Effectiveness of domestic solid waste management in luong son town luong son district hoa binh province

Current situation of domestic solid waste at Luong Son town, Luong Son district, Hoa Binh province .... The impacts of domestic solid waste on the environment and public health in Luong

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF FORESTRY

Faculty: Forest Resources and Environmental Management

Student : Nguyen Thi Hieu Student ID : 1453061153

Class : K59A Natural Resources Management Course : 2014 – 2018

Advanced Education Program Developed in collaboration with Colorado State University, USA

Supervisor: MSc Nguyen Thi Bich Hao

Ha Noi, 2018

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, I would like to express my great appreciation to MSc Nguyen Thi

Bich Hao from Vietnam Forestry University, my research supervisor, for her enthusiastic

encouragement throughout my research project Her ideas, knowledge and efforts are heavily

embedded in this study

I wish to extend my thanks to the lecturers of the university, who have taught me for

more than four years, and to the cooperation of Vietnam Forestry University and Colorado State

University, especially, the faculty of Forest Resource and Environment Management

Finally, I would like to express my deep appreciation to the staffs in Hoang Long

Investment Limited Company and local people live in Luong Son town, Luong Son district,

Hoa Binh province for the enthusiastic help during the work Due to the limited knowledge,

time, and experience, this thesis still needs to be improved I am looking forward to receiving

feedback from teachers and friends to enhance it

Xuan Mai, 9 th September 201

Student

Nguyen Thi Hieu

CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i

CONTENTS ii

LIST OF TABLES v

LIST OF FIGURES vi

ABSTRACT 1

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 2

1.1 Overview of solid waste 2

1.1.1 Definition 2

1.1.2 The origin of domestic solid waste 2

1.1.3 Classification domestic solid waste 3

1.1.4 The composition of domestic solid waste 4

1.2 Impact of domestic solid waste 5

1.2.1 Impact on the environment 5

1.2.2 Impact on public health 5

1.2.3 Impact on the urban landscape 5

1.3 The current state of domestic solid waste management 6

1.3.1 In the world 6

1.3.2 In Viet Nam 6

1.4 Some methods of treatment domestic solid waste 7

CHAPTER II RESEARCH GOAL AND OBJECTIVES 9

2.1 Goal 9

2.2 Specific objectives 9

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODS 10

3.1 Study site 10

3.1.1 Geographical location 10

3.1.2 Topography 11

3.1.3 Climate 11

3.1.4 Resources 12

3.1.5 Population 12

3.1.6 Economy 13

3.2 Study methods 13

3.2.1 Investigating and doing research on the field 13

3.2.2 Interview method 15

3.2.3 Method of determining the composition of domestic solid waste 16

3.2.4 Statistical methods and data analysis 17

CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 18

4.1 Current situation of domestic solid waste at Luong Son town, Luong Son district, Hoa Binh province 18

4.1.1 Sources of domestic solid waste in Luong Son town 18

4.1.2 The amount of domestic solid waste generated every day in the town 21

4.1.3 The forecast volume of domestic solid waste in Luong Son town to 2020 24

4.2 The impacts of domestic solid waste on the environment and public health in Luong Son town, Luong Son district, Hoa Binh province 26

4.2.1 Impacts of domestic solid waste on the environment 26

4.3 Current situation of management and treatment about domestic solid waste at Luong Son town 31

4.3.1 The situation of domestic solid waste management 31

4.3.2 Classification, collection and transportation of domestic solid waste at Luong Son town 32

4.4 Proposing solutions to improve the effectiveness of domestic solid waste management in Luong Son town 37

4.4.1 Environmental protection policy 38

4.4.2 Collection of domestic solid waste 38

4.4.3 Improvement transportation of domestic solid waste efficiency 38

4.4.4 Other support methods 39

CONCLUSIONS, EXISTENCES, AND RECOMMENDATIONS 40

1 Conclusions 40

2 Existences 40

3 Recommendations 41 REFERENCES

APPENDIX

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.1 Definition of the domestic solid waste composition 4

