CADRE THEORIQUE
La rhétorique
Rhetoric is both a science and an art that focuses on the impact of discourse on the mind Its primary objective is to enhance communication by not only persuading and influencing thoughts but also by deliberating, defining issues, and discovering solutions.
Traditional rhetoric consists of five key components: inventio, which is the art of finding arguments and techniques to persuade; dispositio, the organization of arguments in an effective and orderly manner; elocutio, the choice of words that enhance the arguments; actio, the delivery and gestures of the speaker; and memoria, the methods for memorizing the speech While primarily focused on oral communication, rhetoric also applies to written communication and encompasses a set of rules aimed at effective discourse.
In a broad sense, rhetoric is the art of effective speaking More specifically, it encompasses the various means of expression used to persuade or evoke emotions As noted by Ruth Amossy, rhetoric, as developed by Ancient Greek culture, can be viewed as a theory of effective speech connected to the practice of oratory.
Figures of style, or rhetorical figures, are specific techniques used to persuade, charm, impress, and convey a worldview Generally, they represent a unique way of writing and expressing ideas These figures are categorized based on their construction and the effects they aim to achieve For instance, metaphors create a striking image to leave a lasting impression, while catachresis articulates a reality that previously lacked a name.
L’euphémisme
The term "euphemism" originates from the Greek word "euphemismos," which derives from the adjective "euphemos." This word is composed of "eu," meaning "good," and "phēmī," meaning "speech." Therefore, etymologically, a euphemism translates to a "good word."
The term "euphemism" first appeared in Thomas Blount's work, Glossographia, in 1656 According to Henri Morier's Dictionary of Poetics and Rhetoric, a euphemism is defined as a figure of thought that softens the expression of an idea considered harsh or overly blunt.
In the 1930 edition of the Larousse Dictionary of the 20th century, euphemism is defined as a figure of speech that softens the harshness of certain ideas or facts through careful expression or phrasing.
According to the Vietnamese encyclopedic dictionary, euphemism is defined as a way to soften an idea by not expressing it directly, instead using gentler expressions for stylistic reasons.
Euphemism is a stylistic figure that involves replacing a sad or unpleasant word or expression with a milder, softened form Its effects allow for the concealment of the unpleasant aspects of what is being said Generally, euphemism is viewed as a less direct way of speaking, aimed at softening a reality that is too harsh or shocking Ultimately, euphemism serves to avoid discomfort by subtly obscuring the truth or significantly altering the meaning to make it more palatable, without completely removing its essence.
In conversations, participants utilize both verbal and non-verbal linguistic means to convey their attitudes and feelings towards one another Euphemism is one such tool that helps individuals achieve their communication goals effectively.
In his work "Ô L’euphémisme, un obstacle à la traduction," François Bacquelaine identifies two functions of euphemism: the function of concealment and the function of masking Literally, the German terms "Verhüllens" and "Verschleierns" can be translated to French as "voiler." Figuratively, "Verhüllens" implies hiding or disguising, while "Verschleierns" carries a negative connotation, suggesting masking or camouflaging Ultimately, the author opts for "fonction de dissimulation" and "fonction de camouflage" as equivalent terms in French.
According to Anna Jaubert, various types of euphemisms share the common function of softening or beautifying unpleasant realities Essentially, the primary role of euphemisms is to act as a softener, mitigating Face Threatening Acts (FTAs) as defined by Brown and Levinson From the commonalities in the definitions provided, three main functions of euphemism can be identified: the function of taboo.
1 FRANÇOISE BACQUELAINE, L’euphémisme, un obstacle à la traduction, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/37656821_L'euphemisme_un_obstacle_a_la_traduction
2 Auteur de “Dire et plus ou moins dire Analyse pragmatique de l'euphémisme et de la litote”
8 kỵ), fonction de dissimulation (chức năng che đậy), fonction de politesse (chức năng lịch sự)
Why would one hesitate to call a cat a cat? It is often convenient to take advantage of the hidden side of euphemism Euphemisms conceal an accurate and complete description of a reality that we may not always wish to expose to others Thus, the primary causes of euphemism are considered to be taboos and civility, which require adherence to rules of politeness.
From a pragmatic perspective, the phenomenon of taboo exists in most communities In the past, Western societies viewed the use of euphemisms to discuss sensitive topics such as sex, bodily functions, and spirituality as a sign of civilization For instance, terms like "intimacy" and "intimate relationships" refer to sexual relations, while "persons with reduced mobility" is used to describe individuals with disabilities In Vietnamese, phrases like "đi ngoài" (to go out/to the little corner), "đi vệ sinh" (to go to the bathroom), and "đi WC" (to go to the WC) replace the more direct term "đi ỉa" (to defecate) or "đi đái" (to urinate) Additionally, instead of saying someone was "fired" or "laid off," more polite terms such as "giảm biên chế" (reduction of staff) or "hợp lý hóa bộ máy" (rationalization of the system) are employed.
