Tài liệu Biology of Aquatic Organisms - Fish anatomy pptx

Naris Mouth Labial pocket Pharyngeal slits Pectoral fin FIGURE 3.13 External features of the shark in left lateral view... ¢ Head parts External morphology - shark ¢ spiraculum He

¢ External morphology

¢ Anatomy

— integumentary system

— skeletal system Chondrichthyes -— cartilaginous fish

Squalus acanthias — spiny dogfish

— muscular system

— nervous system

— vascular system |

— digestive system Osteichthyes — bony fish

— respiratory system Perca fluviatilis — perch

— excretory system 7/77

— genital system

— endocrine system

Naris

Mouth

Labial pocket

Pharyngeal slits Pectoral fin

FIGURE 3.13 External features of the shark in left lateral view

¢ Head parts External morphology - shark

¢ spiraculum Hexanchus đríseus

- 5 (sometimes 6-7) gill slits i di

Anterior dorsal fin Caudal fin

Interbranchial septum

Pharyngeal slits Pectoral fin

FIGURE 3.13 External features of the shark in left lateral view

Biology of Aquatic Organisms Fish anatom

External morphology - shark

Pharyngeal slits Pectoral fin

FIGURE 3.13 External features of the shark in left lateral view

¢ Trunk openings ¢ Trunk appendices

— cloaca — fins

¢ anus ¢ dorsal fin (- or + spines)

¢ genital pore ¢ paired fins

oT Head 2 Ôn cản 4 —== Bà SE HH Vị: =ˆ TT ali unk ˆ— ie ai : i BI aa ¬ Tail Tu

¢ Tail appendices ¢ Tail appendices

— fins — fins

¢ dorsal fin (optional) ¢ caudal fin

¢ anal fin (optional) — dorsal lobe (vertebral column)

Placoid scales

Placoid scales Epidermis

' Melanophore

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FiGURE 3.12 Skin of the shark a.—d Successive blowups of the surface of the skin to show structure of scales e.-f, Vertical section through skin and scales g SEM image of skin showing scales Source: Dr Steven Campana, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Canada

Internal morphology - shark

— enameloid

» hypermineralised bone- like tissue

° Skeletal system Hyaline cartilage «

(Scyliorhinus caniculus) ” -” =

— cartilage Z2“ sa^5 994

° hyaline cartilage ” 4 ` aon ¬ es 7

¢ mineralised cartilage ay 3 cô ® Ÿ,

°ồ Skeletal system °ồ Skeletal system

— axial skeleton — axial skeleton

¢ cranial skeleton ¢ postcranial skeleton

” Jaws — appendicular skeleton

Sa ¬— “>>

b

Pelvic girdle

Pectoral fin

FieURE 3.1 Skeleton of the shark in left lateral view

— orbita ¬ Otic capsule

» antorbital process rn as (IX)

» eye losely attached OF Vasco ine: | 7 ras BERG Occipital condyle

» postorbital process Sra ae —

Naris Hyomandibular (VII) foramen

Trigeminofacial (V) foramen

Orbit Optic (Il)

foramen Optic Abducens (V1) foramen

Trochlear (IV) foramen pedicle Basitrabecular (c) process FieuRE 3.2 Chondrocranium of the shark a Dorsal view b Ventral view c Left lateral view

lower jaw ——— » Meckel's cartilage

Orbital process

Pharyngobranchial Epibranchial Ceratobranchial

Palatoquadrate cartilage

Gill raker

Meckel's cartilage Basihyal

FIGURE 3.3 Visceral arches of the shark in Jeft lateral view

Basihyal Ceratohyal

Ceratobranchial Hypobranchials Basibranchials

Branchial arch 4

(= Visceral arch 6) ~/ đổi Gill ray

Epibranchial Gill raker

Pharyngobranchial

Figure 3.4 WHyoid arch and branchial arches of the shark in ventral view Note that mandibular arch, illus- trated in Figure 3.3, is absent here.

Internal morphology - shark

¢ feeding apparatus oars Z2 eng

» Cutting type of biting Filter feeder

» crushing type of biting (Cetorhinus maximus — basking shark)

Jaw protrusion and cutting

(Carcharias carcharodon — great white)

Jaw protrusion and cutting

(/sistius brasiliensis — cookie cutter shark)

| >x ` (c)Burton

(c) Stafford-Dietsch 7 (c) Tomassi

enclose the neural tube

articulate with basapophysis only in precaudal vertebrae

enclose dorsal blood vessels

Dorsal intercalary plate Nerve foramen Spinal cord Centrum

Spinal cord

Neural canal Centrum

Centrum Notochord

Caudal a Hemal arch Hemal plate

H nal Caudal v pies Cat

Hemal spine (b) Caudal vertebra,

anterior view

FIGURE 3.6 Vertebrae of the shark in anterolateral view a Trunk vertebra b Caudal vertebra

pterygiophores

Vertebral column

FIGURE 3.7 Skeletal elements of the anterior dorsal fin of the shark in left lateral view

