A study on dificulties of third year studént in vinh university in translating economics terms in englíh articles about stock market

Being interested in Englisheconomics articles about stock market, we find it very interesting, and appropriate also, toapply related theories into English articles about stock market to

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Acknowledgements

Abbreviation

Part 1: INTRODUCTION

1 Rationale 1

2 Aims of the study .2

3 Scope of the study .2

4 Methods of the study 2

5 Design of the study 3

Part 2: DEVELOPMENT Chapter 1: Theoretical Background 1.1 Theory of translation 4

1.1.1 Concept of translation 4

1.1.2 Types of translation 4

1.1.2.1 Form-based ……….5

1.1.2.2 Meaning-based ………5

1.1.3 Process of translation ……… 5

1.1.3.1 The approach ……… 7

1.1.3.2 The textual level ……….8

1.1.3.3 The referential level ………8

1.1.3.4 The cohesive level ……… 8

1.1.3.5 The level of naturalness ……… 9

1.1.4 Strategies of translation ………10

1.1.4.1 How to deal with non-equivalence at level word ……… 10

1.1.4.1.1 Translation by a more specific word ……… 10

1.1.4.1.2 Translation by a more general word ……… 11

1.1.4.1.3 Translation by cultural substitution………12

1.1.4.1.4 Translation using a loan word plus explanation……….12

1.1.4.1.5 Translation by paraphrase ……… 13

1.1.4.2 How to deal with idioms and fixed expression ……….14

1.1.4.2.1 Using an idioms or fixed expression of similar meaning and Form……… 14

1.1.4.2.2 Using an idiom or fixed expression of similar meaning but dissimilar form……….14

1.1.4.2.3 Translation by paraphrase……… 15

1.1.4.3 How to deal with number and person……… 16

1.1.4.3.1 Number ……… 16

1.1.4.3.2 Person ……….17

Chapter 2: Difficulties in translating economics terms in English articles about stock market 2.1 Causes ……… 18

2.2 Background knowledge limitation……… ……… .18

2.3 Accuracy in language……… ……… 23

2.4 Dealing with complexity of economic field……….26

2.5 Shortage understanding the source text………29

Chapter 3: Data analysis 3.1 Executive summary ……….32

3.2 Introduction……… 32

3.3 Methods……… ……… 32

3.4 Results……… ………… 33

3.5 Interpretation of results………33

3.6 Conclusion………37

3.7 Recommendations………37

Part C: CONCLUSION 1 Review of the major findings……….39

2 Limitations of the study………… ……… 40

3 Suggestions for further study……… … 40 REFERENCES

APPENDIX

Acknowledgements

irst of all, I should like to express my greatest gratitude to M.A

Le Thi Thuy Ha, my supervisor, who has given me precious advice, valuable materials and enormously essential corrections for the accomplishment of the thesis

F

I am also grateful to my teachers in the Foreign Languages Department for their helpful suggestions and encouragement during the time my job has been being carried out.

Finally, my profound thanks to my loved family and my good friends whose love, care and help have given me essential energy and determination without which this thesis would have been impossible completed.

Vinh, May 2007 Bïi ThÞ Thuû

Part I: INTRODUCTION

1 Rationale

The profession of translation is very old one, which came into existence when thefirst contacts were established between human using different languages It is also one ofthe finest professions since its aims to draw individuals together and enable them toestablish a closer understanding of the intention of one another By eliminating the barrierthat separates them, the translator plays an important role in the world today They helppeople to communicate across language barrier, making people closer Along thedevelopment of the others, the subject of translation has been step-by-step confirming itssituation with so many necessary contributions to many aspects of human life On theother hand, the third-year students in foreign languages department in Vinh university aredying for being skillful for their translating services in the future

It is notice that with the help of modern integration movement, internationalexchanges in various fields are taking place an increasing rate, and English has beenbecoming and international language that being used in those This tendency requires arich source of transmitting the documents from this language into the other one Thesufficiency of the economics is undeniable, however, it is a fact that the economics is aboth interesting and complex as well Translating in this field is a good chance tomeasure the ability in understanding and analyzing the economics issues Obtaining asufficient awareness of the vivid existence of the difficulties in translation economicsterms

Article, in the civilized society, has become one of the most popular and powerfulmeans of communication and nowadays plays a displaceable part in man's life It is notonly where people get themselves expressed, knowledge-enriched, information-update

and entertained, but also one of places where a language can interestingly manifest itsown existence with its certain features Unexceptionally, we can amusingly trace many ofcharacteristics of English language in English articles Being interested in Englisheconomics articles about stock market, we find it very interesting, and appropriate also, toapply related theories into English articles about stock market to identify difficultiesduring the translation process.

For all reasons above, we have decided to choose "difficulties in translatingeconomics terms in English articles about stock market" to be the theme of the thesis

2 Aims of the study

This thesis has been done with a wish that it could give a small contribution to theimprovement in translating English articles especially in translating economics terms inarticles about stock market Therefore, when deciding to do this thesis, I aimed at:

Introducing the definition of the translation

Surveying and analyzing English-Vietnamese translation on terms in stock market branch

of the economics field

Difficulties are the major part of the paper, in which most types of difficulties thattranslators may cope with during translating will be indicated

3 Scope of the study

Because translation covers such a large area the writer has made no attempts to deal withthe entire range of possible issue The writer has limited the scope of her study to sometechniques on translation process such as the approach, the textual level, the referentiallevel, cohesive level, and the level of naturalness In addition to that, the paper alsomentions the strategies in translation that play a high position in the result of thetranslation process

In this thesis, we write about the difficulties in translating English articles that mostlydownload from the website www.investopedia.com which is, in our opinion, one of themost useful document resource for people that have great love of stock market

We also conducted a small survey for third-year students in Foreign LanguageDepartment in Vinh university that helps us to investigate the factual difficulties intranslating economics terms in English articles about stock market

4 Methods of the Study

With the aim to investigate difficulties of the students in translating stock market terms,during our studying process we have to use different methods but the dominant ones are

as follow:

Review of published related theories

Collective method

Investigative method

Analysis and synthesis of the selected data

5 Design of the study

There are three main parts in this thesis paper

Part A: Introduction

In this part, the rationale, aims, scope, methods and design of the thesis are introduced

Part B: Development

This part consists of three chapters:

Chapter 1: Theoretical background

Chapter 2: Difficulties in translating economics terms in articles about stock market.Chapter 2: Data analysis

Part C: Conclusion

This part is place of summarizing the thesis

Besides these three main parts, the thesis also consists of the acknowledgement, the table

of content, the abbreviation, the appendix and the references

Part II: development

CHAPTER 1 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

1.1 Theory of translation

1.1.1 Concept of translation

Translation has been defined by many linguistics According to Bui Tien Bao(1999), translation is rendering a written text into another language in the way that theauthor intended the text The question "what is translation?" Cartford translation as "thereplacement of textual material in one language (SL) equivalent textual material inanother language (TL).

Hartman and Stork (1972) believe that " translation is the replacement of a representation of a text in one language by a representation of an equivalent text in a second language".

On the other hand, Marlon (1988) claims "Translation is the expression in another language (or target language) of what has been expressed in another source language, preserving semantic and stylistic equivalence".

Furthermore, Translation is the replacement of a representation of a text in onelanguage by a representation of an equivalent text in a second language (By Roger TBell)

Translation consists of studying the lexicon, grammatical structure,communication situation and cultural context of the source language text Whattranslation does is, first, to identify and define a translation problem (no problem - notranslation theory); second, to indicate all the factors that have to be taken into account insolving the problem; third, to list all the possible translation procedures; finally, torecommend the most suitable translation procedure, plus the appropriate translation.Deriving from reality there are more than one type of translation

1.1.2 Types of translation

It is noticed that stemming at different times and from different contexts includetwo factors: The text and the quality of equivalence Treatment of the two textsproperties, form and meaning, as well as the focus on a particular requirement ofequivalence is the main distinction between the two main types of translation: The form-based and the meaning-based ones (Larson, 1984)

1.1.2.1 Form-based

Translation, by dictionary definition, consists of changing from one state or oneform to another, to turn into one's own or another's language (The Merriam_ WebsterDictionary, 1974)

Translation is basically a change of form When we mention to the form of alanguage we are referring to the actual words, phrases, sentences, paragraphs, etc theforms are referred to as the surface structure of a language: It is the structural part oflanguage which is actually seen in print or heard in speech In translation, the form of thesource language is replaced by the form of the target language

In general, the type of Form-based translation is known as literal translation,attempt to follow the form of the source language text

1.1.2.2 Meaning-based

It is important to understand the source text deeply before translation Translationmust keep the source meaning of the text Translator can change the form but nevermodify the original meaning of the text.

