Research on assessment of density and suggestion for conservation of the anotiectochilus cetaceus blume in ba vi national park

INTRODUCTION

Introduction

Effective management of forest resources in national parks is crucial for sustainable natural resource management, supporting economic, cultural, and social development within the ecological system As the global population continues to grow rapidly, the demand for these resources increases, putting significant pressure on our natural resources and threatening their sustainability.

Our country, situated in the tropical monsoon region, boasts rich and diverse forest resources due to its favorable natural conditions For many years, forests have played a crucial role in environmental protection and national security Furthermore, they are vital for supplying both timber and non-timber forest products (NTFPs).

Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) are valuable resources extracted from both natural and planted forests, playing a crucial role in the forest ecosystem They provide essential income for local communities and contribute to economic stability and job creation Additionally, NTFPs help preserve indigenous knowledge and environmental values, supporting forest protection, water regulation, erosion control, and biodiversity conservation Despite their importance, information regarding the economic value of NTFPs remains limited, posing challenges for biodiversity conservation Therefore, focused research is needed to assess and conserve species diversity effectively.

Ba Vi National Park, established in 1991, is a valuable natural heritage site known for its stunning scenery The park boasts a rich and diverse flora, featuring 1,201 species of vascular plants belonging to 649 genera and 160 families Additionally, Ba Vi National Park is home to a variety of medicinal herbs.

503 species: Asarum maximum, Sargentodoxa cuneata, Fibraurea tinctoria etc ne of species has important role on medical and make livelihood for local people is

Anoectochilus setaceus Blume, a rare and valuable herb from the Orchidaceae family, is found in Vietnam and is known for its health-boosting properties and treatment of conditions such as hepatitis and bronchitis In Vietnam, its market price can reach approximately 3,000,000 VND per kilogram This species thrives at elevations of 930 meters in dense forests within Ba Vi National Park Despite its significance, there is limited literature on Anoectochilus setaceus Blume, prompting the need for research focused on its diversity and conservation in Ba Vi National Park.

The concept of biodiversity and biodiversity conservation

In 1989, World Wildlife Fond (WWF) was defied about biodiversity that mean:

Biodiversity refers to the vast variety of life on Earth, encompassing the differences among all species of plants, animals, and microorganisms, along with the ecosystems they inhabit It consists of three main levels: genetic diversity, species diversity, and ecosystem diversity.

According to the Convention on Biological Diversity established in 1992, "biological diversity" refers to the variety of living organisms from various sources, encompassing terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems, as well as the ecological complexes they form This definition includes the diversity found within species, among different species, and across entire ecosystems.

According Biological diversity laws, biodiversity is abundant about genetic, species and ecosystem in the natural

Biodiversity plays a crucial role in human economic and social development by providing valuable products for consumers and businesses Additionally, it supports ecotourism, regulates water resources, and protects the environment, particularly against the effects of climate change on communities.

Human understanding of biodiversity is limited, primarily focusing on assessing the diversity of life forms and their declining populations Currently, it is impossible to confirm the exact number of species on Earth, with estimates ranging from 5 to 30 million Most biologists agree there are approximately 14 million species, yet only about 1.7 million have been described and named, leaving many species poorly studied Furthermore, genetic diversity and overall biodiversity remain largely invisible, highlighting our still inadequate understanding of this critical area.

Biodiversity conservation is process of management some relationship between people with genetics, species and ecosystems to provide highest benefit for current generation and demand for the next generation

According to WWF, biodiversity conservation involves the preservation of natural landscapes and their ecosystems, ensuring the survival of various species, populations, and genetic diversity for future generations This effort requires collaboration across multiple disciplines, including ecology, biological sciences, physical sciences, mathematics, and social sciences such as economics, law, public policy, and psychology.

Biological diversity conservation involves protecting natural ecosystems and habitats, ensuring the preservation of wildlife and their seasonal routines It also emphasizes the importance of maintaining the beauty of landscapes and environments Additionally, it includes the cultivation and care of endangered and rare species, as well as the long-term preservation of genetic specimens.

There are many approaches to biological diversity conservation such as:

In-situ conservation refers to the preservation of ecosystems and natural habitats, focusing on the maintenance and recovery of viable populations of species within their native environments This approach also applies to domesticated or cultivated species, ensuring they are conserved in the settings where they have evolved their unique characteristics (Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992).

Ex-situ conservation, meaning "off-site conservation," involves the preservation of biological diversity by relocating species from their natural habitats to controlled environments This process includes managing factors such as living conditions, reproductive behaviors, resource access, and protection from predators The extent of human intervention can vary significantly, and ex-situ management can take place both within and outside a species' natural geographic range, resulting in individuals existing outside their ecological niches.