Ceratotrichia

Radial pterygiophore sẽ BE

Hemal arch Vertebral < Z 22

1 of the shark in

Anatomical position and relationship Pectoral fin rotated in position

between pectoral fin and girdle in situ often seen when studied

Figure 3.9 Pectoral girdle and skeletal elements of pectoral fins of the shark in anrerior view

Figure 3.10 Skeletal elements of the left pectoral fin of the shark in dorsal view,

¢ hypaxials _—» arranged in myomeres

Dorsal superficial constrictor m

Epibranchial m

Cucullaris m

Dorsal hyoid constrictor m

Intermandibularis m

Ventral hyoid constrictor m

Pharyngeal slit Ventral superficial constrictor m

Raphe Scapular process Pectoral abductor m Horizontal skeletogenous septum

Ceratobranchial

cartilage

Afferent branchial a

Interhyoideus m

Coracomandibular m (cut) Bar

Ventral longitudinal bundles

Chondrocranium (cut) Olfactory sac Olfactory bulb

Superficial ophthalmic n Olfactory tract Medial rectus m Olfactory lobe

Dorsal oblique m Trochlear n (IV) Eyeball Dorsal rectus m

Cerebral hemisphere Optic n (II) Tela choroidea

Optic process

Optic lobe of palatoquadrate Optic pedicle Infraorbital n

Cerebellum Lateral rectus m Preorbitalis m Deep ophthalmic n Oculomotor n (III) Palatoquadrate

Mandibular n

Auricle

Adductor mandibulae m

Levator palatoquadrati m Trigeminal n (V) & preotic Ampullae lateral line nn

Anterior Facial n (VII)

semicircular duct Spiracle Palatine branch

Geniculate ganglion Medulla oblongata

Saccul ulus Statoacoustic n (VIII)

Hyomandibular n Horizontal

semicircular duct Floor of otic capsule

Levator hyomandibulae m Glossopharyngeal n (IX)

Pet \ l

ầ etrosal ganglion Posterior F 7 ` i i semicircular duct iL AS 7 Z L Ne Z a Pretrematic n

Efferent branchial a Visceral branch

Hypobranchial n (cut)

Ý_—Y3*`_Lateral branch of

` posterior lateral line n

ch (cut & reflected)

Left internal vagus (X) Vertebral column (cut)

Visceral branch | /

of vagus n ý EY ⁄ C

Lateral branch ST he (77

of posterior \ h ⁄ \`= \ lateral line n (

Spinal cord Pectoral girdle

Olfactory sac Olfactory bulb

(tela choroidea Buccal n (VII Optic chiasm

removed) ( “ Inferior lobe] &

ulomotor n = Thalamus Lư ) Hypophysis 5

Infraorbital n g

L Vascular 5

Cerebellum Auricle of cerebellum sac =

/ Superficial ophthalmic n

a i Deep ophthalmic n Medulla

Acousticolateral area A 4 Mandibular n -

: f Trigeminal n (V) & rea a

preotic lateral line nn

Palatine branch Facial n (VII) Visceral

sensory column

Geniculate ganglion Statoacoustic n

Somatic (VIH)

motor column Hyomandibular n ÌPs-aave.Vn

Fourth ventricle Statoacoustic n (VIII)

Glossopharyngeal n (IX) Medulla ;

oblongata Petrosal ganglion

» pineal gland hypothalamus pituitary

» neurohypophysis

» adenohypophysis

» vascular sac

Olfactory sac Olfactory bulb

Terminal n (0)

: Trigeminal n (V) & (Vil) -

preotic lateral line nn

Palatine branch Visceral eh Facial n (VIl)

sensory column

Geniculate ganglion Statoacoustic n

Somatic i - (VIII) motor column Hyomandibular n Abducens n (VI)

Fourth ventricle Statoacoustic n (VIII)

Glossopharyngeal n (IX) Medulla

Olfactory sac Olfactory bulb

- Trigeminal n (V) & Facial n

preotic lateral line nn (VII)

Palatine branch Visceral to: Facial n (VII)

sensory column

Geniculate ganglion Statoacoustic n

Somatic (Vill)

motor column Hyomandibular n i paccarict tv

Fourth ventricle Statoacoustic n (VIII)

Glossopharyngeal n (IX) Medulla ; oblongata Petrosal ganglion

(a) Dorsal view Spinal cord (b) Ventral view

FIGURE 3.43 Brain and cranial nerves of the shark in (a) dorsal and (b) ventral views.

» cerebellar auricles

— cranial nerves

» trigemino-facial complex

» acoustico-

lateralis system

Olfactory sac Olfactory bulb

Olfactory tract

Cerebral hemisphere

Tela choroidea Optic lobe Optic n (Il) Trochlear n (IV) Epiphysis

š Trigeminal n (V) & \ Facial n

preotic lateral line nn (VII)

“i Palatine branch isceral ; sensory column Facial n (VII)

Geniculate ganglion Statoacoustic n

motor column Hyomandibular n Abducens n (VI)

Fourth ventricle Statoacoustic n (VIII)

Glossopharyngeal n (IX) Medulla

oblongata Petrosal ganglion

a Deep ophthalmic n Medulla

Acousticolateral area ˆ Mandibular n

- Trigeminal n (V) & Facial n

preotic lateral line nn (VII)

Palatine branch Visceral to: Facial n (VII)

sensory column

Geniculate ganglion Statoacoustic n

Somatic (Vill)

motor column Hyomandibular n i paccarict tv

Fourth ventricle Statoacoustic n (VIII)

Glossopharyngeal n (IX) Medulla ; oblongata Petrosal ganglion

(a) Dorsal view Spinal cord (b) Ventral view

FIGURE 3.43 Brain and cranial nerves of the shark in (a) dorsal and (b) ventral views.

