The objectives of satire in gulliver's travels of jonathan swift = những đối tượng châm biếm trong gulliver du kí của jonathan swift

------Dơng thị bổng The objectives of satire in gulliver’s travels of jonathan swift Những đối tợng châm biếm trong gulliver du ký của Jonathan Swift... ------The objectives of sat

- -Dơng thị bổng

The objectives of satire in gulliver’s

travels of jonathan swift

(Những đối tợng châm biếm trong gulliver du ký của Jonathan Swift)

- -The objectives of satire in gulliver’s

travels of jonathan swift

(Những đối tợng châm biếm trong gulliver du ký của Jonathan Swift)

my graduation thesis

First of all, I would like to express my deepest thanks to my supervisor M.A TranNgoc Tuong who helped me and supported me enthusiastically during my writing

1.1 the reasons of choosing the thesis

1.2 the aims and objectives of the thesis

1.3 the scope of the thesis

1.4 the methods of the thesis

1.5 Design of the Thesis

Part ii : investigation Chapter I: satire and the development of satire

1.3 some great satirists of English enlightenment

CHAPTER II: AN INTRODUCTION TO JONATHAN SWIFT

2.1 His life

2.2 His literary career

chapter iii : the objectives of satire in “Gulliver s’

travels” of jonathan swift

3.1 an introduction to gulliver’s Travels

3.1.1 the context of the novel

3.1.2 the plot overview

3.2 the objectives of satire in “gulliver’s Travels” of jonathan swift

3.2.1 swift’s satirical attitude toward the british in particular and the humanbeings in general

3.2.2 swift’s satirical attitude toward the Science and Learning

3.2.3 swift’s satirical attitude toward the Political and English social aspects

1.1 the Reasons of choosing the Thesis

When I was a pupil at secondary school, I was extremely fond of readingpicture books with dangerous travels or stranger characters And what attracted

my attention most was Gulliver’s travels to the kingdoms of the small people

and the giants, an academy of science and the land governed by the horses of

highest intelligence and uprightness that were exciting and thrilling At thattime, I wanted to know much more about the author of that stories and when Iknew the author of it is Jonathan Swift, I would like to know futher about hislife, his literary career and objectives of satire of his works especially in

“Gulliver’s Travels”

Now, being a student of Foreign language of department, I have anopportunity to study deeply about English literature This makes me know andunderstand futher many well-known writers, especially Jonathan Swift-one ofthe greatest satirists of 18 th century English enlightenment Study much moreabout him helps me not only satisfy my curiosity from my childhood but alsohave an encyclopedic sight of 18 th century in Britain I recognize that it is sointeresting for me to study about it

All of above things are the reasons why I choose “The objectives of satire inGulliver’s Travels of Jonathan Swift” for my graduation thesis

1.2 The Aims and Objectives of the Thesis

- To help the readers to widen their background knowledge about the satireand the development of satire through periods

- To know and understand much more about Jonathan Swift, his life and hiscareer as the main objectives of satire in his works

1.3 The Scope of the Thesis

In “Gullive’s Travels” Jonathan Swift points out many objectives of satire However, within the scope of this thesis I only focus on :

- swift’s satirical attitude toward the british in particular and the humanbeings in general

- swift’s satirical attitude toward the Science and Learning

- swift’s satirical attitude toward the Political and English social aspects of

18th century in britain

1.5 Design of the Thesis

This graduation thesis includes three main parts :

- Part I : Introduction

This part introduces the reasons, aims, objectives, scope, methods and the design of the thesis

- Part II : Investigation

This part is divided into three chapters :

Chapter I : Satire and the development of the through periods

Chapter II : An introduction to Jonathan Swift

Chapter III : The objectives of satire in “Gulliver’s Travels” of JonathanSwift

- Part III : Conclusion

century), because etymology was false, this word was confused with satyr Inancient times, however, people said that satires were intended to condemn theweaknesses of human beings as well as the social aspects in that time.

