Earlier attempts to treat malnutrition have come in the form of powdered milk, The powdered milk products, known as F-75 and F-100, require a powder to be mixed with fresh water, which h
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Read the following passage Then fill in the diagram with th
Science
@ information that you read
One of Africa’s greatest problems is malnutrition Many people,
particularly children, are dying because they do not have enough
food to eat Malnutrition is of particular concern for infants While it is
possible for an adult to experience malnutrition, children are more likely
to be affected by it in an adverse way A child under the age of three who experiences malnutrition is less likely to survive into adulthood
Moreover, if children experience malnutrition before the age of three,
their growth into adulthood can be permanently stunted Researchers have found ways to fight malnutrition, but until now these methods were not widely available However, a new type of food has been discovered that may provide relief in the fight against malnutrition
Earlier attempts to treat malnutrition have come in the form of powdered milk, The powdered milk products, known as F-75 and
F-100, require a powder to be mixed with fresh water, which has to be refrigerated to avoid spoilage after mixing F-75 and F-100 were unable
to adequately treat the malnutrition crisis due to the lack of available
» fresh water and refrigeration facilities in most African countries If
- powdered milk was mixed with impure water, contaminants could
ï make people sick Moreover, the powdered milk products had to be
* mixed in hygienic conditions As such, the F-75 and F-100 products
were only useful in hospitals, where they could be mixed with water
known to be fresh in a hygienic environment ,
The proposed alternative to F-75 and F-100 is called Plumpynut
It is a sticky substance made of peanut paste, vegetable oil, milk
- powder, sugar, vitamins, and minerals It was engineered by Andre
Briend, a French scientist, in 1999 and has since been adopted by a number of humanitarian organizations working to fight malnutrition
The product resembles peanut butter in texture and taste, but is fortified with a number of vitamins and minerals It can be prepared in other locations and can remain unopened for two years Furthermore, it is about as costly to transport as powdered milk alternatives and can be prepared by nearly anyone It needs only to be opened and eaten
The impact of this seemingly simple development is truly remarkable
Previously, children suffering from malnutrition had to be admitted
to hospitals, where they were kept for two to four months Doctors
would mix powdered milk and give it to the children regularly until they recovered Since the milk product had to be mixed in a hygienic environment, it was not practical to allow the children to leave until they
were fully recovered, With Plumpy’nut, doctors can diagnose mainutrition,
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Prose Summary Questions 211 —— _]
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children on the same day they.came in This discovery has become
especially helpful in late summer, just before the harvest This period,
known as “hunger season,” is the rost common time for children to
become malnourished, as food stocks from the previous year are
nearly diminished In most areas, the only food available is millet, a
grain that is crushed and made into porridge While millet provides
calories, it does not contain any vitamins or minerals It is effectively an
“empty” food in terms of nutrition By supplementing their children's diet with Plumpy’nut during the hunger season, mothers can prevent the onset of malnutrition, Using this method of distribution, children do not
have to be taken from their homes for treatment of malnutrition They need only return to the hospital weekly to have their weight checked
While the benefits of Plumpy'nut are evident, it is not a panacea to
the hunger problem in Africa It is not possible to distribute the product
to every single person in Africa Instead, doctors have specifically targeted children in their infancy If severe malnutrition can be averted
in a child before he or she turns three, it is likely that the child will be able to grow into a healthy adult The production of Plumpy nut may
also benefit the country in another way; peanut-producing regions in parts of Africa can help produce the substance By producing and packaging Plumpy'nut, a region can sell the product to humanitarian
organizations: As a result, economic growth may be an added benefit
of the presence of Plumpy’nut in Africa With economic growth, poverty
can be combated in particular regions, potentially stabilizing them
Plumpy'nut may very well be a key element in treating the hunger crises
Definition:
}
Advantage 1: Advantage 2:
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:_ An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below Complete
the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas
in the passage Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas
that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage This question is
worth 2 points, The passage discusses Plumpy’nut, a new product used to treat malnutrition in Africa
DUM
ONLLIUM
ONDIVadS
ONINILSI
Answer Choices (A) Plumpy’nut can be easily produced and transported, and it keeps for two years if it remains unopened, making it more practical than powdered milk alternatives
(B) The product is similar to peanut butter and contains a variety of ingredients that can be
used to avert matnutrition in young children of Africa:
