Study on the diversity of medicinal plants at muong phang forest dien bien province

INTRODUCTION

Medicinal plants resource in Viet Nam

Throughout history, plants have been recognized across cultures as vital sources of medicine for healing Currently, between 35,000 and 70,000 plant species are utilized for medicinal purposes globally In Vietnam, a country rich in biodiversity, over 12,000 higher plant species have been documented, many of which possess medicinal properties The National Institute of Medicinal Materials has identified 1,836 medicinal species from 263 plant families, while researcher Vo Van Chi suggests this number may reach 4,700 species across 1,200 genera and over 300 families Notably, over 90% of these are natural medicinal plants, indicating a significant potential for further exploration These medicinal plants are distributed throughout Vietnam, particularly in eight key biodiversity areas, including Bach Ma and Hoang Lien Son Among the notable species are rare plants such as Ngoc Linh ginseng, which boasts higher saponin content than its Korean and Chinese counterparts, highlighting the rich medicinal heritage of Vietnam.

The use of medicinal plants in Vietnam

Vietnam has a rich history of medicinal plant research, dating back to renowned physicians like Thien Su Tue Tinh, who documented 499 medicinal recipes in "Nam Duoc Than Hieu," with 241 derived from plants Another significant figure, Hai Thuong Lan Ong Le Huu Trac, contributed to this knowledge through "Linh Nam Ban Thao," which consists of 496 inherited recipes and 305 additional discoveries Today, traditional remedies, primarily based on these plant-derived ingredients, continue to be widely utilized alongside modern medical practices across the country According to the pharmaceutical industry's statistics, Vietnam boasts a diverse array of medicinal plants.

Vietnam boasts 40 traditional medicine hospitals and dedicated departments within general hospitals, with around 5,000 practitioners and nearly 4,000 clinics Traditional medicine literature references about 700 plant species, with 120 commonly utilized as family remedies Despite the rise of chemically synthesized pharmaceuticals, over 50% of drugs in Vietnam are plant-derived, contributing 50,000 to 60,000 tons of pharmaceuticals annually, with significant exports The search for biologically active ingredients in medicinal herbs has gained momentum, leading to the extraction of compounds like Berberine from Coscinium fenestratum and Rutin from Sophora japonica.

Mormodica cochichinensis (Gac), Strychnos nux-vomica (Ma Tien), Papain from Papaya (Carica papaya), Diosdenin from Dioscorea deltoidea, Curcumin from Curcuma longa (Nghe vang), and Methol from Mint (Mentha arvensis) are key medicinal plants rich in active ingredients like quinine, morphine, and strychnine that cannot be chemically synthesized The traditional use of these plants in Vietnam, informed by both ancient and modern research, is largely derived from the experiences of its 54 ethnic groups, particularly the ethnic minorities Each group possesses unique knowledge and practices regarding medicinal plants, contributing to a rich biodiversity that reflects the nation's cultural identity and traditional medical wisdom This diverse understanding has fostered an invaluable treasure of traditional medicine across the country.

Study on the diversity of medicinal plants at Muong Phang commune

Muong Phang, a small commune in Dien Bien province, faces significant socio-economic challenges typical of mountainous northern regions Limited access to modern medicine has led the local population to rely heavily on traditional medicine and medicinal plants This knowledge, passed down through generations, is particularly rich among the ethnic Thai residents, who utilize these natural resources for healing The primary forest of Muong Phang, steeped in historical significance, remains under-researched, with little evaluation of its medicinal plant diversity and applications This context underscores the importance of the thesis titled “Study on the Diversity of Medicinal Plants at Muong Phang Forest, Dien Bien.”

PROVINCE” to study and evaluate the diversity of medicinal plants in Vietnam and provide proposes appropriate exploitation and protection options.

RESEARCH GOAL AND OBJECTIVES

Goal

Provide the diversity of medicinal plants and propose some solutions of appropriate protection to sustainable management to medicinal plant resources at the Muong Phang forest in Dien Bien Province

Objectives

 Assess the diversity of medical plants in Muong Phang forest

 Assess the importance and the potential of medicinal plants in Mương Phang commune

 Proposing some solutions of appropriate protection and sustainable management to medicinal plant resources

 Establishing a list of medicinal plants at the study site

METHODOLOGY

Study Site

3.1.1 Natural conditions in study area

Muong Phang forest, located in Muong Phang commune, features a diverse terrain characterized by high mountains and steep mountain ranges that create narrow valleys The elevation in this area ranges from 880 meters to 1,635 meters above sea level.

The region experiences a tropical monsoon climate characterized by two distinct seasons: a humid and rainy summer from April to July, followed by cooler winters influenced by cold northeasterly winds from November to February.

The average annual temperature is 22.3℃, in winter the temperature can drop to 3℃ Summer temperature can up to 26.3℃

Moisture is around 82% The rainfall of 1,600mm - 2000mm / year allows the development of both tropical and temperate crops (in mountainous areas) to create a variety of vegetation here

The field survey results and the analysis of the site map in Dien Bien province indicate that Muong Phang commune comprises several distinct land categories.

The upper group of humic acrisols, known as Đất mùn vàng đỏ trên đá macma axit, is found at elevations ranging from 950 m to 1,600 m, characterized by an average slope exceeding 250 m These soils primarily develop from magmatic acid and metamorphic parent rocks, featuring a relatively thick mechanical content of humus.

Dystric gleysols, commonly found in valley deposits, are primarily distributed around lakes, streams, hills, and valleys at elevations below 950 meters These soils typically feature a medium to heavy soil layer with a mechanical composition ranging from light to sandy textures.

Ferralic Acrisols, commonly known as yellow-red soils derived from acid magmatic rocks, are primarily found at elevations between 900 and 1,000 meters above sea level These soils exhibit a significant mechanical composition and are characterized by a high humus content, making them fertile and rich in organic matter.

Land valleys are formed by the sediment deposited by streams, resulting in soil with a light texture and high humus content, making them ideal for agricultural production.

Muong Phang forest spans an impressive 6,781.8 hectares, comprising two primary forest types: special use forests covering 2,669.6 hectares and protective forests totaling 4,112.2 hectares Additionally, the forest ecosystem is categorized into various types, including natural forests, planted forests, and bare land.

