Stydy on diversity of medicinal plants in tan pheo commune da bac district hoa binh province

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF FORESTRY FINAL THESIS STYDY ON DIVERSITY OF MEDICINAL PLANTS IN TAN PHEO COMMUNE, DA BAC DISTRICT, HOA BINH P

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF FORESTRY

FINAL THESIS STYDY ON DIVERSITY OF MEDICINAL PLANTS IN TAN PHEO COMMUNE, DA BAC DISTRICT, HOA BINH PROVINCE

Major: Natural Resources Management

Code: D850101

Faculty: Forest Resources and Environmental Management

Student: Vuong Kieu Anh

Student ID: 1453090988

Class: K59B Natural Resources Management

Course 2014-2018

Advanced Education Program Developed in collaboration with

Colorado State University, USA Supervisor: Dr Ha Quang Anh

!

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

During the process of learning and finishing this thesis, I have received guidance, valuable help of the teachers and friends Without their assistances, advice, collaborations and supports, this thesis would not have been possible

First and foremost, I would like to thank all teachers in Advanced Program for the valuable knowledge and your enthusiasm to build strong background, especially my supervisor

- Dr Anh Quang Ha I am grateful to him for valuable guidance, supporting and comments throughout the various stages of this thesis, what help me carry out this thesis

Many thanks are due to my friends in K59 – Advanced Curriculum You help me a lot when I collect and analyze data Thanks for study time we have been together at Vietnam National Forestry University I always appreciate our friendship

Lastly, I express my gratitude to management board of Tan Pheo Commune Thanks

Mr Le Van Sinh – Head of Tan Pheo Commune and Mr Xa Van Sinh for your help when I was

in Tan Pheo Commune, and Ms Trang for your directly guidance to help me collect valuable data

Hanoi, October 2018

Vuong Kieu Anh

ABSTRACT

Biodiversity deterioration is a deterioration in the quality and number of species that adversely affect the lives of humans and nature Vietnam is the world's 10th most biodiversity-rich country, but speed of biodiversity degradation is classified as the fastest in the world This research will be conducted in Da Bac district, where there is a high diversity of medicinal plants The cultivation of medicinal plants in these places not only provides direct benefits to the society such as food, medicine, medicines, energy, but also has special value in biotechnology,

in the practical application of agriculture, forestry and health.… It is also an important

component in the strategy to ensure quality of life, poverty reduction of the whole country and Tan Pheo commune in particular However, the overexploitation of natural resources and unreasonable development planning negatively affects biodiversity, causing biodiversity degradation in the area