Terminal n (0)

Cerebral hemisphere Tela choroidea Optic lobe Optic n (Il) Trochlear n (IV)

: Trigeminal n (V) & rea ms

preotic lateral line nn

Palatine branch Visceral an Facial n (VII)

sensory column

Geniculate ganglion Statoacoustic n

Somatic (VIH)

motor column Hyomandibular n ÌPs-aave.Vn

Fourth ventricle Statoacoustic n (VIII)

Glossopharyngeal n (IX) Medulla

oblongata Petrosal ganglion

(a) Dorsal view Spinal cord (b) Ventral view

FIGURE 3.43 Brain and cranial nerves of the shark in (a) dorsal and (b) ventral views

grey matter: nerve fibers without myelin sheath white matter: nerve fibers with myelin sheath

¢ Sensory systems

— olfactory organ

¢ sharks are macrosmates

— detect very small

concentrations of certain molecules

— can cover large surface

— olfactory chemosensory cells

k Optic Posterior _-<"

Pupil

Cornea

Anterior chamber

Choroid Ciliary Sclera

layer = Rod ARG 1 "a MLL | ERMA ị

Bipolar cell Bipolar cii ———=*°9 ì ho

synapticlayer L—

Ganglion cell —‡ Ganglion cell

layer —

Optic (Il) Retinal blood Nerve impulses

- h ` optic (Il) nerve axons

retina

Figure 17-8 Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 11/e

© 2006 John Wiley & Sons

¢ Sensory systems aes

II Anterior = | ; h tricul : = aati `

» semicircular canals —_ ites A< Ag A ~ & 1 I5

Endolymphatic pore

Dorsal Skin

»? eC n d O ly! Ï Ì Dp h all C d u ct Anterior Sacculus Post

Lagena Statoacoustic nerve (CN VIII) Anterior semicircular duct Anterior semicircular duct

»> S acc u | u S Horizontal semicircular duct Horizontal semicircular duct

Posterior semicircular duct Posterior semicircular duct Lateral view Medial view

— cochlear part

" 2 posterior vertical canal

| 1 crystal condensations | 3 horizontal canal

Figure 3.40 Membranous labyrinth of the inner ear of the shark in lateral and medial views

= perception of movements = perception of rotation

1 fonoreceptor (hair cells) |

= perception of sound

Mandibular v”

¢ Vascular system

— general fish scheme

aorta dorsalis vena cardinalis anterior liver vena cardinalis posterior

kidney

‹ efferens = liver S © tract

- afferens l venous portal

aorta ventralis system

m (cut and reflected)

it coracohyoid m (cut) eS / ee ——" » , Meckel's cartilage

Ventral superficial constrictor m

—— Viscera wl part ardium, om vering

4 the surfac ofthe hea

Falciform ligament =—

Liver £ rse septum

5 giới : oT He wit mẽ điện ee al re: te? of the shark in ventral view, with the hypobranchial musculature dis-

he heart and ventral aorta

¢ efferent branchial arteries Capillaries

— pretrematic arteriole Scat cg “ "en

— posttrematic arteriole ue sàŸ⁄ ế Pretrematic gill lameliae

Pretrematic a

“Nil ae — a N7 } Branchial Gill ray ¬ oT =”” _— 4 adductor m

Figure 3.20 Section through branchial septa of the shark

Paired dorsal aortae Pretrematic Interrematic Post-trematic Efferent Dorsal aorta

branch branch branch branchial a

Internal Spiracular a Subclavian a

carotid a Ventral aorta

i> Gill slits

First night afferent Celiac a

FiGuRE 3.30 Schematic illustration showing the pattern of the arterial system in the head and branchial region

of the shark superimposed on ventral (top figure) and left lateral (bottom figure) views of the head

he rã Sch ic Ubestramon showing the pattere of the artenal system of the shark superimposed on ventral (tom Gguee! and lett Laneral (|

— subclavian artery (to pectoral fins)

— caudal artery (into the tail)

— coeliac artery (to gonades and digestive system, including liver)

— gastrosplenic artery (to stomach and spleen)

— anterior and posterior mesenteric (to digestive system)

— iliac artery (to pelvic fins)

— renal arteries (to kidneys)

— anterior cardinal sinus

— posterior cardinal sinus

— genital sinus

— hepatic sinus

¢ cranial veins

— hepatic vein (from liver) S38 Se oe see ee

inferior jugular vein subclavian vein (from pectoral fins)

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@ Pa 22) Pomertee cardinal sinus

hepathe portal system

renal veins (from kidneys) hepatic portal vein

» drains blood from digestive system to the liver abdominal vein (from abdomen)

caudal vein (from tail)