 3: Research Methodology The chapter describes the materials and

equipment used in the research, depicts data collection process as well as explains the measurements and calculations made upon the data

Chapter 4: Findings and Discussion Chapter 4 shows all results achieved

from data collection and analysis The answer for three research questions will be indicated in this chapter

Chapter 5: Conclusions and recommendations This chapter summarizes

main conclusions of the study and gives some suggestions for the following research concentrating on this field of study

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter provides readers with an overview to theories related to the topic

of the study Definition of key terms and presentation about previous related studies are included in this chapter

2.1 Review of Translation

Translation is revealed to be increasingly essential, especially in the integration context The fast development of communication has made translation multidimensional and extensive Translation is applied in various areas of life such

as education, diplomacy, culture In order to understand more deeply about roles

of translation, key definitions of translation need to be absorbed The concepts concerning with translation have been developed until present to bring out a satisfactory definition of translation

Translation is the replacement of a representation of a text in one language by

as equivalent text in a second language The aim is to as accurately as possible all grammatical and lexical features of the “source language” original by finding equivalents in the “target language” At the same time all factual information contained in the original text… must be retained in the translation (Hartman and Stock, 1972)

Translation is the expression in another language (or target language) of what has been expressed in another, source language, preserving semantic and stylistic equivalences (Dubois, 1973)

Often, though not by any means always, it is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the same way that the author intended in the text (Newmark, 1995)

Despite different ways of expressing, those famous theorists all have a thing in common which is translation turns a text of source language into a correct and understandable version of target language without losing the suggestion of the original

According to Larson (1984), translation is defined depending on the process of translation as the follow:

 Studying the source language text (lexicon, grammatical structure, communication situation, and cultural context);

 Analyzing it in order to determine its meaning;

 Then reconstructing this same meaning using the lexicon and grammatical which are appropriate in the target language and its cultural context (Larson)

This process denies the notion that being bilingual is all that is needed to be a translator Actually, being bilingual, no doubt, is an important prequitisite, but translation skills built and developed on the basis of one’s own long drawn-out communicative and writing experiences in both languages are even more necessary As a matter of fact, translation is a process based on the theory of extracting meaning of a text from its present form and reproduce that with different form of a second language

Therefore, having extensive and intensive background knowledge about the source text language and good competence of using various means of target language together with good translation skills through choosing proper translation methods are key factors to create successful translated versions

It is undoubted that translation is a bridge connecting people to people, country

to country, and culture to culture It helps people without foreign language competence approach documents of different countries Moreover, translation also plays an important role of fading out language barriers and cultural gaps Thanks

to translated verses, people shorten the geographical distance to come closer to each other

Especially, translators of economics take harder mission when they have to be

in charge of a linguist and an economist They not only give readers translations but also help them understand writers’ thoughts and emotions in different conditions

All the points above are persuasive proof for the great significances of translation in a wide variety of facets of life

2.2 Review of international economics terminology

2.2.1 Terminology

According to Sonneveld, H, Loenning, K (1994), terminology is a set of terms representing a system of concepts of a particular subject field and the discipline dealing with it Terminology methods and principles may, in summary, serve as a basis for different types of activities ranging from classification to teaching and indexing, as well as the display of different points of view with regard to the

contents of the various concepts and their interrelationships in a subject field

Terminology is defined as a structured set of concepts and their designations (graphical symbols, terms, phraseological units, etc.) in a specific subject field Terminology is of great importance (Wright, S.E & Budin, G., 1997):

 Firstly, proper terminology is concerned with the relationship between concepts, and between them and their designations, rather than with designations alone or with the objects they represent This point is essential if quality is to be achieved, especially with synonyms and in multilingual environments

 Secondly, a designation does not necessarily have to be a word or phrase, although it often is Thus terminological resources may comprise symbols, drawings, formulae, codes, etc as well as, or even instead of, words This point is especially important given the move to multimedia systems

 Thirdly, terminology is inextricably linked with specialist knowledge and hence with special languages or languages for special purposes (LSPs)

To sum up, terminology is characterized by the systematic and specialized knowledge and denoted by proper codes, symbols or words

International economics deals with the economic and financial interdependence among nations It analyzes the flow of goods, services, payments, and monies between a nation and the rest of the world, the policies directed at regulating these flows, and their effect on the nation’s welfare This economic and financial interdependence is affected by, and in turn influences, the political, social, cultural, and military relations among nations (Salvatore, 2007)