Meaning-based translations, or idiomatic translations, make every effort tocommunicate to text receivers the meaning of the source language text in the naturalforms of the target language (Larson, 1984) Idiomatic translations are usually thetranslator's goal as this is the reproduction of source language text meaning (The meaningintended by the original communicator) in the natural form of the target language(Larson, 1984)

In fact, translations are often a mixture of a literal transfer of the grammaticalunits along with some idiomatic translation of the meaning of the text

1.1.3 Process of translation

In the early days of translation theory, when Fremdsprachen began appearing

(1956) and Eugene Nida wrote two Towards the science of translating (1964), this was

the first time that linguistics began to concern itself with translation Since then Nida andKoller have recommended dynamic equivalence as the only true method of translating; Infact, Nida says that translation is entirely communication whilst Neubert and Kate havedistinguished the invariant (cognitive) and the variant (pragmatic) element in translating

Remarkable, in the last 2 years we have also had 2 new closely resembling

theories of translation Harris (1975) has propounded his "natural translation", meaning "

any translation done in everyday circumstances by bilingual people who have no specialtraining for it Three-year-olds translate spontaneously in the presence of listeners whothey do not think speak both languages and later develop a criterion of "correct"translation_ a translation competence in the Chomsky spirit" (Personally I regardtranslation as a complex, artificial and unnatural process, requiring an exceptional degree

of intelligence) (Chomsky)

In a later paper (1977) Harris and Sherwood argue that "the data for translatology"(The scientific study of translating) should come primarily from natural translation ratherthan from literary, technical, and other professional or semi professional branches oftranslation as in the past Harris and Sherwood's arguments are mainly concerned withproving (unsuccessfully I think) that translation is an innate skill in bilinguals

Translation has to be based on words, sentences, linguistic meaning, andlanguage Meaning does not exist without words Meaning arises from sights (signs,movements, colors, shape, etc.), sound, smells, tastes, surfaces (touch, feel, texture) aswell as drives, feelings, ideas, images, etc that reach consciousness, but all these canonly be mediated by words, assisted sporadically by mental images Certainly, there areperiods when the translators have to suppress their memory of the source language words

Writer is writing to please himself rather than any reader, or when the translation'sreaders as not the same information as the original's reader

The purpose of this theory is to be of service to the translator It leads thetranslation theory coming to practice, it Translation is a skill and an as well as a science

Dynamic equivalence is not possible when the original derives from a translation theory framework that proposes that when the main purpose of the text is to convey information and convince the reader a method of translation must be "natural" " Naturalness" is both grammatical and lexical and is a touchstone at every level of a text, from paragraph to word, from title to punctuation

According to Peter Newmark in A textbook of translation, one can be surely

successful with is translation if he follows this figure:

1.1.3.1 The approach

Translation is for discussion A translation is something that has to be discussed There has not been cast-iron rules so that all one can do is to produce an argument with translation examples to support it There are two approaches to translating Firstly, you start translating sentence by sentence to get the feel and the feeling tone of the text, and Three language functions Expressive Informative Vocative Translating theory Communicative Semantic

Frame of reference

Problem Contextual factors Translation procedures

Theory of translating

Textual level Referential level

Cohesive level Level of Naturalness

Translation practice

language text This method maybe suitable for translating literary, but this may let youwith too much revision to do on early part so that it is time wasting The second method isthat you read the whole text two or three times and find the intention, register, tone, markthe difficult words and passages and start translating only when you have taken yourbearings This method can be mechanical.

Which of the two methods can be chosen depending on translator's temperament.The first maybe applied for a relatively easy text and the second for a harder one

1.1.3.2 The textual level

The text is the foundation for your translation This is the level of the literaltranslation of the source language into the target language, the level of the translation youhave to eliminate, but it is also acts as a corrective of paraphrase and the pare-down ofsynonyms You transpose the SL grammar into their "ready" TL equivalents and youtranslate the lexical units into the sense that appears immediately appropriate in thecontext of the sentence by working on the text level

1.1.3.3 The referential level

All languages have polysemous words and structures that can be finally solvedonly on the referential level, beginning with a few multi-purpose, overloaded prepositionsand conjunction, through dangling participles The referential level, where you mentallysort out the text, is built up out of based on, the clarification of all linguistic difficultiesand, where appropriate, supplementary information from the 'encyclopedia" _ symbol forany work of reference or textbook Building up the referential picture in mind astransforming the SL into TL text

We should not read a sentence without seeing it on the referential level whether atext is technical or literary or institutional, we have to make up our mind, summarily andcontinuously, what it is about, what it is in aid of For each sentence, when it is not clear,where there is an ambiguity, when the writing is an abstract or figurative, the questionsshould be: What is actually happening here? And why? For what reason? On whatground? For what purpose? Can we see it in our minds? Can we visualize it?

1.1.3.4 The cohesive level

The cohesive level is a regulator It secures coherence It adjusts emphasis This level follows both the structure and the mood of the text: the structure through the

connective words (conjunction, enumeration, reiteration, definite article, general words, referential synonyms, punctuation marks) linking the sentences, usually proceeding from theme to rheme; a proposition, opposition, continuation, reiteration, opposition,

conclusion, therefore the structure follows the train factor moving between positive and negative, emotive and neutral It means tracing the thread of a text through its value-laden

and value -free passages which may be expressed by objects or nouns, as well as

adjectives or qualities

1.1.3.5 The level of naturalness

For the vast of majority of texts, you have to ensure:

+) That your translation makes sense

+) That it reads naturally, that is written in ordinary language, the common order

grammar, idioms and words that meet that kind of situation.( Peter Newmark A textbook

of translation, p.24)

When you are facing with an innovatory expressive text you have to try to gaugethe degree of its deviation from naturalness, from ordinary language and reflect thisdegree in your translation Thus in translating any type of text you have to sense

"naturalness", usually for the purpose of reproducing, sometime for the purpose ofdeviating from naturalness In a serious text, you have to bear in mind that the level ofnaturalness of natural usage is grammatical as well as lexical (i.e., the most frequentsyntactic structures, idioms, and words that are likely to be appropriated found in thatkind of stylistic context) and, via appropriate sentence connectives, may extent to theentire text

"Naturalness" is a necessary tool for all translators as translating an informativetext (The Times, The Economist), a notice (Science reports), or an advert (The Saturdaynight) Naturalness is easily defined, not so easy to be concrete about Natural usagecomprises a variety of idioms or styles or registers determined primarily by the setting ofthe text, i.e where it is typically published or found, secondarily by the author, topic andreadership, all of whom are usually dependent on the setting (Quoted in Peter Newmark

The process of translating, p.26).

We must distinguish the natural usage from 'ordinary language' "Naturaltranslation can be contrasted with 'casual' language (Voegelin), where word order

syntactic structures, collocations and words are predictable." (Peter Newmark, The process of translating, p.26) However, naturalness is not something we are able to

acquire by instinct We have to work towards it by small progressive stages, workingfrom the most common to the less common features Because there is not a universalnaturalness so that naturalness depends on the relationship between the writer and thereadership and the readership and the topic or situation

Here we have four levels of translation, and each of them has its own functionsand characteristics as well, so that we should combine the four levels in translating Theyare distinct from but frequently impinge on and may be in conflict with each other, but

we should keep in parallel the four levels to have a successful translated text

1.1.4.1 Strategies of translation

1.1.4.1.1 How to deal with non-equivalence at level word

It is undeniable that no direct equivalent can be found in Vietnamese for Englishwords This phenomenon is really difficult to understand and explain; as well due to it is

a new concept in general In some situation that concept is known or readily understoodbut it is impossible to find out specific word to illustrate it Furthermore, some wordspossess special connotations that are not conveyed by the target language for the samething

1.1.4.1.1 Translation by a more specific word

In some case, it is better to use a more specific word to translate an English wordinto Vietnamese The first and the most obvious use of Componential Analysis is inhandling words that denote combinations of qualities, or combinations of actions and

qualities, that appear to show up a lexical gap in the target language (Peter Newmark, A textbook of translation, p.117)

Many dictionaries, even the best, monolingual as well as bilingual, tend toenumerate synonyms rather than state the semantic components of a word Thus for "cringe" combines behavior ("drawback", "bow down") with an emotion ("servility",

"cowardice", "timidity") which is always negative This neutral translation such as secularmisses the point The translators have to choose many several different words, as theremaybe many Vietnamese words that correspond to the general category or meaningexpressed by the English terms

For example: Vietnamese has many words that mean "to take" with distinctions beingmade depending on the situation and the object they talk about In some case " To take"means to carry somebody or something or accompany somebody from one place toanother, but in the other case it means to get or lay hold of somebody/ something with thehand, arm, ect or with an instrument The meaning of the word decided by the context orsituation it belongs to

For example: Using a combination of our models and classical support resistanceidentification, we try to place orders or take outright positions before important economicdata releases "Release" here can be understood that people report the economic data orthe economic data is revealed

Similarly, the English words for "rice" can be translated by many different Vietnamesewords, depending on whether one is planting it, harvesting it, cooking it, or eating it

For example: She is planting rice

C« Êy ®ang trång lóa

1.4.1.2 Translation by a more general word

In other cases, it maybe appropriate to use a mire general word to translate anEnglish word with no specific Vietnamese equivalent The word includes many aspects ofmeaning in target language so that translator must choose a more general word for

transmitting the meaning it refers to " What is the relationship between the phenomena observed through the senses and the words that are used to refer to those phenomena" (Roger T.Bell, Translation and translating, p.80).