Ecological rehabilitation involves restoring degraded ecosystems, particularly those affected by farming, through the reintroduction of native species and the recreation of essential ecological processes This includes establishing material cycles and restoring hydrological regimes A key objective of conservation biology is to safeguard individual representatives of ecosystems and maintain biodiversity as a whole.

Research overview about Anoectochilus setaceus Blum

We have many researches about Anoectochilus setaceus Blume In 1810, Carlvon

Blume was the first to describe Anoectochilus setaceus, a plant that has been extensively and illegally harvested in Sri Lanka for both medicinal and ornamental purposes Its medicinal use has been recognized by Indian cultures, while countries in Southeast Asia, particularly China, along with Korea and Japan, also utilize this plant significantly.

According magazine about Material medical and public health – in October, 2007 has some posts about the role of Anoectochilus setaceus Blume such as:

- Mr Ta Moc Huan - Chinese scholar – when studying “Trung” medicine in 2004 talked about the effect of Anoectochilus setaceus Blume

- In 1964, Mr.Can Vi Tung said that: Anoectochilus setaceus Blume is a valuable medicine in the pharmacies of Taiwan

Anoectochilus setaceus Blume was included in alert level in Viet Nam Red Book (

In 2007, the government classified Anoectochilus setaceus Blume under decree 32/2006/ND-CD as a prohibited species in group IA This plant is found in regions such as Lao Cai (Sapa), Ha Giang, Yen Bai, Vinh Phuc, Quang Tri, and Gia Lai Notable research on this species has been conducted by scientists including Lecomte Fiom (1907–1943) and Pham Quan Ho (1991).

Moreover, when talk to Anoectochilus setaceus Blume, we can remember Professor.Le Quang Do – Thai Nguyen Agriculture – forestry University He has many researches about species

In 2007, Ngo Van Son and Vu Manh Dam – Viet Nam Forestry university – were researched about biological characteristics, capabilities propagation and medicinal of

Anoectochilus setaceus Blume in Ba Vi National Park – Ha Noi The result of research to evaluate biological characteristics, capabilities propagation and medicinal

In 2008, author Ngo Van Tai from Viet Nam Forestry University conducted research on the biological characteristics and distribution of Anoectochilus setaceus Blume in Ba Vi National Park, Hanoi This study serves as a foundation for the conservation and development of this species.

In 13-12-2012, Doctor Phung Van Phe has done research on morphological characteristics, distribution and diversity of Anoectochilus setaceus Blume According this research, we can know characteristic, distribution of specie He has propagated species by natural methods in Ba VI National Park but they don’t have expense so the plating has to facing many difficulties Beside, 12/2010, Forest Inventory and Planning Institute has implemented the project "The assessment of the conservation status of endangered by decree 32/2006/ND-CD-30/3/2006 According research, distributions of species approximate 30.000km 2 and area habitat of species about 1500km 2 But conservation measures in place are not effective, people in forest harvesting with large number and no ex-situ conservation

Research on Anoectochilus setaceus Blume, both globally and in Vietnam, remains limited, primarily focusing on its morphological characteristics and distribution Furthermore, existing studies have largely overlooked effective conservation strategies for this species in the areas examined, and practical applications of the research findings have yet to be implemented.

NATURAL – ECONOMIC – SOCIAL CONDITIONS IN BA VI

Natural conditions

- Ba Vi National Park has geographical coordinates: 20055 '- 21,007' North latitude;

- Ba Vi National Park is located in 5 districts of Ba Vi, Thach That, Quoc Oai of Ha Noi Capital, Luong Son and Ky Son district of Hoa Binh province

Ba Vi National Park spans a total area of 7,377 hectares, comprising three distinct zones: an ecological rehabilitation area of approximately 4,646 hectares situated at elevations between 100 to 400 meters, a protection area covering about 2,140 hectares at elevations above 400 meters, and a buffer zone that extends over 14,144 hectares.

Ba Vi National Park boasts several impressive peaks, with elevations exceeding 1,000 meters, including King Mount at 1,296 meters, Tan Vien Peak at 1,227 meters, Ngoc Hoa Peak at 1,131 meters, and South Vienna Summit at 1,081 meters Additionally, the park features lower elevations such as Lobster Cave Top at 776 meters and Priced Top at 714 meters.

- The average slope of the area is 25 0 , the slope increases with increasing altitude From the elevation 400m, average slope 35 0

- Elevation of the study area is 900m

- The average annual temperature is 23,32 o C

- Ability to evaporation: from 861.9 mm / year to 759,5mm / year,

- The total amount of annual solar radiation from 120-130 kilocalorie / cm2

Ba Vi National Park features three distinct forest types: moist evergreen tropical rainforests, mixed evergreen broadleaf and coniferous forests, and subtropical evergreen broadleaf tropical moist montane forests.

