Raison de choix du sujet
In today's world, global integration is viewed as a vital tool for connecting cultures, peoples, and countries while promoting international cooperation Interculturality is an essential topic that cannot be overlooked In the case of Vietnam, its millennia-old history reflects numerous invasions by China, Japan, France, and the United States, during which Vietnamese culture has engaged with various cultures, including significant interactions with Western culture following the arrival of the French.
Colonial emperors typically prioritize modifying the existing administrative systems of their colonies while establishing structures that reflect their own influence This was evident during the French colonization of Hanoi, where significant emphasis was placed on urban redevelopment and architecture The changes in land use and architectural styles during this period clearly highlighted the intercultural characteristics between France and Vietnam.
Vietnam and France represent two distinct cultures shaped by various factors, including language, beliefs, art, technology, cuisine, and climate Additionally, similar to most Western countries, France is influenced by individualistic culture, while Vietnamese culture leans towards collectivism.
Individualism and collectivism are two distinct cultural variables characterized by differences in objectives, priorities, community and individual roles, management styles, and the necessity of reciprocity These cultural dimensions also manifest in key areas such as language, behavior, problem-solving approaches, and hierarchical distance This study seeks to explore how and to what extent the cultural variables of individualism and collectivism from different countries have intersected and exchanged influences To address this question, the research will focus on the unique features of urban planning and architecture during the French invasion of Hanoi, highlighting the changes in Vietnamese culture resulting from its contact with French culture.
By examining the significant transformations in the urban planning and architecture of Hanoi, as well as the lasting impacts of the French colonial empire, I have chosen to explore the topic "Cultural Imprints through the Specifics of Urban Planning and Architecture in Hanoi during the First French Colonization of Vietnam (1897-1914)." This research provides an opportunity to gain a deeper understanding of both Vietnamese and French cultures, as well as the distinct expressions of individualism and collectivism reflected in urban design and architecture Through this study, I aim to appreciate the importance of intercultural communication in our society, both past and present.
Objectifs de recherche
In this study, I aim to explore the cultural characteristics of Hanoi before and after the first French colonization of Vietnam (1897-1914), focusing on the urban planning and architectural styles introduced by the French colonial government in Tonkin Additionally, I seek to reveal the traces of French culture in Hanoi.
Questions de recherche
- Quelles sont les particularités de l’aménagement du territoire et de l’architecture de Hanọ avant la colonisation franỗaise au Vietnam (1884)?
- Quelles sont les particularités de l’aménagement du territoire et de l’architecture de Hanọ pendant la premiốre colonisation franỗaise au Vietnam (1897-1914)?
- Dans quelles mesures se sont manifesté les empreintes culturelles de la France pendant la premiốre colonisation franỗaise au Vietnam?
Méthodologie de recherche
To explore the cultural footprints of France in Hanoi, this study employs a descriptive method that facilitates the examination and analysis of research objects, allowing for insightful commentary on two distinct cultural variables and the validation of hypotheses After establishing the research objectives and framework, data was collected through documentary research, with a thorough analysis of the gathered documents to assess their quality and relevance, ensuring the selection of pertinent information The processed data was then synthesized, complemented by a comparative method to identify similarities and differences in land use and architecture between two historical periods in Hanoi, as well as to differentiate manifestations of individualism from collectivism Additionally, our work incorporated map analysis to understand the urban planning and territorial dynamics of Hanoi, along with their trends of change.
Hypothèses de recherche
Avant la colonisation franỗaise au Vietnam, l’amộnagement et l’architecture de Hanọ avait porté les caractéristiques uniquement orientales et ne s’était pas clairement manifesté dans l’espace urbain
Pendant la premiốre colonisation franỗaise au Vietnam, les Franỗais ont rộamộnagộ l’espace urbain de Hanọ selon le modèle européen L’architecture de Hanọ a connu un grand changement
Hanoi has emerged as a cultural crossroads between the West and the East The French influence on urban planning and architecture in Hanoi reflects collectivist characteristics, while the city's traditional design and layout emphasize individualism.