Modern linguistics during the last hundred years has taken as its starting point inany discussion of meaning The conventionalist acceptance of the need for therelationship between words and object to be an indirect one mediated by a concept

For example: English makes distinctions among mopeds, scooter, andmotorcycles, the latter having large wheels and engines than both mopeds and scooters;Vietnamese on the other hand, refers to all two-wheel, motorized vehicles as "xe m¸y".Similarly, the English " paw", "foot" and "leg" may all be translated by the Vietnamese "ch©n", which does not prevent problems of comprehension in Vietnamese, as it should beclear from the context which of these words is meant

1.1.4.1.3 Translation by cultural substitution

It is necessary to replace a culture-specific item or expression with one ofdifferent meaning but similar impact in the translated text Because of their self-describe

"respect" for the original text, most Vietnamese translators object to this strategy andtend to translate directly, even when it may be highly inappropriate (Bui Tien Bao et al).The use of a componential analysis is in translating cultural words that the readershipunlikely to understand; whether CA is accompanied by an accepted translation (whichmust be used in all but the most informal text), transference, functional equivalent,cultural equivalent and so on will depend, firstly, on the particular text-type; secondly, onthe usual characteristics of the text-type, and thirdly on the importance of the culturalword in the text

For example: There is one type f plant that grown in other parts of Asia exceptingfor Vietnamese that was not modified at all for the Vietnamese context That farmers'manual is considered as some different kinds of fruit and fuel trees as translating intoVietnamese It is acceptable for translators to change the text in this way, and in somecase it is the best solution, however, some other translators argue that it is notresponsibility of the translators In fact, the translator plays an important role in thissituation, both translators and editor In addition, field-testing of documents will elicituseful feedback on cultural appropriateness

Translators should be encouraged to question the appropriateness of thedocuments they are translating and suggest changes to make them more culturally

1.1.4.1.4 Translation using a loan word plus explanation

It is a fact that we are borrowing many foreign words both in translating and inreality As using a loan word we need an explanation either in parentheses or a footnote.There is another suggestion to this strategy in Vietnamese, as instead of using theborrowed English words the translators creating new Vietnamese ones But in case, thatwords refer to a new concepts or ideas to Vietnamese, or cultural-specific items, andproper names of diseases or medicines that are known by their English names incommon, this strategy is able to confirm its position

For example: HIV and AIDS are two loan words that are frequently used inVietnamese, as they are referred to by their English names in most of the world Thesewords are becoming Vietnamese in meaning; people use them in English form withoutany explanation In reality, as the speaker says these two words the listeners will be able

to understand the speaker is referring one common type of disease although the speakerdoes not give further information any more These two words have been in common spent

in Vietnam for some time now so that it is unnecessary to add any explanation

1.1.4.1.5 Translation by paraphrase

Paraphrase " is an amplification or explanation of the meaning of a segment of the text It is used in an "anonymous" text when it is poorly written, or has important applicators and omissions (Peter Newmark, A textbook of translation, p.90)

This strategy can be used when translating an English word or concept that doesnot exist in Vietnamese, or when the Vietnamese term for it does not include all themeanings conveyed by the English term for the same concept Sometimes the translatorsmust use their knowledge in that field to express the full meaning of that word or applyhis ability in analyzing that text to make readers understand the source text

For example: Out of context the word " Murky" means " dark", " cloudy", "dizzy",

" fuzzy", "rainy", "dirty", "unclear"

Concentrating on the sentence " Children should be protected from abuse andneglect" we can see clearly that as following the meaning in dictionary is will be simply

as " Trẻ em phải đợc bảo vệ khỏi sự lạm dụng và lơ là"; however, this translated sentencedoes not meet the requirements for the full meanings of the source one that must bedeeply in meaning for better understanding To answer these requirements the translatorsmust give out more details in meaning in the translated sentence In this situation the bestway should be applied is paraphrasing There is another translated text for the abovesentence that is considered transmitting the whole meaning: " Trẻ em cần đợc bảo vệchống lại mọi hình thức bạo lực gây tổn thơng hay xúc phạm, bỏ mặc hay sao nhãngtrong việc chăm sóc"

To have a more clearly view for this point we can move to this instance: "Pregnant women should avoid alcohol" The English word "alcoholic" in Vietnamese justonly to be "rợu" while in English it's meaning contain some other alcoholics beverages

kinds It can be a mistake if the translator does not add other aspect of the word

"alcoholic" in Vietnamese such as "bia" in his translated text to express the full meaning

1.1.4.2 How to deal with idioms and fixed expression

An idiom such as buries the hatchet (" to become friendly again after adisagreement or a quarrel") or the long and the short of it (' the basic facts of thesituation") allows no variation in form under normal circumstances As their name

suggests, fixed expressions such as having said that, as a matter of fact, and all the best,

as well as proverbs such as practice what you preach and waste not want not, allow little

or no variation in form (Mona Baker, in other words, p.63 64) The difficulty of

translators as facing with idioms will become twice because translator may not realizethat he or she is dealing with an idiomatic expression, since more idioms may make sensewhen translated literally

1.1.4.2.1 Using an idiom or fixed expression of similar meaning and form

It is sometimes possible to find a Vietnamese idiom or expression with a similarmeaning to an English idiom or expression, and which is expressed in the same way Anidiom or fixed expression may have a similar counterpart in the target language, but itscontext of use may be different: the two expressions may have different connotations

(Mona Baker, in other words, p.68) Facing with idioms always makes translators confused

because of its meaning and answering the question " How to translate it?" In any languageidioms are various sources in both form and meaning but in order to find out which one isthe most equivalent to an idiom or expression in this language is not easy Sometimes, theidioms in target language make readers misunderstand the author's intend However, it isreally ideal when translator can use an idiom as translating another idiom

For instance: " Better late than never" can not find out which one is more suitablethan " Muén cßn h¬n kh«ng" But it is seldom to use an equivalent idiom for an idiom, sotranslators need another way in translating idiom or fixed expressions

1.1.4.2.2 Using an idiom or fixed expression of similar meaning but dissimilar form

Once an idiom or fixed expression has been recognized and interpreted correctly,the next step is to decide how to translate it into the target language One language mayexpress a given meaning by means of a single word, another may express it by meanstransparent fixed expression, a third may express it by means of an idiom, and so on It istherefore unrealistic to expect to find equivalent idioms and expression in the target

language as a matter of course (Mona Baker, In other words, p.68) Idiomatic translation

reproduces the "massage" of the original but tends to distort nuances of meaning bypreferring colloquialism and idioms where there does not exist in the original It is alsopossible and usually easier to find out an idiom with a similar meaning to the original

for _word with an explanation this would unduly interrupt the flow of the text and greatlydiminish the idiom's impact By substituting a similar one the flow and the impact of theoriginal text are retained in the translation.

For example: the best translated one for " To carry coals to Newcastle" is " Chëcñi vÒ rõng" rather better than " To carry firewood to the forest" The meaning here isclearly the same for both idiom _ to bring something to a place that already has anabundance of that thing, but the way in which each language expresses it is bound to theculture of that language Substitution may be an acceptable solution as facing withcomplex idioms Fernando and Flavell are correct in warning us against the ' strongunconscious urge in most translators to search hard for an idiom in the receptor -language, however inappropriate it may be' (1981,82)

1.1.4.2.3 Translation by paraphrase

Paraphrase " is an amplification or explanation of the meaning of a segment of thetext It is used in an "anonymous" text when it is poorly written, or has important

applicators and omissions (Peter Newmark, A textbook of translation, p.90) Finding an

idiom of similar meaning and similar form in the target language may seem to offer theideal solution but that is not necessarily always the case In some cases paraphrasing may

be the best solution that can transform all aspects of meaning from the original idiom into

the target one "Translation is an exacting art Idiom more than any other feature of language demands that the translator be not only accurate but highly sensitive to the rhetorical nuances of the language." (Fernando and Flavell, 1981.85) The way in which

an idiom or fixed expression can be translated into another language depends on manyfactors It is not only a question of whether an idiom with a similar meaning is available

in the target language Using idioms in English is very much a matter of style thus totransform them into target language is not easy

For example: A good example can be found in an article on maternal mortality,which includes the sentence, "But before the new estimates replace the old as a way ofpacking up the problem, it should be said that a mistake has been made in allowingstatistics such as these to slip into easy language." The expression "packing up theproblem" presented problems in translation, as is was misinterpreted to mean

"assembling" or "gathering together" However, even if this phrase were clearlyunderstood, it would be difficult to find a concise equivalent in Vietnamese; in fact, itwould be difficult to re-state concisely in English This phrase is best dealt with byparaphrasing, which in English should read something like, "summing up the problem byreferring to it simply as a number, which does not reflect its true magnitude or impact."

A person's competence in actively using the idioms and fixed expressions of aforeign language hardly ever matches that of a native speaker The majority of translatorsworking into a foreign language cannot hope to achieve the same sensitivity that nativespeakers to have for judging when and how an idiom can be manipulated This lendssupport to the argument that translators should only work into their language of habitual

use or mother tongue The Code of Professional Ethics of the Translators' Guild of GreatBritain states:

A translator shall work only into the language (in exceptional cases this may include a second language) of which he has native knowledge 'Native knowledge' is defined as the ability to speak and write a language so fluently that the expression of thought is structurally, grammatically and idiomatically correct.

(Quoted in Meuss, 1981: 278: my emphasis)

1.1.4.3 How to deal with number and person

1.1.4.3.1 Number

Though both languages have similar notions of number and count ability, eachlanguage has its own way to express these notions In English, number is expressed as agrammar category; that is, there are different grammatical forms for singular and pluralnouns In Vietnamese, however, no such distinction is grammatical made

For example: Phô n÷ = can mean either woman or women

In Vietnamese, some plural markers such as "c¸c", "nh÷ng", "tÊt c¶", "mäi",

"mçi" can be used in addition to the noun, "c¸c" generally means all of the givencategory of things, whereas "nh÷ng" refers only to some of the total number of thingsbeing discussed "Mçi" emphasizes the identity of the individual member of the categorywithout indicating anything of their totality; "Mäi" expresses both the individuality of theitems and the totality of the category If it is clear from the English context which ofthese plural markers should be used in the Vietnamese, then the translator should chooseaccordingly

For instance: most women in the meeting agreed that they are very happy whentheir men helped them to do housework; however, each of them has their own feedbackfor this action

1.1.4.3.2 Person

Participant's roles and forms of address are expressed in Vietnamese through avery complicated system of personal pronouns based largely on kinship terms UnlikeEnglish pronouns, Vietnamese pronouns bear a number of semantic componentsdepending on the relationship within a family, age, sex, familiarity, social status, andeven ones' particular mood or attitude in a given situation These distinctions are notalways explicitly expressed in English and can usually be determined by the context inwhich the language operates If it is not possible to determine the distinctions of theEnglish pronouns, the attention should be focused on the tone and the overall purpose ofthe text to be translated

For example: A book on health-care contains many sections written especially forchildren and adults In the sections for the children the pronoun "you" is translated as

In English, age is not important in the addressing system And there is nodistinction between the relatives of mother's side or father's side.