it is performed Gaius Lucilius (180?-102? BC) a Roman writer who wrote 30books of satirical verses and presented his point of views on a wide variety ofsubjects Besides, there were also some famous satirists such as: Horace (65-?BC) and Juveniles (65-128?) … During their literary career, they wrote a lot ofsatires with satirical, humorous and briliant style These satires focus on thefollies and vices of imperial Roman society and describe the life of the Roman.Some works also express the deep sympathy for the poor and condemn the rich.However Juvenal and Horace had opposite opinions, Juvenal had a moralindignation but Horace had the gentler ridicule And these styles of satire effectstrongly on later poetry The first great satirist in this period is Horace, all of hisworks were used as models for the later writers which focus on sexual matters,boorish behavior In contrast to Horace, Juvenal exposed the vices of Roman

society and compared them with the honesty and peacefulness of the life in thesmall town Juvenal’s work focus on murder, sexual practices, imitation,untruthfulness, theft, luxury, greediness the rich He condemned the soilders’brutality toward civilians He hated getting married with the people whom hereally disliked Juvenal also satires the miseries of the life in Rome, hecomplaining that: “Our birthright now is lost” which had origin from the poem

“London” (1739) which was written by the English writer Samuel Johnson

1.2.2 medieval satire

Conspicuously, satire is represented in many forms of medieval literature: inWestern Europe in 12th and 13th century, satire was the fabliau, goliardic,buffoonery and riotous living –verse, beast fables, and dream allegories “LeRoman de la Rose” in the 13th century and English poem “The Vision ofWilliam Concerning Piers the Plowman” the 14th century, the most dominantwork is known as “Piers Plowman”, which is attributed to William Langland Inthe French allegory, satire is aimed at women, the clergy, deceivers and mixedprofessional types; in later English work, it is directed principally at hypocrisy

in the church The 14th century English poet – Geoffrey Chaucer, who translatedpart of “Le Roman de la Rose”, carried on its various satires “The CanterburyTale”, Chaucer’s own masterpiece also uses satire extensively; for example, intheir respective tales the Friar and the Summoned trade satiric insulting eachother’s religious beliefs

1.2.3 r enaissance satire

For the Renaissance (from 14th century to 17th century) in prose, satire iswritten more than in verse The great Renaissance master of this period was theGerman poet and humanist Sebastian Brant, the Dutch writer DesideratumErasmus, and the Spanish master Miguel de Cervantes Saver Brant ridicules awhole repertory of human types in “Das Narrenschiff” (The Ship of Fools,1494) that reappeared in English in 1508 in a version by the Scottish poet

Alexander Barclay Erasmus, speaking through the personal of Folly in his

“Praise of Folly” (1509), which makes modern readers laugh at the customs,beliefs, and behavior of the major social and professional types of his day.Illustrations for the original edition, by the German artist Hans Holden theYounger, reinforce the message of the text Robles’s “Pant gruel” (1532) and

“Gargantuan”(1534) are robust extravaganzas nevertheless infused with theauthor’s humanistic ideals Cervantes’s great satire on knight-errantry, “DonQuixote” (Part I, 1605; Part II, 1615), arraigns society for an entire gamut ofweakness

Satire appeared on the 17th century English stage in the plays of BenJohnson and later in two verse satires; Hudibras (1663-1678) by Samuel Butler,and the political satire “Asylum and Achitophel” (1681-1682) by John Dryden

In France, the dramas of Foliose satirized many social and mortal types:hypocrites, social climbers, cucklolds, Don Jeans and medical impostor; hischaracterizations are still meaningful for modern audiences The critic NicolasBoileau-Desproaux who wrote 12 verse satires (began in 1660) probing mannersand matters both public and private

1.2.4 18 th century satires

The early half of the 18th century in England is considered the Golden Age ofsatire In this period, satire became a dominant literary form One of the mostdominant social satires was “The Beggar’s Opera” (1928) which was written byJohn Gay, he is a dramatist It stimulates a 20th century adaptation, “The threepenny Opera” (1928) by the German dramatist Bertolt Brecht and the GermanAmerican composer Kurt Weill A wealth of satire is written by: poet – A.Pope;the essayist- J.Addison; the novelists- H.Fielding, Jane Austin; and most notably

