Актуальность и новизна темы
Русский язык является единственным государственным языком России Указом президента РФ № 1488 от 29 декабря 2006
The year 2007 was declared the Year of the Russian Language, featuring cultural, educational, and scientific events aimed at promoting Russian language and literature both in Russia and abroad Following the dissolution of the USSR, Russian remains one of the world's major languages, ranking third globally with approximately 500 million speakers, including over 300 million outside Russia It serves as an official or working language in numerous international organizations, such as the UN and UNESCO The demand for learning Russian dates back to the establishment of the multinational Russian state and the USSR, where it functioned as the language of interethnic communication In Vietnam, Russian is taught as a foreign language, gaining significance since Ho Chi Minh's visit to the USSR, playing a vital role in Vietnam's revolutionary struggle and economic development However, in the late 20th century, various geopolitical changes and socio-economic challenges led to a decline in the use of Russian in several regions Despite these challenges, the strengthening of trade relations between Russia and Vietnam has become a priority, with Russia now ranking eighth among Vietnam's largest investors, particularly in oil extraction and energy sectors The ongoing relationship between the two countries is crucial for both, and measures must be taken to counteract the declining role of the Russian language, which is essential for fostering these ties This context inspired the dissertation topic "Measures to Enhance the Role of the Russian Language in the Development of Vietnam-Russia Relations."
Цели и задачи исследования
- Обоснование и обобщение исторической основы повышения роля русского языка в отношений между странами
- Глубокий анализ состояния русского языка в период экономической интеграции для выявления барьер, влияющих на сужение сферы использования русского языка
- Построение мероприятий по ликвидации этих барьер с целью стабильного развития русского языка в выполнении внешне- экономических отношений между странами.
Методы исследования
Автор применяет следующие традиционные методы для выполнения работы: Диалектика Анализ и обобщение Историзм Сравнение и вывод
Материалы
Публичные статьи, редакции местных и российских газет, научные книги, вебсайты; вьетнамские книги
Теоретическая и практическая значимость
The Russian language serves as both a state and foreign language for numerous countries and international organizations Its development as a foreign language is influenced by various political, economic, and ideological factors Currently, Russian faces significant challenges in its usage, prompting discussions among scholars, politicians, and linguists regarding its development and the concerning trend of decline Numerous conferences have been held on the topic of "Russian language abroad," and the governments of Russia and other nations have implemented various resolutions and programs to stabilize its growth Research institutions analyze different aspects related to the historical development of the Russian language in Russia and beyond This work summarizes the main issues surrounding Russian as both a national and foreign language, examining these problems within the context of human language evolution The study provides a comprehensive analysis of the state of the Russian language in Vietnam, identifying both positive and negative factors influencing its use Recommendations for improvement are based on theoretical insights and practical experiences.
Структура работы
Понятие о человеческом языке
Language is a system of sounds, vocabulary, and grammatical tools that objectifies human thought and serves as a means of communication, facilitating the exchange of ideas and mutual understanding within society It emerged from the necessity for people to share thoughts during their labor activities and is essential for social production and the very existence of society Language is closely linked to thinking, as it captures and formalizes the results of cognitive processes, enabling the exchange of ideas among individuals According to Marx and Engels, language represents the immediate reality of thought and practical consciousness The development of human thinking has been significantly influenced by language, which allows for the creation of scientific concepts and laws, thereby deepening our understanding of phenomena Without language, human thought could not exist or evolve, and individuals would struggle to organize their lives effectively.
Предпосылки возникновения человеческого языка
In scientific discourse, various theories exist regarding the origins of human language Some researchers suggest that as humans evolved, they sought to fulfill their needs for food, love, communication, and belief The progression of humanity indicates that language emerged as a product of labor, implying that work is a fundamental prerequisite for the birth and development of language.