International trade is the exchange of capital, goods, and services across international borders or territories In most countries, such trade represents a significant share of gross domestic product (GDP) While international trade has been present throughout much of history (Silk Road, Amber Road), its economic, social, and political importance has been on the rise in recent centeries

Industrialization, advanced transportation, globalization, multinational corporations, and outsourcing are all having a major impact on the international trade system Increasing international trade is crucial to the continuance

of globalization Without international trade, nations would be limited to the goods and services produced within their own borders (Dr Khu Tuyet Mai & Dr Vu Anh Dung, 2010)

International trade is, in principle, not different from domestic trade as the motivation and the behavior of parties involved in a trade do not change fundamentally regardless of whether trade is across a border or not The main difference is that international trade is typically more costly than domestic trade The reason is that a border typically imposes additional costs such as tariffs, time costs due to border delays and costs associated with country differences such as language, the legal system or culture

Another difference between domestic and international trade is that factors of production such as capital and labor are typically more mobile within a country than across countries Thus international trade is mostly restricted to trade in goods and services, and only to a lesser extent to trade in capital, labor or other factors of production Trade in goods and services can serve as a substitute for trade in factors of production

2.2.3 International economics terms

International economics terms are terms related to the area of international economics Therefore, international economics terms are featured by typical characteristics of both terminology and international economics Four noticeable features can be listed as accuracy, systematism, internationalism and nationalism (Tran, 2012)

- Accuracy

Terminology is used for explaining specialized concepts or definitions precisely to avoid misunderstanding one concept for another belonging to other fields (Luu, 1977) That is also a feature of international economics terms Each linguistic signal poses one basic nuclear meaning and vice versa and a concept also has a typical linguistic signal in a concrete situation It is necessary to consider homophones or synonyms of terms to decide the appropriate meaning in the particular context Therefore, accuracy is regarded as an important characteristic of international economics terminology

- Systematism

There exist certain terms having relationship with others in the system of terminology in a specialized field If separated from their system, their meaning may become ambiguous and difficult to find an equivalent in the translated version

Especially, international economics discusses economic theories, policies and issues in the international monetary system This makes systematism become the most important feature of international economic terminology, especially in English For example, terminology of theories on international trade must be put

in time order, so there are terms about classical theories on international trade, neoclassical theories of trade, standard theories of trade, and theories of Heckscher – Ohlin are arranged successively

- Internationalism

Multilateral and diversified integration has been promoted in various fields of culture, education, diplomacy, including economics Therefore, there is a great

need for internationalizing the terminology of each area It creates consistency for specialized terms used globally and facilitates the exchange among countries

Especially, internationalism is a noticeable feature of international economics terms which are used commonly in the international transaction Typical examples can be presented are GDP (Gross Domestic Product – Sản phẩm quốc nội), GNP (Gross National Product – Sản phẩm quốc dân), BOP (Balance of payment – Cán cân thanh toán), Absolute Advantage (Lợi thế tuyệt đối) Comparative Advantage (Lợi thế so sánh), Import quotas (Hạn ngạch nhập khẩu), Non-tariff trade barrier (Hàng rào phi thuế quan), etc

of “tài liệu”

2.3 Review of Sino-Vietnamese words

2.3.1 Definition

Many definitions were given by different linguistic researchers

 In 1972, Bui Duc Tinh showed a simple definition of Sino-Vietnamese in

his work named Vietnamese Grammar (Simple and Practice): “It can be

simply defined that Sino-Vietnamese words are Chinese-rooted words which are pronounced in accordance with Vietnamese phonology At the beginning, those Sino-Vietnamese words are kanji which Vietnamese intellectuals modified to comply with Vietnamese phonology in the time

studying Chinese books.”

 In 1998, Nguyen Nhu Y stated in the Dictionary of linguistic terms explanation: “Vietnamese words which have Chinese origin, enter

Vietnamese vocabulary system and are subjected to rules of Vietnamese pronunciation, grammar and semantics, are called Sino-Vietnamese words.”

 Starting from the historical perspective, the treatise Chinese-rooted words

in Vietnamese language by Le Dinh Khan, consistent with the view of

Nguyen Nhu Y, stated that: “Sino-Vietnamese words are Chinese words that Vietnamese language borrowd from Tang dynasty and are based on pronunciation in Chang’an – the common pronunciation at that time.”