Located in the eastern region of the Muong Phang forest, a peak rises to 1,658 meters, making it the highest point in the area bordering Dien Bien Dong district Conversely, the western part of the forest features elevations below 1,000 meters above sea level.

Muong Phang Commune faces significant challenges due to its inconvenient geographic location, resulting in high poverty levels; as of 2014, nearly half of the households in the area were classified as poor The population primarily consists of ethnic groups including Thai, Kinh, Mong, and Kho.

Muong Phang, predominantly inhabited by the Thai ethnic group, is a commune where residents primarily rely on agriculture, cultivating key products like rice and maize While there are a few small industrial establishments in the area, their numbers are limited The commune's remote location from Dien Bien has hindered tourism development, despite the presence of significant historical relics in Muong Phang.

Data collection

In Muong Phang forest, Dien Bien province, it is essential to collect data on the socio-economic conditions of the local community and the significance of medicinal plants in their daily lives The exploitation levels of these valuable resources highlight the need for sustainable practices, while government and community efforts in protecting medicinal plant resources are crucial for preserving biodiversity and supporting local livelihoods.

To effectively survey the Muong Phang Forest, it is essential to gather topographic data from relevant authorities Collaborating with local leaders, forest rangers, and indigenous communities will provide valuable insights into the forest's terrain and features.

 Base on the collected information:

The survey line is established by assessing the vegetation status, terrain, and distribution of medicinal plants in the area Surveys are conducted across various terrains and vegetation types, focusing on the community's center and exploring multiple directions.

 Investigate the routes appear many medicinal plants are known by local people

 Investigate the routes appear many medicinal plants but not often exploited

To ensure accuracy and safety during the investigation, it is essential to be accompanied by at least one indigenous person who possesses knowledge of medicinal plants and their typical locations.

During the survey, any discovered samples of unknown or rare species will be assessed based on their bark characteristics, leaf shape, and taste, before being sent to the Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology for further inspection.

 Take a photo shoot, photograph the species collected Collect sample species for further investigation if needed

 Collect sample: full collection and representation of species according to the list

 Sample processing : pressed or dried

 Using camera to record images of medicinal plants

The Participatory Rapid Appraisal (PRA) methodology, as outlined by Gary J Martin, emphasizes interviewing and collecting medicinal plants within the community to enhance their usage This ethnographic approach employs various techniques to engage community members actively in the assessment and application of local medicinal flora.

This technique focuses on gathering valuable insights by engaging in conversations with individual community members or small groups It extends beyond collecting stakeholder information, aiming to deepen the understanding of the community's relationship with and reliance on natural resources, management challenges, and available resources, as well as a variety of other pertinent information I utilize two methods of interviewing to achieve this.

• Interview with key informants: Interview with knowledgeable people about a particular topic In this survey, I interview local physicians (mainly Thai Đen ethnic) about some main content:

+ The medicinal plants used to treat the disease and its uses

+ Their understanding of the diversity of medicinal plants in the Muong Phang forest

+ Where they often take medicinal ingredients

• Group interviews: conduct multiple interviews at the same time to collect information in the community In this survey, I interviewed local people in the area about some main content:

+ The local socio-economic situation, the degree of dependence on the medicinal plant resources of people

+ The understanding of people in the region on the diversity of medicinal plants in the area as well as their use

+ How medicinal plant resources are protected in the area

• Prepare: Prepare 2 set of questionnaire about what information I want to collect These questions should be short, easy to understand and do not use too many words of expertise

The continuity of medicinal plants commonly used in the area From that, we can give the importance of medicinal plants in indigenous people’s life

This survey gathers information from various sources to cross-check and verify the accuracy of data related to drug resources and the protection status of medicinal plant resources in the area.

Data processing

 Analyze and evaluate the collected data, compare with the published documents

The scientific identification of plant species is conducted through morphological comparisons of collected samples against specimens housed at the Vietnam National University of Forestry, as well as utilizing various plant-related resources, including "Cây Cỏ Việt Nam," "Tên Cây Rừng Việt Nam," "Những Cây Thuốc và Vị Thuốc Việt Nam," and the online database "tracuuduoclieu.vn."

 Organize medicinal plants into taxon distribution , set according to the classification system

The percentage was used to calculate the percentage of number of species for each family which divide total numbers of species

 Arrange the species by the usage

 Arrange the species by each pathology

 Building the list of species in Red book

Community surveys reveal crucial insights into socio-economic conditions, highlighting the significance of medicinal plants in daily life and their utilization methods These findings emphasize the importance of protecting medicinal plants in the region, showcasing their vital role in health and well-being.

Study on the diversity

Criteria about the diversity were assessed based on Nguyen Nghia Thin (2007), Ngo Truc Nha and Nguyen Thi Hanh (1999), which included:

Explore the diverse plant species of Vietnam through our comprehensive list, organized by the evolutionary principles of plant phyla Each species is meticulously cataloged with its scientific name sorted alphabetically, ensuring easy reference This compilation is based on thorough species identification from reputable published documents, providing an authoritative resource for botanical enthusiasts and researchers alike.

 List of specie’s use base on the usage by local physicians (mainly Thai Den ethnic) and base on other published documents

Disease groups are classified based on the work of Le Tran Duc in "Cây thuốc Việt Nam trồng hái chế biến và trị bệnh ban đầu," alongside insights from traditional medicine practitioners like Do Tat Loi and Vo Van Chi This classification emphasizes the medicinal uses of plants, highlighting their role in traditional healing practices.

15 groups Details are as follows:

Group 1: Psychiatric diseases/ Group 2: Respiratory diseases/ Group 3:

Cardiovascular disease/ Group 4: Mental illness/ Group 5: Digestive diseases/ Group 6: Urinary and hepatic disease/ Group 7: Genital diseases/ Group 8: Depression without pain/ Group 9: Soreness/ Group 10: Dermatitis/ Group 11: Foreign trade/ Group 12:

Diseases of women/ Group 13: Childhood illness/ Group 14: Diseases by weather / Group 15: Animal’s bite

 Assessment of the degree of danger: according to Vietnam Red Book; according to Decree 32/2006 / ND-CP; According to IUCN, CITES.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The diversity of medicinal plant used by phylum, families and species

 The diversity of medical plants used by phylum

Through the survey and investigate, a total of 273 medicinal plant species was recorded in the study area belong to 95 families, 2 phyla

Table 1: The distribution of Taxon on medical plants

The diversity of medicinal plants is evident in the two primary phyla found in the study area: Magnoliophyta and Pteridophyta Magnoliophyta is the dominant group, comprising 249 species from 80 families, which represents 91% of the species and 76% of the families identified In contrast, Pteridophyta includes only 24 species from 15 families, accounting for 9% of the species and 14% of the families observed This data highlights the significant prevalence of Magnoliophyta over Pteridophyta in the region.