- the writer –Jonathan Swift, who passionate concern for individual human lifeparadoxically cast him in the role of misanthrope (a person who hates human

beings) Following the two classic modes of satire, the Oration or the Juvenilia,these writers either gently nudged their subjects, as in Mullet’s uproariouspicture of life in Bath in “The Expendition of Humphrey Clinker” (1771), orruthlessly devastated them, as in Pope’s “Duncan” (1728-1743) Not fearing tolaunch attacks against powerful enemies, they often became the victim ofreprisals, in some cases such as Swift and Queen Anne, and of the French writerand philosopher Voltaire The novel “Candied” (1759), Voltaire avowed theprinciples of the Enlightenment, aroused official reaction because of its criticism

of previously accepted social and religious ideas

a John Dryden (1631-1700), an English poet, dramatist, and critic He is agreat satirist of the Restoration and during his literary career, Dryden writesmany forms of literature:

Firstly, in this period, he is known as the most dominent dramatist inEngland, because he is successful not only in writing comedies, tragicomediesbut also in heroic plays Among them, his well-known play in blank verse is

“All for Love” (or The World Well Lost” (1678) which based on Shakespeare’sAntony and Cleopatra It is one of the masterpieces of Restoration tragedy

Secondly, Dryden is a great satirist of the Restoration His first and greatestpolitical satire “Absalom and Achilophel”(1681) is a masterful parable in heroiccouplets And “The Medal” was written in 1682 which focuses on the religiousand political issues of the time, shows the diffirent kind of satire fromRochester’s And the second part of “Absalom and Achilophel” Rochester

comments in general on all mankind but Dryen satirizes particular people andsituations

Then, he is a poet with the work “Mac Flecknoe” (1682) which attacks on arival poet Shadwell A bad poet whose name was Flecknoe had recently diedand in this poem Dryden treats his own enemy playwright Thomas Shadwell asFlecknoe’s son

Dryen wrote many works and one of the first to make his career as aprofessional author His essay on the nature of drama and representation, such as

“Of Dramatic Poesy” (1668), were the first of their kind in English, and later inhis life His final work, “The Secular Masque” (1700) which provides a famousquotation to end an age

(An outline of English literature Restoration drama and

prose, 63-65)

b John Wilmot Rochester (1647-1680), an English poet and courtier Hislife was a kind of symbol of the Restoration: he was a rake, a man who gave hislife to pleasure, especially sex and alcohol But before he died he became aCatholic So his life shows both the good and bad sides of pleasure whichillustrates a good moral He is known for his satirical wit and his libertinebehavior He was repeatedly banished from the court of Charles II for hispolitical satires His most important literary works are “A Satire AgainstMankind” (1675) which in polished verse scathingly describes human follies,and his love poetry, which is both amorous and witty, elegant and touch andoften shockingly frank A writer is known for his bitting wit and versatility Heproduces powerful satire, passionates love poems, lyrics and masterfulcorrespondence His self-indulgent life and his acidic humor influence both hiscontemporaries and later writers including Jonathan Swift

(Penguin guide to English literature Augustans and Satire, 62-63).

c Alexander Pope (1688-1744) is a person who follows Dryden in verse butnot in drama He was an English poet and a great satirist who modeling himselfafter the great poets of classical antiquity wrote highly polished verse, often indidactic or satirical vein In verse translations, moral and critical essays, andsatires that made him the foremost poet of his age, he brought the heroic couplet

as a smooth but steely tool

He was born in London, in the year of the Revolution (1688) Soon after thatdate his father, having gained a modest fortune in the linen business, retired toBinfield, on the fringe of Windsor Forest There Pope passed his boyhood,studying a little under private tutors, forming a pleasurable acquaintance withLatin and Greek poets He tells us, from fourteen to twenty, he read for

“amusement”; but from twenty to twenty-seven he read for “improvement andinstruction” The most significant traits of these early years were hisdetermination to be a poet and his talent for imitating any writer who pleasedhim Dryden was his first master, from whom he inherited the couplet, then heimitated the French critic Boileau and the Roman poet Horace

Pope was an extremely intelligent and sensitive man although his health wasbad, and he thought of life as a long illness He read widely in English letters inFrench, Italian, Latin, and Greek But as a result of a devastating illness, may betuberculosis he became a bitterly quarrelsome man and attacked his literarycontemporaries viciously and often without provocation Hower, he was warmand affectionate , he had a long and closed friendship with the Anglo- Irishwriter Jonathan Swift and the English writer John Gay