The region boasts over 1,000 plant species, including approximately 200 medicinal varieties Among these are several rare and valuable species, such as Calocedrus macrolepis and Podocarpus nerrifolius, highlighting the area's rich botanical diversity.

- Fauna: 45 species of mammals, 115 birds, 61 reptiles and 27 species of amphibians, many of which are rare species listed in the Red Data Book of Vietnam and the world

The system streams in the region mainly in two main directions: the north, the northeast is a tributary of the Red River and West River is a tributary of Da

2.1.6 Forest resources and forest lands

The total area approximate 10,814.6 hectares forest and forest land Inside:

Economic – social conditions

Population in the region is 20 569 households, 89 981 people Accounting for 77.3% of Muong ethnic; Kinh 20.4%; Dao ethnic 2.15% and 0.15% of the Thai people Total workforce is 51 558 people

The region predominantly consists of forest land, which comprises 44.9% of the area, while agricultural land makes up 22.04% The per capita agricultural land is relatively low at 996 m² per person, including both general land and rice paddy areas The average food production in this area is approximately 4.55 tons per hectare annually.

In regions where natural forests are not being exploited, plantation forests managed by parks and those established in communes under Programs 327 and 661 serve as crucial protective resources Additionally, the industrial processing of agricultural and forestry products plays a significant role in supporting these efforts.

- Education: The whole area has 14.731 students with 1.309 teachers

- Traffic: communes have communal roads have been paved National grid system has to all communes.

GOALS AND (SPECIFIC) OBJECTIVES

Objective

- Review the variety of species in Ba Vi National park

- Determined: distribution, number of individual, characteristic of Anoectochilus setaceus Blum in Ba Vi National Park

- Suggest the conservation Anoectochilus setaceus Blum

Object

- Research on Anoectochilus setaceus Blum in Ba Vi National Park

Timeline

METHOD

Collect existing data

 Some research about Anoectochilus setaceus Blume in Ba Vi National

 Book, internet to find out the information about the object of research

 Information, data in Ba Vi National Park

- Find out the main distribution area

A personal interview survey, also known as a face-to-face survey, is a research method used to collect in-depth information from a specific target population This approach is particularly useful when local knowledge is essential for understanding key aspects such as individual distribution, density, and elevation within the study area.

The object of interview is the following:

+ Human, who live in the core area of Ba Vi National Park

+ Management boards of National Park

I will interview 20 people Table below shows the list of people interviewed

Table 4.1: The list of people interviewed about Anoectochilus setaceus Blum in Ba Vi National Park

1 Mr Hung Male Beputy director of BVNP

2 Mr Son Male science room of BVNP

3 Mr Chinh Male Ranger in Coot 1100m

4 Do Thi Lien Female Business

5 Nguyen Van Cuong Male Worker

6 Phan Van Hung Male Business

7 Chu Thanh Lam Male Ranger

8 Tran Thu Ha Female Business

9 Lo Van Lam Male Worker

10 Nguyen Van Tinh Male Famer

11 Nong Van Lanh Male Famer

12 Nguyen Van Han Male the oriental medicine

13 Tran Xuan Quang Male Worker

14 Tran Thu Hang Female Business

15 La Van Tinh Male Worker

16 Nguyen Thu Huong Female Famer

17 Tran Quang Hieu Male the oriental medicine

18 Nguyen Van Lanh Male Worker

19 Nguyen Thanh Tam Male Ranger

20 Cu Thanh Ha Female Famer

After interview, I have some information of species about distribution so I will choose place to make plot

Distribution by forest type: distributed in secret forest of evergreen broadleaf subtropical low of mountain, forest structure tree usually has 2 floors

Distribution by elevation: the elevation above 930m

 I with make about 4 plots base on distribution of species, area of each plot is 25m x 40m

The purpose of make plot is find the number of individuals of the species, which finds the total individuals in National Park Steps up sample plots:

Step 1: determine the location standard plot

+ Plot criteria must fit in the forest plot

+ Plot must be located away from major the trail, road, and forest cover at least 10 meters

+ Plot must not pass through slots or ridges squeezed

+ Plot must be consistent on the structural elements of terrain, land

+ Plot does not contain big gaps in cell (density of trees to spread in the entire area of the cell)

+ To facilitate the manipulation investigation

Step 2: Make plot I will use measuring by tape, staff and twine Establish 30 2x2m- subplot in each plot to inventory the Anoectochilus setaceus Blum This is the shape of one plot after I make it

The table shows the number individuals:

Table : Number individuals each plot

Elevation plot Co-ordinate Total individual Noted

We need to know about the growth of each tree, so I will show by table:

- Measurement data in the field before processing, analysis should be conducted to calculate and check back to find errors in the process of recording

- According Sampling method, I know that is Simple random sampling So I use the form to estimate total of trees in BVNP:

- We find: Estimate the population mean à

Form the average of individual in each plot; I can estimate density of species I use formula:

N: Density of species μ: average of individual in each plot S: area of plot (1000m 2 )

Based on local research and collected data, this assessment identifies the key difficulties, advantages, opportunities, and challenges in the management and conservation of species within the study area The proposed solutions are designed to be practical and achievable.