For example: In Vietnamese there is a distinction between our mother's motherand our father's mother but in English the shared noun used in common that named

"grandmother";

In Vietnamese we use different nouns to refer to men in different age such as

"«ng", "b¸c", "chó", "anh", "h¾n" and "nã" meanwhile, in English we mostly use onenoun to indicate those ones that is "he"

CHAPTER 2: DIFFICULTIES IN TRANSLATING ECONOMICS

TERMS IN ARTICLES ABOUT STOCK MARKET

2.1 Causes

Discussion of the differences between English and Vietnamese vocabulary has thesame time revealed areas of likely difficulties for Vietnamese English as a foreignlanguages students in translating economic articles about stock market

Needless to say, Vietnamese translators of English are severely disadvantaged inall kinds of anticipating translating Not only are they unfamiliar with the informationtransmitted in those articles, but the language used and shared knowledge on which itsuse is based are probably unfamiliar as well In other words, their failure in translatingEnglish - Vietnamese flexibly is most likely to be due to lack of background knowledge,the requirement of accurate language, complexity of the economic field, and limitedvocabulary in the target language

2.2 Background knowledge limitation

Lack of background knowledge has been pointed out in questionnaire responses

as the greatest problem for Vietnamese translators They lack of not only backgroundknowledge of the content area of the text they are translating but background knowledge

of the translated text in the target language

We can see clearly that most translators graduated from Foreign LanguagesDepartment so that the main subjects they studied relating to linguistics, while the fieldthey pen in here is stock market that sometimes very strange to some translators Thereare some people that felt difficult to understand those articles evenly written in mothertongue They are not able to understand the core of the content in the articles They couldnot know what they are about After reading they felt how complex the articles are Theexample given below can illustrate this fact:

Example 1: Some may ask, "If times are hard or if things are getting shaky, whywould anyone even want to own a stock? Why not just go for the safety of a Treasury bill,which essentially has a risk-free rate of return?" The answer is quite simply that fear andgreed can often drive the markets.

The readers in this case would have some trouble in understanding the meaning ofthe above example although these words are not new to them The given question mayrelate to the two terms: Treasury bill and risk-free rate of return

The readers certainly know the meaning of the words "treasury" means "kho bạc,ngân khố" and "bill" is "hoá đơn" but in this sentence they are not able image that it is ashort-term debt obligation backed by the U.S government with a maturity of less thanone year T-bills are sold in denominations of $1,000 up to a maximum purchase of $5million and commonly have maturities of one month (four weeks), three months (13weeks) or six months (26 weeks) T-bills are issued through a competitive biddingprocess at a discount from par, which means that rather than paying fixed interestpayments like conventional bonds, the appreciation of the bond provides the return to theholder

For example, you buy a 13-week T-bill priced at $9,800 Essentially, the U.S.government (and its nearly bulletproof credit rating) writes you an IOU for $10,000 that itagrees to pay back in three months You will not receive regular payments as you wouldwith a coupon bond, for example Instead, the appreciation - and, therefore, the value toyou - comes from the difference between the discounted value you originally paid and theamount you receive back ($10,000) In this case, the T-bill pays a 2.04% interest rate($200/$9,800 = 2.04%) over a three-month period

In Vietnamese it means trái phiếu kho bạc ngắn hạn

The question: "What does risk free rate of return mean?" is not easy to answer tomany translators They are able to understand the meaning of each word but to achievemeaning of this term is not a simple task It is written in the context of article about stockmarket so they need some information about stock market in general They mustunderstand that the theoretical rate of return attributed to an investment with zerorisk The risk-free rate represents the interest on an investor's money that he or she wouldexpect from an absolutely risk-free investment over a specified period of time In theory,the risk-free rate is the minimum return an investor should expect for any investment, asany amount of risk would not be tolerated unless the expected rate of return was greaterthan the risk-free rate In practice, however, the risk-free rate does not technically exist;even the safest investments carry a very small amount of risk Thus, investors commonlyuse the interest rate on a three-month U.S Treasury bill as a proxy for the risk-free ratebecause short-term government-issued securities have virtually zero risk of default

How can the translator render the above sentence correctly into the targetlanguage text, if he or she has known nothing about this information about T-bill? Thething they must do is stop their translating process in a short time and spend time onresearching information about T-bill This affects on the result of the translation verymuch because in some case the result of that finding process is zero

We can translate the above example in this way: Một số ngời đặt ra câu hỏi

rằng:"Những thời điểm khó khăn hoặc thị trờng bất ổn tại sao mọi ngời vẫn muốn sở hữu một cổ phiếu? Tại sao không chọn giải pháp an toàn nh một trái phiếu ngắn hạn kho bạc, vật sở hữu sự cái gì đó có giá trị hơn?" Câu trả lời khá đơn giản đó là do nỗi lo sợ và sự tham lam thờng đIều phối thị trờng

Lack of background knowledge is very serious to a translator because he or shemust understand deeply what is it about? What is the intention of the author? In somecases, they may find out the meaning of that term in Vietnamese but in fact they knownothing about its function and content Here is one of them:

Example 2: Devising a plan may be more difficult than you'd expect First, you'llneed to set the maximum gain you will accept and the maximum loss you will tolerate foryour investments, but these maximums and minimums shouldn't necessarily be the samefor every stock For example, a blue chip stock is more unlikely to rise or fall by 10%within any given year as compared to a small-capgrowth stock, which will exhibit more

volatility In other words, you must analyze each stock individually to estimate how much

it is likely to move in either direction

Blue-chip shares that were considered to be stable such as FPT, REE, STB, PPC and BMP sustained the largest decreases, ranging from between 20,000 VND to 6,000 each share

Nearly 5 million stocks and investment fund certificates worth more than 577 billion VND (over 36 million USD) were traded at the center.

http://www.vneconomy.vn/eng/index.php?

param=article&catid=05&id=0fbccca781aa1c

The translator may recognize that blue chip stock (cổ phiếu xanh), small-cap (mũnhỏ), and growth stock (cổ phiếu tăng trởng) are three kinds of stocks but they could notverify the characteristic of each one Hardly can they have enough information to makesure that they can translate the above paragraph fluently, correctly both in form and inmeaning To approach to the best translated one they must know that 'blue chip stock" isstock of a well-established and financially sound company that has demonstrated itsability to pay dividends in both good and bad times; small-cap means stocks with arelatively small market capitalization The definition of small cap can vary amongbrokerages, but generally it is a company with a market capitalization of between $300billion and $200 billion The translators should keep in mind that classifications such as

"large cap - mũ rộng" or "small cap - mũ nhỏ" are only approximations that change over

time The above example can be translated that: "Để phân chia một kế hoạch có lẽ sẽ khó hơn bạn trông đợi Trớc hết bạn cần đặt ra lợi nhuận cũng rủi ro tối đa về mặt kinh tế cho sự đầu t của mình, tuy nhiên giá trị tối thiểu và tối đa không nhất thiết là nh nhau cho mọi loại cổ phiếu Chẳng hạn nh đối với một cổ phiếu có khả năng sinh lợi lớn thì s giao động sẽ không quá 10% ở bất cứ thời điểm nào trong năm so với cổ phiếu trung bình hay cổ phiếu ít có khả năng sinh lời, những cổ phiếu đợc cho là dễ mất giá Nói tóm lại

bạn phải phân tích riêng mỗi loại cổ phiếu để ớc tính nó sẽ giao động nh thế nào trong từng trờng hợp."

Also, the exact definition can vary between brokerage houses; meanwhile, themeaning of growth stock is shared in a company whose earnings are expected to grow at

an above average rate relative to the market, and also known as glamour stock A growthstock usually does not pay a dividend, as the company would prefer to reinvest retainedearnings in capital projects Most technology companies are growth stocks Note that agrowth company's stock is not always classified as growth stock In fact, a growthcompany's stock is often overvalued

Example 3: A takeover, or acquisition, happens when a smaller company ispurchased by a bigger one Owning shares in the smaller target company can be a bigboon if it is purchased That's because, in most instances, the purchasing company offers

a price premium for the target company's shares

http://www.investopedia.com/articles/stocks/07/stock_scre

ener.asp

There are only two terms in the above example but it can prevent translators fromcoming to the goal In dictionary "acquisition" means the action or process of acquiringsomething, it is "vật thu đợc, vật hữu ích"; however, in this instance we must look at thisword in other aspect Acquisitions can be either friendly or unfriendly Friendlyacquisitions occur when the target firm agrees to be acquired; unfriendly acquisitions donot have the same agreement from the target firm "Acquisition" in this context is whenone company purchases a majority interest in the acquired So that the example 3 was

translated as: "Một sự tiếp quản, hay một sự chuyển nh ợng xảy ra khi một công ty lớn mua một công ty nhỏ hơn Sở hữu cổ phần của công ty nhỏ bị mua có thể là một mối lợi lớn trong trờng hợp nó đợc mua vào Nguyên nhân là do trong hầu hết mọi trờng hợp các công ty mua bán đều yêu cầu một sự chênh lệch về giá cả đối với cổ phần của các công ty

đợc mua.

Looking at the map below we can understand more about how difficult tounderstand the information about stock market, especially the stock market terms.Clearly, there are profits to be made from spotting a potential takeover target But ideally,investors need to own shares of the target before market rumblings about a possibleacquisition push up the price of the stock Of course, you can still buy the stock after anacquisition deal is announced, but by then much of the upside will already be factoredinto the share price

Figure 2.1: Hefty Gains: KOS Pharmaceuticals was acquired by Abbott Labs, November 2006, for a 54% premium.