Contribution du mémoire
The topic "Cultural Imprints Through the Characteristics of Urban Planning and Architecture in Hanoi During the First French Colonization of Vietnam (1897-1914)" focuses on the transition from a rural to an urban model in Hanoi during this historical period French colonial control transformed a predominantly agricultural region into a political, economic, and cultural hub, serving as an intercultural point between East and West This significant phase marked a pivotal moment in the intercultural communication between Vietnamese and French cultures.
Intercultural communication between Vietnam and France has intrigued many social and cultural researchers However, the interplay of individualism and collectivism, as reflected in the urban planning and architecture of these two distinct cultures, remains an underexplored area This research aims to investigate how individualism and collectivism are expressed through the unique characteristics of urban planning and architecture in Hanoi.
Cadre théorique
Revue de la littérature
French influences on the urban planning and architecture of Hanoi date back to the colonial period, with numerous studies conducted by professional architects and sociologists examining the changes in urbanism and architectural styles Historical trends in art reveal the evolution of architectural features in monuments and residences in Hanoi, both before and after French colonial expansion This section will present reliable research that provides a comprehensive overview of Hanoi's architectural landscape.
Since the 1980s, analyses in Vietnam have emerged regarding the influence of French architectural ideas on the transformation of Hanoi, a traditional city that previously showcased only Eastern characteristics This transformation marked a significant shift in the cultural landscape of Indochina, highlighting the renovations implemented during the French colonial era.
The work "Hà Nội nghìn năm xây dựng," written by Dang Thai Hoang in 1980, provides a comprehensive overview of the history of architecture and construction in Hanoi, beginning in 1010 and spanning various periods of feudal rule from the 11th to the 18th century in Vietnam The author highlights significant architectural landmarks from each era, including the Imperial Citadel from the reign of King Ly Thai To and the One Pillar Pagoda built by Emperor Ly Thai Tong Additionally, Đặng Thái Hồng emphasizes urban planning in the bustling 36 Streets district of Hanoi in his work "Kiến trúc Hà Nội thế kỷ XIX - XX," detailing the diverse urban styles introduced by the French during the 19th and 20th centuries.
2 font analysés pour démontrer les problèmes dans l’urbanisme et faire le lien avec ceux de nos jours
In her 2014 research titled "Franco-Vietnamese Interculturalism in Modern Times through the Data of Literature and Arts," Nguyen Thi Kim Loan examined the architectural features and urban planning of Hanoi before and during the early stages of French colonization in Vietnam Alongside her focus on architecture, the author illustrated how Hanoi's urban development underwent significant changes under the influence of the French colonial Empire.
Nguyen Thi Kim Loan's research focuses on the architectural features of Hanoi before and during French colonization in Vietnam, without referencing architectural styles from France or Europe In contrast, this thesis highlights and analyzes the architectural characteristics of both Hanoi and France.
In summary, the common thread among the aforementioned studies is their focus solely on the significant monuments in Hanoi during the French colonization, without delving into the changes in the design, construction, and architecture of the local residences.
French architecture in Hanoi is primarily represented through monuments, military fortifications, popular housing, and historic villas Nguyen Ngoc Tuan's article, "Biệt thự Pháp di sản văn hóa Hà Nội," published in Hà Nội Mới in 2004, explores this fascinating topic The historic villas in Hanoi exude elegance, delicacy, and perfection, with every detail being irreplaceable and meticulously crafted.
Additionally, there are works that delve into the unique characteristics of the form and architecture of the old houses in Hanoi, including "Applying Morphological Analysis of Facades in the Old Quarter of Hanoi," written by architect Ngo Le Minh in 2006 This article, published in the Vietnam Architecture Journal (issue number 8), focuses on the analysis of facades within the architectural plans of Hanoi's traditional houses.