Процесс развития языка
Language is a dynamic phenomenon that evolves differently than foundational and superstructural elements While some scholars, like Marr in his work "Language and Thinking," argue that language development occurs through revolutionary leaps, this view has faced significant criticism from contemporary linguists They contend that language evolution does not involve abrupt transitions from one qualitative state to another, as such changes are impossible due to the nature of language Instead, the shift from old to new language qualities occurs gradually, through the slow decline of old elements and the emergence of new ones Language development follows objective laws that are universal across all languages, such as the gradual accumulation of new qualities and the decline of old ones Additionally, each language possesses its own specific internal laws that operate within limited historical contexts Despite their differences, general and specific laws of language development are interconnected The emergence and evolution of human language are intertwined with human history, which has progressed through several stages Initially, social organization was tribal, encompassing all blood relatives, before evolving into a higher form—tribes—that replaced the clan structure Thus, social systems develop from lower to higher qualitative levels, paralleling the multi-stage process of language development.
Общественное явление языка
Researchers have long studied language and concluded that it is a social phenomenon This means that language exhibits distinctive traits and features that clearly indicate its connection to societal events According to B A Serebrennikov in "General Linguistics: Forms of Existence, Functions, and History of Language" (Moscow, 1970), the social aspects of language can be characterized in several key ways.
3) зависимость развития языка от развития и состояния общества,
4) роль общества в создании и формировании языка
1.5.Роль общества в создании и формировании языка К числу наиболее характерных особенностей языка как общественного явления относится также тот факт, что общество
Роль общества в создании и формировании языка
Language is a product of society that shapes, regulates, and solidifies communication systems As such, it stands out as a social phenomenon, more than any other societal element, deserving recognition as a fundamental aspect of human interaction.
Функции языка
Функция общения
The communicative function is the primary foundation of language As previously mentioned, the spontaneous emergence of language is closely linked to the labor process Without effective means of communication, individuals would struggle to organize production In other words, by fulfilling its communicative role, language connects people in their daily lives Thus, without this function, language would lack significance.
Функция мышления
The cognitive function of language is the second most important aspect, as the first holds no significance without it Analyzing the interplay between these two functions reveals a causal relationship that complements one another Language not only reflects objective activity but also plays a crucial role in shaping human ideas.
Русский язык – вопросы возникновения и развития
История русского языка
On October 25, 1991, the Russian Federation enacted the Law "On the Languages of the Peoples of the RSFSR," which emphasizes that the languages of the peoples of Russia are a national treasure and part of the historical and cultural heritage, deserving state protection The law recognizes the sovereign linguistic rights of individuals regardless of their origin, social and economic status, race, nationality, gender, education, religious beliefs, or place of residence.
In the European part of Russia, two major dialect groups emerged by the 15th century: the northern and southern dialects, distinguished by clear isoglosses In contrast, the Asian part of Russia, including the Volga region and the Caucasus, lacks distinct dialect zones, showcasing a mix of various dialects influenced by diverse migrant populations The Middle Russian dialects, particularly the Moscow dialect, formed the basis of the Russian literary language, while other dialects lack significant literary representation Initially, dialectal differences were minimal, allowing for mutual understanding among speakers, primarily due to geographical proximity The standardization of spoken language was aided by the spread of media in the 20th century, universal education, and extensive interregional migration Traditional dialects are now mainly preserved by the rural elderly, while urban speech among younger generations exhibits only minor pronunciation differences, gradually diminishing due to centralized media influence The Russian language also exists in informal variants outside Russia, particularly in the Baltic states, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, the Caucasus, and Central Asia, where dialectical forms like Surzhik and Troasyanka arise due to linguistic proximity In Central Asia, Russian speech remains conservative, reflecting forms from the 1930s, especially among Russian-speaking representatives of other nationalities The Russian language in Kazakhstan shows similarities with some Siberian dialects without Kazakh influence The modern Russian language serves as the national language of the Russian people, encompassing a rich linguistic community that includes various dialects and jargons The highest form is the Russian literary language, characterized by its refinement, regulation, and wide public use across literature, science, media, and education It is defined by a strict vocabulary selection, adherence to accepted norms in meaning, pronunciation, and grammar, and exists in both oral and written forms, each with distinct lexical and grammatical features Russian is part of the Slavic language group within the Indo-European family, divided into three subgroups: Eastern (Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian), Western (Polish, Czech, Slovak, Sorbian), and Southern (Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbo-Croatian, Slovenian).