TABLE OF CONTENT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i

ABSTRACT ii

TABLE OF CONTENT iii

ABBREVIATION v

LIST OF TABLE vi

LIST OF FIGURE vii

I Introduction 1

II Objective, contents and research methods 4

2.1 Objective: 4

2.2 Research contents: 4

2.2.1 Diversity of medicinal plant in study area 4

2.2.2 Experience and use of medicinal plants of ethnic minorities in Tan Pheo commune 4

2.2.3 Proposed solutions for management and sustainable use of medicinal plants in the study area 4

III Methods: 5

3.1 Secondary data 5

3.2 Setup the line and survey on the line 5

3.3 Interview local people: 6

3.4 PRA method 7

IV OVERVIEW OF STUDY SITE 8

4.1 Natural characteristic 8

4.1.1 Geographical location 8

4.1.2 Topography and hydrology 8

4.1.3 Climate 9

4.1.4 Soil condition 9

4.2 Population 9

4.3 Economic 10

4.3.1 Agricultural production 10

4.3.2 Livestock 10

4.3.3 Forest production and exploitation 11

4.4 The infrastructure 11

4.4.1 Education 11

4.4.2 Health 11

V RESULTS 13

5.1 Diversity of life forms of medicinal plants 16

5.2 Experience and use of medicinal plants of ethnic minorities in Tan Pheo commune 20

5.3 Situation of planting medicinal plants in the locality 23

VI CONCLUSION 26 REFERENCES

APPENDIX

LIST OF TABLE

Table 3.1: Table of line investigate 5

Table 3.2: Current status of using medicinal plants by local people 6

Table 5.1 Composition of taxon medicinal plants in study area 13

Table 5.2 Number of family, genus and species of Magnoliophyta division 14

Table 5.3 Top 10 most diverse medicinal plants in the study area 15

Table 5.4 Distribution of life forms 16

Table 5.5 The ratio of the parts of plants used as medicine 17

Table 5.6 Variety of medicinal plants for treatment groups 19

Table 5.7 Some medicinal products collected from local people 21

Table 5.8 The rare medicinal plants in the study area 22

LIST OF FIGURE

Figure 4.1 Map of study area 12

I Introduction

Forest is a precious resource, is an important part of living-enviroment which is closely related to ethnic minority’s life Forest not only plays vital role in business but also is very meaningful for science, gene conservation, biodiversity conservation, climate regulation, watershed protection, disaster mitigation, preventing desertification, erosion control, flood defence, ensurement national security and defence, also create stunning landscape for biotourism, community tourism

Long time ago, a number of people have cared about the medicinal plants which is resource plant is essential for the local community in desease prevention Besides, it is also valuable for gene protection, provide for medicinal science

Hitherto, Viet Nam is evaluated which one of countries that has a diverse resourse of creature, medicinal resourse of plant is one of that, specially in Truong Son area Additionally, with experiences are saved through 4000 year’s history, made use of resourse for demands of life such as: food, clothe, living, heathcare, and treatment, etc in 54 ethinic-communities It is big advantages in making use of resource of plants meanwhile resource of medicinal plants contributes to enhance the quality of life and health for everyone specially for ethnic minority who live in the remote, get a great deal of difficulties and their lives depend on natural resources

a lot and forest is one of them

According to plant taxonomist, Viet Nam is the richest country of resource plants in ASEAN where has around 12,000 high degree plants There are 3,948 species that are used to make medicine (Medicinal plants institude,2004) accounting 37% all of the researched species This number is not including traditional medicines that exist in 54 ethnic communities Until now, we have just known a part of it In addition, agricultural scientists have identified 1,066 species of plants, including 179 species used in medicine According to a survey conducted by the Institute of Medicinal Materials in the period of 2002 - 2005, the number of medicinal plants

species), Gia Lai (783 species), Kon Tum (814 species), Lâm Đồng (756 species) With such a flora, the composition of medicinal plants is very rich and varied

Health is one of the most crucial part of human-being, we are not always healthy and some cases we get sick, get desease in which we need medicine to treat it and improve our daily life Specially for ethnic minority in the remote area in which the medicine is not always available Medicinal is an available resource living around people which is safe and powerful

to treat That why traditional medicine is very necessary and extremely important Sometimes

it is called “invisible power” to save human-being

Through centuries, medicinal plants play an important role in maintaining health and happiness in human community all over the world Traditional experience about how to use medicinal plants is researched in many different levels what relies on how developed country

is Therefrom, each continent, each nation has built up a characteristic medicinal plants:

- Medicinal plants in Europe is very diverse and most of them are based upon the traditional medicine A doctor in Greek named Dioscorides wrote a book “De material Medica” made a statistic about 600 medicinal plants; Nicholas Culpeper published “The English Physitian” …

- China and India have a long-term traditional medicine In China, Li Shizhen (16th

century) counted over 12,000 medicinal plants in “Compendium of Materia Medica” In 1977

in the book “Encyclopedia of traditional Chinese remedies” counted that 5.757 words, the majority is medicinal plants In the book “Medicine plant” published in 1986 enumberated all

of the medicinal plants in China ever since In India, traditional medicine, Ayurveda developed very well, native knowledge was researched, evaluated and applied powerfully According to the statistic, there are 2,000 plants used for making medicine

- In Viet Nam, a number of researches on medicinal plants was conducted very early, associated with the names of famous doctors such as: Tue Tinh or Nguyen Ba Tinh (14th