The use of euphemistic language may be connected to the user's defensive needs, as there are instances in communication where individuals struggle to clearly express their true intentions or personal stance, despite their desire to do so.
This phenomenon positions euphemism as a shield for its user, prompting awareness of their language and discouraging the use of unpleasant or shocking terms.
Il existe diffộrentes faỗons de crộer un euphộmisme Voici des faỗons principales:
3 Appeler un chat un chat: ne pas avoir peur d’appeler les choses par leur nom, de dire les choses telles qu’elles sont, en toute franchise
- Utiliser le contraire d’une idée dans une phrase négative Le principe est d’en dire moins pour en laisser deviner beaucoup
Exemple: Il n’est pas en bonne santộ (au lieu de dire ô Il est trốs maladeằ)
- Évoquer une idée, y faire allusion, sans la nommer explicitement On le fait entre autres pour ménager la susceptibilité d’une personne
Exemple: Depuis son accident, il est à mobilitộ rộduite (au lieu de dire ô il est handicapộ ằ)
- Utiliser une expression contraire à l’idée recherchée Ce procédé permet d’amplifier l’intention péjorative ou dépréciative de l’auteur
Exemple: Une femme honnête et très généreuse (plutôt que : une femme malhonnête et avare)
Replacing an idea with a comparison or metaphor can soften a harsh reality, demonstrating respect for the loved ones of murder or accident victims This approach allows for a more compassionate expression of difficult truths while fostering understanding and empathy.
Exemple: Son õme s’est envolộe (au lieu de dire ô Il est mortằ)
- Expliquer l’idée au lieu de la nommer Ainsi utilisé, ce procédé permet d’atténuer une idée, mais aussi de créer une image
Exemple: Il fréquentait des femmes qui lui donnaient du bon temps en échange de quelques dollars (au lieu de dire : Il fréquentait des prostituées)
- Utiliser l’acronyme de l'expression, elle-même déjà utilisée pour atténuer une idée
Exemple: Elle aura recours à une IVG (mis pour interruption volontaire de grossesse, plutôt qu’avortement)
5 Quelques contraintes dans l’utilisation de l’euphémisme
From a pragmatic perspective, as noted by Denis Jamet (2009: 33), a term is not inherently euphemistic; rather, its euphemistic quality arises from its discursive use and context For instance, the question "What time is it?" typically serves as a straightforward inquiry about the time However, in a specific context, such as when a host asks this question to a guest who has overstayed their welcome, the illocutionary force of the statement shifts Here, the host employs an indirect speech act to subtly signal to the guest that it is time to leave If the guest understands the implied message, effective communication occurs without causing offense, and the euphemism achieves its intended effect Conversely, if the recipient fails to grasp the underlying meaning, misunderstandings can arise, particularly among interlocutors with differing levels of knowledge and varying socio-affective relationships.
6 Distinction entre l’euphémisme et la litote
Litotes and euphemisms are stylistic figures that share similarities but serve opposing purposes Litotes involves expressing less to convey more, thereby reinforcing the information, while euphemisms are used to refer to unpleasant subjects without using the exact term In other words, while euphemisms soften an unpleasant idea to make it more palatable, litotes aims to bring forth the idea's strength by hinting at it through understatement For instance, saying "This cheese doesn't smell good" emphasizes that the cheese in question is indeed bad, without concealing the truth.
La mort
Death is understood as the end of life, marked by the physical cessation of biological functions Medically, it is identified by a flat electroencephalogram indicating the cessation of brain activity Philosophically, various authors interpret death as both the conclusion of earthly existence and a transition to an ideal realm.
Définition de la mort de quelques philosophes :
[La mort], ô est-ce autre chose que la sộparation de l’õme d’avec le corps ?
On est mort, quand le corps, séparé de l’âme, reste seul, à part, avec lui-même, et quand l’õme, sộparộe du corps, reste seule, à part, avec elle-mờme ằ …
Epicurus teaches us that death is inconsequential, as all pleasure and pain are rooted in sensation, and death represents the total absence of sensation Therefore, the greatest fear we associate with death holds no significance for us; while we are alive, death does not exist, and when death arrives, we cease to exist.