Обзор об использовании русского языка в мире
В настоящее время русский язык используется в примерно
The Russian language is recognized in 127 countries worldwide, serving as a national, native, and foreign language in various regions Its status as either a national or foreign language is established by national laws For instance, in Azerbaijan, approximately 70% of the population, or over 5.5 million people, are proficient in Russian Similarly, in Armenia, the number of Russian speakers is significant, highlighting the language's widespread use in these countries.
In Belarus, Russian is a co-official language alongside Belarusian, spoken by over 80% of the population Georgia has around 120,000 Russian speakers and operates 63 Russian schools Kazakhstan recognizes Russian as an official language, maintaining its dominance in communication Kyrgyzstan acknowledges Russian as an official language, with about 1.5 million speakers, including many Kyrgyz In Moldova, most residents speak Russian, with 68% considering it their native or second language Tajikistan recognizes Russian as a language of interethnic communication, while Turkmenistan also grants it this status Uzbekistan supports the use of Russian as a means of interethnic communication In Ukraine, 54% of the population identifies Russian as their native language Austria has stabilized its Russian language education, with 80 schools teaching it Albania has seen a resurgence in Russian language popularity since the 1960s Belgium has a growing interest in Russian studies, while the UK emphasizes modern foreign language education, including Russian In Hungary, Russian language study is declining, with only about 1% of primary school students learning it In Germany, around 6 million people speak Russian, largely due to historical educational policies Denmark shows fluctuating interest in Russian, influenced by international relations, and Poland has over 1 million students learning Russian as a mandatory subject.
Russian is a prominent foreign language in Slovakia, with a significant number of speakers In Finland, over 15,000 people have varying degrees of proficiency in Russian, while around 30,000 consider it their native language In France, Russian ranks fifth among foreign languages taught in state secondary schools, being offered as a first, second, or third language across nearly all educational districts Switzerland provides extensive opportunities for learning Russian, with the language taught in eight out of eleven universities and many schools In China, Russian is taught in northeastern provinces and has around 200,000 students, supported by 3,164 teachers Major universities like Peking University and Dalian University have substantial Russian language programs In Bulgaria, a significant portion of the population, approximately 5 million, has some knowledge of Russian, particularly among the older demographic About 190,000 students are currently studying the language across various educational levels Additionally, Russian is recognized as an official international language in organizations such as the UN, UNESCO, and WHO.
Оценка об использовании русского языка в современном мире
In the past decade, the status of the Russian language abroad has undergone significant changes While it retains its position as a global language and remains a crucial tool for introducing other nations to Russian culture, it also plays a key role in shaping positive perceptions of Russia within the international community The Russian language continues to serve as a means of interethnic communication in the post-Soviet space and as a dialogue tool in international organizations However, its status varies by country, influenced by local laws, traditions, educational policies, and foreign economic relations with Russia, as well as global developments Overall, there are concerning trends regarding the Russian language worldwide, particularly in several CIS and Baltic countries where it is a native language for many The scope of Russian language use is narrowing, and the volume of Russian language education is significantly decreasing in various countries outside the former Soviet Union.
Вопросы о повышении роля русского языка в развитии отношений между СРВ и РФ
Необходимость повышения роли русского языка во Вьетнаме
The Russian language, like any language used in international relations, is considered a foreign language, and changes in these relations inevitably alter its usage Historically, during the socialist era, nearly half of the world's population spoke Russian, but this has shifted towards English in recent years Despite this global trend, the governments of Vietnam and Russia are enhancing their cooperation, recognizing the importance of their relationship for mutual interests Strengthening ties with Russia is a priority in Vietnam's foreign policy, focusing on mutually beneficial partnerships across various sectors Currently, Russia ranks eighth among Vietnam's largest investors, particularly in oil exploration and electricity generation, with significant bilateral cooperation in these areas However, there is a concerning decline in the use and teaching of the Russian language in Vietnam, which, if not addressed, could lead to a crisis that undermines the goals of Vietnam's foreign policy Therefore, it is essential to elevate the role of the Russian language and support its sustainable development.