Century) with “Nam duoc than hieu” including 11 books, 496 medicinal herbs, inside that there

are 241 medicines which originate from plants Hai Thuong Lan Ong- Le Huu Trac 1792) with “Linh Nam Ban Thao” collected 2854 medicinal herbs to treat by traditional experience Colonial France period, Western Reseacher such as: Crévost, Pétélot pulished

(1721-“Catalogue des produits de L’lndochine” (1928 - 1935) and “Les plantes de médicinales du Cambodge, du Laos et du Vietnam” including 4 books made statistic 1482 medicinal herbs in

3 countries in Indo-Chinese After the North was liberated in 1954, Vietnamese scientists have many advantages in collecting, studying medicinal plants resources with many typical works such as:

- Vu Van Chuyen, 1966, Summary of medicinal plant families

- Do Tat Loi, 1986, Medicinal plants in Vietnam

- Pham Hoang Ho, 1991-1993, Plants in Vietnam

- Võ Văn Chi, 1996, Dictionary of medicinal plants in Vietnam

- Tran Dinh Ly, 1997, 1900 useful plants in Vietnam

- Nguyen Nghia Thin, 2001, Medicinal plants of Thai people in Con Cuong, Nghe An

- Institute of Medicinal Materials, 2003, Medicinal plants and annimals in Vietnam

- Ministry of Science and Technology, 2007, Vietnam Red Book

At present, our forest resources are severely degraded, the decline in biodiversity, including valuable indigenous medicinal plants, has also diminished Researching, discovering and conserving on the sustainable use of indigenous medicinal plant resources is a very necessary issue in the current period For ethnic communities in Tan Pheo commune - Da Bac district - Hoa Binh province Among them are the H'Mong community who have medicine, very good experience, simply effective in healing The issue is how to recognize and preserve precious knowledge in the use of medicinal plants, remedies of the H'Mong ethnic community

Starting from these practical requirements, I conducted research on the subject: "Study on diversity of medicinal plant in Tan Pheo commune, Da Bac district, Hoa Binh province"

II Objective, contents and research methods

2.1 Objective:

To capture the plant diversity characteristics of medicinal plants in Tan Pheo commune,

Da Bac district, Hoa Binh province

2.2 Research contents:

2.2.1 Diversity of medicinal plant in study area

- Diversity of division level

- Diversity of family level

- Diversity of life forms of medicinal plant

- Diversity of the parts of the plants used as medicine

- Diversity of disease treatment

2.2.2 Experience and use of medicinal plants of ethnic minorities in Tan Pheo commune

- The use of local medicinal plants and some medicinal products collected

- List of rare medicinal plants in study area

- Situation of planting medicinal plants in the locality

2.2.3 Proposed solutions for management and sustainable use of medicinal plants in the study area

III Methods:

3.1 Secondary data

Collect data bases on exist document and related report: data about natural, economic condition of study area; data from previous studies in the study area Most of data come from Statistic of Tan Pheo Commune, or Statistic of Da Bac district

socio-3.2 Setup the line and survey on the line

The survey aims to identify medicinal plants, medicinal plant diversity, life forms and distribution of medicinal plants Setup the line through different types of terrain of the study area: road, village, upland fields, mountaint On each survey line, each side of the route is within 10m depending on habitat and medicinal plant species statistics On each line by a people knowledgeable about medicinal plants The contents and results of the survey according to the line recorded in table 3.1

Table 3.1: Table of line investigate

Line No.:………Date:………Investigator: ………….……

Location:………

Start point:………End point:………

Based on the results of the observation and the map of forest status, during the investigation, we investigated the following line:

Line No 1: From Mr Dinh Van Binh’s family, between Xon village to Cham village, about 5km

Line No 2: From Mr Dinh Van Binh’s family, between Xon village to the end of Than village, about 3.5km

Line No 3: Between Xon village to the end of Xon village, up to Khe Ngua Pass, about 6km

* Explain how to collect the information in each column of table 3.1 as follows:

