Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.. Social factors are also thought to play a
Trang 1
1 An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below Complete
the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas
in the passage Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas
that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage This question is
worth 2 points
The passage discusses a new theory regarding the purpose of the appendix
Answer Choices (A) Researchers found that the biofilm coating the appendix allowed-helpful bacteria to thrive
in the appendix
(B) When the intestine was emptied completely, researchers found that helpful bacteria
returned to the intestine very quickly
(C) The appendix is covered in a thin coating of mucus, immune molecules, and bacterial colonies
(D) Researchers concluded that the appendix could act as an area to hold reserves of helpful
‘bacteria
(E) Rabbits, possums, and wombats also have appendixes
(F) Since a functioning appendix is difficult to actively observe, discovering its purpose can
be difficult
The appendix in humans is different from those found in other animals, which makes it difficult to.understand the function of the organ Doctors believe it is helpful in protecting the intestines from harmful bacteria, even though the appendix does
the intestines, and doctors have discovered that the appendix
réleases these into the intestines when helpful bacteria have been : -
‘nae 204 Chapter 9
Trang 2
ul
Psychology
ASR SUSU AE IE ANT ENO AAS ARAL TRSEHRE INDIA,
ead the following passage Then fill in the diagram with the information that you read
Personality disorders are a class of mental disorders They affect
"the way people view themselves, other people, and the world around them Personality disorders are broadly classified They include multiple-
personality disorder, which describes a person who thinks of himself
as more than one person He behaves differently according to each personality They also include extreme narcissism This describes a person who focuses on herself so much as to severely hinder her
behavior and perceptions of the world Personality disorders are typically identified by psychologists late into their development Thus,
_their original causes are difficult to pinpoint There are a number of
* possible factors, however, that may contribute to the formation of a
“ personality disorder
The most obvious factor—and perhaps the easiest to identify—
are biological causes Particular traits that infants inherit from their parents may contribute to the development of a personality disorder
,, Some researchers have also suggested that there may be a genetic
-basis, independent of heritable traits, that makes an individual more
‘< likely to develop certain disorders However, it has been determined
5 that nearly all known personality disorders are not caused entirely by
“genetic makeup Socio-cultural and other psychological factors
inevitably play a role
Psychological factors are most likely to play a role in personality
- ‘disorders {tis believed that individuals are most affected by experiences
‘early on in life Interestingly, there is very little research to support this Notion One study reported that seventy-one percent of patients.with borderline personality disorder claimed that they had been abused
as children Another study found that eighty-one percent of borderline patients reported some form of trauma in early childhood However, such evidence is by no means conclusive The research is based on the reports of patients already believed to have a personality disorder
As a result, their perceptions of the past may be distorted A patient with
borderline narcissism disorder, for instance, may exaggerate a past experience because of his sense of self-importance Further research has suggested that perceived trauma may not have actually occurred early on in a patient's life, but rather much later As such, it is unclear how much of a role traumatic situations have on one’s personality Many experts suspect @ connection Nonetheless, they are unable to verify it
Social factors are also thought to play a significant role in the
development of personality disorders, perhaps more than any other
Some researchers, for instance, have argued that infants go through
a phase in which they believe that all events of the world revolve
~ able to be carrled‘on _ notion:
i ‘erelated to 0 the gì
personality:
the non-physical qualities ~~
that define individuals and
make them unique
“heritable:”
through the genes of parent to a child
ˆ retain:
to continua to have
“something
to supply with a
excessive amount of
something _=
arbiter: dec
a person with'ultimaté
authority over a dispute or issue >
Prose Summary Questions 205 —
Trang 3
around them in most individuals, this phase eventually passes and
infants come to terms with social reality However, this period is key in
helping individuals retain:a sense of self-confidence lf parents do not
provide some assurance that their child deserves respect and attention,
he or she may develop a personality disorder Conversely, others have argued that too much attention from parents during childhood can result in the development of a narcissistic personality disorder —
Some psychologists have gone so far as to suggest that socio-
cultural factors may contribute to personality disorders These theories
go beyond simple social situations on an individual level They suggest that one's culture can afféct personality People, for instance, brought
up in an oppressive society and taught that they exist only to serve the state may, on returning to normal conditions, feel overwhelmed by
‘the attention they get as individuals As a result, they may experience
“severe anxiety when asked to talk about themselves Other theories suggest that many developed nations are responsible for the expectation
of individuals that material goods provide meaning Given the broad nature of socio-cultural theories of personality disorder, they are nearly impossible to prove or disprove They remain, however, a source of
debate for most psychologists
_ Our understanding of personality disorders is by no means complete
Their causes may vary dramatically from person to person Psychologists have been criticized because they claim to know what is ‘normal
They serve as the arbiters of what is unusual In addition, some have questioned the usefulness of broadly identifying contributing factors
to personality disorders Each individual case varies Clearly, further research must be done to adequately identify not only causes and
treatments, but also what is and what is not a disorder
: ~-Personality: Disorders ¿
Type 1: |_| Explanation:
Type 2: |_| Explanation:
Type3: ñ Explanation: ,
}
Trang 4
“An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below Complete \
the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas _in the passage Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage This question is
The passage discusses factors that may contribute to the development of personality
jas FDLLVad
ĐNDIV3đS
ĐNIN31SIT
„ Änswer Choices (A) Inherited traits and genes may contribute to an individual's development of a personality
(B) Itis unclear how worthwhile generalizations on the causes of personality disorders are, as
(C) Psychological trauma, especially early in life, is suspected to play a major role in personality disorders
(D} Social factors, especially those in a child's upbringing, and socio-cultural factors can have an impact on personality disorders
(E) As personality disorders are typically identified only after they have developed, it is difficult to - pinpoint their causes
(F) Psychologists have been criticized for claiming to have knowledge of what is and is not riormal
"Fill in the blanks to complete the summary
Psychologists have long debated whether people develop personality disorders because of
traits passed down from their parents or because of social effects on their
Research has been done exploring the connection between personality
disorders and childhood abuse, but the results may have been by the
“way in which people taking part in the test were selected However, psychologists concluded
1
!
that personalities like extreme narcissism may be caused in part by
the way a child is raised Because personality disorders are so broad and difficult to diagnose,
Prose Summary Questions 207 —.