4.2 Критерии повышения роли русского языка в международных отношениях между Вьетнамом и Россией Для повышения роля любого иностранного языка требуются многие усилия Для состояния русского языка во Вьетнаме, по нашему мнению, существуют две основные категории повышения роли русского языка Во-первых, расширение сферы использования языка Во настоящее время русский язык не популярно используется в рабочих и образовательных областях Он обычно используется в исcледовательской области, во встречах между делегациями двух стран Уменьшение сферы применения приведет к унижению интереса изучения и обучению языку По этому, для повышения роля русского языка придѐтся расширять сферы его использования.
Факторы, влияющие на использования русского языка в отношении между СРВ и РФ
Влияние на язык явлений надстроечного порядка
The nature of educational policy significantly impacts the fate of various languages, as evidenced by the trends in British and French universities regarding Russian language instruction In the UK, official government reports, such as the 1962 Annan report advocating a 25-fold increase in Russian language teaching, and the 1979 Atkinson report leading to the centralization of Russian studies, have shaped the academic landscape Following Mikhail Gorbachev's rise to power in 1985, there was a temporary surge of interest in Russian studies in British universities Conversely, France faces a troubling decline in Russian language learners, particularly at the secondary school level, where enrollment has dropped from 28,500 in the early 1990s to half that number today, despite a growing demand for Russian-speaking professionals due to increasing bilateral relations This decline can be traced back to a political decision in the 1960s by the French government to increase Russian language learners to around 30,000, which influenced educational programs and budgets, even when Russia was a totalitarian state In Vietnam, economic restructuring has shifted language preferences from Russian to English as the country embraces market mechanisms during its integration process.
Зависимость развития языка от состояния общества
When discussing language as a social phenomenon, it is essential to recognize its dependence on the changing state of human society This relationship is significant, as the influence of one nation on another can lead to alterations in the foreign language of the dependent state For instance, during the period of French colonization in Vietnam, the French language became widely adopted in the country, illustrating how colonial dynamics can impact linguistic development.
Обслуживание языком общества
The evolution of language is influenced by societal changes, as language serves various functions in human activities, including thought and communication Economic interests drive the need for "language construction" to align with these societal demands This shift is evident in recent developments, particularly after the collapse of the socialist bloc, where members transitioned towards Western ideologies, notably adopting the English language.
Опыты повышения использования русского языка в мире
В Великобритании
The status of the Russian language in British schools is far from satisfactory, raising the question of whether the British can improve the situation They have done so in the past, but require adequate teaching materials to succeed Currently, British educators lack essential resources such as workbooks, reading books, and visual aids that are readily available for competing languages like French, German, Spanish, and Italian Modern students, being part of a visual generation, tend to favor languages that offer engaging and attractive learning materials For instance, French teachers have access to appealing resources like the video series "Café des Rêves."
"Франкоговорящая Джанна" là một chương trình dành cho thanh thiếu niên 16 tuổi, nơi họ thảo luận về những vấn đề mà tất cả thanh thiếu niên quan tâm như âm nhạc pop, tình yêu và kỳ nghỉ Tuy nhiên, nội dung này chưa có bằng tiếng Nga Bộ phim "Добро пожаловать!" đã được phát hành, nhưng giáo viên phàn nàn về ngôn ngữ khó khăn trong đó Để nâng cao việc giảng dạy tiếng Nga tại Anh, việc cung cấp tài liệu học tiếng Nga đang được ưu tiên trong chương trình giảng dạy Fan Lê Thư – K13N 32 đã phát hành các tờ rơi quảng cáo với tiêu đề "Không có thời điểm nào tốt hơn để giảng dạy tiếng Nga", nhấn mạnh lợi ích của việc biết tiếng Nga cho giới trẻ Anh Tờ rơi này sẽ được gửi đến tất cả các trường trung học tại Anh nhằm khuyến khích các trường học đưa tiếng Nga vào chương trình giảng dạy Một số tiêu đề nổi bật trong tờ rơi bao gồm: "Tiếng Nga giúp trường bạn nổi bật hơn", "Đây là ngôn ngữ của thị trường mới lớn nhất thế giới", "Tiếng Nga phù hợp với tất cả học sinh, bất kể khả năng", "Được các nhà tuyển dụng ưa chuộng", "Tiếng Nga làm phong phú thêm chương trình học", "Tiếng Nga mở ra nhiều cơ hội" Chúng tôi hy vọng tờ rơi này sẽ góp phần thúc đẩy việc giảng dạy tiếng Nga tại nhiều trường học.