Table 1.2 Advantages and disadvantages of some methods of domestic solid waste treatment 7

Table 3.1 The weight of domestic solid waste generated by households in one day 14

Table 4.1 The composition of domestic solid waste calculated according to the results of an actual analysis in Luong Son town 19

Table 4.2.The component of domestic solid waste in Luong Son town 20

Table 4.3 The amount of domestic solid waste generated every day in the town 21

Table 4.4 Population forecast of Luong Son town 24

Table 4.5 The forecast volume of domestic solid waste in Luong Son town to 2020 25

Table 4.6 The rate of gas components generated from landfill 29

Table 4.7 Results of interview sanitation workers in Luong Son town 34

Table 4.8 Results of household interviews on domestic solid waste management 36

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1 Some methods of domestic solid waste treatment 7

Figure 3.1 Map of Luong Son town, Luong Son district, Hoa Binh province 10

Figure 4.1 Sources of domestic solid waste in Luong Son town 18

Figure 4.2 Proportions of different categories of domestic solid waste in Luong Son town 20

Figure 4.3 The volume of domestic solid waste generated in Luong Son town 25

from 2017 to 2020 25

Figure 4.4 Wastewater generated at the landfill in Luong Son town 27

Figure 4.5 The gases are generated during the waste treatment process 28

Figure 4.6 Impact of domestic solid waste on public human health 30

Figure 4.7 The system of domestic solid waste management at Luong Son town 31

Figure 4.8 The model collection and transportation of DSW at Luong Son town 32

Figure 4.9 Waste is being collected by workers on their cart and then transferred into a truck 33

Figure 4.10 Landfill at Luong Son town, Luong Son district, Hoa Binh province 33

Figure 4.11 Waste disposal site at Luong Son town, Luong Son district, Hoa Binh province 33

ABSTRACT

Management of domestic solid waste is a major challenge in urban regions of the most part of the world, including Southeast Asia In the past decade, strong economic growth and uncontrolled urbanization have greatly magnified the problems with Vietnam’s domestic solid waste management system Not only has been an increase in the amounts of waste generated, but the composition of the waste has also changed as well

Given the rapid rates of urbanization occurring around the world, the importance of an efficient and effective domestic solid waste management system is more critical than ever before In recent years, Luong Son town has a high economic growth rate with the increase in population, the volume of domestic solid waste rose significantly However, behind the economic benefits of investment projects, the assessment of the effectiveness of solid waste management is becoming a difficult problem to solve in environmental management and protection

Therefore, I selected this study to provide a practical basis for assessment of domestic solid waste management in Luong Son town, Luong Son district, Hoa Binh province From that, proposing solutions to improve the effectiveness of domestic solid waste management in the study area

or refuse, sludge from a wastewater treatment plant, resulting from industrial, commercial, mining, agricultural, and from community activities [6]

Domestic solid waste, commonly known as trash or garbage (US), refuse, or rubbish (UK) is a waste type consisting of everyday items that are discarded by the public The organic waste potions consist of food and kitchen waste Inorganic waste consists of paper, plastic, glass, wood, and metal products such as drink cans [12]

1.1.2 The origin of domestic solid waste

The original of domestic solid waste includes:

- Residential area: it generated from household such as paper, cardboard, yard

clippings, wood, plastic, rubber and also some hazardous waste

- Commercial activities: it generated from restaurant, market, hotel or office Waste

sources have the same composition as for residential areas (food, paper, glass )

- The office: it generated from school, administrative agency Waste sources have the

same composition as for residential areas and commercial activities but less volume

- Agricultural activities: it generated from straw, pesticides, manure, and other waste

from the farm, harvest waste or fertilizer

- Construction activities: it generated from brick, stone, gravel

- Industrial activities: it generated from heavy metals like lead, mercury, ore

- Hospital and clinic: it generated from activities involving health protection such as

drugs and pharmaceuticals, cleaning and disinfection products, bandages, other plastics,

1.1.3 Classification domestic solid waste

Classification domestic solid waste can be based on many different criteria such as classification by location, by chemical and physical composition, and by the level of hazard

a Classification by location of formation

According to the location of formation: Depending on the location, waste can be divided into municipal solid waste, household waste [4]