RESULT

Morphological characteristics

Anotiectochilus cetaceus Blume is a herbaceous plant characterized by its succulent trunk and 2 to 6 egg-shaped leaves, which measure approximately 3 to 5 cm in length and 2 to 3 cm in width The leaves, typically brownish, grow around the trunk and vary in size, featuring sharp pointed tips The leaf structure includes a network of feather-like veins, with a midrib that is often yellowish and pink veins extending throughout The chard measures between 0.5 cm and 1.2 cm in length, displaying a smooth, white surface with green accents Additionally, this plant produces clusters of flowers at the tips of its branches, with flower axes ranging from 5 to 20 cm long, adorned with red-brown hairs.

10 flowers Seasonal flowers bloom from October – December, ripening season from December – February Plant can focus into bush with 3 – 5 individuals

* Stem: The stem grows vertically with a diameter of about 2.5 - 3.5 cm, usually

2.8cm Stems have many internodes with different lengths, each tree has about 2-4 internodes with average length of about 2 - 6 cm The trunk is succulent, it usually without wool and pale blue

The rhizome of the plant typically grows horizontally just above the ground, with lengths ranging from 5 to 14 cm and an average length of 9.4 cm Its diameter varies between 2.5 cm and 4 cm, with an average of 3.05 cm The rhizome features 3 to 10 internodes, averaging 4.71 internodes, each measuring 1 to 6 cm in length, with an average of 2.01 cm The surface of the rhizome is usually smooth and may appear in shades of blue and white, occasionally exhibiting a reddish-brown hue, but it is not hairy.

Picture 5.1: The roots of Anoectochilus setaceus Blume

* Leaves: The leaves are brown pink, each tree from 2-6 leaves, usually 4 leaves Leaves twisted around the body, spread on the ground Leaf surface has pile

Picture 5 2: The leave of Anoectochilus setaceus Blume (Front)

Picture 5.3: The leave of Anoectochilus setaceus Blume (Back)

The Anoectochilus setaceus Blume flower features an inflorescence measuring 5 to 7 cm in length, with 5 to 10 individual flowers, each approximately 2.5 cm long This stunning pink flower blooms from October to December and is highly valued for ornamental cultivation, contributing significantly to economic value To enhance its aesthetic and artistic appeal, it is essential to implement effective planting and crossbreeding methods for genetic resource management.

Picture 5.4: Flower of Anoectochilus setaceus Blume in Ba Vi National Park

During the research period, observations of the fruit were not possible due to the lack of fruiting season; however, insights from interviews and material usage revealed that the fruit is oval or rhombus-shaped, covered with a small feather-like wrap It exhibits a pink-purple hue and ripens to red or yellow The fruit typically matures in February and March, measuring between 0.4 to 0.7 cm in diameter and approximately 1.8 to 2.5 cm in length.

The diversity of the number of individuals according to the state forest

A recent survey of 20 individuals revealed that approximately 90% possess knowledge about the species in question Since 2005, this species has gained significant recognition; however, its population has drastically declined in recent years Research has focused on areas with elevations above 900 meters, where the state forest boasts a rich biodiversity.

Table 5.1 Distribution of Anoectochilus setaceus Blume according to the state of forest

The average density of Anoectochilus setaceus Blum in rich forests is 425 individuals per hectare, with each plot containing approximately 42.5 individuals In contrast, tree density in the same plots is significantly higher, with plot 1 having about 80 trees and plot 3 having 120 trees This disparity is attributed to environmental impacts affecting the species' development, particularly the vulnerability of succulent and stamping plants during rainy conditions Additionally, trees growing beneath the forest canopy are influenced by natural factors, such as being buried during the deciduous season Notably, the average density of Anoectochilus setaceus in Ba Vi National Park surpasses that of other regions, including Sung Phang commune in Lai Chau province, which has a density of only 60 trees per hectare (Hoang A Lo, 2014).

The result of distribution density of Anoectochilus setaceus Blumeembedded in the map 5.2

Picture 5.5 Map of distribution of species according the state forest

The diversity of the number of individuals according elevation

Elevation significantly influences the distribution of flora, as rising elevation alters key growth factors such as temperature, humidity, and light intensity To explore this relationship, I conducted an investigation into how elevation affects the diversity of plant species and individual numbers The geographical characteristics of the study area are detailed in Table 5.2.