 The diversity of medical plants used by families

In the Muong Phang forest, researchers have identified 95 families across two phylla that include various medicinal plants, with a detailed list provided in the appendix.

Table 2 Top 10 families which have the most species been found

Figure 2: Top 10 families which have the most species been found

The Asteraceae family stands out among medicinal plants, comprising 18 species, which accounts for 6.5% of the total families recorded While some plant families contain only a single species or a few, many others boast a significant number of subordinate species, highlighting the diversity within the realm of medicinal plants.

The top 10 families account for 36% of all identified families, while the remaining 85 families represent 64% Notably, nine of these top families belong to Magnoliophyta, with only Thelypteridaceae from Pteridophyta being the exception This highlights the dominance of Magnoliophyta in the diversity of medicinal plants discovered.

TOP 10 FAMILIES WHICH HAVE THE MOST

Based on the above mentioned theory, it is obvious that the medicinal plant species in Muong Phang forest have a rich diversity in terms of both botanical species and families

 The diversity of medicinal plants used by species

There are 273 species belonging 95 families, 2 phyla, which have been found in the study area A list of species together with their uses is listed in the appendices

The data indicates that the region boasts a diverse array of flora, particularly in terms of the variety of species and plant families However, the full extent of medicinal plant diversity in Muong Phang forest remains unclear, as many species have yet to be identified or their uses understood.

The list of species in study area are in Redbook

Table 3: The list of medicinal plants in Muong Phang forest which belongs to

APOCYNACEAE Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth ex Kurz CR

ARALIACEAE Acanthopanax trifoliatus (L.) Voss EN

BURSERACEAE Canarium tramdenum Dai & Yakovl VU

MELIACEAE Chukrasia tabularis A Juss VU

THYMELEACEAE Aquilaria crassna Pierre ex Lecomte EN

ORCHIDACEAE Anoectochilus setaceus Blume CR

POLYGONACEAE Polygonum multiflorum Thunb VU

The diversity of medicinal plants by plant habits

An investigation into the plant habits of traditional medicinal species in Muong Phang forest revealed five distinct growth forms The study identified that tree and herb species dominate the area, accounting for 79% of the total species, while shrubs comprise 14% Lianas represent 6.5%, and epiphytes are the least common, with only one species observed, making up 0.5% The predominant growth forms—herbs, trees, and shrubs—are primarily from families such as Asteraceae, Araliaceae, Mimosaceae, and Rubiaceae.

Figure 3: The plant habits of medicinal plants in Muong Phang forest

The diversity of medicinal plants by use

With the assistance of local physicians and the Thai Den ethnic community, along with references from published documents, a study in the area has identified 273 species across 95 families and 2 phyla Among these species, 33 have been recognized for their potential in treating various pathologies, as detailed in the table below.

Herb Tree Shrub Liana Epiphyta

Table 4: Some pathologies which can be treated by medicinal plants in the study area

Number Name of pathology Number of species

Figure 4: The list of pathology which can be treated by 273 species of medicinal plants

Snake bites can lead to acute rheumatic malaria, hepatitis toxicity, and various heart diseases Additionally, conditions such as asthma, bronchitis, and sedative-induced bone pain may arise Diabetes, hemorrhoids, and dysentery are also significant health concerns, along with acute nasopharyngitis and menstrual issues Diarrhea and kidney calculi can further complicate health, while gastroenteritis, polio, and myelitis impact overall well-being Infertility and cirrhosis are critical conditions that affect many, as well as low milk supply and kidney disease Understanding these diseases is essential, especially in cases of burns, fractures, and tuberculosis.

Among the 273 species of medicinal plants identified for treating various pathologies, snakebite stands out as the condition with the highest number of remedies, being addressed by 74 different plant species In contrast, brain hemorrhage is notably limited, with only one medicinal plant recognized for its therapeutic potential in this area.

Acute Rheumatic disease is notably treated with a diverse array of 61 different medicinal plant species, making it one of the conditions with the highest number of associated medicinal plants This remarkable variety of medicinal plants for Acute Rheumatic disease stands out significantly when compared to other diseases.

Four disease categories have a significant number of medicinal plant species that can aid in treatment: Malaria and Hepatitis each have 26 medicinal plant species, Detoxification is supported by 24 species, and heart and blood pressure conditions are addressed by 17 species.

The groups of 7 diseases which have the medium number of medicinal plants species, with 10- 14 species, are Dysentery; Haemorrhoids; Diabetes; Bone pain; Sedative; Bronchitis and Asthma

Many disease groups possess a significant number of medicinal plants that can effectively treat ailments, particularly those that exhibit external or common symptoms.

A review of 33 diseases and their corresponding medicinal plants reveals that many plants are effective against rapidly evolving illnesses such as malaria, flu, and snake bites, as well as for detoxification Conversely, more complex organ diseases, which often lack visible symptoms, like brain hemorrhage and kidney disease, have fewer available medicinal plant treatments.

The remaining 20 diseases have few medicinal plants species which can treat this disease, ranging from 1-7 species These are thought to be complex, less manifest, and most are organ damage

Medicinal plants are utilized to treat a significant number of diseases, with evidence suggesting their effectiveness in addressing up to 33 different health conditions This wealth of knowledge and experience in herbal treatments is cultivated over generations, as traditional practices and remedies are shared and preserved within communities.

Some traditional remedies of ethnic minority in the study area

Traditional medicines, rooted in the ancestral use of medicinal plants, have been passed down through generations and continue to be relevant today While Western medicine offers convenience, the effectiveness of traditional remedies remains significant, especially in rural areas where infrastructure is limited Both local people and physicians rely on these time-honored treatments, which not only serve as vital resources for research and development but also contribute to the conservation of rare medicinal plants A survey of the Thai đen ethnic group highlights a diverse array of medicinal remedies, categorized by plant types and specific diseases, underscoring the importance of preserving this knowledge for future generations.