Pope’s literary career began in 1704, when the playwright Willam Wickedly,pleased by Pope’s verse, introduced him into the circle of fashionable Londonwits and writers who welcomed him as a prodigy He first attracted publicattention in 1709 with his “Pastorals” Some years later, many of Pope’swritings were published such as : “Essay on Criticism” (1711), the delightful

poem “The Rape of the Lock”( first published in 1712 and revised editionpublished in 1714), “Windsor Forest”(1713) and “The Wife of Bath”(1714) For years, Pope and his friend Swift had written scornful and verysuccessful critical reviews of those whom they considered poor writers And in

1727 they began a series of parodies of the same writers and in 1728 Popelampooned them in one of his best –known works, “The Dunciad” (Iliad ofDunces), a witty but venomous lampoon, in which he took revenge on all whohad angered him and a satire celebrating dulless He laughs at the poor poetswho are writing for their bread, a cruel thing to do He later enriched the work tofour volumes, the last part publishing in 1743 In 1732 he wrote the poem

“Essay on Man” and completed in 1734 He wrote four “Moral Essays” 1735) The Pope’s last works “Imitations of Horace” (1733-1739) were attacks

(1734-on the political enemies of his friends

Pope used the heroic couplet with exceptional brilliance, giving it a witty,occassionally biting quality His success made it the dominant poetic form of hiscentury, and his poetry was translated into many languages

When we read Chaucer or Shakespeare, we have the impression that theywould have been at home in any age or place, because they deal with humaninterests that are the same yesterday, today and forever; but we can hardlyimagine Pope feeling at ease anywhere save in his own set and in his owngeneration He is the poet of one period, which set great store by formality, and

in that period alone he is supreme

( A history of English and American literature Neo-classism, 51-52)

d John Gay (1685-1732)- an English dramatist, poet, and satirist- is one ofdominant writers of the neoclassical period in English literature

He is famous for his “Fables” (two series, 1727 and 1738), tales in verseconsidered the best of their kind in English His fame as a playwright restsprimarily on “The Beggar’s Opera” (1728), a social satire that two centuries

later inspired “The Three penny Opera” (1928 trans 1933) by the Germandramatist Beetroot Breech and the German was born in American composerKurt Well “The Bagger’s Opera” in various adaptations is still popular Gayalso composed the lyrics to many songs and he wrote many ballads, the mostfamiliar of which is “Sweet William’s Farewell to Black-eyed Susan”.

(Penguin guide to English literature Tragedy and serious drama, 74 ).

e Daniel Defoe (1659 - 1731), an English novelist, journalist and a greatsatirist of the Enlightenment, whose works reflect his diverse experiences inmany walks of life Besides being a brilliant journalist, noverlist and socialthinker, he was a prolific author, writing more than 500 books, pamphlets, antracts Defoe’s career was an extraordinary one By nature and training he seems

to have preferred devious ways to straight, and to have concealed his chiefmotive whether he appeared as reformer or politician, tradesman or writer,police-spy or friend of outcasts

Defoe is a typical representative of the wild wing His first satire “An Essayupon Projects” (1697) he presented the great public movement, highereducation of women, protection for seaman, construction of highways…Especially noteworthy among his writings during the next several years was thesatiric poem “The True-born Englishman” (1701), an attack on beliefs in racial

or national superiority, which was directed to those English people who resentedthe new king, Willam III, because he was Dutch

The following year Defoe published a tract entitled “An Account of TheShortest Way with Dissenters” a tract on religious intolerence in which Defoepretends to share the prejudices of the Anglican Church against Non-conformists Defoe made the savage suggestion that death penalty should bemeted to members of dissenting churches Supporters of the Church of Englandaccepted it as a serious solution and considered it to be next best to the Bible.But soon, they discovered that they had been tricked and ridiculed When they

had Defoe put in the pillory, he immediately composed a satire “Hymn to thePillory” which his friends sang in the stress while pelting him with flowers Defoe’s talent as a reporter led him to fictitious history “The Journal of thePlague Year” (1722), and Memoirs of a Cavalier, says that “Defoe wrotehistory, but invented the facts” and another declares that “the one little art ofwhich Defoe was past master was the art of forging a story and imposing it onthe world as truth.” and novel writing “Robinson Crusoe” (1719), “CaptainSingleton” (1720), “Moll Flanders” (1722) and others.