- Household waste also known as domestic waste or residential waste is refuse

generated by households

- Municipal solid waste is more commonly known as garbage - consists of everyday

items we use and then throw away, such as product packaging, furniture, bottles, food scraps, newspapers, appliances, This comes from homes, schools, hospitals, and businesses [13]

b Classification by chemical and physical composition

According to chemical and physical composition: According to the chemical nature, wastes can be divided into organic waste, and inorganic waste [4]

- Inorganic waste means waste is composed of all those waste resulting from products

and materials that we use in our daily activities It can be sand, salt, iron, calcium

- Organic waste is an organic material It can also include paper, cardboard, timber,

food, and lawn clippings, etc

c Classification by level of hazard

- Household hazardous solid waste includes waste is flammable, corrosive, containing

radioactive substances or heavy metals [13]

- Household non-hazardous solid waste means waste does not contain hazardous, often

waste generated in family activities [13]

1.1.4 The composition of domestic solid waste

Domestic solid waste consists of many different components Information on domestic solid waste composition plays an important role in evaluating, selecting methods and treatment equipment Table 1.1 defines the definition of domestic solid waste

Table 1.1 Definition of the domestic solid waste composition

1 Inflammable substances

a Paper Materials made from paper and pulp Paper bags, toilet paper

b Textiles Originated from the fibres Fabrics, wool, nylon

c Food Food waste from household Fruit shells, corn-cob

d Grass, wood Products made from wood, bamboo Wooden furniture: tables, chairs

e Plastic Products made from plastic Plastic bottles, electric wire

f Leather, rubber Products made from leather and rubber Ball shoe, wallet

Any kind of material non-combustible

and made from glass Bottle, light bulb

1.2 Impact of domestic solid waste

1.2.1 Impact on the environment

Domestic solid waste can clog plumbing, rivers, which interfere with the flow of

water The water flows through the ponds and lakes that contaminate the surface water

1.2.2 Impact on public health

There are potential risks to environment and health from improper handling of solid wastes Direct health risks concern mainly the workers in this field, who need to be protected There are also specific risks in handling wastes from hospitals and clinics

1.2.3 Impact on the urban landscape

Domestic solid waste that is not collected or transported to the prescribed places will cause environmental issue and effect to the urban landscape

1.3 The current state of domestic solid waste management

1.3.1 In the world

Around the world, waste generation rates are rising In 2012, the worlds’ cities generated 1.3 billion tons of solid waste per year, amounting to a footprint of 1.2 kilograms per/person/day With rapid population growth and urbanization, municipal waste generation is expected to rise to 2.2 billion tons by 2025

A significant amount of municipal solid waste is burned and converted to energy Overall about 33.1 million tons, or 13%, of municipal solid waste was combusted for energy recovery in 2014, this is down slightly from 34 million tons in 2000 And the rise of recycling, composting, and burning municipal solid waste to produce energy provides significant environmental and economic benefits

1.3.2 In Viet Nam

Recently, Vietnam has faced great challenges in domestic solid waste management including not only the collection, transfer, and final disposal of waste but also a lack of public awareness of the domestic solid waste system The amount of domestic solid waste generated in Vietnam has been increasing steadily over the last decade

According to the 2011 report of the Department of Natural Resources and Environment (DONRE), the amount of municipal solid waste generated in urban areas only increased roughly 10-16% every year from 2007 to 2010 The total volume of urban solid waste generated

in 2007 was 17.682 tons/day and increased to 26.224 tons/day in 2010 And it can be observed that the amount of solid waste generated per capita per day also increased from approximately

0.75 kg/person/day to almost 1.0 kg/person/day

In Luong Son town, Luong Son district, Hoa Binh province, many people live near the waste treatment area in sub-area 10 urgent with the situation of environmental pollution

According to Nguyen Hong Bao, secretary of sub-area 10, people live far from more than one kilometre but still suffocate by the air of bad smell.