In short, this above information is not surprising to most of us because most of ushave known that stock market is a very large scale with a huge ocean of information

To understand the economic article is not easy, and to translate it is even moredifficult A possible explanation for this phenomenon is that the translators are lack ofbackground knowledge Since translators possess different levels of knowledge ineconomics field, it is quite impossible for the translators to presuppose exactly whatknowledge they have and do not have until they start to translate the article As we knowthat to translate the stock market terms require not only the knowledge of language butalso the translators must have rich source information about stock market

2.3 Accuracy in language

The problem of language translation in multi-lingual society is a case in point.What is clear is that language, as a socio-psychological phenomenon does not lend itselfeasily to a full and comprehensive treatment Language can be physics, psychology,philosophy, linguistics, literature, anthropology, sociology, etc depending on the problembeing investigated According to Wolfram Wills, it is obvious that language transfer/translation processes are fundamentally concerned with meaning or concepts (signified)

is an inseparable part of it To translate well the translators must decide in a series ofwords, which one is the best in the TL Sometimes they feel confusing in spending theirword resources, thus they do not know

Which is the best? The results in the appendix are displayed clearly that thenumber of person that recognized DSPP stands for what In their word resources there aremany words that begin with letter D, S, and P so that it is hard for them to identify whatword is the exact one There is a fact that in the articles nowadays the writers have atendency in using the short forms of words, especially in economic articles about stockmarket The language in this field can make the readers misunderstanding easily due tothe characteristics of itself Take these examples:

Example 1: The reason an apartment REIT is defensive is because of the need forshelter, and as long as these are not ultra-high-end apartments, you can imagine that ifpeople have to live anywhere besides a homeless shelter, they will choose to live in anapartment These also offer higher dividend income than treasury rates at almost allpoints of the business cycle REITs are now much more common than they were 20 and

30 years ago, but in the modern world and for the foreseeable future these will still bearound (To find out more about the utility and housing market)

April 26, 2007 | By Jon Ogg http://www.investopedia.com/articles/stocks/07/stock_screener

.asp

The readers would have some troubles with this paragraph as meeting the wordREIT in case they do not have any chance to meet it before They may not know that itstands for what although they are able to suppose that it refers to the economic field It ishard to imagine that it stands for Real Estate Investment Trust _ REIT, a term refers tosecurity that sells like stock on the major exchanges and invests in real estate directly,either through properties or mortgages REITs receive special tax considerations andtypically offer investors high yields, as well as a highly liquid method of investing in realestate The translators must understand the core of the text in order to transmit it in thebest way both in form and in content In this instance, they should know deeply about thefull-form to achieve the meaning of the word To find out the full-form of that word isvery important because if the translator misspells that word in form he also changes theword's meaning by chance Getting back to our example we can see that REIT is not acommon term thus to translate it in a suitable way with the context is not simple This is

illustrated in the following translated text of the example 1: " Nguyên nhân một căn hộ REIT rất đợc a chuộng xuất phát từ nhu cầu chỗ ở, và mặc dù đây cha phảI là những căn

hộ cao cấp tuy nhiên bạn hãy tởng tợng nếu mọi ngời phải sống ở đâu đó không nơi trú ngụ chắc chắn họ sẽ chọn sống trong một căn hộ Những đIều này cũng đặt ra những yêu cầu cao hơn về cổ tức thu nhập hơn là tỷ giá trái phiếu tại bất cứ thời điểm nào của vòng tròn thơng mại Việc đầu t trung thực vaò bất động sản ngày nay đã trở nên phổ biến hơn rất nhiều so với 20, 30 năm trớc đây, tuy nhiên trong thế giới hiện đại và trong một tơng lai có thể dự đoán đợc vấn đề này sẽ tiếp tục phát triển.

This task requires the translator accurately in transmitting the word They maytransmit REIT as Real Economic Investment Trade or Real Enterprise Investment Trade,

and under an unconscious way the translator has changed the intension of the author inthe source text For further information for this point let come to another example:

Example: A company's reported earnings can be distorted by GAAP For

example, a one-time gain from the sale of machinery or a subsidiary could be considered

as operating income under GAAP and cause EPS to spike

Guard Your Portfolio With Defensive Stocks

April 26, 2007 | By Jon Ogg

http://www.investopedia.com/articles/stocks/07/stock_screener.asp

What does GAAP stand for? It is really an obstacle to the readers and thetranslator as well They are impossible to guess GAAP is short form of GenerallyAccepted Accounting Principles at the first time GAAP are a combination ofauthoritative standards set by policy boards and simply the commonly accepted ways of

recording accounting information We can translate this example like this: " Bản thông báo thu nhập của một công ty có thể bị sai lệch bởi những nguyên tắc kế toán bắt buộc chung Chẳng hạn nh lợi nhuận lần nhứ nhất từ việc bán một lô máy hay một chi nhánh

có thể đợc xem nh việc đIều hành thu nhập dới những nguyên tắc kế toán bắt buộc chung

và gây ra ESP làm vô hiệu hoá

The best way to think of GAAP is as a set of rules that accountants follow Eachcountry has its own GAAP, but on the whole, there aren't many differences betweencountries - interpretations might vary from country to country, but everyone tends toagree that a company can't simply make up billions of dollars worth of revenue and put it

on its books Every country, in turn, influences the other countries that follow GAAP

Www.investorwords.com/1648/economics.html

It is explainable that translators are really afraid of meeting terms as translatingeconomic articles about stock market because they require an investment in researchingthe exact forms of the short ones

It is evident therefore, that vocabulary is a big problem for most of the translatorsduring working period Actually, it is not a big problem, however, to some extend,translators find it more confusing when they met new words that unenable them fromrendering the article from one language to another In addition, the translators are reallylack of English in special areas This is easy to understand, because, most of themgraduate from the language institutes; they somehow, do not have the backgroundknowledge of the field As a result, they are impossible to give out the full-form of theword, they must guess the word in several form and do not know what is the correct one.And the consequence of this phenomenon is that they cannot meet the requirement ofaccuracy of the word as translating With the short form of the terms the most importantthing must be done during translation is to answer the question of accuracy in targetlanguage As finding out the exact one they are able to approach to the best-translatedtext But, to assure that the correct one is not an easy task, in fact, it really brings

problems to the translators, and it makes contribution in failure of the author In case theresult of the translators is nothing the translators have to cease their task for a time toseek the full form of the word and some information that word refers to.

2.4 Dealing with complexity of economic field

Economic is always regarded as one of the most complex fields although there arelots ideas claimed that it is an interesting field that the translators should pen in Itcomprises so many problems, it is a complex network with a great deal of aspects thatmake the economists evenly feeling headache The economic relates closely to the benefit

of people so that it reminds the translators be careful with their pens Stock market is onepart of the economic so that it shares the economics' characteristics, especially the feature

of complexity It is not difficult to realize that stock market is a considerable aspect but infact it is also really hard to access One of the reasons for this point is that it contains anumber of terms that refer to any aspect that relates to stock market The terms in thisbranch of the economic leads the translator to the destination of stopping their translationprocess It is undeniable that the translator can acquire useful knowledge after searchingthe information behind those terms; however, the process of finding the answer is a hardroad with many obstacles Let look at those following instances:

Example 1: With a broader notion of the market, the simple moving average can

be compared to the original market sentiment application first intended for the indicator

At first glance, traders use the indicator to compare current closing price to historical orprevious closing prices over a specified number of periods In theory, the comparisonshould show the directional bias that would accompany other analyses, eitherfundamental or technical, in working to place a trade

In the above example the compound noun moving average presents trouble to thetranslators They may understand the paragraph in general, but in fact it is acceptable thatthey are inconvenient as facing with this word as translating They can not explain themeaning of the term clearly that it is an indicator frequently used in technical analysisshowing the average value of a security's price over a set period Moving averages aregenerally used to measure momentum and define areas of possible support and resistance.Sometimes, that information has been explained in some books but after reading thereaders knew nothing; however, it is not the fault of the readers; it is fault of thecomplexity of the field it belongs to

The chart below can show that the term moving average is really sharp tounderstand though it is put in a specific context

Figure 2.2Moving averages are used to emphasize the direction of a trend and to smooth outprice and volume fluctuations, or "noise" that can confuse interpretation Typically,upward momentum is confirmed when a short-term average (e.g 15-day) crosses above alonger-term average (e.g 50-day) Downward momentum is confirmed when a short-termaverage crosses below a long-term average In Figure 2, we see the application of the 50-day simple moving average applied to the euro/U.S dollar currency pair

Deriving from this phenomenon we can transmit the example 1 into Vietnamese

like this: "Với một khái niệm rộng hơn về thị trờng, mức giao động trung bình đơn giản

có thể đợc so sánh với việc ứng dụng thị trờng gốc cho xu hớng đầu tiên đối với vật chỉ thị Trớc hết, thơng nhân sử dụng vật chỉ thị nhằm so sánh giá hiện thời so với trong quá khứ, hay giá cả cuối kỳ trớc so với số liệu cụ thể của các giai đoạn.Về mặt lý thuyết việc

so sánh nên chỉ ra xu hớng trực tiếp cái liên quan mậ thiết với các phân tích khác, hoặc

là nền tảng hoặc la phơng pháp trong kinh doanh"

It is understandable the reason that leads translators thought economics terms isone of the most difficulties in translating economics field due to demand for accuracy inlinguistics It cannot be deny that the more terms the articles contains the hardertranslation process is The next example of this point of view can be proved clearly:

Example 2: Water, gas and electric utilities are also deemed defensive stocks.How many people in the population will live inside their houses without electricity, gasand water? Perhaps some, but very few The utility companies are thought of alsobenefiting from slower economic environments because interest rates tend to be lowerand their competition to borrow funds is much less

Utilities and the Houses the Service

The above example is an outstanding one for the answer of the question whatdegree of the complexity of the economics is? The translator considers much beforetranslating the word "utilities" In order to translate the above paragraph correctly thetranslator should have known something about "utility" (sự hữu dụng, hữu ích, thiết thực),they should understand that utility is an economic term referring to the total satisfactionreceived from consuming a good or service; it also means a company that generates,transmits and distributes electricity, water and gas from facilities that it owns andoperates Furthermore, a consumer's utility is hard to measure However, we can

determine it indirectly with consumer behavior theories, which assume that consumerswill strive to maximize their utility Utility is a concept that was introduced by DanielBernoulli He believed that for the usual person, utility increased with wealth but at adecreasing rate And it also means since consumer demand for utilities does not changedramatically with a change in price, the state or provincial and federal governmentsregulate these companies Having a look at these explanations we can draw out the degree

of complexity of the economics There is one term but relates to lots things and issuesthat prevent translator from transferring full meanings There is one term that seems verysimple but in fact it refers to a great point that includes small other things Utility'smeaning in dictionary is quite easy to understand, it means quality of being useful that isvery slight in meaning, meanwhile, in this situation it seemed to be a network ofinformation that makes readers confused The translators are in trouble with this term is

an understandable thing It can be transmited into Vietnamese as follows:

Mức độ thoả mãn nhu cầu sử dụng nớc, ga, và điện đồng nghĩa với cổ phiếu ổn định Có bao nhiêu ngời trong tổng số dân c sống trong những ngôi nhà không có điện, ga và nớc?