В Молдавии
Teaching Russian to foreign students at the Voronezh Institute has shown that traditional methods, particularly with Chinese learners, do not yield the desired outcomes Both Russian and Chinese linguists agree that the solution lies in nationally-oriented education The first step taken by the Institute involved adjusting existing Russian teaching methods, which work well for European language speakers but are ineffective for Chinese speakers A significant reason for this issue is the fundamental differences between the native and Russian languages, necessitating a shift in cognitive and linguistic stereotypes To address this, the Institute conducts lessons on the specifics of the Russian language system compared to Chinese, delivered in the students' native language Additionally, the disparity between the Russian and Chinese education systems poses another challenge, as students in China, despite educational reforms since 1985, experience a different learning environment.
Since the 1995s, learners have remained passive consumers of knowledge, primarily engaging in written forms of assessment in schools and universities Speaking based on texts is considered a form of prepared speech activity; however, many students struggle to identify key information within sentences To develop this skill, targeted exercises with concise texts are essential, where students first highlight significant sentences and then extract their core ideas Once students master retelling based on these core ideas, they can practice summarizing the original text As they progress, they should learn to identify thematic fragments and create a plan based on questions related to the text, transitioning from question-based to nominative plans as they advance Given the challenges of spontaneous questioning for Chinese students, it is beneficial to allow them preliminary access to questions, gradually reducing preparation time Listening skills, particularly challenging for Chinese speakers due to their reliance on visual cues, require a solid understanding of standardized Russian speech Regular practice through dictation exercises enhances both listening and writing skills, and consistent engagement in language labs supports reading development Initial reading practice should focus on simple one- to two-syllable words, progressing to more complex structures Effective reading skills are cultivated through frequent aloud reading, both in class and at home The language lab serves as a crucial environment for phonetic and intonation training, fostering essential communicative competencies Our experience indicates that Chinese students require 1.5 to 2 years of pre-university training to succeed in Russian higher education, allowing ample opportunity for methodological adjustments in their language learning.
В Испании
Từ ngày 17 đến 19 tháng 11 năm 2006, tại Madrid, Tây Ban Nha, đã diễn ra cuộc gặp gỡ quốc tế mang tên "Tiếng Nga - ngôn ngữ của sự hiểu biết và hợp tác", với sự tham gia của 24 giáo viên tiếng Nga từ 14 cơ sở giáo dục, bao gồm 7 trường đại học, đến từ 14 thành phố của Tây Ban Nha và Bồ Đào Nha; 20 đại diện từ 14 tổ chức cộng đồng của công dân nói tiếng Nga đến từ 12 thành phố của Tây Ban Nha và Bồ Đào Nha, cùng với đại diện từ các tổ chức của công dân nói tiếng Nga ở Hy Lạp, Anh và Đan Mạch, các phương tiện truyền thông nói tiếng Nga tại Tây Ban Nha, cũng như những cá nhân hoạt động văn hóa sống tại Tây Ban Nha Ngoài ra, còn có một phái đoàn đại diện từ các cơ quan chính phủ Moscow và các trường đại học hàng đầu tại Moscow, các nhà xuất bản "Zlatoust" (Saint Petersburg) và "Tiếng Nga Khóa học" (Moscow), cùng với đại diện từ Đại sứ quán Nga tại Tây Ban Nha và các phương tiện truyền thông Nga, tổng cộng có 70 người tham gia Kết quả của cuộc gặp gỡ giữa các đại diện từ các quốc gia và tổ chức là rất đáng chú ý.