Hegel describes death as a formidable reality that should not be feared He emphasizes that true life does not shy away from death or seek to remain untouched by destruction Instead, it is the life of the spirit that embraces death, finding sustenance and continuity even within it.
Schopenhauer suggests that death represents the liberation from a narrow and uniform individuality, which does not truly embody the essence of our being but rather serves as a form of aberration.
2 Différentes causes de la mort
Il existe 3 causes principales qui provoquent la mort :
Natural death, often referred to as death from old age, is an inevitable part of life that everyone ultimately faces This term signifies that an individual has reached the end of their life span without surprising anyone Natural death is also considered a gentle passing, historically known as "the good death." Surprisingly, it is possible for individuals to choose to die on their own terms when they decide to do so.
Violent death occurs due to an external agent's violent action, which can be physical, toxic, or caused by a person, machine, or product These circumstances may be criminal, accidental, or suicidal in nature When discussing the causes of violent death, the focus typically lies on injuries or lesions.
Sudden death refers to an unexpected demise occurring in an apparently healthy individual, primarily due to natural causes The leading factor contributing to sudden death is cardiac conditions.
Cardiac arrest is responsible for nearly 50,000 premature deaths annually in France, averaging about 130 deaths each day This figure is ten times greater than the number of fatalities caused by road accidents.
3.1 Rôle de l’euphémisme dans l’expression désignant la mort
Euphemism is a rhetorical device used to express unpleasant or distressing ideas in a softened manner Although death is a natural and inevitable part of life, many individuals discuss it with hesitation or fear During conversations, people often employ euphemisms to prevent causing shock, pain, or anxiety in others Death remains one of the primary taboos in society.
In many cultures, particularly in Latin countries like France, euphemisms are commonly used to soften the impact of harsh realities According to Professor Pộquignot (1973), the French language often avoids the direct term "death," opting instead for gentler expressions such as "to pass away" or "to disappear." This linguistic choice reflects a cultural tendency to approach sensitive topics with greater delicacy.
In certain situations, using euphemisms to refer to death is not advisable, as it is essential to confront pain and reality directly In war novels, authors often employ starkly direct phrases to announce death, such as "He is dead." While these expressions may seem blunt, they reflect the harsh truth without embellishment The author aims for readers to vividly imagine the brutal nature of war and the profound suffering it inflicts.
A study on the impact of euphemisms on children reveals that using euphemistic expressions when discussing death is discouraged, as it can lead to misunderstandings At a young age, children's cognitive abilities are not sufficiently developed to grasp figurative phrases like "to disappear" or "to go away." Therefore, it is advisable to directly refer to death to prevent any unintended consequences.
An understanding of rhetoric, particularly euphemism, along with a comprehensive perspective on the final stage of human life, serves as the theoretical foundation for the analyses presented in the following section.
4 https://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/paris-ile-de-france/retro-toussaint-codes-perdus-du-deuil-1567606.html
ÉTUDE DES CAS
Présentation du corpus
The corpus section of this research is located at the end To determine if a word or phrase is euphemistic, one must consider the specific context, except for terms identified as euphemisms in dictionaries Therefore, I have organized the collected data into two parts: the first part focuses on Vietnamese verbs and expressions related to death, while the following section includes verbs and phrases, as well as terms that refer to the state between life and death in French.
Each section consists of a three-column table that provides context to update the meaning of each term My corpus is composed of various sources, including literary works (novels, tales, narratives), dictionaries, online newspaper articles, obituaries, and funeral speeches Most of these documents are sourced from the internet.
In our research process, we identify various lists of expressions related to death in both French and Vietnamese, compiled by those interested in the topic From these lists, we attempt to explore online for examples where verbs and phrases are illustrated However, there are several expressions from the proposed lists for which we cannot find precise illustrations.
Analyse du corpus
We have compiled approximately 172 phrases and 52 verbs related to death in two languages However, some terms are only found in dictionaries with a single meaning, "to die," lacking any illustrative examples Despite numerous attempts to find specific examples for these phrases online, we have been unsuccessful Therefore, we propose the following two hypotheses:
- Ces locutions dateraient de longtemps et il est aujourd’hui difficile de remarquer leurs fréquences Elles pourraient être remplacées par de nouveaux termes euphémiques;
These expressions are commonly used in spoken language, but they may not always be preserved in written form As a result, it can be challenging to locate their occurrences during my research, which primarily relies on online documentation.
