Tài liệu Mastering skills for the toefl ibt advanced part 32 pdf

GIEIEg3 The earliest forms of the short story were oral folk tales, fairy tales, fables, and parables.. From the time short stories began to be written down, they continued to evolve

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1 Directions: Complete the table below to summarize information about phishing discussed in

the passage Match the appropriate statements to the concept with which they are associated

TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used This question is worth 3 points

` Legislation

Answer Choices

) Online tutorials help users identify phishing scams

) Internet companies demonstrate how phishing works

} Conviction of phishers can prevent future scams

) Users can verify a website using the address bar:

) Governments-create anti-phishing organizations

) Businesses state that they do not ask for personal information

) Phishers are caught and fined or placed in jail

(A) (B ( ( ( ( (

Fill in the blanks to complete the summary

With the widespread use of computers for banking and shopping, police and government agencies have noticed increased of phishing Phishing is a new type

of fraud, in which the criminal - a trusted comparly, financial institution,

or website in order to steal personal information from computer users After an individual's

banking information has been the criminal can use it to make purchases or transfer money into another account Authorities have warned consumers to _ @mails from companies unless they are sure the email is genuine The

problem has become so great that many countries have begun to : _ stiff penalties for phishing scams

‘ie 218 Chapter 10

Business

OS BERENS

read the following passage Then fill in the diagram with the information that you read

When companies want to expand their operations in an attempt to create long-term profitability, they often rely on mergers A merger is a

form of corporate restructuring that occurs when two or more companies combine to form a single entity There are three types of mergers:

horizontal, vertical, and conglomerate

Horizontal mergers occur when companies in the same industry

combine This is dane in order to expand product lines, reduce costs, or eliminate competition Horizontal mergers can have either an insignificant

or considerable impact on a particular industry depending on the sizes

of the companies merging If two small, local grocery stores merge

together, there will likely be no effect on the market as a whole On the

other hand, mergers between companies with large shares of the market

can.significantly change the industry so much that such mergers are

often blocked For‘example, the US government prevented a merger between two major US office supply chains after finding that the merger would have given the new company an unfair advantage over

:, its competitors, allowing the company to raise prices by as much as

thirteen percent

Another type of merger is the vertical merger, in which a company purchases another company that is involved in a different stage of the sales or production process: This cuts costs since the company that

supplies the materials and the company that produces and distributes

products are now one organization For instance, if a publishing house buys a paper company, the publishing house can reduce its expenditures on paper The publishing house can purchase paper at

base cost, so there is less money tied up in the production process, Vertical mergers can negatively affect competition; materials may be

harder to obtain or more expensive to purchase since a rival company now owns the material manufacturing company

In a conglomerate merger, companies in different markets combine

The companies operate in separate inclustries and by merging, there

is little effect on competition in either market For example, a clothing company might merge with a soft drink company If the soft drink

market goes down, the soft drink side of the company may lose profit

However, if the clothing market is good, the clothing side of the company

might be able to make up for the losses sustained by the soft drinks

Conglomerate mergers are often done as a way to reduce risk and create a more stable paitern of sales, since the company's capacity

for profit is not concentrated in one specific market

restructure:

« to organize something in á: ˆ different way so it will

operate better

share!” ˆ :

an equitable-portion of

capital stock base:

serving as the foundation

of something tivak:

a business, team, or

person that competes with ,

another

concentrate: `

to give attention to one aim or-activity

Table/Chart Questions 219 — .|

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Companies initiate mergers for a number of different reasons Each \

type of merger can save on costs by allowing merged companies to :

reduce the number of employees if positions overlap Instead of having

two marketing directors, one at each company, a single marketing

director will suffice for the newly formed company Business mergers

can help expanding companies grow at a rapid rate without having

to put in the money and time to create another company from the

ground up

— " 4

—

Type 3: | Explanation:

— 220 Chapter 10

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<Directions: Complete the table below to summarize information about mergers discussed in

the passage Match the appropriate statements to the type of merger to which they relate

-TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used This question is worth 3 points

Horizontal

Vertical

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Answer Choices ~

(A) Companies are involved in different aspects of sales or production

- {B) The companies want to ensure future losses , (C) Asmall or giant impact on a sales market may result