After years of political ups and downs, he spent his last years in illness,solitude and poverty and died at the age of 71

(A history of English and American

literature The enlighteners’ realism, 54-55)

CHAPTER II : AN INTRODUCTION TO JONATHAN SWIFT 2.1 His life

Jonathan Swift (1667- 1745) was the reputed son of a Jonathan Swift whohad followed a more prosperous older brother, Godwin from Yorkshine toIreland Jonathan’s career was brief He obtained a small legal post in Dubinand who had died seven months before his son, Jonathan, was born There is apossibility that his real father was Sir John Temple, Master of the Roll inIreland, and of father Sir William Temple, who was therefore Swift’s older half-brother A nurse took the child to White – haven and kept him there three years;and not long after his return to Dublin, his mother returned to her relatives inEngland, and left ng the boy in his uncle’s care Thus, in a curious sense,Jonathan Swift had not both father and mother; and we should symphathize withthe growth of the strange legends about his birth He was sent to Keenly schoolwhere he met Contrive and, at 14, was entered as a pensioner at Trinity College,Dublin When he accused his uncle of giving him the “education of a dog”; hereally meant that Oxford or Cambridge would have been more to his heart’sdesire than an Irish University By accident, Swift was born in England, andwhen he identified with Ireland against his hopes and wishes He felt that heshould not stay at the land in which he was born And in 1688 Godwin, who hadlost his luck, died, and Swift was left without anything He went to Leicesterwith his mother and looked for other relationships The most obvious was thecelebrated diplomatists, Sir William Temple, then retired at Moor Park inSurrey, about forty miles from London Sir William Temple was an urbane andcivilized man He was a friend of King William The father of Temple had been

a friend of Godwin Swift Temple had known the Swifts in Ireland and LadyTemple (Dorothy Osborne) was said to be a connection with Swift’s mother.Therefore Swift entered the service of Temple; and became a secretary Thearrangement was not happy for anyone The ladies of the house ignored orpatronized the proud and sensitive young man That Temple meant to befriendly is certain; It is also certain that he never apprehended the real measure

of Swift’s capacity and that his efforts to find for him a place in the world affairs

were not very energetic Nevertheless, life at Moor Park was immense value toSwift He grew familiar with public affairs and with the rich experiences of hispatron, and he formed the lasting affection of his life Dependents foundsympathy with dependents The companion of Temple’s sister, Lady Gifford,was a widow, Mrs Johnson; and Mrs Johnson had two daughters; one wasEsther, she was 8 years old And Swift was charged, among other duties, withher tuition She was possibly Temple’s daughter and therefore Swift may havethought his own niece He made one effort to escape from servitude.

In 1694 he was disappointed that Temple had not found any place for him,

he took the only course that seemed to promise advancement and was obtained.Temple obtained for him the pretend of Kiloton; and the fated connection withIreland was resumed

In 1696, he left Ireland and returned to Moor Park where he remained till in

1699 Temple died He died and left him no place to live He was given the living

of Labrador, and found himself once more in Ireland and alone Therefore it wasarranged that Esther Johnson should live in Dublin with Mrs Dingle who related

to Temples, as chaperon Swift was thirty four years old and Esther; his “Stella”was an attractive girl at the age of twenty He loved her deeply but somewhathopelessly

And for the rest of his life, Swift devoted his talents and intelligence topolitics and religion not clearly separated at the time and most of his works inprose were written to further a specific cause As a clergyman, a spiritedcontroversialist and a devoted supporter of Anglian Church, as an institution noless important than the Crown itself; he was hostile to all who seemed tothreaten his Church-Deists, free–thinkers, Roman Catholics, Nonconformists, ormerely Whig politicians His pamphlets of 1708-1709 on ecclesiastical questionsshow his conviction that the Whigs were unfriendly to the Church, and whenthe Whigs triumphed in 1708, he knew his hopes of preferment were vain andreturned to Ireland The prosecution of Sachverell brought Tories back in 1710,