 The variety of remedies by plants:

Table 5: The variety of remedies by plants

• Helps promote vitality, enhances sexual performance

• Treatment of hyperpigmentation, increasing the physiological needs of women

Take about 1kg of dried soaked product along with

5 liters of 40 degree wine within 1 month After a month of dark red wine, slightly bitter may be used

• Treatment of high blood pressure

Dilute the fruit then dry it by roasted to get the drinking water everyday

4,5,6 • Detoxify the liver, lowering liver enzymes, treatment hepatitis B

• Cure yellow eyes, yellow skin

Cut small leaves and leaves, roasted yellow and then buried, everyday drink with a dose of 30- 40g per day

• Treatment of blood pressure problems

Slice the stem and roots and bring to dry Cook with black beans for drinking as water

• Cure internal and external bleeding

• Treatment hemorrhoids, urine to blood

Harvest the whole plant, wash it and then dry it Everyday use 12-20g dry for drinking water measles

• Treatment of burns, fungal skin

Take 20 - 30g roots (the roots are not clay soil is better) to dry it, put into the jar with a little water then boil it Drink 2 times a day, should persist continuous performance to better effect

Take 30 - 60g of fruit, wash and then cook with about 150g pork meat to eat once a day

Using young fruit and a small amount of soybean, along with proper care for the joints, can effectively eliminate patches from infected wounds and ulcers, particularly aiding in the rapid healing of chronic leg ulcers.

To prepare a banana seed drink, select ripe bananas and collect the dried seeds Grind a small amount of these seeds, approximately seven coffee spoons, and mix it with two liters of boiling water Consume this mixture daily, similar to tea, for a duration of 2-3 months to enjoy the benefits.

• Cure diabetes Take the tubers of banana seeds, wash it and then crush to take juice

• Treatment of abdominal pain, diarrhea

When the banana peel is ripe, Take it to chop and dried After that, we boil it to drink 2times a day

"intoxicated" or poisoning, it should only be used with small doses: adults to drink 3 to 6g Small doses of 0.02 -

0.025 g for children 1-5 years old; 0.03-0.05g for children 5-10 years old

Use 15-20g dried water daily, can add a little honey for easy drinking and enhance the effectiveness of treatment

Apply 3 leaves to cook with 1 cup of boiling water for the patient to drink immediately after poisoning Drink as soon as possible

• Improve healthy 1kg of leaves, tubers soaked with 5 liters of alcohol Soaking for a month is good to use

Day 12-16g cooked with 300ml water divided into 2-3 times a day or can be taken in the form of powder Can be used in combination with other medical plants

 The variety of remedies by diseases

- Ampelopsis cantoniensis Planch belonging Vitaceae family, Magnoliophyta phylum

- Acanthopanax trifoliatus (L.) Merr belonging Araliaceae family, Magnoliophyta phylum

- Polygonum multiflorum Thunb or Fallopia multiflora (Thunb.) belonging

To prepare the herbal mixture, begin by cutting the raw materials into small pieces and drying them in the sun Next, measure out 10-15 grams of Ampelopsis Cantoniensis Planch, 15-20 grams of Acanthopanax trifoliatus (L.) Merr, and 10-15 grams of Fallopia multiflora (Thunb.) Combine all the ingredients and cook them to create a drink.

- Eclipta prostrate belonging Asteraceae family, Magnoliophyta phylum

- Hydrocotyle asiatica L., Trisanthus cochinchinensis Lour Belonging Apiaceae family, Magnoliophyta phylum

How to use: Crush two materials then apply it on the head

A study on the use of medicinal plants among indigenous peoples and local physicians in Muong Phang commune revealed that a significant number of indigenous individuals from Ban Phang 1, Ban Phang 3, Che Can, and Co Kho possess knowledge of various remedies for common ailments The surveyed physicians, aged 49-67 with 20 to 40 years of experience, indicated that many local remedies are derived from personal experiences or ancestral knowledge, often shared within families This communal approach to herbal medicine highlights the importance of familial transmission of healing practices, as families openly share their methods for treating illnesses.

The survey results encompass a wide range of medications, addressing treatments for external skin conditions as well as complex internal diseases, including blood pressure management, fatty liver treatment, and kidney stone therapy.

Medicinal plants are typically harvested in small quantities directly from forests, while some are cultivated at home in gardens, though these numbers remain limited Local physicians often gather these plants themselves or buy them from residents Certain medicinal plants are harvested in larger amounts due to their widespread use for various ailments, but collection usually occurs during peak growing seasons to minimize the impact on the ecosystem It's important to consider conservation efforts, as these plants are often found in easily accessible areas, leading to a scarcity of rare species and limiting the use of therapies that rely on them.

Propose sustainable conservation of medicinal plants in Muong Phang forest

4.6.1 The importance and potential of medicinal plants in Muong Phang commune

 The importance of medicinal plants with local people in Muong Phang commune

A recent survey revealed that residents in the study area continue to rely on medicinal plants for treating various ailments, largely due to the challenging hilly terrain that makes access to hospitals in Dien Bien or Hanoi difficult Local communities frequently utilize these plants for both mild and severe visible health issues Recognizing the advantages of local medicinal plants, many households have even taken to cultivating them at home.

Cultivating medicinal plants at home has provided some families with an additional income by selling these plants to visitors at the Muong Phang historical site However, the economic benefits from these sales are limited due to the small and unstable quantity of products available.

The medicinal plants in Muong Phang forest hold significant potential for further development, particularly in addressing common ailments faced by indigenous communities Research indicates a notable concentration of medicinal species capable of treating snakebites and acute rheumatic conditions, which are prevalent in the region due to its mountainous terrain and the lifestyle of the local population The high incidence of snakebites necessitates immediate treatment, often relying on traditional remedies due to the inaccessibility of medical facilities Similarly, acute rheumatic conditions are exacerbated by economic and geographical challenges, leading residents to seek relief through local medicinal plants This underscores the importance of further exploration into the therapeutic benefits of these plants for the community's health needs.

Medicinal plants with therapeutic potential are still largely focused on addressing the health needs of the population, indicating that many more plants capable of treating various diseases remain untapped Increased research and development efforts could uncover additional uses for these plants, potentially revealing new medicinal properties in species that were not previously recognized for their healing abilities.