(D) The manufacturing costs for a merged company are reduced

(E} Companies having similar products become one enterprise

“'(F) An increase in.the number of employees may occur

(G) The companies have unrelated products

Fill in the blanks to complete the summary

Business mergers are important ways that companies in order to

improve their profits, competitiveness, and costs They may merge with another company in order to better compete against companies Another type of merger

involves a company merging with one of its major suppliers, which allows the purchase of

materials or supplies at

costs Sometimes, a company will merge with

one in a different business Mergers allow a business to _ on one

aspect of its operations the partner company focuses on its own {n general, the larger the

companies that are merging, the greater the effect on market

Table/Chart Questions 221

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Read the following ‘passage Then fill in the diagram with the information that you read GIEIEg3

The earliest forms of the short story were oral folk tales, fairy tales, fables, and parables All shared common characteristics of having moral lessons and being brief While the modern short story evolved from these early narrative forms, the only characteristic it retained

was brevity From the time short stories began to be written down, they continued to evolve until the 19" century, when they developed into the genre known today

Around the 14” century, short narratives began to appear in popular written works The audience for these first collections of short stories was the upper class, who could afford books and were literate Most notable was Geoffery Chaucer's Canterbury Tales It is a collection of

short stories within a larger frame narrative about a pilgrimage to Canterbury Cathedral in England Some of the pilgrims’ stories mention

socioeconomic issues of the time, like class divisions between the

nobility, the clergy, and the commoners The common man is frequently portrayed as a buffoon, as demonstrated by his.tridiculous actions, and is not given a lengthy character description Impressions about the fictional characters are made as they tell their stories They are satirical representations about those who held such positions at the time, not individuals in their own right Similarly, in the latter part of the 17" century, Charles Perrault published a book of fairy tales, many of which were adapted from earlier versions to entertain the adult audiences

of French literary salons Perrault’s fairy tales were a combination of the rustic folklore and sophisticated mannerisms with which his readers

were familiar Perrault’s fairy tales later became known as the Tales

of Mother Goose

lt was not until the middle to late 1800s that the short story really

emerged as a literary genre and gained popularity In these tales, the small number of characters allows the author to fully develop the

personalities of each one The modern short story also starts at or near

the main action that the story revolves around American authors Edgar

Allan Poe and Nathaniel Hawthorne each produced a collection of short stories during this time Their works were well received by the

massive literate middle class, who could sympathize with the motivations

and emotions of the characters The settings were enormously detailed

and often took place in the present time-or in recent history The most

influential factor of the rising popularity of short stories was the growing number of print magazines and journals There was an increasing

demand for short narratives that told a complete story within a single

sưê— 222 Chapter 10

brevity:

the use of few words:

pilgrimage:

atrip a spiritual person

makes to a holy place

socloeconomic:

involving.a combination of social and economic matters

buffoon:

someone who behaves in

a silly.and annoying way

~ satirical:

using humor to criticize

people or things to make them seem silly.in writing "|

ˆ „ theiallnent::

one of several parts ofa

story that is published at

‘different times in a

magazine

issue, unliké novels that had to be printed in installments By publishing

short stories in magazines and journals, they became accessible to the population at large for the first time

The first literary theories about the short story were published during -

the latter part of the 19" century This ensured its place as a literary genre Many magazines today still publish short stories; and authors release collections of short stories to showcase their talents Perhaps the reason short stories have always been so popular is because they

give people the chance to escape into another world, if only for a brief amount of time

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Table/Chart Questions 223 — Ồ

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1 Directions: Complete the table below to summarize information about the short story

discussed in the passage Select the appropriate phrases from the answer choices and _match them to the time period to which they relate TWO of the answer choices will NOT

i be used This question is worth 3 points

Time Period , Statements

Pre-19" century °

Post-19" century

Answer Choices (A) Written as entertainment for those of high social rank } Popularized through: periodical media

_ (C)} Contained longer length of story

(D) Generalization of characters

) ) )

Highly developed settings and characters

Were told strictly to teach others morals

The short story has evolved from folk tales and fables to a literary genre accepted by

academics The most important characteristic of a short story is its ,

which allows an author to publish a complete story at once, rather than in

, like some novels One of the first.recognized collections of short stories was Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales, which told the tales of people taking part ina Chaucer used short tales to describe people of different

groups, usually ina very = manner,

224 chapter 10