- Переговоры с Министерством образования Испании и с органами образования автономий о возможном расширении преподавания русского языка в испанских университетах и введении преподавания русского языка, хотя бы в качестве эксперимента в отдельных средних школах и вузах;
- Поддержка развития межуниверситетского сотрудничества по делам преподаванию и изучению русского языка и литературе Российской федерации в Испании.
Опыт для Вьетнама
To promote the Russian language in Vietnam, it is essential to implement a government program focused on foreign language education within the country This program should outline which languages to teach, prioritizing those used in the context of the United Nations Additionally, it should identify universities that will offer Russian language courses, establish a curriculum for teaching Russian in schools, set qualifications for Russian language instructors, and address financial considerations related to the program.
- Представляется целесообразным заключать правительственное соглашение между Правительствами двух стран о поддержке преподавания русского языка во Вьетнаме
- Смешение русской дисциплиной с другими дисциплинами Например, в экономических вузах провести преподавание маркетинга по-русски Фан Лэ Тху – К13N 38
Teaching the Russian language in schools should begin in the tenth grade, as it is a mandatory subject for state examinations It is essential to implement incentives for students who choose to take the Russian language for their state exams.
- Создать Сообщество русских говоров, функция которого является содействием развития русского языка Это Сообщество может искать техническую, финансовую помощь от российской страны для создания фонда русской поддержки
The collaboration between public organizations in Vietnam and Russia aims to promote Russian culture and expand the use of the Russian language in Vietnam The first chapter analyzes the origins, functions, and development of human language, focusing on the evolution and grammatical features of the Russian language, as well as its role in fostering relationships between the two countries It emphasizes the necessity of increasing the use of the Russian language to enhance Vietnam-Russia relations The analysis reveals that the origins of human language stem from human labor, highlighting its dual functions of communication and thought Language is portrayed as a social phenomenon that reflects societal development, cultural evolution, economic disparities, demographic changes, and social differentiation Understanding the societal implications of language is crucial, as it aids in identifying the factors influencing the Russian language The author also examines the history and grammatical complexities of the Russian language, which can be challenging for foreigners Key influencing factors include societal phenomena, the language's dependence on societal conditions, and demographic shifts Drawing from international experiences, the author proposes lessons for Vietnam to enhance the role of the Russian language in strengthening bilateral relations for the benefit of both nations The second chapter will discuss the current state of the Russian language in Vietnam.
The relationship between Vietnam and Russia has deep historical roots, beginning with the establishment of diplomatic ties on January 30, 1950, shortly after Vietnam's recognition by the Soviet Union and other socialist countries This recognition helped lift Vietnam from international isolation and facilitated support for its struggle against colonial forces The USSR played a crucial role in Vietnam's post-war recovery, providing significant economic and technical assistance, including a landmark agreement in July 1955 that offered 400 million rubles in aid and a 160 million ruble credit Between 1955 and 1966, the Soviet Union signed several agreements that led to approximately 320 million rubles in economic support for Vietnam, which was vital for its socialist industrialization and infrastructure development The USSR's assistance included military equipment and technical support, significantly enhancing Vietnam's defense capabilities during the conflict with the United States By the end of the 1960s, Soviet aid had reached 524 million rubles, accounting for about 50% of total aid from socialist countries, solidifying a partnership that not only reinforced Vietnam's economic potential but also strengthened the socialist bloc globally.
Since the 1950s, the former USSR, now Russia, has provided significant economic support to Vietnam, enabling the construction of over 300 industrial, agricultural, transportation, and healthcare facilities across the country Notable projects include the Thang Long Bridge, the Vietsovpetro oil joint venture, and the Hoa Binh hydroelectric power station During the years of military cooperation, approximately 12,000 Soviet military personnel, including around 7,000 generals and officers, assisted the Vietnamese people in resisting American aggression Additionally, over 30,000 Soviet and Russian specialists have worked in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, contributing to the establishment of vital infrastructure such as thermal and hydroelectric power plants, factories, airfields, and seaports This collaboration laid the foundation for Vietnam's industrial sector, with Soviet specialists training more than 100,000 workers in various trades and preparing around 40,000 individuals with higher education, including over 3,500 who earned PhDs.