Traditional medicines utilizing medicinal plants are often regarded as having superior therapeutic benefits compared to Western pharmaceuticals, leading to an increase in the demand for these plants Consequently, the advancement of medicinal plant cultivation plays a significant role in enhancing both household incomes and local economies.

4.6.2 Situation of harvesting medicinal plants and threatening to medicinal plants

The current harvesting of medicinal plants primarily serves two purposes: personal use and commercial trade While local communities and physicians utilize these plants, their usage remains minimal and sustainable, as they typically harvest only during the growing season without significantly harming the plants' ability to regenerate In contrast, the commercial collection of medicinal plants poses a greater threat, as economic incentives drive pickers to harvest in large quantities, jeopardizing the local plant resources The scattered population and limited forest protection exacerbate the issue, making it challenging to control the illegal harvesting of medicinal plants for sale.

4.6.3 Propose sustainable conservation, spread development of the valuable medicinal plant species

To enhance our understanding of medicinal plants, it is essential to conduct further research on the potential and therapeutic uses of tree species in the Muong Phang forest This research could uncover new species with healing properties and maximize the benefits of lesser-known medicinal plants Additionally, many prevalent diseases that pose significant challenges to modern medicine may find effective treatments through these natural remedies.

Identifying rare and precious medicinal plant species is crucial for establishing protective zones and promoting their conservation Raising awareness about the significance of these rare plants and the threats of extinction is essential for fostering public understanding of the need to protect medicinal plants.

Developing models for cultivating medicinal plants in home gardens allows households to propagate seeds rather than collecting plants directly from the forest This sustainable approach not only provides economic benefits to participants but also helps to reduce illegal harvesting of medicinal plants By fostering awareness of the value of these plants, this initiative enhances household income while promoting conservation efforts.

The systematic documentation and preservation of indigenous peoples' medicinal practices are essential to ensure that the benefits of medicinal plants in disease treatment are recognized and utilized This proactive approach helps prevent the loss of valuable remedies that may otherwise fade into obscurity over time.

CONCLUSION

The survey of medicinal plants in Muong Phang forest has led to the following conclusion:

 There are total of 273 medicinal plant species was recorded in the study area belong to 95 families, 2 phyla

The two phyla discussed are Magnoliophyta and Pteridophyta, with Magnoliophyta exhibiting a significantly higher number of medicinal plants Specifically, Magnoliophyta comprises 249 species from 80 families, accounting for 91% of the species and 76% of the families identified in the study area In contrast, Pteridophyta consists of only 24 species from 15 families, representing 9% of the species and 14% of the families found in the same area.

In a study of 95 species, the Asteraceae family emerged as the most diverse, comprising 18 species and representing 6.5% of all families identified Collectively, the top 10 families accounted for 36% of the total families observed, while the remaining 85 families made up the other 64%.

A total of 33 diseases have been identified as treatable by 273 different medicinal plant species Notable conditions include sedative effects, poliomyelitis, detoxification, asthma, snake bites, malaria, and more Among these, snake bites can be treated with the highest variety of 74 medicinal plant species, while brain hemorrhage is uniquely addressed by just one plant Additionally, two diseases are treatable by 61 to 73 species, four diseases by 17 to 26 species, seven diseases by 10 to 14 species, and 20 diseases by 1 to 7 species.

 There are seven species listed in the Vietnam Red Book (2007), one in the CR (Critically endangered), three species in the EN (Endangered) and three species in the VU (Vulnerable)

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1.The list of medicinal plants and the usage in Muong Phang forest