3 trois types majeurs: les maisons originales qui apportent les singularités architecturales franỗaises et les traits traditionnels de Hanọ, les maisons rộnovộes et les maisons modernes
In the book "The French In Tonkin And South China" (1902) by Alfred Cunningham and the photo collection "Le Tonkin vers 1900," an authentic image of Vietnam is depicted, offering a glimpse into the society, culture, lifestyle, architecture, and urban planning of Hanoi and the Indochinese peninsula By positioning Hanoi at the heart of Indochina's development, these works highlight the positive transformations during the French colonial period The French constructed magnificent buildings showcasing European styles, expanded roadways, reorganized transportation networks, and enhanced infrastructure quality.
Pourtant, les recherches enregistrées dans le livre The French In Tonkin And South
China and the photo collection "Le Tonkin" from around 1900 did not delve into the architectural specifics of Hanoi They only captured a general image of Hanoi's architecture, failing to highlight the elements that set it apart from other eras and regions By focusing on form, building materials, and decorative style, this paper explores in greater detail the French architectural characteristics established in Hanoi during the period of 1897-1914.
Another significant work discussing the architectural features of buildings in Hanoi during the French colonization is "Kiến trỳc của cỏc cụng trỡnh cụng cộng thời thuộc địa ở Hà Nội và ảnh hưởng đối với quá trình phát triển đô thị" by Corinne Nacinovic, published in the book "Hà Nội: chu kỳ của những đổi thay: Hình thái kiến trúc và đô thị." This article highlights the impact of colonial architecture on the urban development of Hanoi.
In 2003, the author analyzed several monuments constructed during the French colonization of Hanoi, including the Hanoi Opera House, St Joseph's Cathedral, the Governor-General's Palace of Indochina, the Supreme Court, and the Hanoi City Hall.
Les influences des travaux mentionnés sur le développement urbain d’autrefois se produisent d’une manière vraiment claire et convaincante
Selon le dictionnaire Larousse (édition 2008) :
“L’architecture constitue l’art de concevoir et de construire un bâtiment dans le respect des contraintes fonctionnelles, esthétiques, techniques et réglementaires déterminées.”
In the meantime, Jonathan Glancey, an honorary member of the Royal Institute of British Architects in London and the editor of the Architecture and Design section for The Guardian, discusses the significance of architectural expertise.
"Architecture began when 'two bricks were carefully placed on top of each other,' as Ludwig Mies van der Rohe stated This seemingly simple definition captures the essence of architecture as a thoughtful and deliberate act, blending practicality with artistry."
Ultimately, architecture involves the design and construction of buildings primarily intended for shelter This term encompasses not only the act of building but also the principles that architects and workers must adhere to, as well as the artistic expressions that reflect the spirit of craftsmanship, the value of creativity, and the progression of humanity.
1.2.2 Définition de l’aménagement du territoire
Quelques notions de base
et à la croissance constante de la population L’aménagement est associé à la géographie et aussi à l’architecture
"Land use planning involves various actions taken by local authorities or private entities, whether individual or collective, to transform the spaces we inhabit, making them more functional and enjoyable."
Le Dictionnaire de l’urbanisme et de l’aménagement de l’édition Presses universitaires de France (PUF) définit l’aménagement du territoire comme:
The practice of organizing people and their activities, along with the necessary infrastructure and communication resources, within a country requires a strategic and forward-thinking approach This process must consider natural, human, economic, and even strategic constraints to ensure effective spatial planning.
Territorial planning is the art of organizing urban and rural spaces by shaping landscapes, including buildings, factories, and road networks, to enhance functionality and improve social interactions.
Particularités de l’aménagement du territoire et de l’architecture de Hanọ avant la colonisation franỗaise
Aménagement du territoire
Hoa Lu, located in Ninh Binh province, served as the capital and the economic, political, and cultural center of Dai Co Viet (the historical name of Vietnam) from 1054 to 1400 and again from 1428 to 1804 In 1010 AD, King Ly Thai To, the founder of the Ly dynasty, moved the capital to Thang Long, now known as Hanoi.
In autumn 1010, Ly Thai To issued the Edict on the Transfer of the Capital (Chiếu Dời Đô), relocating the capital of Dai Co Viet from Hoa Lu to Dai La During his journey to the new citadel, he claimed to have witnessed a vision of an ascending dragon, which inspired him to rename Dai La to Thang Long, meaning "ascending dragon."
