TRÍCH YẾU LUẬN VĂN Tên tác giả: Nguyễn Thanh Hải Tên Luận văn: Đánh giá hiệu quả của dự án hỗ trợ xây hầm biogas xử lý chất thải chăn nuôi trên địa bàn huyện Quế Võ, tỉnh Bắc Ninh giai
TỔNG QUAN VỀ TÀI LIỆU
Tình hình chăn nuôi gia súc, gia cầm và phế thải của ngành chăn nuôi áp lực cho môi trường
2.1.1 Tình hình phát triển ngành chăn nuôi
2.1.1.1 Tình hình phát triển chăn nuôi gia súc, gia cầm trên thế giới
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Hình 2.1 Số lượng đàn gia súc và gia cầm trên toàn thế giới năm 2010
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Hình 2.2 Xu hướng tăng trưởng đàn gia súc và gia cầm trên thế giới giai đoạn 2000 – 2010
Nguồn: FAO (2014) 2.1.1.2 Tình hình phát triển chăn nuôi gia súc, gia cầm tại Việt Nam
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Bảng 2.1 Số lượng một số gia súc, gia cầm tại Việt Nam giai đoạn 2013 – 2015
Cả nước Đơn vị tính
Nguồn: Tổng cục thống kê (2015)
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Bảng 2.2 Số lượng các trang trại chăn nuôi trên cả nước
Stt Tỉnh, thành phố Số lượng trang trại Tỉ lệ(%)
2 Trung du và miền núi phía bắc 1.926 8,2
3 Bắc trung bộ và duyên hải miền trung
6 Đồng bằng sông cửu long 3.281 13,9
Nguồn: Cục chăn nuôi (2010) Bảng 2.3 Số lượng trang trại chăn nuôi đạt tiêu chí kinh tế trang trại
Vùng Số trang trại Tỷ lệ (%) Đồng bằng sông Hồng 3.174 39,0
Trung du và miền núi phía Bắc 828 10,2
Bắc Trung Bộ và duyên hải miền Trung 767 9,4
Tây Nguyên 453 5,6 Đông Nam Bộ 1.093 23,4 Đồng bằng sông Cửu Long 1.008 12,4
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2006 đến 2010 thì số lượng các trang trại chăn nuôi ở nước ta phát triển mạnh mẽ về số lượng cũng như quy mô Năm 2006 cả nước có khoảng 17.721 đến năm
2010 đã tăng lên 23.558 trang trại Và số trang trại đạt chỉ tiêu cao nhất là vùng đồng bằng sông Hồng với 3.174 trang trại (chiếm 39% trang trại trên cả nước).
Thực trạng công tác quản lý, các biện pháp xử lý chất thải chăn nuôi gia súc, gia cầm gây nên trên thế giới và ở Việt Nam
2.2.1 Thực trạng chất thải, nước thải chăn nuôi gây áp lực cho môi trường
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2.2.2 Tình hình dịch bệnh trong ngành chăn nuôi
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2.2.3 Công tác quản lý, xử lý chất thải chăn nuôi ở Việt Nam
Hiện nay ở nước ta, phương thức chăn nuôi nông hộ vẫn chiếm tỷ lệ lớn
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- Chất thải vật nuôi thải trực tiếp ra kênh mương và trực tiếp xuống ao, hồ;
- Chất thải được ủ làm phân bón cho cây trồng;
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Bảng 2.4 Thực trạng quản lý và xử lý chất thải chăn nuôi
Quy mô, phương thức chăn nuôi
Trang trại Nông hộ CN đa con Thâm canh Bán thâm canh Thời vụ
Có đánh giá tác động môi trường 1.047 2,8
Có xử lý chất thải kiên cố/bán kiên cố
Có xử lý chất thải truyền thống
(ủ, bán, nuôi cá, tưới cây)
Nguồn: Báo cáo công tác BVMT trong chăn nuôi (2012
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Cơ sở khoa học xử lý chất thải chăn nuôi chống ô nhiễm môi trường
2.3.1 Chất thải rắn và lỏng
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Bảng 2.5 Lượng phân trung bình của gia súc trong một ngày đêm
Loại gia súc Phân kg/con.ngđ Nước tiểu kg/con.ngđ
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Bảng 2.6 Thành phần hóa học cơ bản của các loại phân gia súc, gia cầm
Phân loại gia súc, gia cầm Mức Nitơ (%) P2O5 (%) K2O (%) C/N
Nguồn: Nguyễn Đức Lượng và Nguyễn Thị Thùy Dương (2003)
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Bảng 2.7 Các loại vi khuẩn, ký sinh trùng có trong phân gia súc và điều kiện tiêu diệt
Tên vi trùng, ký sinh trùng
Khả năng gây bệnh Điều kiện tiêu diệt Nhiệt độ ( o C) Thời gian (phút)
Salmonella paratyphi Phó thương hàn 55 30