Có lẽ là có nhng số lợng này rất ít Những công ty cung ứng dịch vụ này đợc xem là sinh lời từ những môi trờng kinh tế kém phát triển bởi vì tỷ lệ lợi nhuận có xu hớng giảm đi và việc cạnh tranh vay vốn cũng giảm theo.

Translator should accept that once taking part in the economics field he will have

to face with a lot of problems that he has never thought of before Each issue in theeconomics branch is usually a complex one that in fact is very interesting but itsinterestingness is not enough to limit its complexity To know more about this point ofview we should take this example:

Example 3: In today's investment environment, where there are only relativelymodest capital gains expectations for stocks and low interest rates, dividends can have asignificant impact on investment returns

A Bright Future for Dividends

Dividend here can be known as the distribution of a portion of a company'searnings, decided by the board of directors, to a class of its shareholders The dividend ismost often quoted in terms of the dollar amount each share receivers It can also bequoted in terms of a percent of the current market price, referred to as dividend yield.Dividends may be in the form of cash, stock or property Most secure and stablecompanies offer dividends to their stockholders Their share prices might not move much,but the dividend attempts to make up for this For instance, in the U.S., dividends facedouble taxation - the amount comes from after-tax income the company generated andthe recipients pay taxes on them As of 2003, cash dividends are taxed at a maximum rate

of 15% as long as the stock has been held for at least 60 out of the 120 days beginning 60days prior to the ex-dividend date If you have held the stock for a period of less than thisthe dividend will be taxed at your regular income level If you make a combination of thethree examples above you can draw out a tiny part of the complexity of the economic Itrefers to the issue that we have never thought of before These instances reflect the core

of problem that translators always meet on the way of translating road truthfully, the

complexity in the meaning Sometimes this point is the main factor forces the translators

to give up their translating task Economics in general, and stock market in particular arelikely a high fend to an athlete This point can be proved in the below translated one:

Trong môi trờng đầu t ngày nay, nơi chỉ có nguồn vốn quy mô thu đợc lợi nhuận

từ các cổ phiếu và tỷ lệ lợi nhuận thấp, cổ tức có thể có một ảnh hởng co ý nghĩa đối với lợi nhuận đầu t.

In short, from the beginning the economics is always regarded as a complexsystem, moreover it develops time by time unceasingly so that its complexity alsoincreases time by time The economics has been presenting more and more problems thatkeep translator far from the successful translated text The best solution for the translators

in this case is that they must have a deep knowledge about economics in mind and haveability in understanding and solving the economics events via economic terms

2.5 Shortage understanding the source text

The source text position to a translator is very high, it decides the result of thetranslation task It is very important to note that the source text knowledge is an initialcondition to have the best-translated text We can see it clearly that lack of information ispossible to damage the whole translation process In translating of economic issues, asmentioned above, translators should have not only wide understanding of the economicsystem but the other conditions should be possessed as well The ability of analysis theeconomic issues through putting in the context of economic relating to the other issuesand closely to the characteristics of the economics Translating in the economic field isquite different from translating in other fields; it requires translators having manyconditions to success in his task Understanding source texts plays an important role but

in fact it is really hard to gain enough necessary information, especially for the articlesabout stock market For example:

Example 1: NASDAQ has online stock trading This makes it more convenientand efficient for everyone involved including investors, brokers, and companies Savingtime and money is very important in the markets This will allow more time and money to

be put into the market to raise prices

http://www.christianet.com/stocks

Information about NASDAQ is not difficult to find out online but it does notmean that as facing with this term the translators can understand right now that NASDAQwas the world's first electronic stock market, created in 1971 The Nasdaq is acomputerized system that facilities trading and provides price quotations on some 5,000

of the more actively traded over-the-counter stocks The term "Nasdaq" used to becapitalized "NADAQ" as an acronym for National Association of Securities DealersAutomated Quotation In recent times, the acronym was dropped, and Nasdaq is nowused as a proper noun The Nasdaq is traditionally home to many high-tech stocks Thebig ones include Microsoft, Intel, Dell and Cisco The above information is veryimportant in translating the example 1 If translators do not have much has information

about Nasdaq he will be impossible to understand the paragraph evenly, and impossible

to transmit it into the target language The content of the translated text depends on theunderstanding of translators about the source text If the translators lack of knowledge ormisunderstand the intention of the author can be changed by accident

And in Vietnamese example 1 means "Bảng thông báo giá của hiệp hội những

ng-ời chơi cổ phiếu quốc gia vừa mới đợc niêm yết ở phiên giao dịch trực tuyến Điều này giúp các nhà đầu t, ngời môi giới, và các công ty thuận tiện và hiệu quả hơn Trên thị tr- ờng tiết kiệm thời gian và tiền bạc là rất quan trọng điều này sẽ cho phép đâu t nhiều thời gian và tiền bạc vào thị trờng nhằm đẩy giá cao hơn."

To see this point more clearly we should take the following example:

Example 2: Despite this eat, drink or smoke perception and despite modern-daydevelopments, tobacco shares have miraculously never disappeared or been wiped out.Not all food companies are actually defensive stocks, but a good rule is that if the bulk ofthe sales come from grocery stores, the stock is probably a defensive one

Guard Your Portfolio With Defensive Stocks

April 26, 2007 | By Jon Ogg

In example 2, it is clearly that the words used in the paragraph are quite simple tounderstand but how to achieve the main idea of the whole context and the intention of theauthor is not easy The question here may derives from the sentence "not all the foodcompanies are actually defensive stocks, but a good rule is that if the bulk of the salescome from grocery stores, the stock is probably a defensive one." They may not know themeaning of the term "defensive stock" in this context, and the common knowledge andinformation about this term as well The reader in this example must understand that

"defensive stock" is a tock that provides a constant dividend and stable earningsregardless of the state of the overall stock market Defensive stocks remain stable duringthe various phrases of the business cycle The utility this phenomenon, consider a stockwith a beta of 0.5 If the market is expected to drop 15%, and the existing risk-free rate is3%, a defensive stock will only drop 9% (0.5*(-15%-3%)) On the other hand, if themarket is expected to increase 15%, with a risk-free rate of 3%, a defensive stock willonly increase 6%(0.5*(15%-3%)) There is a possible translated version for this example

is "Cho dù chất lợng của thc phẩm, nớc uống và thuốc lá cũng nh sự phát triển hiện đại ngày nay, cổ phần thuốc lá cha bao giờ biến mất hay bị xoá sạch Không phải tất cả các công ty thực phẩm đều hoàn toàn là những cổ phiếu mạnh, tuy nhiên có một quy luật rất hay đó là trong trờng hợp giá cả ở các cửa hàng rau tăng cao thì cổ phiếu đó có thể là một cổ phiếu mạnh."

In brief, these above examples illustrate the important position of the source text

to the translators that is irreplaceable to any translator for any kinds of source text, andespecially to the articles about stock market The shortage of understanding about the

source text is very serious problem and the result of this seems not easy to guess It isundeniable that the translator has some troubles in solving the source text withoutknowing clearly the main ideas and the intention of the author as well The best solutionfor this phenomenon is that he should widen and refresh their mind in the backgroundknowledge of economic field.

CHAPTER 3: DATA ANALYSIS

2.1 Executive summary

The aim of this report was to investigate the difficulties of translators intranslating economics articles, which conclude stock market terms, and their attitudes totranslation subject as well as the stock market A survey is carried out in order to studythe difficulties of the third-year students in translating economics terms in economicsarticles about stock market Economics terms are really their problem and prevent themfrom achieving a successful translated text It also reflects their ambition on improvingthese difficulties In translating, on the other hand, the third-year students survey foundout the difficulties in translation in economics field, especially in aspect of stock market

as facing with economics terms It is really an obstacle to approach to a successfultranslated text All of participants really hope to improve these difficulties as soon aspossible; however, it is not an easy problem, is hard to find out the best solutions It isrecommendation that economics terms, especially, the one in stock market field is thefactor stopping translators having a successful translated text

2.2 Introduction

There has been a massive increase in the care about stock market over thepast five years and this trend seems to be increasing more and more all over the world.Deriving from this fact the demand for document about this branch so that the need fortranslated text also increases as well However, the terms affect their translation processvery much One of the greatest obstacles they have to face with is economics terms

2.3 Methods

This research was conducted by questionnaire to investigate the 3rd yearstudents' difficulties in translating economics articles about stock market comprisingterms A total of 100 questionnaires were distributed with students in class 45A, 45B1,45B2 in FLD in Vinh University Those are students who have a long time studyingEnglish as second language and studied translation subject as one main subject in 5 terms.Survey collection was carried out after 30 minutes delivering the questionnaire Nopersonal information was collected

The survey was voluntary and anonymous

2.4 Results

There was a 90% response rate to the questionnaire a breakdown of theresponses is listed below in Table 1 It can be clearly seen from the result that economicsterms are considered to be obstacle and need to have a solution for this problem.