Over the past fifty years, Vietnam has benefited from the training and retraining of over 150,000 individuals in skilled trades, with more than 70,000 Vietnamese specialists educated by leading universities from the former Soviet Union and Russia This includes over 30,000 who attained higher education, 3,000 who became candidates of science, and around 200 who earned doctoral degrees Additionally, approximately 48,000 highly skilled workers and technicians were prepared for industrial enterprises With Soviet assistance, five educational institutions were established in Vietnam, including the Hanoi Polytechnic Institute, and around 30 other institutions received support in equipping necessary educational facilities In terms of trade relations, the Russian-Vietnamese trade turnover reached over $1 billion in 2007, marking a record high in the post-Soviet era and more than quadrupling the figure from 2001 This increase is largely attributed to a rise in Vietnamese goods, particularly food products, entering the Russian market, establishing a balance in mutual supplies In 2007, Russian exports to Vietnam surged by 77.2% compared to 2006, with a significant portion of these exports being non-raw materials, as oil, gas, and unprocessed timber were absent from the trade Machinery, equipment, and components accounted for 13% of Russian exports to Vietnam.
Năm 2007, Nga tiếp tục giữ vị trí hàng đầu trong việc xuất khẩu nhiên liệu và vật liệu kim loại sang thị trường Việt Nam, với sự gia tăng đáng kể trong việc cung cấp máy móc, thiết bị và phân bón so với năm 2006 Kim ngạch nhập khẩu của Nga từ Việt Nam đạt 510 triệu USD, tăng 46% so với năm trước, trong đó thực phẩm chiếm khoảng 50% tổng nhập khẩu Xuất khẩu hải sản từ Việt Nam sang Nga tăng 15,5%, mặc dù có những hạn chế về nhập khẩu thịt và gạo Trong lĩnh vực điện lực, nhiều dự án hợp tác được triển khai, bao gồm các nhà máy thủy điện và nhiệt điện Hợp tác trong ngành công nghiệp ô tô cũng phát triển, với việc lắp ráp xe tải KamAZ và UAZ tại Việt Nam Đầu tư Nga vào Việt Nam trong lĩnh vực xây dựng và du lịch cũng gia tăng, với tổng vốn đăng ký đạt 288,26 triệu USD vào cuối năm 2007 Tuy nhiên, tỷ lệ vốn đầu tư trực tiếp của Nga tại Việt Nam chỉ chiếm 0,7% tổng đầu tư nước ngoài.
54 объектов общей суммой 300 млн долл США, занимаюшая 24 место из 79 стран, инвестирующих во Вьетнам
The education and labor sector in Russia plays a crucial role in training numerous specialists and university students for Vietnam These trained professionals significantly contribute to the country's development, with some industries benefiting from the foundational skills imparted by Russian education As of July 15, Russia continues to provide subsidies to Vietnam for educational initiatives, further strengthening this collaboration.
2008 г Млн Долл США По плану до 2020- 70 000 000 Начислено на счет СРВ 19 760 765 Платежи институтам РФ 4 436 109 Остальное, неисползованное
Currently, around 100,000 Vietnamese citizens live and work in Russia, highlighting the strong labor agreement between the two countries In addition, Vietnamese companies are set to invest $79 million in 12 projects this year The establishment of an embassy by one country in the other underscores the significance of their international relations, with Russian being the primary language of communication These developments indicate that Russia plays a crucial role in the foreign policy of Vietnam and is vital for its socio-economic growth.
2 Роль русского языка в развитии вьетнамско-российских отношений
The role of the Russian language in Vietnam has evolved significantly, impacting both communication and education Historically, the relationship between Russia and Vietnam has been characterized by mutual respect and trust, with collaboration spanning political, economic, and cultural spheres A pivotal moment was the signing of the first international cooperation agreement between Vietnam and the Soviet Union During the Cold War, Russian was the primary language of communication and was widely taught in schools, while many Vietnamese students pursued higher education in the USSR However, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Vietnam shifted its focus westward, leading to a decline in the prominence of the Russian language Today, Russian is no longer a mandatory subject in most schools, and its presence in universities has diminished, with only foreign language institutes continuing to offer it Currently, Russian language instruction is limited to specialized institutions, with only a few classes available in select schools, reflecting a significant shift in educational priorities.