Those definitions have both similarities and differences To sum up, during more than four thousand years of constructing and protecting the nation, Vietnam had even experienced over one thousand years under the control of ancient Chinese feudalism This condition created the first contact of Chinese language and Vietnamese language in Han Dynasty (111 – 220 BC) However, not until Tang Dynasty (619 - 907) had Vietnam received Han’s vocabulary through books

It is, thus, concluded that Sino-Vietnamese words are the words in Vietnamese language derived from Chinese which account for 60% of the Vietnamese vocabulary (Hannas, William C, 1997)

2.3.2 Characteristics

- Being Vietnamized:

+ Pronunciation:

As we know, from the beginning until the current period, Chinese phonetics has undergone many changes, which influences Sino-Vietnamese pronunciation

In order to have an obvious view on Sino-Vietnamese phonetics, Nguyen Ngoc

San distributed in Theories on Nom characters and Nom documents:

 Old pronunciation: Chinese pronunciation from Tien Tran (先秦) period, Luong Han (两汉) period to periods around Nguy Tan (魏晋) period

 Medieval pronunciation: Chinese pronunciation from Tang (唐) dynasty to the Middle Ages(中原音韻)

 Modern pronunciation: Chinese pronunciation from Ming (明) dynasty

to the time of Beijing (北京) pronunciation

Vietnamese feudal dynasties used to choose ancient Chinese words as the national official language Although Chinese words were modified in each Chinese dynasty, they were still pronounced according to Tang phonology by Vietnamese Nowadays, this pronunciation has been maintained, but it is modified

to comply with Vietnamese phonological system Homophones, thus, become a common phenomenon of Sino-Vietnamese words At present, all modern written Vietnamese words are in form of Latin-based alphabet adopted in early 20thcentury Therefore, Sino-Vietnamese words are now written with Latin alphabet instead of Chinese characters (Tran Ha Thu, 2012)

+ Structure:

 Reverse position:

Chinese 語 言Ngữ ngôn Sino-Vietnamese Ngôn ngữ

九 死 一 生 Cửu tử nhất

sinh

Thập tử nhất sinh

thế ra oai

送Tống Tiễn, đưa Xấu, đuổi đi

In conclusion, after a rather long period of variation, Sino-Vietnamese words have been modified to combine pronunciations of both Chinese and Vietnamese phonology and to gradually be more natural in Vietnamese

- Being formal:

As a result of over a thousand years of Chinese domination from Han Dynasty, and a further thousand years of strong Chinese influence, a lot of Chinese vocabulary was adopted into Vietnamese Literary Chinese was used in administration, and thus terms relating to science, politics, education, and philosophy entered the common lexicon (Alves, Mark J, 2001) That is the reason why Sino-Vietnamese words are applied in various fields such as medicine, politics, literature, science, education, philosophy, economics, etc; but they are frequently used in written documents in formal texts rather than in daily life

2.3.3 Classification

- Time-based

The long history of contact between Chinese and Vietnamese is remarked by two important periods of early Tang Dynasty (8th century) and late Tang Dynasty (8th – 10th century) Mai et al (1997) divided Chinese-derived words into two sub-groups according to these major periods which are old Sino-Vietnamese words and standard Sino-Vietnamese words According to Doan (2011), about six out of ten Sino Vietnamese words are standard Sino-Vietnamese ones The standard Sino-Vietnamese words are adjusted to be accordance with Vietnamese phonology and semantics, so they are pronounced more familiarly with Vietnamese than the

old ones For example, standard Sino-Vietnamese words such as mùi, buông, múa, cởi, khoe, gần are more well- acquainted than respective old Sino-Vietnamese words such as vị, phóng, vũ, giải, khoa, cận

Besides, there is a part of Sino-Vietnamese words which do not have Chinese roots but are borrowed from other countries by Chinese people For example:

 Words of Japanese origin: trường hợp (場合) - case, nghĩa vụ (義務) - obligation, kinh tế (經濟) - economics, thủ tục (手續) - procedures, biện chứng (辨證) - dialectics, xã hội (社會) - society, phát triển(發展) - development, nghiên cứu (研究) – research, nông nghiệp (農業) - agriculture, etc

 Words of Sanskrit origin: Phật đà (佛佗), Niết bàn ( 涅槃), Di Lặc(彌勒), Thích Ca Mâu Ni (釋迦牟尼), etc

 Words of European origin:Câu lạc bộ (俱樂部), Anh Cát Lợi (英吉利), Mạc Tư Khoa (莫斯科), Nã Phá Luân (拿破侖), Gia Nã Đại (加拿大), etc