(C) Children that experience malnutrition during infancy are less likely to thrive and are prone
to development problems as they mature
(D) F-75 and F-100 were typically used in hospitals, where doctors could mix it with fresh water in hygienic conditions
(E) Plumpy‘nut will not be used to fix the hunger problem in Africa, as it is not practical to
distribute to everyone in Africa
(F) Mothers were given Plumpy’nut and instructions to administer to their children to prevent
them from getting malnutrition and having to spend long periods in the hospital for
treatment
hoe
Fill in the blanks to complete the summary
A new product called Plumpy’nut is being used to fight malnutrition in Africa Before Andre
Briend invented Plumpy’nut in 1999, humanitarian organizations had been using powdered
There were two problems with these products: they had to be mixed with clean water in
conditions, and once mixed, they were prone to
Plumpy’nut is an effective to these products, as it does not spoil and
does not require clean water ,
Prose Summary Questions 213 — 4
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; Cha ter 10 Table/Chart Questions
® - Recognizing the organization and purpose of a passage
© Understanding rhetorical functions such as cause-effect relationships, compare-
contrast relationships, and arguments
® identifying and organizing important ideas and points from a passage and placing them in the appropriate context
Example Question
sane paneer esrm meses
* Complete the table below to summarize information about concepts discussed in the passage Match the appropriate statements to the concepts with which they
are associated: TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used This question is
Strategies
® Separate main ideas from minor ideas, and essential information from non-essential information,
© Remember that major ideas are ones that would be included in-a higher-level - outline of the.passage
Table/Chart Questlons 215 _ _ „|,
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Chapter †
Computer Science
SERENATA A ENS NISRA LENE
Read the following passage Then fill in the diagram with the information that you read Gay
As a growing number of companies rely on the Internet for one or
more aspects of their businesses, the prevalence of phishing scams
has markedly increased Phishing can be defined as an attempt by
a computer user to gain another user's sensitive information by
impersonating-a trustworthy website This sensitive information, which
may include passwords, bank account numbers, and personal identification numbers, can then be used to steal the victim’s money
or even appropriate their identity Phishing scams are often very convincing
Those behind the scams frequently create websites or emails that exactly imitate the form of a trusted site This reduces the likelihood that
a victim will recognize it as a fraud Thus, both computer users and members of government have recognized phishing as a serious new threat to the safety of private information A number of measures have
been introduced to reduce the incidence of phishing scams These solutions, which include education for computer users and legislation by federal governments, are the first step in protecting sensitive information
on the Internet
Educating computer users about threats posed by phishing can significantly increase their awareness of the vulnerability of online information Due to the relatively recent emergence of phishing scams,
many computer users are unaware that their information can be stolen through fake websites or emails An organization called the Anti-Phishing Working Group has developed an online tutorial that
teaches computer users to be cautious of email messages that urgently request personal information Many similar websites also offer helpful
tips forthose hoping to learn how to avoid phishing scams For instance,
phishing scams often direct users to a website that iooks authentic
However, the user can check the address bar on his or her browser
to verify that the site has the same URL as the trusted site Otherwise, the user will know that the site is fraudulent In addition, many websites, including those of many major online businesses, stress the fact that
an online business will never ask for personal information through
email Thus, users can immediately disregard such emails
_ Governments have also joined the fight against phishing scams
in particular, the US government has developed legislation that targets phishers specifically Those who are caught can now face fines and
‘imprisonment On March 1%, 2005, the US government created the Anti-Phishing Act of 2005 It proposed that criminals who develop fraudulent websites and email messages could be fined up to $250,000
——— 2ÏÕ Chapter 10
scam:
a fraudulent business
activity impersonate:
to pretend to be someone or something else
appropriate:
to steal
incidence:
a frequency browser:
a computer program that allows a user to access pages on the Internet disregard:
toignore ~
to establish as compulsory
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and jailed for up to five years In addition, governments are increasing their efforts to catch suspected phishers A man was convicted in
2007 of sending fraudulent phishing emails to thousands of users of
a popular online service provider The courts did not take his offence
lightly He faces over 101 years in prison due to the many counts of
fraud he was convicted of Governments around the world hope that
similar convictions will deter future phishers and reduce the overall frequency of phishing scams
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Table/Chart Questions 217 _._