Des exemples dans le corpus sont analysés sous trois aspects : syntaxique, sémantique et pragmatique
- Sous l’aspect syntaxique, les exemples sont étudiés sur de différentes structures et des syntagmes (verbaux, nominaux,…)
- Sous l’aspect sémantique, nous nous intéressons aux procédés utilisés et éléments fondamentaux qu’on utilise pour désigner la mort
- Sous l’aspect pragmatique, les exemples me permettent d’établir le lien entre les termes utilisés et le sentiment de l’émetteur envers le récepteur
1 Structures lexicales et syntaxiques des euphémismes
Based on the core of a syntactic group, which is the main component of phrases, the terms we have gathered will be analyzed according to the types of phrases, specifically focusing on the category of the core, such as verb, noun, or preposition.
1.1 Caractộristiques des termes et des locutions en franỗais
The syntagma is recognized as the main constituent of a sentence, possessing both syntactic and semantic characteristics It is also referred to as a "group" because it consists of one or more words that can form a minimal sentence Depending on its core, syntagmas in French are divided into five types: verbal, nominal, adjectival, and prepositional The verbal syntagma is one of these essential types.
Un syntagme verbal se définit comme une combinaison de morphèmes autour d’un verbe En fonction du verbe, on en a plusieurs types :
Among the 132 verbal phrases collected, often structured as (Verb + Noun Phrase), such as "to eat dandelions by the root" and "to render one's last sigh," we also identified 24 verbs used to create euphemisms for death, including "to disappear," "to extinguish," "to leave," "to kick the bucket," and "to croak."
In a similar manner, we can conclude that the central component of a noun phrase is a noun, which primarily appears in the form of a Determiner + noun structure This type of phrase accounts for approximately 6.1% of the terms used.
17 le Tableau II.2 Locutions, ó se trouvent : le dernier voyage (89), le rappel à Dieu
The article explores various expressions related to death and dying, highlighting phrases such as "eternal rest," "cruel loss," and "journey to the beyond." It also discusses prepositional phrases, which constitute approximately 4.5% of the content, including expressions like "at the article of death," "six feet under," and "on the brink of the grave." These phrases encapsulate the themes of finality and mortality, providing a linguistic framework for understanding the end of life.
By analyzing the euphemisms surrounding death in French, we discovered various methods used to create these euphemisms, whether through phrases or by employing active or passive sentence structures.
In the case of negative passive structures, there are no examples available in the corpus Additionally, the syntactic characteristics of euphemisms in French can be summarized in the following table.
Tableau 1.1 Tableau des caractéristiques syntaxiques des euphémismes dộsignant la mort en franỗais
STRUCTURE ACTIVE STRUCTURE PASSIVE (AU
S+ verbe + … S + ne + verbe + pas (plus)
S + verbe auxiliaire (être)+ participe passé
S + ne + verbe auxiliaire (être) + pas (plus)+ …
- Il avait rejoint les verts pâturages depuis un certain temps
- Mon père ma mère ont quitté la vallée des larmes (90)
- Il tomba sur le dos dans la poussière, tendant ses deux mains vers ses compagnons (8)
Bientôt/ Sur le point de mourir)
- Il y a longtemps qu’il n’a plus mal aux dents (Il y longtemps qu’il est mort) (22)
- On peut être fauché, dans la force de l’âge, par la maladie ou par un accident (24) ( Annexes - Tableau II.1 Verbes)
1.2 Caractéristiques des termes et des locutions en vietnamien
One prominent feature of Vietnamese euphemisms is the use of phrases composed of at least four elements These phrases, widely utilized, include expressions like "eating the glutinous rice cake while listening to the funeral trumpet," "leaving life," and "joining the ancestors." Additionally, there are several proverbs such as "an eternal sleep" and "sudden death." Many creative phrases by writers to refer to death exist, including "that’s it," "going to meet Grandpa Cỏc Mỏc and Grandpa Lênin," and "entering Mother Earth." Furthermore, a variety of simple and compound verbs are used to create euphemisms for death, such as "mất," "từ trần," "tạ thế," "qua đời," and "hi sinh."
Pour ces deux formes, nous ne trouvons pas d’exemples à illustrer dans le corpus
Within my corpus, the sentences discussing death are organized into key structures There is only one instance of the passive voice present However, we could not identify a specific example for the negative form.