For this reason, I selected the study to provide a practical basis for assessment of domestic solid waste management at Luong Son town, Luong Son district, Hoa Binh province Therefore, proposing solutions to improve the effectiveness of domestic solid waste management in the study area

1.4 Some methods of treatment domestic solid waste

Figure 1.1 Some methods of domestic solid waste treatment

Table 1.2 Advantages and disadvantages of some methods of domestic solid waste

treatment

Some methods of treatment

domestic solid waste

1 Composting

- It is an easy and natural

biodegradation process that

takes organic wastes i.e

remains of plants and garden

and kitchen waste and turns

into nutrient-rich food for

your plants

- Composting reduces the amount of waste in landfills

- It can be done in-house

- It creates fertile soils

- If done incorrectly, composting can attract pests

Composting Incineration Landfill

Recovery and Recycling Methods of treatment domestic solid waste

2 Incineration

- Incineration is a type

disposal method in which

municipal solid wastes are

burned at high temperatures

so as-as to convert them into

residue and gaseous

- Ash still needs to be disposed of

3 Landfills

- The landfills are the most

popularly used method of

waste disposal used today

This process of waste

disposal focuses attention on

burying the waste in the land

- It may have every category of domestic solid waste, including hazardous materials

- Methane from decomposition may be captured for energy production

- It is initially cheap, but costs increasing rapidly as place fill up, therefore, expensive to develop the new place

- People must be lined to prevent leachate infiltrating ground or surface water sources

- It brings the risk of health problems

- Waste in the landfill can cause the greenhouse effect

4 Recovery and

Recycling

- The process of taking items

for a specific next use These

discarded items are then

processed to extract or

recover materials and

resources or convert them to

energy in the form of useable

heat, electricity or fuel

- Glass can be melted and shaped into new bottles or jars indefinitely; this requires less energy than making new bottles and jars

re Metals (aluminium is the most common and cost-effective material for recycling; steel is also frequently recycled)

- Recovery and recycling are not always cost effective

- It requires high initial capital

- Products may not be as durable

CHAPTER II RESEARCH GOAL AND OBJECTIVES

- Assessing current performance of domestic solid waste management in the study area

- Proposing solutions to improve the effectiveness of domestic solid waste management

in the study area

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODS 3.1 Study site

Study site includes Luong Son town, Luong Son district, Hoa Binh province Figure 3.1 shows the location of the study site

Figure 3.1 Map of Luong Son town, Luong Son district, Hoa Binh province

3.1.1 Geographical location

Luong Son town is a gateway in the East of Hoa Binh province, adjacent to the capital

of Hanoi and the Northwest of the country It closes to Hoa Lac Hi-Tech Park, Phu Cat urban area and the cultural village of the Vietnamese ethnic groups The town is located in geographical coordinates: from 105o25'14"E to 105o41'25"E and from 20o36'30"N to

20o57'22"N

- Kim Boi and Lac Thuy district in the South

- Ky Son district in the West

- Quoc Oai (Ha Noi city) in the North

- My Duc and Chuong My district in the East

The total area of the district is 36,488.85 hectares, divided into 20 administrative units, including 19 communes and 1 town (Cao Dam, Cu Yen, Hoa Son, Hop Hoa, Lam Son, Lien Son, Nhuan Trach, Tan Vinh, Thanh Lap, Tien Son, Truong Son, Trung Son, Tan Thanh, Cao Duong, Hop Chau, Cao Thang, Long Son, Thanh Luong, Hop Thanh and Luong Son town)

In Luong Son town have rich resources and abundant labour resources Luong Son has advantages in geographical location, is the focal point of economic exchanges, cultural - social between Northwest mountains and the Red River delta

3.1.2 Topography

About topography, Luong Son town is in the midland, where is the transition between the delta and mountainous, so the terrain is very diverse The low mountainous terrains are at the height of about 200 - 400m above the sea level and formed by magma, limestone, and terrigenous sediments, with a dense network of rivers and streams