Trang 5
~Chapter9
Computer “me
IE PASE GENES BTV BA INOER FINES BY SORE
Read the following passage Then fill in the diagram with the information that you read GEER
Ey
Hard drives and storage devices produced in the past fifteen years have been significantly smaller than their predecessors This change would not have been possible without the contributions of European scientists Albert Fert and Peter Grinberg The two men, independent of
each other, discovered a previously unobserved phenomenon in physics
It would change the face of technology and its practical applications
in everyday life The phenomenon they observed was dubbed Giant
undiscovered until they observed it in 1988 Their observation was based
on the principle that electricity and magnetism are directly associated
Both scientists discovered that very small changes in magnetic resistance could result in rather dramatic changes in corresponding
electrical resistance While it may not seem immediately réléVant-to
technology, the discovery was important in creating srnall devices capable of holding large amounts of data
The hard drive of a computer is the best example of how the
discovery of GMR changed everyday technology: The data stored on
hard drives is encoded on a metal disk An: encoding process
magnetizes small sections of the disk, which in turn are translated
into data when the magnetized disk is read by a sensor The sensor
translates the magnetic data into electric signals Hard drives prior to the discovery of-GMR were significantly larger than those we have today Although they operated based on the same basic relationship
of magnetism and electricity, it was difficult for sensors to discern between separate pieces of data without a very large disk Therefore, the disks used for high-capacity hard drives were much larger than a dinner plate The insights of GMR, however, allowed engineers to -shrink the hardware, while retaining and even increasing the storage
capacity
Using the principle discovered by Fert and Grinberg, the first hard drive using GMR technology was released in 1997 It quickly
became the standard, thanks to its compact size The insights of GMR allowed engineers to increase the sensitivity of the sensor heads on hard drives As a result, the size of the magnetic strips of data on a
hard drive could be drastically reduced In fact, these sensor heads
are so sensitive that the magnetized strips of data may only be a few atoms thick The discovery and implementation of GMR would not
have been possible without discoveries that allowed very thin material
of this small size to be produced GMR hard drives put a very thin
208 Chapter 9
Magnetoresistance (GMR) Although seemingly simple, it had remained
sensor:
a device that detects physical stimuli
‘discern:
to perceive or recognize capacity:
a measure of the amount that.can be held sensitlvity:
the quality of being quick
to respond to slight
changes
otherwise:
in circumstances being different from-those
present
lasting:
'>'-:able to endure over a F along 7
period of time mobile:
_ able to move easily
Trang 6
: ayer of magnetic material on an otherwise nonmagnetic disk, which
: can then be read by a fine-tuned sensor head
The contribution of GMR to modern technology was massive
Hard drives prior to the application of the technology were much
larger in size and-relatively small in storage capacity High-capacity drives were sometimes as large as chairs With the new technology, hard drives the size of a human hand could be engineered to.hold as much data as their high-capacity, non-GMR counterparts Furthermore, researchers quickly found that additional magnetic layers, separated
by a nonmagnetic layer, could be used to store even more data Since the additional layer is only a few atoms thick, it does not substantially
change the size of the hard drive, Additionally, the development has been accredited with contributing to the field of nanotechnology, an
emerging technology concerned with the engineering of microscopic
devices Since GMR requires hard crives to use a disk plated on a magnetic material only a few atoms thick, it contributed to technology
that is now being used to engineer compiex mechanical devices of a
The impact of the discovery of GMR has had a lasting impact on :
® of the technology has been its impact in the world of mobile computing
»* Whereas laptop computers of the last decade were incredibly large
“and bulky, today’s laptop computers are less than an inch thick The end
“result of the discovery of GMR is still not completely apparent We
continue to use it in everyday technology, but that technology is
constantly being honed and improved with time As such, it is unlikely that we have seen the last of what GMR has to offer us ,
SNDIVadS
ĐNIN31SIT1
ĐNILIMAA
32IlI5vad
A tee patel
Ny Impact 2:
i
Prose Summary Questions 209 —
Trang 71 An introductory sentence fora brief summary of the passage'is provided below Complete
the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas
in the passage Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas ' that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage This question is
worth 2 points
The passage discusses the discovery and impact of Giant Magnetoresistance
Answer Choices
(A) Two European scientists discovered that small changes in magnetic resistance lead to significant changes in electrical resistance
(B) GMR’s impact is best seenin hard drives, where amore sensitive head sensor can be used to read data that is smaller in size
(C) Nanotechnology is a developing field of technology in which atoms are used to construct
a very small device
(D) Albert Fert and Peter Grinberg discovered the phenomenon of GMR independently of
- one another and both received a Noble Prize for it
(E) Additional layers can be added to hard drives using the GMR technology, adding
additional space without making hard drives substantially larger
(F) GMR is continuing to be used and developed today and is accredited with contributing
to nanotechnology
Fill in the blanks to complete the summary
In 1988, Albert Fert and Peter Grũnberg discovered a relationship between electricity and magnetism called Giant Magnetoresistance (GMR) Their discovery has caused a
shift in the way data is stored on computers Because GMR allows for far
drastically decreased Fert and Grinberg found a way to allow data to be stored on magnetic material only a few atoms thick, which allowed engineers to design sensors that could `
such tiny strips of information This discovery has let computer designers make