Tableau 1.2 Tableau des caractéristiques syntaxiques des euphémismes désignant la mort en vietnamien
STRUCTURE ACTIVE STRUCTURE PASSIVE (AU
Sujet + được + verbe Sujet + ne + verbe auxiliaire (être) + pas (plus)+ …
- Bác đã đi vào lòng đất mẹ/ Hồ lệ khôn nguôi luyến tiếc nhìn
- Timber đã đi vào giấc ngủ vĩnh viễn 1 năm trước đây (63) (
- Tưởng tượng một người mới hôm trước còn cười nói vui vẻ, hôm sau đã không còn trên đời nữa (31)
- “Khi ấy tôi hiểu rằng con mình đã không còn nữa”, ông đau đớn nhớ lại (32) (Annexes – Tableau I.2
- Đức cha Phaolô Nguyễn Thanh Hoan đã được Chúa gọi về trong sự tiếc thương của toàn thể Giáo phận Phan Thiết (18) (Annexes – Tableau I.2
In both French and Vietnamese, many euphemisms for death are verbal phrases or expressions To soften the negative impact or pain associated with death, there is a tendency to use negative constructions.
There are notable differences between French and Vietnamese In French, in addition to verbal phrases, nominal and prepositional phrases are used, which do not exist in Vietnamese Conversely, Vietnamese contains proverbs and expressions created by writers to discuss death, which are absent in French.
Ces caractéristiques syntaxiques peuvent être trouvés dans le tableau suivant
Tableau 1.3 Tableau récapitulatif des ressemblances et différences syntaxiques
- Verbe (disparaitre, s’éteindre, partir, etc.)
- Verbe + syntagme nominal (rendre son dernier soupir)
- Verbe + syntagme prépositionnel (partir dans un autre monde)
- Verbe + syntagme nominal + syntagme prépositionnel (manger les pissenlits par la racine)
- Verbe simple/ composé (mất, từ trần, hi sinh)
- Verbe + syntagme nominal (trút hơi thở cuối cùng)
(trở về với cát bụi)
Déterminant + nom (le rappel à Dieu)
Préposition + syntagme nominal (à l’article de la mort, à six pieds sous terre)
Proverbes Non disponible - Proverbes: ô nhắm mắt xuụi tay ằ, ô bất đắc kỳ tử ằ
(Ils ont quitté la vallée des larmes)
(Bác đã đi vào lòng đất mẹ/
Hồ lệ khôn nguôi luyến tiếc nhìn)
(Il y a longtemps qu’il n’a plus mal aux dents)
(Khi ấy tôi hiểu rằng con mình đã không còn nữa.)
S + verbe auxiliaire (être) + participe passé
(Đức cha Phaolô Nguyễn Thanh Hoan đã được Chúa gọi về trong sự tiếc thương của toàn thể Giáo phận Phan Thiết)
2 Procédés utilisés pour former un euphémisme
2.1 Euphộmisme de la mort en franỗais
2.1.1 La pộriphrase (quitter, s’en aller, disparaợtre)
In general, we can leave our family or friends and return later However, in a figurative sense, verbs like "to leave," "to disappear," and "to go away" are used as euphemisms based on periphrasis to signify death.
Ex : Malheureusement il vient d'être blessé par balle et il est possible qu'il nous quitte (18) (Annexes – Tableau II.1 Verbes)
Comme la mort représente un sujet sensible et parfois tabou, on utilise les euphémismes métaphoriques ó le défunt est considéré comme une bougie qui s'éteint et ne sera plus allumée
At the age of 93, Pastor-Evangelist Lucien Clerc peacefully passed away on the morning of March 1, 2014, at the Le Châtelet retirement home in Meudon, where he had resided with his wife Suzanne since 2011.
2.1.3 La métonymie (fermer les yeux)
Pour atténuer la douleur chez l’interlocuteur, on compare le fait de mourir à un sommeil éternel et la personne qui dort ne réveille plus
Ex : Ainsi, prêt à fermer mes yeux à la lumière,
Nul espoir ne viendra consoler ma paupière:
Mon âme aura passé sans guide et sans flambeau
De la nuit d’ici-bas dans la nuit du tombeau
PROPOSITIONS
Les résultats de recherche
From a syntactic perspective, many euphemisms for death in both French and Vietnamese commonly appear as verbal phrases or expressions To soften the unpleasant or harsh concepts associated with death, there is a tendency to employ negative structures.
In both languages, death is often depicted through imagery related to sleep, rest, breathing, dust (earth), and the notion of departure (leaving this world for a better one) Key stylistic devices employed to address this inevitable reality include periphrasis, metaphor, metonymy, and allusion Additionally, religion significantly influences the formation and use of euphemisms surrounding the topic of death.
From a pragmatic perspective, the use of euphemisms for death in both French and Vietnamese serves similar purposes These euphemisms aim to provide consolation to the deceased's loved ones, express politeness and delicacy in communication, and convey feelings of respect, commemoration, and well-wishes for the departed.