Table 5.2 Geographical characteristics of the study area Target elevation(m) 1000 1100 1200 1250 1280

Ferrarit yellowish brown soil developed in poocphirit mother rock

Proportion of rock and soil 52.4 61.2 59.4 65.7 67.2 proportion of exposed rock 45.98 55.64 79.85 60.52 64.24

I conducted surveys on 4 plots corresponding to two different elevations: 1100m and 1200m The results of surveys are presented in the table 5.3:

Table 5.3 Density of Anoectochilus setaceus Blume according elevation

Elevation plot Co-ordinate Number individual/plot

According to the data presented in Table 5.3, Anoectochilus setaceus Blume is primarily found at elevations above 1100 meters, with its species density increasing as altitude rises This trend highlights the relationship between elevation and the distribution of this species.

+ Temperature decreases when elevation increases Anoectochilus setaceus Blume is the species thriving in areas with low temperatures

+ Impact of human: exploiting activities of human effect to natural regeneration.

The diversity of the number of individuals according aspect

The aspect has directly affect to the number of individuals and the distribution of plant species, including Anoectochilus setaceus Blume To study the effect of asepct to

Anoectochilus setaceus Blume , I made 4 plots in 2directions: Northeast and Southwest

Map 5.3 shows the location of 4 plots:

Picture 5.5 Map of location of 4 plots according aspect

The results of investigate showed in table 5.4:

Table 5.4 Density of Anoectochilus setaceus Blume according aspect

The density distribution of tree species varies significantly between regions, with the Northeast exhibiting an average density of 69 trees per hectare, compared to just 16 trees per hectare in the Southwest This disparity is attributed to several factors: the Northeast benefits from lower temperatures and better light energy, while its gentler slopes reduce the impact of environmental challenges such as floods and erosion Additionally, the higher density of exposed rock in the Northeast fosters optimal conditions for species development, preventing them from being overshadowed by natural forest succession.

Interviews with local residents and national park officers reveal that Anoectochilus setaceus Blume is endangered due to high demand in China and other countries, with prices reaching 5,000,000 VND per kilogram in China and 30,000,000 VND per kilogram in Japan This exploitation poses a significant threat to the wild population of this species, leading to a potential decline in its numbers.

So we need these measures to conduct effective management from local to Central Government to protect forest flora species, Anoectochilus setaceus Blume among them.

Conservation and development solutions the number of individuals of Anoectochilus

Anoectochilus setaceus Blume in the study area:

5.5.1 The work of protection forest:

The national park in the province is home to 33 highly qualified rangers who oversee a forest area of 500 to 1000 hectares Despite their expertise and dedication to protecting forest resources, the effectiveness of their conservation efforts is hindered by the limited public awareness and understanding of forest protection.

The coordination in the management of national park's staff and local governments is limited; just stops at the sign forest protection commitments, mobilizing people against deforestation

Despite ongoing efforts in forest fire protection, the practice of slash-and-burn agriculture persists during the dry season, posing a significant threat to forest areas and increasing the risk of large-scale fires in state forests.

5.5.2 Advantages, disadvantages, opportunities and challenges in the conservation and development of species in Ba Vi National Park:

Ba Vi National Park, situated to the west of Hanoi and spanning two districts in Hoa Binh Province, boasts a strategic geographical location that facilitates economic and cultural exchanges between regions, thereby promoting the economic development of the surrounding communities.

Local residents engage in agricultural development and tourism-related businesses, including transportation and trade at popular attractions like Ao Vua, Thien Son – Suoi Nga, and Khoang Xanh This diversification of income sources enhances local earnings and decreases the community's reliance on forest resources.

Ba Vi National Park boasts abundant resources, including land, water, and forest, creating ideal conditions for the growth of various economic sectors such as tourism, services, agriculture, and forestry product processing.

Park Administration undertook to allocate land in the area below 400m for the people, to create jobs for working people in the region such as: planting trees, forest product exploitation

Many individuals possess limited knowledge regarding forest resources, particularly local residents and officials in buffer zones During interviews, it became evident that a significant portion of the community lacks awareness about various species present in their environment.

Many impoverished farmers face a scarcity of productive land, prompting some to resort to illegal mining as a means to boost their income when buyers offer high prices This desperate measure has led to a decline in the population of these individuals.

Some villages have low literacy levels, the propaganda to apply science and technology to agriculture - forestry is difficult

Anoectochilus setaceus Blume, a herbaceous species, is significantly impacted by environmental changes, particularly climate change, which is notably affecting Vietnam Rising temperatures have altered its distribution, as this species was previously found at elevations of 800m but is now primarily located at 1000m, with very few remaining at 800m Additionally, it thrives on slopes of 30 degrees, often beneath rocks Severe storms pose a threat, potentially burying and damaging many individual plants.