Swift returned to London three years later, with all his hopes and thoughts areset out In his letter to Esther Johnson and Mrs Dingle afterwards to be known

as the “Journal to Stella” The effofts of the Tories were now devoted tobringing the War with France to an end Swift composed in November andDecember 1711, 2 formidable pamphlets were in favor of peace

However, recognition of his services was made difficult By doubts abouthis orthodoxy, Queen Anne became immovably hostile At least in 1713, he wasmade Dean of St Patrick’s; a promotion fatal to his ambitions for it banished himonce more to Ireland His health was bad and his reception in Dublin wasanything but friendly In October, he returned to London The Queen died, thesuccession was unsettled Herby and St John had quarreled, and there was someAconite plotting Swift was in a difficulty, but the death of the Queen in 1714settled the master With the triumph of the Whigs and the defeat of his friends,all Swift’s hopes and wishes finally disappeared and he returned to his vast andempty deanery in Dublin

Here, he found trouble of another kind His long, peaceful association withStella was disturbed by a strange complication On his visits to London, he hadbecome intimate with Stella who was supposed to be twenty, but probably older.Swift was forty three years old, but the disparity of age mattered little to Hester,

or Stella as Swift poetically called her, remained his faithful friend through allhis life His letters to her which were written in 1710-1713, were later published

in the form of a book under the title of “Journal to Stella” In their friendlyintercourse, she was “Vanessa” and he was “Cadenus”, the aim when he wrote apoem “Cadenus and Vanessa” was for her not for publication; indicating that hisfeelings were friendly and abstract And abstract friendship had no meaning forVanessa, she was passionately in love

About 1723, a crisis occurred The usual story is that Vanessa provoked.Swift’s indignation by demanding to know what the relation between Vanessaand him What is certain is that when Vanessa died in 1723 she had not

mentioned or talked anything about Swift in her will which included manynames of her friends, including George Berkeley, a philosopher who was lefthalf of her property by her But the truth of the matter is that we almost knownothing about the relaions between Swift and her who affects on his life and weshould not search too seriously the interpretations, romantic, psychological orpathological that have been done by some critics and analysts in twentiethcentury.

Not the least ironical fact in the life of Swift is that in the end he became anIrish patriot and national popularity But the life was unhappy for him by hisown increasing weakness and when Stella was ill In January 1728, she diedafter she made a will which describes her as a spinster For Swift the life soonbecame an acute forture and in sense he was dead before he died When he wasyoung, he was a sickly child, and it is said that he later developed Meniere’sDisease, which affects the inner ear and causes dizziness, vertigo, nausea andhearing loss

In 1742, he felt into the dementia Three years later he was dead Dubin washushed into silence at the passing of the stronges character that ever emergedfrom that remarkable city Although his last three years were spent in gloom andlethargy, this dark ending should not put his early life, so full of energy andhumor, into a shadow Swift was buried in his own cathedral beside the coffin ofStella

During his life, he also had a gift for friendship Swift was admired andloved by many of the distinguished men of his time His friendship with JosephAddison, Alexander Pope, John Arbuthnot, John Gay, Lord Oxford and LorkBolongbroke Although he was indifferent from women through some of hiswritings, his love with Esther Johnson (Swift’s Stella) was inevitable Whetherthey were secretly married or whether they never married we did not knowclearly

The clouds of insanity which cast an unpleasant gloom on the forth travelthickened more and more around Swift who died after years of sufferings inOctober 1745.

2.2 His literary career

Swift is one of the English greatest writers of prose He defined a good style

as proper words in proper place Clear, simple, concrete diction, uncomplicatedsyntax, economy and conciseness of language mark all of his writings Hiswriting style was not ornaments and simplicity of all kinds The characters in hiswritings reflect the life and human beings at that time Like the prose, it is satiric

in purpose, but not without its moments of comedy and light- heartedness, thosewere written most often not so much to divert as to reform the reader

The poems of Swift, though they show undoubted power (every smallestthing he wrote bears that stamp), may be passed over with the comment of hisrelative Dryden, who wrote: “Cousin Swift, you will never be a poet.”