The survey also allowed participants to identify any difficulties they often meet

as translating economics articles and their attitudes towards translation subject andeconomics field as well These results showed that students thought that stock market is avery interesting topic but it is not easy to understand, on the other hand, translatingarticles in this field they have to meet so many problems and one of the most difficulties

is facing with economics terms that appear very often in these articles They are eager toimprove their translation skill in this field but there are so many blooming obstaclesleading them feeling confused Every translator as translating one text all would like tohave the best one but in reality all of them recognized that the process to the best one is ahard way with many difficulties

2.5 Interpretation of results

Obviously, from the results in Appendix there are a great number of person thoseare fond of translating subject, and most of them are interested in translating Englisharticles about stock market They have a quite long time studying English as the secondlanguage so that their knowledge of English is very perfect They have a rich vocabularythat plays an important role in translation, and appreciate on the economics field and want

to be skillful as well About 83% of recipients consider the subject of translation as veryinteresting and there is a deal of number of students interested in this subject There was astrong support for improving their translation skill One of the most cared points of thestudents is how to gain the best methods in translation They understand that translationskill plays an important role in the life of a translator so that there are 91% participantswants to improve their difficulties right now, meanwhile, there is no single person thinksthat it is needless to improve those difficulties

Furthermore, those numbers of students show a fact that they always think of how

to improve these obstacles very According to their ideas, nowadays knowledge ofeconomy is deeply important to a translator Only 1% thought that it is not necessary, and6% claimed that it is neutral, whereas 76% felt it was deeply important They recognized

an important role of the economy integration into the world Economy is considered asthe field that should be paid much attention and enrich more It is an attractive andexciting topic so that makes a great contribution on creating a strong wave of person careabout stock market (78%) The figure illustrates that stock market is a cared aspect to all

of us There is only 11% thought that stock market is a normal issue, and there is only11% believed that stock market is similar to other aspects in the world The results inform

us how vital the stock market is, and if there are some people that have no idea aboutstock market or someone thought that stock market is a normal topic must reconsiderright now After having a look on this survey these people would change their mind ofstock market because of being affected by the others Those people are fond of theeconomy, and thought that stock market is interesting, but they also realized that it is very

these one claimed that it is complex It means that they are interested in the stock marketbut its complexity preventing them from accessing.

We can see that stock market attract translators deeply; however, thecharacteristics of this branch threat those one of joining in In fact, there is only 3%regard the field of stock market as normal, while there are 3 times of that number thoughtthat it was complex, and 30.666 times thought that it is interesting Looking back to theTable 1 we can see that there are a great number of person appreciate the stock marketbranch They always look at this field with positive eyes

From the Appendix, we can see that our participants apparently spent much time

on reading English articles The total of person that never read English articles was only1%, but there were 81% of them read English articles very often They always read thearticles means their knowledge of both issues of society and linguistics are very large.81% of the recipients often enrich their mind via reading articles

As we know the information provided through articles is great numerous Theymention to many aspects of life This information is very updated and the issue isreflected on many dimensions The appendix also revealed that only 6% of them rarelyread English articles and the number of person that sometimes read English articles isvery low, too (12%) The more articles people read the more information they acquired.The time people spend on reading English articles is able to narrow down their limitation

on some specific aspects Many of the participants read articles as one of their habits sothat they feel happy as following the information movement of that newspaper It is agood habit thus there are a deal of people own themselves

According to major opinions of the participants, stock market is an interestingaspect but they also thought that it is really complex, and one of the reasons leading tothis is that they have to face with economics terms In their opinion each one 1000 - wordeconomics article just only includes from 2 to 5 economics terms As we know that therewere a great number of people cared about stock market (78%) but we also have manypeople disagree that each article possess so many economics terms They read articlesvery often, however, there was 1% thought that each article should comprise more than 10economics terms Furthermore, they appreciated the economy knowledge very high, theyrecognized the position of economics knowledge in general, and the knowledge of stockmarket, but they feel uncomfortable to meet so much economics terms These terms madethem confused as translating They may loose their self-confident due to the economicsterms Each field has it own terms that relate to the content of that branch closely Theywere afraid of meeting too much terms in an article They thought that economics termsshould appear once or five times of each kind in an article (73%), or there are from 5 to 7economics terms in one article (24%) Only 2% of those people thought that more than 10economics terms is enough for one article The number of people has the same idea aboutthis point show that most of them do really not want to welcome the appearance ofeconomics terms The economics terms always give them troubles in understanding thetext They may misunderstand the article because of complexity in meaning of theeconomics terms They must have a deep knowledge about the economy and theirvocabulary source must be rich in order to catch the content of the article Sometimes the

intention of the authors are hidden behind the words by using economics terms, orsometimes they want to have a short article by using economics terms without anyexplanation These require the readers to possess information of the core of the topic

Moreover, the field of stock market is very large, includes so many issues, andrelates to so many objects thus it is not difficult to know that there are many terms used inthis field Economics terms are really hard to understand to the economists so that it iseasy to understand that the translators in this survey did not want to welcome those terms

On the other hand, 89% of the participants assure that the most difficult in translatingprocess is to face with economics terms According to the survey there are three maindifficulties in translating economics field namely: the first is facing with complexity ofthe economic, the second is dealing with economics terms; the last one is lack ofknowledge The position of the economy is always appreciated but there is a certain factthat the major difficulty during translating is meeting complexity of the economic fieldand economic terms Nearly 89% participants assure that their major obstacle is economicterms, and 87% among those people that joined in our survey thought that the reasonprevents them from coming to the success

One another reason derives from the scale of the economic aspect, it is quite largeand really hard to understand clearly They thought that the field in which the source textbelongs to Many of them supported for this point (75%) They disagreed that the failure

of their translation due to the capacity of the translators There was only 6% among 100persons that participated in the survey accepted that the translating result affected by thecapacity of the translators very much According to the results of the survey there werealso some other factors but those ones did not make great contribution to the unsuccessfultranslated text The translators may success in this field but cannot work well in others.The source of the text plays an important role to the translator There are so manydifficulties coming to students in their translating process and they themselves really want

to say goodbye to them as soon as possible

As can be seen that that there was 98% of the participants accepted that they arefond of translating articles about stock market They think that translation in this field isvery interesting They read many kinds of newspaper and their destination is this type ofarticles because of the information carried in the articles Translation is a hard task Thetranslators need to preserve the intention of the author and the translated text must get onwell with the target culture; however, the number of person want to pen in this branchreflected how important this branch is From the question number 13 to the questionnumber 16 we can understand the reason why our participants were very confused asfacing with economic terms Each of them comprised only one term but it also gavetrouble to the readers and to translators

For the question number 13 we can see that the students-translators met problem

in understanding the compound noun " stock screener" although they know the meaning

of the two words "stock" and "screener" In that context, "stock screener" does not keepthe dictionary meaning; it does not mean “mµn che, b×nh phong” It turns into anotheraspect of meaning It refers to tool investors can use to filter stocks given certain criteria

that there was only 28% persons that have correct answer for this question The ratereflected in the Table 1 shows that those people were not sure about the meaning of theterms because it requires accuracy in understanding the word while as you know thatlanguage in this field is not easy to understand and use as well There were 37% personsthought that "stock screener, " means the combination of the meaning of the two words.They claimed that it holds the meaning in the dictionary so that they still choose theanswer b There were many other people predicted that it referred to something that doesnot concerns with the field of stock market Because this compound noun is thecombination of the two common words, the total number of persons that had no ideaabout it is quite low (only 4%)

For the question number 14 we can see that the term is always challenge for thetranslators The number of person that had the correct one is not really different from theother choices There reason why there were only 28% participants chose "a" for theiranswer while there were 72% others did not know what is the right one It is a fact thatthe complexity stopped them approaching nearer to understand the term

In the question number 15 we will meet the word "short squeeze" and theparticipants also had trouble in this question If in the previous questions we can seeclearly that the number of persons that had the same idea for one question but looking atthe results in Appendix we can see there was not a strong way of idea for any choice.There was an approximate among the four choices a, b, c or d The percentages reflected

in the results were 30%, 32%, 31% and 17% The total number of person that recognizedthe correct one was 30% This led to a fact that one problem of those one were lack ofknowledge about the source text and background knowledge

2.6 Conclusion

Translation is an interesting subject, attracts the concerns of so many people, but italso bring to them a lot of difficulties Most participants felt it was an exciting work,especially translating in the economic field They appreciated the economic field verymuch and one of their concerns mostly in this field was stock market But it was a factthat they are afraid of meeting so much economics terms in the articles that they read veryoften Economics terms always affect their translation results They identify that therewere 3 main reasons for the question why they did not have a successful translated textnamely background knowledge limitation, dealing with accuracy in language, dealingwith complexity of economic field, shortage understanding knowledge about the sourcetext, and the big gap between two languages These were their difficulties in translating inthis field They are eager to improve them but it is not easy to find out the best sollution

2.7 Recommendations

It is recommended that translation is an interesting subject and economics is an excitingand vital field although it brings to many difficulties The solutions for those difficultiesshould recommend:

 Widen knowledge about economics

 Reading economic articles more often

 Taking part in an economics course if possible

 Reading books on economics

 Practicing translating in this field more and more

Finally, these solutions need to apply to all translators that would like to approach to thebest-translated text

Part III: CONCLUSION

1 Review of the major findings

In conclusion, translation is a both interesting and difficult subject that should bedeveloped It becomes more important in the world nowadays Most third-year students in

Foreign Language Department are aware of its position; however, many of them finddifficulties during translating This paper is written with the hope that we can make alittle contribution in omitting or improving the obstacles for the translators duringtranslating We especially focus on researching difficulties in translating economicsterms in translating economic articles about stock market.