- Local name - asked people in the study area

- Scientific name derived from the list of plants in Vietnam

- Life form - field observations and lists of plants in Vietnam

- Part used – asked local people combine with lists of plants in Vietnam

+ Samples collection: trees that have not yet been identified or suspected, specimen collection combined with specimen imaging for species identification

3.3 Interview local people:

In addition of line investigate to ensure the content of the study we conducted interviews with local people in the study area Selected 20 households for interview, interviewees is Tay ethnic family in Tan Pheo commune who used medicinal plant and priority interviewees were heads or elders The interview must include the local name, harvesting part, pre-processing, preservation and utilization of local people Interview results are recorded in Table 3.2

Table 3.2: Current status of using medicinal plants by local people

Full name: Age:

Job: Sex: Male/Female Addres:

Number of people in family:

Using medicinal plant: Yes/No Sell: ……

How many people can identify the medicinal plants:

Experience gained by whom:

Grow the medicinal plants: Yes/No

Life form

Location Part

of use

processing

PRA has three pillars: behavior; methods; and sharing Behavior refers to changes in the behavior and attitudes of outsiders, with self-critical awareness, embracing and learning from error, and reversals of roles, with outsiders respecting, and learning from and with, rural people Methods refers to a continually expanding repertoire of methods of learning from, with and by rural people Sharing refers to a spirit of non-possessive openness, sharing knowledge, training, methods and approaches between practitioners, between organizations, and between rural people and each other and outsiders

I use the PRA method to collect information on medicinal product as well as medicinal plants commonly used by local people

IV OVERVIEW OF STUDY SITE

4.1 Natural characteristic

4.1.1 Geographical location

- Tan Pheo is one commune in Da Bac district, Hoa Binh province It is a commune with geographical location:

+ To the north, it borders with Phu Tho province

+ To the south, Tan Lac district, Cao Phong district, Mai Chau district

+ To the west, it borders with Son La province

+ The east borders with Hoa Binh city

- On the coordinates of: 20o59’0”N; 105o30 to 105o2’34”E It is about 110 km from Hanoi

- Tan Pheo commune include 7 villages (Than, Cham, Phon, Nay, Buong, Bon và Thung Lung)

- The total area of Tan Pheo commune is 47,5 km2 The total population in 1999 was

3130 peoples and the population density are 66 persons / km2

4.1.2 Topography and hydrology

Topography

Tan Pheo has the highest height of 1,349m, the average height of 600m, the lowest height

is 300m above sea level The average slope is over 300, Length of slope 1000 - 2000m, rugged, difficult to travel The commune's terrain is separated by high mountainous systems and interlaced valleys Tan Pheo has a total natural land area of 4,727.11 ha Of which, agricultural land covers

an area of 2,067.91 hectares; forestry land: 1,992.73 hectares; non-agricultural land 144,88 ha; The rest are other land types

Geological

Tan Pheo has high mountainous terrain, most of the land is mountain and rocky land There are 3 main types of bedrocks: limestone, marble and sandstone

4.1.3 Climate

Tan Pheo is located in the tropical monsoon There are four seasons: spring, summer, autumn and winter; According to the rainfall, there are two distinct seasons: rainy season and dry season The rainy season lasts from May to October, the average temperature from 25-320C, there are days up to 400C due to the influence of Southwest wind (Laos wind) dry, hot, the prevailing wind direction is the southeast monsoon Dry season lasts from November last year

to April next year, the average temperature from 15 - 220C, with the prevailing wind direction

is the northeast monsoon Average rainfall is 1,570 mm / year, average humidity is 80%

4.1.4 Soil condition

Cause of mountainous terrain, Tan Pheo has a diversified system of streams, sources of water for production and living for local people mainly from streams: Nhap, Nhon, Nay, Pheo

In addition, there are many small streams and canals

In Tan Pheo there are two main land groups:

The humus feralit soil, from red to yellow in the mountain forest (700 - 1700 m height) area

of 3,800 ha, accounting for 67.3% of the total area

Feralit soil group, yellow, light yellow on bare land or shrubs, upland fields (with the height of less than 800m) developed on sandstone, limestone, marble, area of 1,300 ha