Dans le livre 1000 ans de littérature vietnamienne , publié par Éditions Picquier
Poche en 2000, est extrait et traduit un passage marquant des avantages géographiques de la nouvelle capitale dans l’Édit sur le transfert de la capitale du roi Ly Thai To:
The location is reminiscent of a sitting tiger, strategically positioned equidistant from the four cardinal points, aligning favorably with the surrounding mountains and rivers This expansive and flat terrain is elevated and well-exposed, providing a safe haven for the population against floods and rising waters The area thrives in prosperity, making it an ideal site for gathering people and wealth from all directions It serves as a magnificent capital for a royal dynasty, capable of enduring for ten thousand generations.
Thang Long, located in the Red River Delta, was surrounded by a dense network of rivers and lakes, which facilitated transportation, trade, and military mobilization Its strategic position between the Red River Delta and the To Lich River led King Ly Thai To to establish his capital there This advantageous location, coupled with abundant freshwater resources, allowed Thang Long to quickly become a prosperous center for the country Water played a crucial role in construction and life, while a complex system of rivers and constant maintenance of dikes supported rice cultivation, helping Vietnam to emerge as a significant player in the global rice market The dikes also served as roads and sites for village establishment, while numerous canals irrigated the city and facilitated movement The legendary Hoan Kiem Lake became the heart of Thang Long, symbolizing the city's rich cultural heritage.
The ancient capital of Thang Long was divided into two main areas: the central imperial citadel and the surrounding commercial city This urban model was common in Eastern cities during the Middle Ages, spanning from the 5th to the 15th century The imperial citadel served as the residence and workspace for the royal family and court Within this fortified citadel, a provincial administration was established, featuring various palaces, pavilions, mounds, and gardens.
The citadel and surrounding residential areas formed the urban core, serving as the foundation upon which each king ruled, contributing to the prosperity of the nation in their unique ways.
Avant l’attaque franỗaise, eu ộgard à l’urbanisme qui suivait celui de l’Orient sous le régime féodal, la capitale Thang Long était aménagée en quatre zones par leurs fonctions:
- La zone administrative - politique - militaire: La Citadelle impériale ó se trouvait l’appareil d’état comprenant le roi, les mandarins et l’armée des soldats
- La zone de résidence - de métiers artisanaux - de commerce: Les territoires se situaient à l’est, au nord-est, au sud-est de la citadelle et s’étendaient à la Fleuve Rouge
The agricultural zone, located south of the citadel near the To Lich and Kim Nguu rivers, was a hub of various farming activities that supplied food to the entire city A significant portion of the population gathered in this area, highlighting its importance to the community.
The cultural and educational zone of Van Mieu - Quoc Tu Giam, also known as the Temple of Literature and Vietnam's first university, was originally exclusive to the royal family Today, it encompasses private schools, recreational facilities, and cultural centers located near West Lake, Hoan Kiem Lake, and the river, offering a vibrant public space for various activities.
Adjacent to the citadel, a collection of merchant villages is gradually forming into what will become a bustling district of thirty-six streets This commercial area, located outside the imperial city, serves not only as a hub for trade but also as a residential space Unlike the imperial citadel, which features magnificent temples and palaces owned by mandarins, the merchant city comprises agricultural villages, artisan quarters, and traditional market systems However, the distinction between the two areas is not entirely clear, as some palaces have been constructed within the commercial zone, outside the citadel.
In terms of urban space planning, the road network in Hanoi appeared straightforward due to a lack of precise and development-oriented planning, resulting in inadequate attention to the quality of the roads.
Image 1: Plan de Hanọ dessiné autour de 1876-1883, publié par la Bibliothèque nationale de France
Based on the 1876-1883 map of Hanoi, it is evident that the layout of buildings in historical Hanoi was uneven The population primarily concentrated in the eastern part of the citadel, while the artisan districts were located along the banks of the Red River The road system, particularly to the south of the citadel, was rudimentary, with only a few major roads marked on the map The narrowness and poor maintenance of these roads hindered traffic flow within the city, as highlighted in the book "Hanoi During the Heroic Period."