The role of the Russian language in education has evolved over time, with significant historical and current implications As of 2002, approximately 55,000 individuals in Russia had studied the Russian language through various educational programs, including those in the former Soviet Union and the Russian Federation Additionally, over 40,000 students learned Russian in Vietnamese universities Currently, there are at least 15 state universities in Vietnam offering Russian language faculties, producing between 40 to 150 specialists annually Notable institutions include the Pedagogical Institute and the Institute of Foreign Languages in Hanoi, as well as universities in Ho Chi Minh City, Hue, Thai Nguyen, and Da Nang, collectively educating around 3,000 students The study of Russian in secondary schools persists mainly in the northern provinces of Vietnam, with an estimated number of students participating in the program.
In Vietnam, the promotion of the Russian language is primarily carried out by the Roszarubezhtsentr representative office, the last remaining organization dedicated to this effort Since 2000, Russian language courses have been established in Haiphong to prepare youth for studies in Russian universities, with up to 60 students enrolled The late 1990s saw a revival of interest in Russian, leading to its mandatory inclusion in all higher education institutions under the Ministry of Defense of Vietnam Additionally, paid Russian language courses have emerged, and educators have begun using modern teaching materials like "Russian Language in a New Way" and "Perspective." A directive from the Ministry of Education mandates that 10% of students in every Vietnamese secondary school study Russian Enrollment in local universities' Russian language departments has increased, with strong programs at institutions such as the Institute of International Relations and the Institute of Foreign Trade in Hanoi, as well as law, economics, and medical institutes in Ho Chi Minh City and Thai Nguyen.
The landscape of the Russian language in Vietnam has begun to change in the early years of the 21st century, marked by a decline in its usage There has been a noticeable reduction in the number of students enrolling in Russian language courses, leading to an oversupply of Russian language instructors who are being reassigned to other roles Consequently, many institutions have closed their Russian language departments.
2.3 Оценка об использовании русского языка в развитии отношений между Вьетнамом и Россией в современный период
The Russian language plays a crucial role as a foreign language in Vietnam, significantly contributing to the country's economic development through multifaceted relations with Russia, the former USSR It serves as a vital tool for cooperation between the two nations, facilitating cultural exchange and economic management Importantly, Russian is foundational for establishing and nurturing friendly partnerships between Vietnam and Russia The Foreign Language Institute at Hanoi University annually graduates 100-150 students and 15-25 master's degree holders in Russian The institute boasts a dedicated faculty of 46, including one professor and two associate professors Additionally, hundreds of Vietnamese students are sent to Russia for further studies each year, and many professionals and politicians proficient in Russian work across various government and party institutions.
2.3.2 Отрицательная (недостаток) Несмотря на важную, написанную автором выше, роль русского языка для социально-экономической жизни Вьетнама, в настоящее время русский язык во Вьетнаме находится в ухудщенном положении:
- Он не популярен среди вьетнамского населения как раньше Количество изучающих русский язык резкое уменьшается в вузах
- Почти во всех школах русский язык вообще исключен из учебных планов как предмет преподавания
- В высших вузах вообще нет кафедр русского языка
- Специалисты свободно владеющие русским языком не многие Имеется тенденция их снижения
- Выпускники российских вузов не имеют вожможность найти место для продолжения изучения своих профессий и совершенствования " своих языков"
- Среди преподавателей преобладают люди в возрасте 45-55 лет, притока молодых кадров педагогов практически нет Фан Лэ Тху – К13N 62 Правительство не имеет плана развития для замены преподавателей в случае их отока на пенсию
The primary methodological center for teaching the Russian language in Vietnam is the branch of the A.S Pushkin Institute of the Russian Language, which employs six Vietnamese staff members However, since the early 1990s, this institution has not received the necessary support from the main Russian organization.