1 Magnoliophyta Acanthaceae Acanthopanax trifoliatus (L.) Merr

2 Magnoliophyta Acoraceae Acorus gramineus Soland

3 Magnoliophyta Acoraceae Acorus tatarinowii Schott

4 Magnoliophyta Mimosaceae Albizia kalkora Prain

5 Magnoliophyta Asteraceae Cyanthillium cinereum (L.) H.Rob

7 Magnoliophyta Pandanaceae Pandanus tectorius Soland

9 Magnoliophyta Polygonaceae Polygonum multiflorum Thunb

10 Magnoliophyta Menispermaceae Stephania rotunda Lour

1 Magnoliophyta Araliaceae Trevesia palmata (Roxb Ex Lindl.) Visan

3 Magnoliophyta Lamiaceae Clerodendrum cyrtophyllum Turcz

1 Magnoliophyta Orchidaceae Nervilia fordii (Hance) Schultze

4 Magnoliophyta Zingiberaceae Alpinia globosa (Lour.) Horan

5 Magnoliophyta Acanthaceae Andrographis paniculata (Burm F.) Wall

8 Magnoliophyta Burseraceae Canarium tramdenum Dai & Yakovl

9 Magnoliophyta Apiaceae Centella asiatica (L.) Urb

12 Magnoliophyta Davalliaceae Davallia orientalis C.Chr

14 Magnoliophyta Urticaceae Elatostema balansae Gagnep

15 Magnoliophyta Clusiaceae Garcinia cowa Roxb

16 Magnoliophyta Poaceae Lophatherum gracile Brongn

17 Magnoliophyta Liliaceae Paris polyphylla var Chinensis (Franch.) H.Hara

18 Magnoliophyta Fabaceae Pueraria montana (Lour.) Merr

19 Magnoliophyta Araliaceae Schefflera heptaphylla (L.) Frodin

21 Magnoliophyta Smilacaceae Smilax glabra Wall Ex Roxb

22 Magnoliophyta Davalliaceae Stenoloma chusanum (L) Ching

23 Magnoliophyta Cucurbitaceae Zehneria japonica (Thunb.) H.Y Liu

24 Magnoliophyta Rhamnaceae Ziziphus oenoplia (L.) Mill

2 Magnoliophyta Thymeleaceae Aquilaria crassna Pierre Ex Lecomte

3 Magnoliophyta Rutaceae Atalantia buxifolia (Poir.) Oliv

4 Magnoliophyta Cyatheaceae Cyathea spinulosa Wall Ex Hook., 1844

6 Magnoliophyta Anacardiaceae Garuga pinnata Roxb

10 Magnoliophyta Menispermaceae Stephania sinica Diels

11 Magnoliophyta Styracaceae Styrax tonkinensis (Pierre) Craib Ex Hartwiss

12 Magnoliophyta Myrtaceae Syzygium cuminii (L.) Skells

13 Magnoliophyta Araceae Typhonium trilobatum (L.) Schott

1 Pteridophyta Adiantaceae Adiantum flabellu latum L

2 Magnoliophyta Araceae Anadendrum montanum (Blume) Schott

3 Magnoliophyta Araceae Anadendrum montanum (Blume) Schott

6 Pteridophyta Woodsiaceae Diplazium donianum (Mett.) Tard – Blot

7 Magnoliophyta Aceraceae Acer fabri Hance

9 Magnoliophyta Amaranthaceae Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R.Br Ex DC

11 Magnoliophyta Meliaceae Aphanamixis grandiflora Blume

13 Magnoliophyta Thymeleaceae Aquilaria crassna Pierre Ex Lecomte

14 Magnoliophyta Araliaceae Aralia armata (Wall Ex G Don) Seem

16 Magnoliophyta Moraceae Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk

17 Pteridophyta Aspleniaceae Asplenium normale D.Don

18 Magnoliophyta Asteraceae Aster ageratoides Turcz

19 Magnoliophyta Lecythidaceae Barringtonia acutangula (L.) Gaertn

22 Magnoliophyta Begoniaceae Begonia pedatifida Levl

23 Magnoliophyta Betulaceae Betula alnoides buch.-Ham Ex D.Don

25 Magnoliophyta Anacardiaceae Canarium album (Lour.) DC

27 Magnoliophyta Rubiaceae Catunaregam tomentosa (Blume Ex DC.)

29 Magnoliophyta Apiaceae Centella asiatica (L.) Urb

30 Magnoliophyta Costaceae Cheilocostus speciosus (J.Koenig)

32 Magnoliophyta Euphorbiaceae Claoxylon indicum (Reinw Ex Blume)

33 Magnoliophyta Cucurbitaceae Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt

34 Magnoliophyta Araceae Colocasia antiquorum Schott

35 Magnoliophyta Araceae Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott

36 Magnoliophyta Zingiberaceae Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe

38 Magnoliophyta Orchidaceae Dendrobium lindleyi Steud

39 Magnoliophyta Caesalpiniaceae Dialium cochinchinense Pierre

40 Magnoliophyta Anacardiaceae Dracontomelon duperreanum Pierre

42 Magnoliophyta Asteraceae Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC Ex DC

44 Magnoliophyta Verbenaceae Gmelina arborea Roxb

46 Magnoliophyta Sterculiaceae Helicteres hirsuta Lour

47 Pteridophyta Ophioglossaceae Helmintho stachys zeylanica (L) Hook

48 Magnoliophyta Araliaceae Heteropanax fragrans (Roxb.) Seem

49 Magnoliophyta Saururaceae Houttuynia cordata Thunb

50 Magnoliophyta Oleaceae Jasminum nervosum Lour

51 Magnoliophyta Lauraceae Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers

53 Magnoliophyta Melastomataceae Memecylon edule Roxb

55 Magnoliophyta Lamiaceae Mosla cavaleriei Levl

56 Magnoliophyta Fabaceae Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC

57 Magnoliophyta Rubiaceae Mussaenda pubescens dryand

58 Magnoliophyta Bignoniaceae Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz

59 Magnoliophyta Fabaceae Pueraria montana (Lour.) Merr

60 Magnoliophyta Brassicaceae Rorippa indica (L.) Hiern

61 Magnoliophyta Actinidiaceae Saurauia tristyla DC

62 Magnoliophyta Saururaceae Saururus chinensis (Lour.) Hort Ex

63 Magnoliophyta Theaceae Schima wallichii (DC.) Korth

64 Magnoliophyta Solanaceae Solanum americanum Mill

65 Magnoliophyta Solanaceae Solanum torvum Sw

66 Magnoliophyta Asclepiadaceae Streptocaulon juventas (Lour.) Merr

67 Magnoliophyta Styracaceae Styrax tonkinensis (Pierre) Craib Ex

68 Magnoliophyta Symplocaceae Symplocos cochinchinensis Var Laurina

69 Magnoliophyta Combretaceae Terminalia myriocarpa Van Heurck &

70 Magnoliophyta Menispermaceae Tinospora sinensis (Lour.) Merr

71 Magnoliophyta Araceae Typhonium trilobatum (L.) Schott

72 Magnoliophyta Thymeleaceae Wikstroemia indica (L.) C.A Mey

73 Magnoliophyta Cucurbitaceae Zehneria japonica (Thunb.) H.Y Liu

1 Pteridophyta Davalliaceae Davallia orientalis C.Chr

2 Pteridophyta Ophioglossaceae Helmintho stachys zeylanica (L) Hook

3 Pteridophyta Lindsaeaceae Stenoloma chusanum (L) Ching

6 Magnoliophyta Zingiberaceae Alpinia officinarum Hance

8 Magnoliophyta Convolvulaceae Argyreia acuta Lour

9 Magnoliophyta Asteraceae Aster ageratoides Turcz

12 Magnoliophyta Rhizophoraceae Carallia brachiata (Lour.) Merr

18 Magnoliophyta Lamiaceae Elsholtzia blanda (Benth.) Benth

20 Magnoliophyta Sterculiaceae Helicteres hirsuta Lour

21 Magnoliophyta Bignoniaceae Mayodendron igneum (Kurz) Kurz

23 Magnoliophyta Apocynaceae Pottsia laxiflora (Blume) Kuntze

24 Magnoliophyta Menispermaceae Tinospora sinensis (Lour.) Merr

25 Magnoliophyta Meliaceae Toona surenii (Blume) Merr

1 Magnoliophyta Araliaceae Acanthopanax trifoliatus (L.) Merr

2 Magnoliophyta Acoraceae Acorus gramineus Soland

3 Magnoliophyta Araceae Acorus tatarinowii Schott

4 Pteridophyta Cyatheaceae Cyathea spinulosa Wall Ex Hook., 1844

7 Pteridophyta Thelypteridaceae Pronephrium triphyllum (Sw.) Holttum

8 Pteridophyta Polypodiaceae Pseudodrynariacoronans (Wall Ex Mett

Ching [Aglaomorpha coronans (Mett.) Copel]