Ba Vi National Park always get the attention of the authorities and organizations to develop programs for the conservation and development of flora – flora

Tourism activities invested to develop and create conditions for economic development - social, increase income for local people

Changing the structure of the local economy is stronger place due to the application of science in mode of production

When Anoectochilus setaceus Blume being studied more will increase the value of the species It is an opportunity for the preservation, development and multiplication of species

When the value of species increases, Anoectochilus setaceus Blume will be faced with the illegal exploitation of the local population

We do not have a technical process of multiplication being applied in Ba Vi National Park Therefore, the Netherlands have not been conducted multiplication in national parks

5.5.2.5 Solutions that contribute to the preservation and development of Anoectochilus setaceus Blume in Ba Vi National Park: a Management:

Enhancement of forest management, especially the forest area which is the living environment of species

Strengthening connections between national park managers and local officials is essential for effective forest protection and law enforcement This collaboration enables the sharing of vital information, empowering local authorities to better manage and safeguard forest resources Additionally, enhancing investment in equipment for rangers, including communication systems and fire protection tools, is crucial for improving their operational efficiency and response capabilities.

Handle violations of the law: the exploitation of Anoectochilus setaceus Blume, burning forests, and deforestation

Innovative methods of communication appropriate to the educational level of the local population Applying knowledge about the forest into general education b Policy:

We need a strategy for the forest land of production and protective forest; agricultural land, land for Perennial plants to easy management

We need to continue to implement policies on reforestation, forest protection and development c Technique:

To protect Anoectochilus setaceus Blume, we will implement both in-situ and ex-situ conservation methods This approach aims to create favorable conditions for the development of natural habitats while minimizing the impact on the species' living environment Additionally, we will focus on the multiplication of this plant to ensure its sustainability.

We need to conduct complete process Anoectochilus setaceus Blume propagation techniques, applied into practice in order to generate the amount of seedlings, provides the domestic market and international

CONCLUSION, CONSTRAINS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusions

- Anoectochilus setaceus Blume is herbaceous plant, growing underground Therefore the number of individuals was determined only at the time of the study due to the natural succession of species

- Anoectochilus setaceus Blume in the study area distributed with low density in 4 establised plots There were 173 individuals distributing mainly at the elevation from 1000m and Northeast direction

- Anoectochilus setaceus Blume distributed in natural forests with high coverage density, around 80% - 85% Distribution density of Anoectochilus setaceus Blume changes by elevation, exposure direction

In the past five years, the National Park has reported no cases of brocade spread exploitation violations However, interviews reveal that high prices have led to illegal mining activities The species Anoectochilus setaceus Blume is significantly impacted by these unauthorized mining practices, as well as by land conversion and forestry activities.

- Initial assessing of forest protection, benefits, constraints, opportunities and challenges in the conservation and development of Anoectochilus setaceus Blume in Ba Vi National Park

- Recommending 3 groups of species conservation and development in the region, including measures on organization management, policy solutions and engineering solutions.

Constrains

- Study time is limited so the topic was not investigated comprehensively in the research area

The initial assessment of the impacts on the conservation and development of species like Anoectochilus setaceus Blume has been limited, focusing primarily on management aspects Consequently, there has been insufficient exploration of the various factors influencing the sustainable development of this species in other areas.

The interview process proved challenging, as many individuals hesitated to disclose whether they had exploited species listed as prohibited.

- The study did not have conditions to research on phonological characteristics, forest structure, species breeding capabilities in research areas to breed for conservation and development.

The roots of Anoectochilus setaceus Blume

* Leaves: The leaves are brown pink, each tree from 2-6 leaves, usually 4 leaves Leaves twisted around the body, spread on the ground Leaf surface has pile

Picture 5 2: The leave of Anoectochilus setaceus Blume (Front)

Picture 5.3: The leave of Anoectochilus setaceus Blume (Back)

The Anoectochilus setaceus Blume flower features an inflorescence measuring 5 to 7 cm in length, adorned with 5 to 10 individual flowers, each approximately 2.5 cm long This stunning pink flower blooms from October to December and is highly valued for ornamental cultivation, contributing significantly to economic returns To enhance its aesthetic and artistic appeal, it is essential to implement effective planting methods and crossbreeding techniques for genetic resource development.