In terms of syntax, French employs not only verbal phrases but also nominal and prepositional phrases that are absent in Vietnamese Additionally, the passive voice is more prevalent in French than in Vietnamese, as evidenced by various examples However, unlike Vietnamese, French lacks proverbs specifically addressing death.
From a semantic perspective, there are notable differences regarding the afterlife destination, the individuals encountered post-mortem, and the social status or professions of the deceased, which contribute to the religious disparities observed between two cultures.
Suggestions pour l’enseignement-apprentissage du franỗais langue ộtrangốre
Firstly, teachers should utilize euphemisms themselves to demonstrate the nuances of the French language to students To assist learners in mastering the use of euphemisms related to death, educators can differentiate these euphemisms from other forms of mitigation, such as litotes, periphrasis, and allusion, by providing specific examples.
Incorporating euphemisms in specific contexts can create opportunities for learners to use them effectively Encouraging students to seek more elegant rephrasing of sensitive topics or making this activity a mandatory homework assignment is advisable Additionally, teachers could highlight linguistic and cultural differences in euphemisms surrounding death in French and Vietnamese, as well as share anecdotes that students interning at travel agencies use to engage with foreign tourists.
Secondly, students must recognize the importance of politeness and familiarize themselves with figures of speech, particularly euphemisms It is well understood that euphemisms arise not only from language but also from each culture and society Therefore, learners of the French language should have a foundational knowledge of cultural and religious contexts to effectively understand and use euphemisms appropriately.
The practice of documenting all expressions encountered daily that refer to undesirable situations or sensitive subjects, such as disabilities, homelessness, and sexual relationships, is essential for fostering understanding and awareness.
35 adoptée Pour ce faire, il faut bien sûr se mettre dans un environnement bel et bien linguistique : films, articles, vidéos sur Youtube
In translation, it is crucial to recognize that not all euphemisms can be translated literally into Vietnamese, particularly when dealing with expressions related to death Therefore, when translating death-related euphemisms between French and Vietnamese, it is essential to select suitable equivalents Additionally, euphemisms serve as a means of expressing the speaker's attitude and emotions regarding death This highlights the importance of understanding the main pragmatic functions for learners In essence, translating death euphemisms involves conveying not only the explicit meaning but also the underlying intentions and the unspoken nuances.
Perspectives de la recherche
L’ộtude comparative des euphộmismes dộsignant la mort en franỗais et en vietnamien est très intéressante et permet d’ouvrir de nouvelles pistes de recherche autour de ce sujet :
- Une étude sur la litote, une autre figure d’atténuation comme l’euphémisme ou sur l’hyperbole, une figure d’amplification opposée à l’euphémisme
- Une étude de cette figure de style sur les autres thèmes: la politique, la guerre, le sexe, la maladie
- Une étude sur l’emploi des euphémismes dans les journaux
The French language is renowned for its refinement and subtlety, particularly when discussing the inevitable aspect of human existence: death Since everyone ultimately faces mortality, it is essential to express this concept through varied phrases, allowing for a more nuanced conversation about such a sensitive topic.
In the French language, there is a wide range of euphemisms that address the sensitive topic of death These various expressions effectively soften the harshness of this distressing concept It is essential to consider these euphemisms in communication to avoid upsetting the feelings of those involved.
Euphemism plays a crucial role in refining our communication about taboo subjects, helping to create a positive image of ourselves When you engage in conversation with politeness and sensitivity, you naturally earn the respect of others.
Understanding an euphemism is complex due to its spatio-temporal factors and the cultural context of the region or social group from which it originates When using an euphemism, it is essential to consider the context and the intellectual levels of both the speaker and the listener Misusing euphemisms can even be perceived as a form of vanity.
Quand, ó et comment sont trois questions à se poser vite à l’esprit lorsqu’on décide d’avoir recours à cette figure de style au quotidien et au milieu professionnel
Euphemism plays a crucial role in refining our communication about sensitive topics, allowing us to present a positive image of ourselves When you engage in conversation with politeness and tact, you naturally earn the respect of others.
Just as "Teeth are good against the tongue," what is said and what is remembered play a crucial role in successful communication and shape the relationship between you and your conversation partner.