1 Magnoliophyta Malvaceae Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet

2 Magnoliophyta Araliaceae Acanthopanax trifoliatus (L.) Voss

4 Magnoliophyta Zingiberaceae Alpinia officinarum Hance

5 Magnoliophyta Orchidaceae Anoectochilus setaceus blume

6 Magnoliophyta Araliaceae Aralia armata (wall Ex g Don) Seem

9 Magnoliophyta Begoniaceae Begonia pedatifida Levl

10 Magnoliophyta Betulaceae Betula alnoides Buch.-ham Ex D.Don

12 Magnoliophyta Fabaceae Bowringia callicarpa Champ Ex Benth

13 Magnoliophyta Verbenaceae Callicarpa arborea Roxb

14 Magnoliophyta Anacardiaceae Canarium bengalense Roxb

16 Magnoliophyta Cucurbitaceae Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt

17 Magnoliophyta Poaceae Coix lacryma-jobi L

18 Magnoliophyta Ericaceae Craibiodendron stellatum (Pierre Ex

19 Magnoliophyta Mimosaceae Entada phaseoloides (L.) Merr

20 Magnoliophyta Rubiaceae Gardenia jasminoides J.Ellis

21 Magnoliophyta Saururaceae Gymnotheca chinensis Decne

22 Magnoliophyta Proteaceae Heliciopsis lobata (Merr.) Sleum

23 Magnoliophyta Araliaceae Heteropanax fragrans (Roxb.) Seem

25 Magnoliophyta Malvaceae Kydia calycina Roxb

27 Magnoliophyta Leeaceae Leea guineensis G Don

28 Magnoliophyta Lauraceae Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers

29 Magnoliophyta Lauraceae Litsea monopetala (Roxb.) Pers

30 Magnoliophyta Fabaceae Millettia pulchra (Colebr Ex Benth.) Kurz

32 Magnoliophyta Hypoxidaceae Molineria capitulata (Lour.) Herb

34 Magnoliophyta Rubiaceae Mussaenda pubescens Dryand

36 Magnoliophyta Liliaceae Ophiopogon reptans Hook F

38 Magnoliophyta Scrophulariaceae Paulownia fortunei (Seem.) Hemsl

39 Magnoliophyta Apocynaceae Pottsia laxiflora (Blume) Kuntze

40 Magnoliophyta Sterculiaceae Pterospermum heterophyllum Hance

41 Magnoliophyta Araceae Rhaphidophora hookeri Schott

43 Magnoliophyta Caprifoliaceae Sambucus javanica reinw Ex Blume

44 Magnoliophyta Caesalpiniaceae Saraca dives pierre

45 Magnoliophyta Sargentodoxaceae Sargentodoxa cuneata (Oliv.) Rehd & Wils

46 Magnoliophyta Saururaceae Saururus chinensis (Lour.) Hort Ex Loud

47 Magnoliophyta Araliaceae Schefflera heptaphylla (L.) Frodin

48 Magnoliophyta Anacardiaceae Spondias pinnata (L F.) Kurz

49 Magnoliophyta Capparaceae Stixis scandens Lour

50 Magnoliophyta Asteraceae Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn

51 Magnoliophyta Myrtaceae Syzygium nervosum A.Cunn Ex Dc

52 Magnoliophyta Myrtaceae Syzygium zeylanicum (L.) Dc

53 Magnoliophyta Loranthaceae Taxillus chinensis (Dc.) Dans

54 Magnoliophyta Dilleniaceae Tetracera scandens (L.) Merr

55 Magnoliophyta Araliaceae Trevesia palmata (Roxb Ex Lindl.) Visan

56 Magnoliophyta Orchidaceae Vanda concolor Blume

57 Magnoliophyta Asteraceae Vernonia solanifolia Benth

58 Magnoliophyta Thymeleaceae Wikstroemia indica (L.) C A Mey

60 Magnoliophyta Amaranthaceae Achyranthes hidentata Blume

61 Pteridophyta Polypodiaceae Pseudodrynariacoronans (Wall ex Mett Ching

2 Magnoliophyta Cucurbitaceae Coccinia grandis (l.) Voigt

3 Magnoliophyta Cyperaceae Kyllinga nemoralis (forst & forst F.)

5 Magnoliophyta Myrtaceae Syzygium cuminii (l.) Skells

8 Magnoliophyta Musaceae Musa acuminata Colla

9 Magnoliophyta Convallariaceae Polygonatum kingianum Coll Et Hemsl

 Treating Diseases of the heart and blood pressure

5 Magnoliophyta Brassicaceae Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik

7 Magnoliophyta Loranthaceae Taxillus chinensis (Dc.) Dans

9 Magnoliophyta Moraceae Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk

10 Magnoliophyta Poaceae Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn

11 Magnoliophyta Rubiaceae Uncaria macrophylla Wall Ex Roxb

15 Magnoliophyta Polygonaceae Polygonum multiflorum thunb or fallopia multiflora (Thunb.)

4 Magnoliophyta Brassicaceae Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik

6 Magnoliophyta Mimosaceae Entada phaseoloides (L.) Merr

7 Magnoliophyta Loganiaceae Gelsemium elegans (Gardn & Champ.)

9 Magnoliophyta Rubiaceae Oldenlandia hedyotidea (Dc.) Hand.-Mazz

2 Magnoliophyta Actinidiaceae Saurauia tristyla Dc

7 Magnoliophyta Bignoniaceae Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz

9 Magnoliophyta Malvaceae Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet

12 Magnoliophyta Myrtaceae Syzygium nervosum A.Cunn Ex Dc

13 Magnoliophyta Proteaceae Heliciopsis lobata (Merr.) Sleum

17 Magnoliophyta Rutaceae Zanthoxylum avicennae (Lamk.) Dc

20 Magnoliophyta Poaceae Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn

21 Pteridophyta Adiantaceae Adiantum flabellu Latum L

25 Pteridophyta Lygodiaceae Lygodium japonicum (Thunb.) Sw

1 Magnoliophyta Verbenaceae Clerodendrum cyrtophyllum Turcz

1 Magnoliophyta Apiaceae Cnidium monnierii (L.) Cusson

2 Magnoliophyta Araliaceae Acanthopanax trifoliatus (L.) Voss

3 Magnoliophyta Araliaceae Schefflera heptaphylla (L.) Frodi

4 Magnoliophyta Sapindaceae Paranephelium spirei Lecomte

2 Magnoliophyta Costaceae Cheilocostus speciosus (J.Koenig)

3 Magnoliophyta Rutaceae Luvunga scandens (Roxb.) Buch-Ham

4 Magnoliophyta Sapindaceae Paranephelium spirei Lecomte

1 Magnoliophyta Caesalpiniaceae Senna tora (L.) Roxb