The streets of Annam are unpaved, and after even a light rain, they become thick with mud mixed with various debris discarded by residents right in the middle of the road.
Influenced by the tropical monsoon climate, the heavy rainfall in Hanoi posed challenges for the dirt roads of the time As a result, both transportation and commercial activities, which were crucial for the city's development, were significantly impacted.
Architecture
During the Nguyen Dynasty (1802-1945), the French aimed to conquer the Citadel of Hanoi, marking a significant period leading up to French colonization This era is characterized by distinct features of traditional military and royal architecture Overall, the architectural works in Hanoi during this time were predominantly Western in style.
The architecture during the Nguyen Dynasty inherited a rich legacy from the architectural elites of the Ly Dynasty (1010-1225), influenced by close ties between Vietnam and neighboring cultures Significant monuments from this era include Buddhist and Chinese architectural treasures, such as the Dien Huu Pagoda (One Pillar Pagoda) and the Bao Thien Tower in Hoan Kiem, Hanoi, alongside remarkable military and royal constructions within the ancient Thang Long Citadel This demonstrates that the Nguyen Dynasty had a strong foundation from which an architecture emerged that preserved traditional characteristics while integrating elements from other cultures, creating a harmonious ensemble.
In Hanoi, the most remarkable and impressive monument is the Citadel of Hanoi Selected as the capital during the Ly dynasty, the ancient capital of Thang Long was built on the remnants of the Dai La Citadel, which dates back to the Chinese domination period Throughout subsequent dynasties, the citadel has preserved the architectural style known as "tam trùng thành quách," characterized by three concentric layers of walls.
- Kinh thành (la Cité capitale) était le mur d’enceinte extérieur de la citadelle et abritait la population civile
- Hoàng thành (la Cité royale) au milieu, servait à abriter la Cour et était également le lieu de résidence, de travail des mandarins
- Cấm thành (la Cité pourpre interdite) à l’intérieur, était réservée au roi, à la reine et à certaines concubines
After several restorations during the Ly, Tran, Le, and Mac dynasties, the sturdy structure remained intact until Nguyen Anh ascended to the throne The capital was once again moved to Hue, making the Thang Long Citadel the northern metropolis Subsequently, in 1805, the Nguyen dynasty decided to dismantle the Thang Long Citadel to construct a new citadel on its site, named the Hanoi Citadel.
La conception et la construction de la Citadelle de Hanọ ont suivi les principes de fortification de Vauban, une fortification militaire universelle en France au XVIIe siècle
This type of fortification is named after Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban (1633-1707), the military architect of Louis XIV Vauban's work includes 12 groups of fortified buildings along France's northern, eastern, and western borders, representing the peak of classical bastioned fortification typical of modern Western military architecture Moreover, Vauban's influence extended beyond French borders, impacting Europe and other continents, including Vietnam, until the mid-19th century The intercultural connection between Vietnam and France was evident even before France's official conquest of Hanoi, facilitated by the Nguyen dynasty, as Vauban's fortification techniques were already employed in the construction of the Citadel of Hue.
The Citadel of Hanoi features a square plan with zigzagged posts, providing stunning views from each bastion According to the book "Architecture of Thang Long - Hanoi," published by Thế Giới in 2006, the citadel's walls stand over 4 meters high, while the surrounding ramparts are approximately 10 meters thick Additionally, the moats encircling the ramparts are about 20 meters wide and 5 meters deep.
The citadel featured 13 gates oriented in four directions, with one gate each on the west, east, and north sides, and two gates on the south side The facade of the citadel faced south The double arch technique was employed in the construction of the gates, with two arches supporting the interior facade of each gate At the top of each gate, a guard tower known as "thú lâu" or "vọng lâu" was positioned for soldiers on duty.