1 BACQUELAINE Franỗoise (2006), L’euphộmisme, un obstacle à la traduction, publié sur Research Gate
2 JAMET Denis (2009), Historique et procédés linguistiques de l’euphémisme, Manuscrit euphémisme – Archive ouverte HAL
3 JAMET Denis et JOBERT Manuel (2010), Empreintes de l’euphémisme Tours et détours, Actes du colloque des 29, 30 et 31 mai
2008 Organisé à l’Université Jean Moulin – Lyon 3 Centre d’Etudes Linguistiques (EA 1663)
4 JAUBERT Anna (2008), Dire et plus ou moins dire Analyse pragmatique de l'euphộmisme et de la litote, Dans Langue franỗaise 2008/4 (n° 160), pages 105 à 116
5 LÓPEZ DÍAZ Montserrat (2014), L’euphémisme, la langue de bois et le politiquement correct : changements linguistiques et stratégies énonciatives, Dans L’Information grammaticale n° 143, octobre 2014
6 VĂN Anh Đào (2011), Étude de l’euphémisme voilant la mort en franỗais et en vietnamien, Universitộ de Danang
1 Hà Hội Tiên (2009), Khảo sát đặc điểm của uyển ngữ tiếng Hán và cách chuyển dịch chúng sang tiếng Việt, Luận án Tiến sĩ, ĐHKHXH&NV, ĐHQG TP.HCM
2 Hoàng Thị Liễu (2015), Đối chiếu uyển ngữ tiếng Việt – tiếng Trung (các nhóm uyển ngữ liên quan đến nghề nghiệp – địa vị và kiêng kị),
Luận văn Thạc sĩ, Đai học Đà Nẵng
3 Nguyễn Thiện Giáp (2008), Giáo trình ngôn ngữ học, Nxb Đại học quốc gia Hà Nội
4 Trần Thị Hồng Hạnh (2015), Đặc điểm ngôn ngữ - văn hóa của uyển ngữ tiếng việt, Tc Ngôn ngữ & Đời sống số 8 (238)-2015
5 Trương Viên (2003), Nghiên cứu uyển ngữ trong tiếng Anh và việc chuyển dịch sang tiếng Việt, Luận án Tiến sĩ, ĐHKHXH&NV, ĐHQG
1 http://www.alloleciel.fr/article/quand-la-mort-est-un-euphemisme
2 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01395558/document
3 http://www.humouretdelire.com/life/top-30-des-expressions-pour- parler-de-la-mort-oui-on-peut-rester-classe/
4 http://www.topito.com/top-expressions-pour-parler-de-la-mort-mourir- cest-pas-facile
5 http://carnet.sudouest.fr/lexique
6 https://books.google.com.vn/books?id=ejaWne- kcyUC&pg=PA21&lpg=PA21&dq=Remercier+son+boulanger&source
=bl&ots=NocE-EpFha&sig=UuCEZu6ygQql6q0rID- hVbMvqYQ&hl=vi&sa=X&ved hUKEwi41crmyKTQAhVLMI8KH WFLB1MQ6AEIUDAJ#v=onepage&q=Remercier%20son%20boulang er&fse
7 http://dictionnaire.reverso.net/francais-synonymes/mourir
8 http://ceciestuntest.over-blog.com/article-10686499.html
9 http://www.crisco.unicaen.fr/des/synonymes/mourir
10 http://www.prevention.ch/lepreuvedudeuil.htm
11 http://www.lettres.org/files/euphemisme.html
12 https://french.hku.hk/dcmScreen/lang3033/lang3033_tropes_a_e.htm#e uphemisme
13 https://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/paris-ile-de-france/retro- toussaint-codes-perdus-du-deuil-1567606.html
14 https://vi.diphealth.com/968-euphemisms-for-dead-death-or-dying- 1131903-92
15 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/37656821_L'euphemisme_un _obstacle_a_la_traduction
16 http://livre.prologuenumerique.ca/telechargement/extrait.cfm?ISBN 82296245730&type=pdf
17 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292099419_L'euphemisme_la _langue_de_bois_et_le_politiquement_correct_changements_linguistiq ues_et_strategies_enonciatives
18 https://www.lalanguefrancaise.com/litterature/euphemisme-definition- exemples/
19 https://www.laculturegenerale.com/periphrase-definition-simple- exemples/
I DES TERMES DESIGNANT LA MORT EN VIETNAMIEN
1 Từ trần Nguyên Tổng Bí thư Đỗ Mười đã từ trần hồi 23 giờ 12 phút ngày
1/10/2018, tại Bệnh viện Trung ương Quân đội 108 https://viettimes.vn/ nguyen-tong-bi-thu- do-muoi-tu-tran- 304589.html
Đại tướng Võ Nguyên Giáp đã tạ thế vào tối ngày 4 tháng 10 năm 2013 Ngày 5 tháng 10, Ngoại trưởng Pháp Laurent Fabius đã phát biểu ca ngợi ông là một nhà yêu nước vĩ đại của Việt Nam, được nhân dân kính trọng và yêu mến.