The study deals with some theoretical background about translation We wish thatthey could help readers have an overview of translation task and factors affectingtranslation process

The review of linguistics theory and definition of translation as well as translationstrategies has made me more aware of different kinds of difficulties in term of linguistics

to the translators during the work

In terms of linguistics theory and definition, in order to better understanding thetranslation as an art and a science as well, is introduced with the hope to help translators

to be better for their work in the future

This study has attempted to survey and analyze some of the differences in Englishand Vietnamese It has considered the difficulties in translating economics terms inEnglish articles about stock market

As has been pointed out, the role of the translators in the integration period inirreplaceable The conclusion that we arrive at in this study, to be frank, is difficulties andsuggested solutions in translating Due to the considerable amount of data being used, aglimpse at this paper may bring about the impression that the study only deals witheconomics articles In fact, this study attempts to approach the translation researcherrather than a common text-receiver Like a perfume producer who must be able todescribe the exact proportions of each chemical substance in a fragrance that may appear

"inexpressible" to an ordinary customer, a translator must be able to describe in detail themanipulation of language in the source language text before working with his owntranslation, so that his readers are entitled to the same knowledge and information that hehas achieved when reading the original In this sense, this study is among the firstattempts to investigate translators' difficulties Hopefully, it will be some help totranslators of English articles in translation

2 Limitations of the study

In the realization of this research, a number of issues were not investigated listedhere

The first one is that this study just deals with English articles; meanwhile, theVietnamese ones should be also considered

Besides, we only investigated difficulties of third-year students, not for the majortranslators in general

Finally, there are undoubtedly numerous linguistics problems apart fromeconomics terms that are able to present problems to translators during their work named:sentence structures, equivalence, methods of translation, ect are not mentioned to in thisthesis

3 Suggestions for further study

This study has only made a limitedly partial investigation into translatingeconomics terms in English articles During the course of the study, we found someinteresting related areas that are worth looking into as follows:

 Difficulties in translating cultural words in English articles

 Some strategies in applying paraphrasing method in translating English magazinesinto Vietnamese

 Difficulties in translating linking words in English brief news

Part II: development

CHAPTER 1 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

1.1 Theory of translation

1.1.1 Concept of translation

Translation has been defined by many linguistics According to Bui Tien Bao(1999), translation is rendering a written text into another language in the way that theauthor intended the text The question "what is translation?" Cartford translation as "thereplacement of textual material in one language (SL) equivalent textual material inanother language (TL)

Hartman and Stork (1972) believe that " translation is the replacement of a representation of a text in one language by a representation of an equivalent text in a second language".

On the other hand, Marlon (1988) claims "Translation is the expression in another language (or target language) of what has been expressed in another source language, preserving semantic and stylistic equivalence".

Furthermore, Translation is the replacement of a representation of a text in onelanguage by a representation of an equivalent text in a second language (By Roger TBell)

Translation consists of studying the lexicon, grammatical structure,communication situation and cultural context of the source language text What

translation does is, first, to identify and define a translation problem (no problem - notranslation theory); second, to indicate all the factors that have to be taken into account insolving the problem; third, to list all the possible translation procedures; finally, torecommend the most suitable translation procedure, plus the appropriate translation.Deriving from reality there are more than one type of translation.

1.1.2 Types of translation

It is noticed that stemming at different times and from different contexts includetwo factors: The text and the quality of equivalence Treatment of the two textsproperties, form and meaning, as well as the focus on a particular requirement ofequivalence is the main distinction between the two main types of translation: The form-based and the meaning-based ones (Larson, 1984)

1.1.2.1 Form-based

Translation, by dictionary definition, consists of changing from one state or oneform to another, to turn into one's own or another's language (The Merriam_ WebsterDictionary, 1974)

Translation is basically a change of form When we mention to the form of alanguage we are referring to the actual words, phrases, sentences, paragraphs, etc theforms are referred to as the surface structure of a language: It is the structural part oflanguage which is actually seen in print or heard in speech In translation, the form of thesource language is replaced by the form of the target language

In general, the type of Form-based translation is known as literal translation,attempt to follow the form of the source language text

1.1.2.2 Meaning-based

It is important to understand the source text deeply before translation Translationmust keep the source meaning of the text Translator can change the form but nevermodify the original meaning of the text

Meaning-based translations, or idiomatic translations, make every effort tocommunicate to text receivers the meaning of the source language text in the naturalforms of the target language (Larson, 1984) Idiomatic translations are usually thetranslator's goal as this is the reproduction of source language text meaning (The meaningintended by the original communicator) in the natural form of the target language(Larson, 1984)

In fact, translations are often a mixture of a literal transfer of the grammaticalunits along with some idiomatic translation of the meaning of the text

1.1.3 Process of translation

In the early days of translation theory, when Fremdsprachen began appearing

(1956) and Eugene Nida wrote two Towards the science of translating (1964), this was

the first time that linguistics began to concern itself with translation Since then Nida andKoller have recommended dynamic equivalence as the only true method of translating; In

fact, Nida says that translation is entirely communication whilst Neubert and Kate havedistinguished the invariant (cognitive) and the variant (pragmatic) element in translating.

Remarkable, in the last 2 years we have also had 2 new closely resembling

theories of translation Harris (1975) has propounded his "natural translation", meaning "

any translation done in everyday circumstances by bilingual people who have no specialtraining for it Three-year-olds translate spontaneously in the presence of listeners whothey do not think speak both languages and later develop a criterion of "correct"translation_ a translation competence in the Chomsky spirit" (Personally I regardtranslation as a complex, artificial and unnatural process, requiring an exceptional degree

of intelligence) (Chomsky)

In a later paper (1977) Harris and Sherwood argue that "the data for translatology"(The scientific study of translating) should come primarily from natural translation ratherthan from literary, technical, and other professional or semi professional branches oftranslation as in the past Harris and Sherwood's arguments are mainly concerned withproving (unsuccessfully I think) that translation is an innate skill in bilinguals

Translation has to be based on words, sentences, linguistic meaning, andlanguage Meaning does not exist without words Meaning arises from sights (signs,movements, colors, shape, etc.), sound, smells, tastes, surfaces (touch, feel, texture) aswell as drives, feelings, ideas, images, etc that reach consciousness, but all these canonly be mediated by words, assisted sporadically by mental images Certainly, there areperiods when the translators have to suppress their memory of the source language words

Writer is writing to please himself rather than any reader, or when the translation'sreaders as not the same information as the original's reader

The purpose of this theory is to be of service to the translator It leads thetranslation theory coming to practice, it Translation is a skill and an as well as a science.Dynamic equivalence is not possible when the original derives from a translation theoryframework that proposes that when the main purpose of the text is to convey informationand convince the reader a method of translation must be "natural" " Naturalness" is bothgrammatical and lexical and is a touchstone at every level of a text, from paragraph toword, from title to punctuation

According to Peter Newmark in A textbook of translation, one can be surely

successful with is translation if he follows this figure:

Three language functions

Expressive Informative Vocative

Which of the two methods can be chosen depending on translator's temperament.The first maybe applied for a relatively easy text and the second for a harder one.

1.1.3.2 The textual level

The text is the foundation for your translation This is the level of the literaltranslation of the source language into the target language, the level of the translation youhave to eliminate, but it is also acts as a corrective of paraphrase and the pare-down ofsynonyms You transpose the SL grammar into their "ready" TL equivalents and youtranslate the lexical units into the sense that appears immediately appropriate in thecontext of the sentence by working on the text level

1.1.3.3 The referential level

Textual level Referential level

Cohesive level Level of Naturalness

Translation practice

All languages have polysemous words and structures that can be finally solvedonly on the referential level, beginning with a few multi-purpose, overloaded prepositionsand conjunction, through dangling participles The referential level, where you mentallysort out the text, is built up out of based on, the clarification of all linguistic difficultiesand, where appropriate, supplementary information from the 'encyclopedia" _ symbol forany work of reference or textbook Building up the referential picture in mind astransforming the SL into TL text.

We should not read a sentence without seeing it on the referential level whether atext is technical or literary or institutional, we have to make up our mind, summarily andcontinuously, what it is about, what it is in aid of For each sentence, when it is not clear,where there is an ambiguity, when the writing is an abstract or figurative, the questionsshould be: What is actually happening here? And why? For what reason? On whatground? For what purpose? Can we see it in our minds? Can we visualize it?

1.1.3.4 The cohesive level

The cohesive level is a regulator It secures coherence It adjusts emphasis This level follows both the structure and the mood of the text: the structure through the

connective words (conjunction, enumeration, reiteration, definite article, general words, referential synonyms, punctuation marks) linking the sentences, usually proceeding from theme to rheme; a proposition, opposition, continuation, reiteration, opposition,

conclusion, therefore the structure follows the train factor moving between positive and negative, emotive and neutral It means tracing the thread of a text through its value-ladenand value -free passages which may be expressed by objects or nouns, as well as

adjectives or qualities

1.1.3.5 The level of naturalness

For the vast of majority of texts, you have to ensure:

+) That your translation makes sense

+) That it reads naturally, that is written in ordinary language, the common order

grammar, idioms and words that meet that kind of situation.( Peter Newmark A textbook

of translation, p.24)

When you are facing with an innovatory expressive text you have to try to gaugethe degree of its deviation from naturalness, from ordinary language and reflect thisdegree in your translation Thus in translating any type of text you have to sense

"naturalness", usually for the purpose of reproducing, sometime for the purpose ofdeviating from naturalness In a serious text, you have to bear in mind that the level ofnaturalness of natural usage is grammatical as well as lexical (i.e., the most frequentsyntactic structures, idioms, and words that are likely to be appropriated found in thatkind of stylistic context) and, via appropriate sentence connectives, may extent to the