Escherichia coli Viêm dạ dày, ruột 55 60
Polio virus Hominis Giun tóc 55 10
Xác súc vật chết do bệnh luôn là nguồn gây ô nhiễm chính cần phải được xử lý để nhằm tránh lây lan cho con người và vật nuôi
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Axít hữu cơ mạch ngắn
Quá trình phân giải urê:
(NH 4 ) 4 CO 3 ít bền vững nên dễ bị phân hủy tiếp
* Phân loại khí chuồng nuôi Theo Trương Thanh Cảnh, các khí sinh ra từ chăn nuôi được chia thành các nhóm sau:
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Các biện pháp xử lý chất thải ngành chăn nuôi gia súc, gia cầm
2.4.1 Biện pháp ủ sinh học tạo phân hữu cơ sinh học (composting) Ủ phân compost (phân hỗn hợp, ví dụ phân nguyên phối hợp với phân xanh) là một quá trình phân huỷ hiếu khí phân, chất thải chăn nuôi có kiểm soát, được thực hiện bởi nhiều loại vi sinh vật khác nhau thuộc hai nhóm ưa ấm và chịu nhiệt, cho ra sản phẩm CO2, nước, khoáng chất và các chất hữu cơ ổn định Thông thường ủ phân compost được dùng để xử lý chất thải rắn và bán rắn như phân gia súc, phế phụ phẩm chế biến nông nghiệp, trồng trọt vv…
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- Các giai đoạn trong quá trình ủ phân compost
Giai đoạn chậm: là giai đoạn cần thiết để vi sinh vật thích nghi, chuẩn bị các điều kiện cần thiết cho quá trình sinh trưởng, phát triển
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2.4.2 Lịch sử phát triển của công nghệ biogas
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Những vấn đề cơ bản về Biogas
2.5.1 Khái niệm a) Khái niệm về biogas
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- 40%) và các khí khác với hàm lượng thấp như H2S, H2, O2, N2
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Biogas là một hỗn hợp khí nhẹ hơn không khí, nhiệt độ bốc lửa khoảng
700 0 C ( đối với dầu DO, khoảng 350 0 C; đối với xăng gas và propane khoảng
50 0 C) Nhiệt độ ngọn lửa sử dụng biogas khoảng 870 0 C
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- Chất thải của trâu, bò: 65%
- Chất thải của gia cầm: 60%
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Bảng 2.8 Trình bày thành phần và một số tính chất cơ bản của biogas
Thông số Đơn vị CH4 CO2 H2 H2S
Hỗn Hợp Khí Biogas ( 60% CH4
Giá trị lưới năng lượng (n.c.v) kJ/Nm 3 35.800 - 10.800 22.800 21.500
Giới hạn cháy nổ %V 8-10 - 4-80 4 – 4,5 6 – 12 Điểm bốc cháy 0 C 650-750 - 585 - 650 – 750
Hệ số tỷ trọng với không khí 0,55 2,5 0,07 1,2 0,83
Nguồn: B.T.NIJAGUNA, Biogas Technology, New Age International Publisher (2006) c) Tính chất của khí sinh học
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Giải quyết vấn đề chất đốt và mang lại lợi ích xã hội
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Kích thích sản xuất nông nghiệp
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Một số dự án đã xử lý chất thải chăn nuôi gia súc, gia cầm bằng hầm
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⚠️The Pollinations legacy text API is being deprecated for **authenticated users**.Please migrate to our new service at https://enter.pollinations.ai for better performance and access to all the latest models.Note: Anonymous requests to text.pollinations.ai are NOT affected and will continue to work normally.
⚠️The Pollinations legacy text API is being deprecated for **authenticated users**.Please migrate to our new service at https://enter.pollinations.ai for better performance and access to all the latest models.Note: Anonymous requests to text.pollinations.ai are NOT affected and will continue to work normally.
⚠️The Pollinations legacy text API is being deprecated for **authenticated users**.Please migrate to our new service at https://enter.pollinations.ai for better performance and access to all the latest models.Note: Anonymous requests to text.pollinations.ai are NOT affected and will continue to work normally.