Picture 5.4: Flower of Anoectochilus setaceus Blume in Ba Vi National Park

During the research period, I was unable to observe the fruit due to it not being the fruiting season However, survey results from interviews and material usage indicate that the fruit has an oval or rhombus shape, covered with a small feather-like wrap Its color ranges from pink-purple when unripe to red or yellow when ripe, typically maturing in February and March The fruit measures approximately 0.4 to 0.7 cm in diameter and 1.8 to 2.5 cm in length.

5.2 The diversity of the number of individuals according to the state forest:

A survey of 20 individuals revealed that approximately 90% possess knowledge about the species in question Since 2005, awareness of this species has increased; however, recent years have seen a significant decline in its population Research has focused on areas at elevations of 900 meters and above, where the state forest boasts rich biodiversity.

The average density of Anoectochilus setaceus Blum in rich forests is 425 individuals per hectare, with each plot containing approximately 42.5 individuals This density is lower than the tree counts observed in the same plots, where Plot 1 has about 80 trees and Plot 3 has 120 trees The environmental impact on the species' development is attributed to factors such as the vulnerability of succulent and stamping plants during rainfall and the natural effects of seasonal deciduousness, which can bury trees growing beneath the canopy Notably, the average density of Anoectochilus setaceus in Ba Vi National Park surpasses that of other regions, including Sung Phang commune in Lai Chau province, which has a density of only 60 trees per hectare (Hoang A Lo, 2014).

Picture 5.5 Map of distribution of species according the state forest

5.3 The diversity of the number of individuals according elevation:

Elevation significantly influences the distribution of flora, as increasing elevation alters factors such as temperature, humidity, and light intensity To explore this relationship, I conducted an investigation into how elevation affects the diversity and abundance of plant species The geographical characteristics of the study area are detailed in Table 5.2.

According to the data in Table 5.3, Anoectochilus setaceus Blume is primarily found at elevations above 1100 meters, with species density increasing as altitude rises This trend indicates a correlation between elevation and the abundance of this species.

+ Impact of human: exploiting activities of human effect to natural regeneration

5.4 The diversity of the number of individuals according aspect:

Picture 5.5 Map of location of 4 plots according aspect

The density distribution of tree species varies significantly between regions, with the Northeast exhibiting an average density of 69 trees per hectare, compared to just 16 trees per hectare in the Southwest This disparity is primarily attributed to the Northeast receiving lower temperatures and more light energy, along with its gentler slopes, which reduce environmental impacts such as floods and erosion Furthermore, the Northeast has a higher density of exposed rock, fostering optimal conditions for species development and preventing natural forest succession from burying these trees.

Interviews with local residents and national park officials reveal that Anoectochilus setaceus Blume is endangered due to high demand from China and other countries, with prices reaching 5,000,000 VND per kg in China and 30,000,000 VND per kg in Japan This exploitation poses a significant threat to the population of this wild species, potentially leading to its decline.

So we need these measures to conduct effective management from local to Central Government to protect forest flora species, Anoectochilus setaceus Blume among them

5.5 Conservation and development solutions the number of individuals of

The national park in the province is home to 33 highly qualified rangers tasked with protecting a forest area of 500 to 1,000 hectares Despite their expertise, the effectiveness of forest protection efforts is hindered by limited public awareness and understanding of the importance of conserving these natural resources.

Despite the implementation of forest fire protection measures, the practice of slash-and-burn agriculture persists during the dry season, posing a significant threat to forest areas and increasing the risk of large-scale wildfires in state forests.

Ba Vi National Park, situated to the west of Hanoi and spanning two districts in Hoa Binh Province, boasts a strategic geographical location that enhances economic and cultural exchanges between provinces This advantageous setting also fosters economic development opportunities for the local communities in the surrounding buffer zone.

In the region, residents engage in agricultural development and tourism-related businesses, including transportation and trade at popular attractions like Ao Vua, Thien Son – Suoi Nga, and Khoang Xanh This diversification of income sources not only boosts local earnings but also decreases the community's reliance on forest resources in the buffer zone.

Ba Vi National Park boasts abundant resources, including land, water, and forest, creating favorable conditions for the growth of various economic sectors such as tourism, services, agriculture, and forestry product processing.

Many individuals possess limited knowledge regarding forest resources, as revealed during interviews Local residents, including officials and the majority of those living in the buffer zone, demonstrate a lack of awareness about various species present in the area.

Many impoverished farmers face a shortage of productive land, prompting them to engage in illegal mining to boost their income when buyers offer high prices This trend has resulted in a declining population of these individuals, highlighting the urgent need for sustainable agricultural practices.

Flower of Anoectochilus setaceus Blume in Ba Vi National Park

During my research period, I was unable to observe the fruit due to the lack of fruiting season However, based on survey results from interviews and material usage, I learned that the fruit has an oval or rhombus shape, covered with a small feather-like wrap It typically displays a pink-purple color, transitioning to red or yellow when ripe The fruit ripens in February and March, measuring between 0.4 to 0.7 cm in diameter and approximately 1.8 to 2.5 cm in length.