1 Pteridophyta Thelypteridaceae) Ampelop-teris prolifera ( Retz) Copel

3 Pteridophyta Dryopteridaceae Pteridrys australis Ching

6 Pteridophyta Lygodiaceae Lygodium conforme C.Chr

7 Pteridophyta Lygodiaceae Lygodium xuosum (L.) Sw

1 Magnoliophyta Malvaceae Abelmoschus manihol (L.) Medic

1 Magnoliophyta Malvaceae Hibiscus abelmoschus L (Abelmoschus

4 Magnoliophyta Acoraceae Acorus tatarinowii Schott

5 Pteridophyta Cyatheaceae Cyathea spinulosa Wall Ex Hook., 1844

1 Magnoliophyta Malvaceae Hibiscus abelmoschus L (Abelmoschus

3 Pteridophyta Thelypteridaceae Cyclo sorus acuminatus (Houtt.) Nakai

1 Magnoliophyta Malvaceae Abelmoschus manihol (L.) Medic

2 Pteridophyta Adiantaceae Adiantum capillus Veneris L

4 Magnoliophyta Polygonaceae Polygonum multiflorum Thunb Or

1 Magnoliophyta Acanthaceae Acanthopanax trifoliatus (L.) Merr

3 Magnoliophyta Vitaceae Ampelopsis cantoniensis Planch

4 Pteridophyta Thelypteridaceae Ampelop-teris prolifera ( Retz) Copel

1 Magnoliophyta Malvaceae) Abelmoschus manihol (L.) Medic

3 Pteridophyta Polypodiaceae Pseudodrynariacoronans (Wall Ex

Mett Ching [Aglaomorpha coronans (Mett.) Copel]

1 Magnoliophyta Araceae) Acorus tatarinowii Schott

2 Pteridophyta Polypodiaceae Pseudodrynariacoronans (Wall Ex Mett Ching

1 Pteridophyta Thelypteridaceae Cyclo sorus parasiticus (L) Farw

1 Magnoliophyta Sapindaceae Acer fabri Hance

2 Pteridophyta Ophioglossaceae Helmintho stachys Zeylanica (L)

2 Pteridophyta Cyatheaceae Cyathea spinulosa Wall Ex Hook.,

4 Pteridophyta Pandanaceae Pandanus tectorius Soland

1 Pteridophyta Thelypteridaceae Cyclo sorus acuminatus (Houtt.) Nakai

5 Pteridophyta Thelypteridaceae Cyclo sorus aridus (D.Don) Tagawa

2 Pteridophyta Adiantaceae Adiantum capillus veneris L

3 Pteridophyta Thelypteridaceae Cyclo sorus aridus (d.don) Tagawa

4 Pteridophyta Gleicheniaceae Dicranopteris dichotoma (thunb) Bernh

6 Pteridophyta Ophioglossaceae Helmintho stachys zeylanica (l) Hook

10 Magnoliophyta Lindsaeaceae Stenoloma chusanum (l) Ching

 The list of families which have been found as medicinal plants in the study area

 Local people and local physicians who are surveyed:

1 Lường Văn Ún Bản Phăng 3

2 Cẩm Thị Ón Bản Phăng 3

3 Lò Thị Biển Bản Phăng 1

4 Lò Thị Loan Bản Phăng 1

5 Cà Thị Điệp Che Căn

6 Lường Thị Niên Che Căn

7 Lù Văn Phức Co Khô

Number Name Age Number of year as a physician Address

1 Lò Thị Tinh 58 30 Bản Phăng1

2 Quàng Văn Phúc 56 40 Che Căn

3 Lò Thị Loan 49 20 Bản Phăng 3

4 Lù Văn Việt 67 30 Bản Phăng 3

1 Can you give me some names of medicinal plants in Mương Phăng forest that you heard about it before?

2 Can you give me some names of medicinal plants in Mương Phăng forest that you usually saw it?

3 Do you often go to a hospital or a physician in your area when your family’s member is sick?

4 (If the answer for question 3 is a physician) what are the names of diseases that you often go to a physician when you got it?

5 Do you know the medicinal plants that are often use to fix that disease?

6 Have you ever use medicinal plants to fix the disease by yourself?

7 Have you ever gather any medicinal plants? If have, what is medicinal plant that you often gather? Can you show me the area where you gather it?

8 Do you know what medicinal plants are often collected by local people in Muong Phang forest for resale?

Number of years as a physician:

1 What are the main diseases that you often fix by medicinal plants?

2 What are the main medicinal plants that you often use?

3 Did you often use medicinal plants that are collected by yourself or you buy it from seller?

4 (If the answer for question 3 is they buy it) where did you buy it?

5 (If the answer for question 3 is they collect it by yourself) do you describe the place that you often collect medicinal plants?

6 What are the main diseases and remedy that you often use to fix for peoples?

7 Can you give more traditional remedies that you know?

3 Photographs of medicinal plant species in the study are

 Some medicinal plants have been harvested and planted at home

Disporopsis longifolia belong to Asparagaceae

Stephania rotunda Lour belong to Menispermaceae

Roots of species Talinum fruticosum Nervilia fordii (Hance) Schultze

Some medicinal plants are planted and semi-processed for sale by local people

Interview local physician from Che Can village

Interview with local physician from Ban Phang 3 village

Interview local physician from Che Can village and forest managers

Interview local people from Ban Phang 3 village

Interview local people from Che Can village

Local people at Ban Phang 1

Cyclosorus acuminatus Adiantum flabellu Cibotium barometz

Sargentodoxaceae Isodon lophanthoides Achyranthes hidentata

Fallopia Multiflora Ampelopsis cantoniensis Planch

Tiêu đề	Study On The Diversity Of Medicinal Plants At Muong Phang Forest, Dien Bien Province
Tác giả	Nguyen Thi Thu Trang
Người hướng dẫn	Assoc. Prof. Dr. Vu Quang Nam
Trường học	Vietnam National University of Forestry
Chuyên ngành	Natural Resources Management
Thể loại	Thesis
Năm xuất bản	2018
Thành phố	Hanoi

Định dạng
Số trang	65
Dung lượng	0,99 MB