Swift is best known for his satire He was the most versatile of Englishsatirists The earliest and the most characteristic of Swift’s book is “A Tale of ATub” written for the Universal improvement of mankind; which was composedabout 1696 and published in 1704 and talked about the religious parties of theday in which Peter and Jack support the Roman Catholics and the Dissenterswhile Martin stands for the Church of England This book expresses Swiftpossessed: his intellectual power, his polished irony… .The empty tubsymbolized religion and people should fight for their rights, it is a tool for theruling class to govern over the nation However some chapters and essays arenot equalled as examples of plain prose

“The Battle of the Book” (1607) was written for the fighting between ancientand modern in literature field which corresponding the dispute rises between abee and a spider, but in the end the bee wins the spider that means the Ancientwriter wins the Modern writer

And one of the most famous book and the olders as well as children like best

is “Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World by Lemuel Gulliver, first

a surgeon then a sea captain and a traveller” The book was publishedanonymously at the end of October 1726 The first, it was successful withchildren as well as their elders The book contains four parts, each of them dealswith one particular voyage of the hero and his adventures on some remoteislands As Pope and Gay wrote to Swift “…from the highest to the lowest, it is

universally read, from the cabinet council to the nursery”

(English literature Jonathan Swift, 47)

Young children are very fond of reading the voyages to Lilliput andBrobdingnag To Lilliput, Gulliver became the giant in the world of the smallpeople but this situation opposite completely when Gulliver went to Brodingnagthe world of the giant And it was considered as a kind of children’s funny storyrather than the social criticism that it mentioned

In the first part, Gulliver goes to sea as a ship's surgeon Because of a bigstorm the ship is wrecked and he is cast upon the shore of the island of Lilliput.Lilliput is the tiny of England Swift's satire is directed against the ruling class inEngland, the King is ignorant who knows nothing the politic and the way togovern the country, and the disputes between two political parties and thereligious,

In the second one, Gulliver describes his shipwreck in Brobdingnag whichproves to be superior to the men and women of Gulliver's society in wisdom andhumanity as well as in size In this part, the King of Brobdingnag is a wise andkind king And the law is used to protect the freedom, equality and happiness ofcitizens

The third part deals with a series of the hero's adventures at several places.The first place that Gulliver gets to is the floating island of Laputa Here, Swiftsatirizes the absent-minded philosophers, astronomers and scientists who keepthemselves a far from the real life In the country of Laputa, the king and his

ministers use cruel methods to suppress any rebellion of the people who live ontheir continent Here Swift condemns the cruelty of the ruling class to thepeople.

The fourth part describes the voyage of hero to the country which wascontrolled by the horses Although these horses had the shape of men, they werevile no better than animals He cherishes a great love for the common people.The satire here is the sharpest and the bitterest

In 1708, he began a brilliant of pamphlets on Church questions The firstpiece and the masterpiece of irony was “An Argument against abolishingChristianity attended with some inconveniences” The second “The sentiments

of a Church of English man with respect to religion and government” waswritten in a more serious strain The third “A Project for the Advancement ofReligious and the Reformation of Manner”(1709)

In 1711, he wrote “The conduct of the Allies, and of the late Minister inbeginning and carrying the present war”

In 1720, he wrote “A Proposal for the Universal Use of Irish manufacture

in Cloths…”

In 1724 he introduced “The Drapier’s letters” that was called “A letter to thetradesman, shopkeepers, farmers and common people of Ireland concerning theBrass Half-pence coined by Mr Woods, and supported to be by M.B Drapier”

In 1728, in “A short view of the state of Ireland”, Swift gives a touchingaccount of the condition of the country The series of the pamphlets reached itsclimax in “A Modest Proposal for Preventing the Children of Poor People ofIreland from Being a Burden to their Parents” (1729) In this work the authorsuggested that the poor people should sell their children as food for the rich

On literary subject, Swift wrote little In 1712, he published his “Proposalfor connecting, improving and ascertaining the English Tongue” In 1721, hepublished in Dublin an amusing satire “A letter of Advice to a young Poet”together with a proposal for the encouragement of poetry in this kingdom In