4.2 Population

The commune consists of 7 population groups, distributed mainly along the route 433, which is 16 km long Population of the commune has 907 households with 4234 people Of which: Tay ethnic group occupies 72.6%; Dao ethnic group accounts for 14.2%; Muong ethnic group accounts for 10.4%; Kinh ethnic account for 2.6% and other ethnic groups account for 0.2%

Labor: The region has a total labor force of 1382 people, of which: agricultural labor has 1329 people (accounting for 96.1% of the total labor force), non-agricultural laborers have

The commune has 559 poor households, accounting for 61.6% of the total households

of the commune, down 7.1% compared to 2016 The number of near-poor households is 210, accounting for 24.2% of the total number of households in the commune, increasing by 7.4% compared to 2016 However, up to now, no decision has been issued by the District People's Committee on poor households, near-poor households in 2017

Table 4.1 Structure of agricultural land of Tan Pheo commune

No Soil type

cows and buffaloes, due to increasing consumption of beef in the market According to statistics

in 2015, 1,872 buffaloes, 1,652 cows, 4,010 cows Mainly grazing on barren hills and natural forests

4.3.3 Forest production and exploitation

In fact, illegal logging and illegal hunting, burning forest for cultivation on a small scale are still occurring in the area Due to traditional, due to poor living conditions, especially lack

of productive land, some households have been stealthily encroaching on the forest for conservation The exploitation of medicinal plants, firewood, non-timber forest products such

as rattans, bamboo shoots and hunting and trapping of animals (traditional of Dao people) still occur These NTFPs are used by households for domestic use and some are sold

4.4 The infrastructure

4.4.1 Education

Total number of schools in the commune: 04 schools, incluede:

- 01 secondary schools with 179 students and 12 teachers;

- 02 primary schools with 388 students and 32 teachers;

- 01 kindergarten with 207 students and 22 teachers

Figure 4.1 Map of study area

V RESULTS

Diversity of medicinal plant in the study area

Diverse at the division level

During the survey, data collection from flora species, I have collected 131 species, 129 genus and 69 familia belonging to four valuable divisions Data are shown in Table 5.1

Table 5.1 Composition of taxon medicinal plants in study area

- Lycopodiophyta division has 1 family (1.45%), 1 genus (0.83%), 1 specie (0.76%)

- Pinophyta division has 2 families (2.90%), 2 genus (1.67%) and 2 species (1.53%)

- Polypodiophyta division has 3 families (4.35%), 4 Genus (3.33%), 4 species (3.05%)

- Magnoliophyta division with highest number of families, genus and species: 63 families (91.30%), 113 genus (94.17%) and 124 species (94.66%)

The results of the analysis of the taxon of Magnoliophyta division are shown in Table 5.2

Table 5.2 Number of family, genus and species of Magnoliophyta division

in the study area

Diversity at family level

I have listed top 10 most diverse medicinal plants in the study area in Table 5.3

Table 5.3 Top 10 most diverse medicinal plants in the study area

The results show that 10 families with the largest number of species in the study area include: Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, Araceae, Euphorbiaceae, Poaceae, Zingiberaceae, Moraceae, Fabaceae, Caesalpiniaceae and Verbenaceae The total number of species of these 10 families

is 51 species, accounting for 38.93% of the total number of species found in the study area, and

48 out of 120 genus accounts for 40.83% These are families with many species in Vietnam, focused on shrubs, easy to exploit, easy to recover

5.1 Diversity of life forms of medicinal plants

According to the system of division of plant life forms “Name of forest trees in Vietnam 2000”, There are 8 major life forms in the study area The results of the study are presented in Table 5.4

Table 5.4 Distribution of life forms

As shown in Table 5.4, the herbaceous used for medicinal plants has the largest number

of species, with 55 species accounting for 41.99%, 28 species of woody species accounting for 21.37%, followed by shrubs accounting for 16.79% and at least Palmae occupies 1.53%

It can be seen that the woody is ranked second in the life forms used as medicine Therefore, the unreasonable harvesting the parts of the medicinal plants not only affects the growth and development of timber in particular, but also affects the structure of the main forest floor in general