3 Khuất núi Băng Sơn - nhà văn của Hà Nội phố đã khuất núi http://www.sggp.or g.vn/bang-son-nha- van-cua-ha-noi- pho-da-khuat-nui- 93942.html
4 Quy tiên Tổng cộng có 15 cụ già cô đơn, không nơi nương tựa, sống nhiều năm ở đây Rồi các cụ quy tiên; https://vnexpress.ne t/tin-tuc/thoi- su/chet-van-duoc- nhan-tien-tro-cap- xa-hoi-
5 Qua đời Chủ tịch nước Trần Đại Quang đã qua đời lúc 10 giờ 5 phút ngày
21/9/2018 tại Bệnh viện Trung ương Quân đội 108 https://vov.vn/chinh -tri/chu-tich-nuoc- tran-dai-quang-tu- tran-815702.vov
6 Mất Kim Dung mất đi nhưng các câu nói kinh điển này còn mãi! http://soha.vn/kim- dung-mat-di-nhung- cac-cau-noi-kinh- dien-nay-con-mai- 2018103109515091 9.htm
7 Đi xa “Ông Củng” đã đi xa… https://www.phunu online.com.vn/van- hoa-giai-tri/ong- cung-da-di-xa- 28346/
8 Ra đi Gia đình anh Nguyễn Văn Cường cho biết, sau 1 thời gian cầm cự, cố gắng chạy chữa nhưng bệnh ung thư dạ dày đã chuyển biến quá nặng anh Cường đã ra đi tại nhà vào ngày 28/10 https://dantri.com.v n/tam-long-nhan- ai/anh-nguyen-van- cuong-da-ra-di-mai- mai-
9 Yên nghỉ Nằm trên miền biên giới thuộc huyện
Vĩnh Hưng (Long An), nghĩa trang liệt sỹ Vĩnh Hưng - Tân Hưng là nơi yên nghỉ của hơn 3.200 liệt sỹ https://baotintuc.vn/ xa-hoi/cac-anh-da- ve-yen-nghi-chung- mot-mai-nha- 2018072622562594 9.htm
10 Quy tiên Theo tập tục đời trước, người già sau khi quy tiên, cả gia đình phải làm
Rượu trong nền văn hóa tửu Trung Hoa
43 hàng loạt sự việc: tắm xác, thay quần áo, bày đồ cúng, báo tang, túc trực bên linh cữu chịu tang, nhập liệm (đặt vào quan tài), đưa tang https://books.google com.vn/books?id Esyjrcb7O_wC&pg
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&sig=zkNiXAbRX WRD_vaLhLQ7hR ecgQA&hl=vi&sa X&ved*hUKEwj u5sDN87TeAhWJx LwKHZEvAwU4H hDoATAJegQIAB AB#v=onepage&q quy%20ti%C3%A An&fse
11 Về trời “Bố mẹ cháu bay hết về trời rồi, cô ạ
!” https://dantri.com.v n/tam-long-nhan- ai/bo-me-chau-bay- het-ve-troi-roi-co-a- 2015080407164695 9.htm
12 Chầu trời Bao giờ ông lão chầu trời thì tôi sẽ lấy một người trai tơ https://vi.wiktionary org/wiki/ch%E1% BA%A7u_tr%E1% BB%9Di#Ti%E1% BA%BFng_Vi%E1
13 Viên tịch Những người xuất gia vì hiểu được https://kienthuc.net.
44 nhân quả, sự vô thường của cuộc đời
Khi một người viên tịch, họ thường thể hiện sự bình tĩnh và thoải mái, cảm giác nhẹ nhàng trong tâm hồn Điều này phản ánh sự chấp nhận cuộc sống và cái chết một cách tích cực.
14 Quy tịch Chết, tiếng nhà Phật, chỉ dùng cho các tăng sĩ https://hvdic.thivien net/hv/quy%20t%E 1%BB%8Bch
15 Tịch diệt Phật Thích Ca đã tịch diệt http://tratu.soha.vn/ dict/vn_vn/T%E1% BB%8Bch_di%E1
16 Hóa hạc Thay đổi, trở thành con hạc ( bay lên tiên ), chỉ sự chết https://hvdic.thivien net/hv/ho%C3%A1 +h%E1%BA%A1c
17 Thăng thiên N/A https://hvdic.thivien
.net/hv/th%C4%83n g%20thi%C3%AA n