Despite the evident influence of Western trends, the architecture of the ancient Citadel of Hanoi has largely retained typical Eastern characteristics The prolonged period of Chinese dominance has profoundly impacted the history and culture of Northern Vietnam Notably, feng shui, an ancient Chinese art focused on harmonizing the relationship between humans and their environment, was strictly applied in site selection and orientation Although its principles lack scientific validation, feng shui remains essential in Eastern architecture and resonates with the majority of the Eastern populace It encompasses the geographical features of a location, such as terrain, wind directions, and water currents, which contribute to the health, well-being, and prosperity of its inhabitants The Citadel of Hanoi is situated on a spacious, elevated, and fertile terrain, rich in alluvial deposits and freshwater from nearby rivers, symbolizing a prosperous and abundant life for its people.
In the past, when humans sought shelter in caves to protect themselves from harsh weather and wild animals, the concept of a "home" extended beyond mere functionality It encompassed not only the artistic designs crafted by architects but also the skilled workmanship of laborers As living conditions improved, homes evolved from simple shelters to spaces that reflect aesthetic values and cultural identities unique to each region or community In Hanoi, for instance, traditional house architecture is distinguished by its unique characteristics.
14 harmonie signifiante entre l’architecture des villages du delta du fleuve Rouge et celle dans la ville ó se concentrent le commerce et l’industrie de la Citadelle
The remarkable uniqueness of the villages in the Red River Delta lies in their bamboo surroundings, which hold deep significance in Vietnamese culture Bamboo not only envelops the village, creating a natural barrier that protects residents' daily lives, but also filters the air and provides shade during the intense summer heat It serves as a communal meeting spot for villagers taking breaks after working in the fields, returning from the market with bags of food, or children playing after school Additionally, bamboo supplies essential materials for construction and crafts, facilitating daily tasks with items like baskets, fans, beds, and screens Undoubtedly, bamboo plays an indispensable role in both the everyday and spiritual lives of the Vietnamese, particularly in the villages of the Red River Delta.
Nestled behind bamboo hedges, traditional houses in the Red River Delta exude tranquility Typically, rural homes in this region fall into two main categories: tiled houses featuring wooden construction and thatched cottages built with bamboo While they differ significantly in building materials, they share common construction and structural elements Traditional homes in the Red River Delta usually consist of three main parts arranged from front to back: an optional pond in front, a small courtyard in the middle, and the main house.
Image 2: Plan général simple d’une maison traditionnelle à trois travées à la campagne du Tonkin Dessinée par: Mai Phuong
In traditional Vietnamese culture, the courtyard serves as a communal space for family activities such as resting, dining, and drying agricultural products and clothing Surrounded by trees, the courtyard enhances the home's harmony and airiness It holds significant cultural importance, especially during celebrations like Tết, when families gather around the bánh chưng (sticky rice cakes) to welcome the New Year Additionally, it provides a common area for children to play and celebrate the Mid-Autumn Festival together The courtyard's significance is well-documented in Vietnamese literature, as exemplified by Tran Dang Khoa's poem "Cái sân" (The Courtyard).
Em thường rải cái nong
Ra góc sân ngồi học Những đêm có trăng mọc
Em chơi cho đến khuya [ ]
Sur la cour pour étudier
Au clair de la lune M’amusant tard dans la nuit [ ]
In summary, the courtyard is an essential element that significantly enhances both the architectural and cultural landscape of villages in Vietnam, particularly in the Tonkin region.
The main house serves as the primary living space, designed to withstand the challenges posed by the tropical monsoon climate, which brings heavy rainfall To prevent water intrusion, the foundations of the house are elevated compared to other structures Homes are typically oriented towards the south or southeast to capture cool breezes and minimize sun exposure In contrast, the kitchen, which is an annex to the main house, is usually positioned to the east to mitigate the risk of fires caused by strong winds from the south and southeast.
Vietnamese homes, particularly in the Tonkin region, are uniquely designed with a distinct separation between the main house and auxiliary structures The main house serves as the living space for the owners and a welcoming area for guests, while the annexes include kitchens, animal barns, and storage facilities This intentional distance between the main house and the annexes not only helps mitigate heat from the kitchen but also reduces the risk of unexpected fires and prevents unpleasant odors from the barns.