On the other hand, the medicinal plants used by the healers are taken from the forest,

the plants grown in the home garden are not many and are often used to treat common diseases With the concept of local people, they think that the medicinal plants are taken from the forest better for healing and the cultivation of medicinal plants at home is not simple, especially the rare medicinal species Moreover, the purpose of growing medicinal plants in the garden of local people is simply to reduce the distance to collect the medicine in the forest, but not consciously aware of the issue of conservation The essential issue here is the need for education policies for people to be aware of the benefits from the forest so that they can use it properly and protect the local medicinal resources

Studying the life forms of plants as medicinal plants has important implications, the results not only show what life forms are used, but also the direction for finding, use as well as find measures to cultivate, protect high efficiency

Diversity of the parts of medicinal plants

Studying the used parts of plants helps to make efficient use of material and to orientate the analyses of the chemical composition as well as its pharmacological properties In order to know the diversity of using different parts of plants for medicine, the preliminary results are shown in Table 5.5

Table 5.5 The ratio of the parts of plants used as medicine

The data in Table 5.5 show the abundance and diversity in the use of plant parts for medicinal purposes The number of species with all parts used for medicine is the highest

proportion: 28 species (21.37% of total species), including representatives: Balanophora fungosa (Dương đài nấm) for abdominal pain therapy…, Sarcandra glabra (Sói nhẵn) for cure epilepsy, Taxillus gracilifolius crelieve knee pain, rheumatism, boils , Solanum surallense (Cà

dại quả đỏ) treatment of chronic bronchitis, back pain, pimples, stomach… Followed by roots

with 24 species (18.32%), including representatives: Goniothalamus vietnamensis (Bổ béo đen) used as tonic, stimulates digestion…, Polygala aureocauda (Kích nhũ đuôi vàng) anticonvulsant, hypotension , Bowringia callicarpa (Dây bánh nem) Leaf with 18 species (13.74%): Chromolaena odorata (Cỏ lào) for antiseptic, hemostatic, anti-inflammatory; Markhamia stipulata (Thiết đinh); Claoxylon hainanensis (Lộc mại nhỏ) for constipation, dysentery, abdominal pain; Melastoma septemnervium (Muôi trắng) for hypothermia, hypotension; Maesa indica (Đồng răng cưa)… Trunk with 18 species (13.74%): Embelia ribes (Chua ngút); Mộc thông nhỏ (Clematis armandii) Used to treat inflammation of the urethra, urinary incontinence, nephritis … Bark with 10 species (7.63%): Saurauja nepaulensis (Nóng nâu); Holarrhena pubescens (Mức hoa trắng) treatment of fever, diarrhea, hepatitis; Bứa (Garcinia oblongifolia) gastric ulcer, gastritis, stomatitis, coughing blood, skin treatment for burns, boils, rash itching , Chukrasia tabularis (Lát hoa) for diarrhea … Seed with 10 species (7.63%) such as: Celosia argentea (Mào gà trắng) inflammatory conjunctivitis, cornea, eye inflammation, hypertension, gastric bleeding, hemorrhage, nosebleed, Oroxylon indicum (Núc nác) sore throat, bronchitis, epigastric pain , Canavalia ensiformis (Đậu tắc) treat chest pain, lung pain, cough …, Albizia procera (Sống rắn dài) beneficial digestion and anti-flatulence … Fruit with 9 species (6.87%), including representatives: Actinidia chinensis (Dương đào); Cnidium monnieri (Giần sàng); Canarium tramdenum (Trám đen) cracked skin due to dry, itchy, decay …Tuber with 6 species (4.58%), including: Codonopsis javanica (Đảng sâm) anemia, jaundice, adrenal inflammation, cough, sputum, diuretic; Stephania rotunda (Củ bình vôi) sedative, fever, gastric pain, cough many phlegm, asthma, dyspnea; Polygonum multiflorum (Hà thủ ô đỏ) trị liệt dương, reduce cholesterol and blood glucose, sedation, knee