In general, the important milestone to classify Sino-Vietnamese on the basis of time is Tangdynasty

- Form-based

According to Literature textbook - Grade 7, Ministry of Education and Training (2004), Sino-Vietnamese words are formed by Sino-Vietnamese elements This is also the base to classify Sino-Vietnamese words into two main kinds of single words and compound words

They can be listed in the following table:

Table 1: Form-based classification of Sino-Vietnamese words

Subordinated compound words (Sino elements as a part to form the

word) Major element is front

Major element is back

of grammar

The major element is put before sub-elements

The major element is put after sub-elements

Example: vốn,

cung, cầu

Example: thanh toán, tiền tệ, hối đoái, bảo hộ, thuế quan, phân phối, chuyển giao

Example: xuất khẩu, nhập khẩu, cải cách, tiếp cận

Example: ngoại thương, tái cơ cấu, lợi thế, thị hiếu

2.4 Review of the year 1992 in Vietnam

1992 is a special landmark in Vietnamese history in which Vietnam enacted an amended Constitution known as 1992 Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam Since 1986 Vietnamese people have carried out a process of all-round reform and renewal initiated by the Sixth Party Congress and achieved very

important initial accomplishments The National Assembly has decided to revise the 1980 Constitution so as to meet the exigencies of the new circumstances and tasks The 1992 Constitution initiated has created many significant changes to

almost every area of Vietnamese people’s lives, especially in economics area

1992 is also the first year when Vietnam gained the trade balance, which has great meaning to international economics of Vietnam

It can be said that the year 1992 is an important transition point in diplomatic relationships of Vietnam to foreign countries Vietnam – China border war in 1979 and the announcement of "normalization of relations'' with Vietnam made by the

US President William J Clinton on July 11, 1995 are noticeable events remarking big changes in diplomatic and economic relations of Vietnam with other partners

Therefore, this milestone has created great influences on international economics of Vietnam and has showed the close relation between the Constitution and the country’s external economics

CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The hypothesis is supplied in the previous chapters of the paper To make the study credible and trustworthy, this chapter presents reasonable methods of data collection and analysis

3.1 Sampling

This paper is to study international economics terms used in international economics books published before and after the year 1992 so that a comprehensive view can be made Main books chose as samples for this study are French – English – Vietnamese Economics Terms Dictionary (University of Planning, 1981), Oxford – Duden Pictorial English – French - Vietnamese Dictionary (World Publisher, 1990) and International economics Course Book (Khu & Vu, 2010) Those books are translated by professional translators and are censored by famous publishers Therefore, terms which are applied in this thesis are of formal style and high reliability

Those international economics course books are mainly chosen to assess for two reasons The first one is that those materials are available in university so it is not difficult to seek The second reason is selecting censored course books can minimize translating problems between source language and target language

3.2 Data collection instrument

Data is collected through observation applied to international economics materials above

There are two main steps:

- First, both Vietnamese and English documents were read through to collect terms of international economics which were translated

- Second, those terms were categorized and analyzed in the involvement with

the Constitution to make clear their link

3.3 Data analysis

Data analysis was conducted to answer two abovementioned research questions Both qualitative and quantitative methods were applied for sake of the use of international economics-related Sino-Vietnamese words in English – Vietnamese translation With the quantitative method, the data from international economics documents were collected and categorized based on the Sino-Vietnamese’s classification Some calculation was made to indicate potential differences in using types of Sino-Vietnamese words to translate international economics terms post 1992 and pre 1992 Some techniques of qualitative method were applied to analyze the potential variation in tendency of translating international economics terms with Sino-Vietnamese words before 1992 in comparison with that after 1992 After that, the paper analyzed the connection between the 1992 Constitution and those trends, and the effects of using Sino-Vietnamese words in translation of international economics terms in English

CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

The preceding chapter has described fully the selection of samples, data collection instruments as well as the data analysis methods Relying on collected data, this chapter provides answers for all the research questions Notably, the theoretical framework mentioned in the Literature Review would be referred to compare with the findings of the paper

4.1 Research question 1: What types of Sino-Vietnamese words are used

to translate English international economics terms pre and post 1992?

This research question aims at defining types of Sino-Vietnamese words used

to translate English international economics terms pre and post 1992 This purpose is carried out based on two different ways of classifying Sino-Vietnamese words which are time-based and form-based

- Pre 1992