5.2 The diversity of the number of individuals according to the state forest:

A survey of 20 individuals revealed that approximately 90% possess knowledge about the species, which has been well recognized since 2005 However, in recent years, the population of this species has significantly dwindled Research has focused on areas with elevations starting from 900 meters, where the state forest boasts a rich biodiversity.

The average density of Anoectochilus setaceus Blum in rich forest areas is 425 individuals per hectare, with each plot containing approximately 42.5 individuals Despite the richness of the forest, this density is lower than the number of trees observed in the same plots, where plot 1 has around 80 trees and plot 3 has 120 trees This discrepancy is attributed to environmental impacts affecting the species' development, particularly the vulnerability of succulent and stamping plants during rainy seasons Additionally, trees growing under the dense canopy are influenced by natural factors, such as being buried during the deciduous season Notably, the average density of Anoectochilus setaceus in Ba Vi National Park surpasses that of other regions, including Sung Phang commune in Tam Duong district, Lai Chau province, which reports only 60 trees per hectare (Hoang A Lo, 2014).

Map of distribution of species according the state forest

5.3 The diversity of the number of individuals according elevation:

Elevation significantly influences the distribution of flora, as increased elevation alters key growth factors such as temperature, humidity, and light intensity To explore this relationship, I conducted an investigation into how elevation affects the diversity of plant species The geographical characteristics of the study area are detailed in Table 5.2.

According to the data in Table 5.3, Anoectochilus setaceus Blume is primarily found at elevations above 1100 meters, with species density increasing alongside altitude This trend can be attributed to various ecological factors.

+ Impact of human: exploiting activities of human effect to natural regeneration

5.4 The diversity of the number of individuals according aspect:

Map of location of 4 plots according aspect

The density distribution of tree species varies significantly between regions, with the Northeast averaging 69 trees per hectare compared to just 16 trees per hectare in the Southwest This disparity is attributed to several factors, including the Northeast's receipt of light energy at lower temperatures and its gentler slopes, which reduce environmental impacts such as flooding and erosion Additionally, the higher exposure of rock in the Northeast fosters favorable conditions for species development, preventing them from being overwhelmed by the natural succession processes of the forest.

Interviews with local residents and national park officers reveal that Anoectochilus setaceus Blume is endangered due to high demand in China and other countries, with prices reaching 5,000,000 VND per kg in China and 30,000,000 VND per kg in Japan This exploitation poses a significant threat to the population of this wild species, potentially leading to a decline in its numbers.

So we need these measures to conduct effective management from local to Central Government to protect forest flora species, Anoectochilus setaceus Blume among them

5.5 Conservation and development solutions the number of individuals of

The national park in the province is home to 33 highly qualified rangers who oversee a forest area ranging from 500 to 1,000 hectares, playing a crucial role in the protection of forest resources However, the effectiveness of their efforts is hindered by limited public awareness and understanding of forest conservation, resulting in low engagement in protection initiatives.

Despite ongoing forest fire protection efforts, the practice of slash-and-burn agriculture continues during the dry season, posing significant risks to forested areas and potentially leading to large-scale wildfires in state forests.

Ba Vi National Park, situated to the west of Hanoi and spanning two districts in Hoa Binh Province, boasts a strategic location that promotes economic and cultural exchanges between provinces This advantageous positioning supports the economic development of the local communities in the surrounding buffer zone.

In the region, residents engage in agricultural development and tourism-related businesses, including transportation and trade at popular attractions like Ao Vua, Thien Son – Suoi Nga, and Khoang Xanh This diversification of income sources has led to increased earnings for the community and decreased reliance on forest resources in the buffer zone.

Ba Vi National Park boasts abundant resources, including land, water, and forests, creating favorable conditions for the growth of various economic sectors such as tourism, services, agriculture, and forestry product processing.

Many individuals possess limited knowledge regarding forest resources, as revealed during interviews with local residents Both officials and the majority of those living in the buffer zone lack awareness about various species present in these areas.

Many impoverished farmers face a shortage of productive land, prompting them to engage in illegal mining to boost their income as buyers offer high prices This practice has led to a decline in the number of individuals involved in sustainable farming.

Anoectochilus setaceus Blume is a herbaceous species that is highly susceptible to environmental changes, particularly due to climate change, which significantly impacts Vietnam Over the past five years, the distribution of this species has shifted; it was previously found at elevations of 800m but is now primarily located at 1000m, with very few remaining at 800m Additionally, it is often found on slopes of 30 degrees, where it can be buried or damaged by storms, leading to the loss of many individual plants.