Currently, Luong Son town has a total natural land area of 1,725.61 ha, including agricultural land and forestry land, accounting for 35.47% The soil is mainly red feralite on sedimentary rock, suitable for planting perennial crops, fruit trees, and rice

3.1.3 Climate

Luong Son town climate is a tropical monsoon, with cold winters, less rainfall, hot summer, and heavy rain

- The average temperature of the year is 22.9oC - 23.3oC

- The average rainfall is from 1,520mm to 2,256 mm/year, but unevenly distributed in the year and even in the season is very erratic

- Luong Son town has a network of rivers and streams distributed evenly in the communes

It can be seen that the climate, hydrography, and rivers have created favourable conditions for Luong Son to develop agriculture, diversify crops and animals, intensify crops and develop forestry River systems, dams are not only a source of water for living and people's life but also for regulating climate, improving the ecological environment and developing aquatic resources

3.1.4 Resources

- Water resources: The groundwater in Luong Son has a large reserve The water

quality is largely unpolluted and is distributed throughout the district

-Forest resources: The total forest land area is 18,733.19 ha, accounting for 49.68% of

the natural area The natural forest of the district is diverse and rich with many kinds of precious wood But due to human impacts, the forests have lost so much and replaced them with secondary forests

- Mineral resources: There are large reserves of limestone, construction stone, clay,

basalt, and multi-metal ores in the district

3.1.5 Population

The total population of the town is 13.160 people (in 2009) There are 5 ethnic groups in the town, which Muong people make up about 35% of the population, Kinh people make up 64.5% and other ethnic groups account for 5% The labour force is abundant, the number of non-agricultural workers is increasing, the percentage of trained labourers accounts for 55%, which shows that the district has strength in labour resources

3.1.6 Economy

In 2016, despite the difficulties and challenges, under the leadership of the Party Committee, the supervision of the People's Council, the direction and management of the district People's Committee and efforts of all levels, the branches, people of all classes, business community, the socio-economic of Luong Son district continue to be maintained and developed

3.2 Study methods

3.2.1 Investigating and doing research on the field

The thesis conducted investigation and survey in Luong Son town, Luong Son district, Hoa Binh province to:

- Directly surveying the research area

- Surveying sources of volume and composition of domestic solid waste at Luong Son town, Luong Son district, Hoa Binh province

- Investigating the collection, classification, transportation, and storage of solid waste in the study area

- Selecting households to ensure the objectivity and relativity of the results

- Taking and doing the measurement samples of domestic solid waste to determine the average volume of domestic solid waste in each household Conducting samples weight in 50 households in Luong Son town within 7 days

+ Preparation 10kg weight scale, gloves, masks, waste bags

+ Starting from 15th of July, 2018 to 21st of July, 2018 Every day takes to measure the weight of domestic solid waste in the afternoon The time from 4 pm to 7 pm

+ Recording the volume of domestic solid waste that can be weighed by each household, then take the average result

 The formula for calculating the average amount of domestic solid waste in each household:

M 1 = (m 1 + m 2 + m 3 + m 4 + m 5 + m 6 + m 7 )/7

Which: M 1 is the average amount of domestic solid waste per household in 7 days (kg/day)

 The formula for calculating the average amount of domestic solid waste in Luong Son town:

M average = (M 1 + M 2 + M 3 + + M 50 ) / 50

Which: M average is the average amount of domestic solid waste in Luong Son town (kg/day)

M 1 , M 2 , M 3 , M 50 is the average amount of domestic solid waste per household in 7 days (kg/day)

+ The results of the survey on the amount of domestic solid waste generated by households in one day are presented in the following table:

Table 3.1 The weight of domestic solid waste generated by households in one day

The number of people

The weight of domestic solid waste (kg/household/day)

3.2.2 Interview method

a Questionnaire

The questionnaire is a research instrument consisting of a series of questions for gathering information from respondents Questionnaires can be thought of as a kind of written interview In the thesis, using a questionnaire to collect data from a fraction of the population under investigation and the responses were used to provide assessment of the effectiveness of domestic solid waste management at Luong Son town, Luong Son district, Hoa Binh province

In other words, the questionnaire method is found very useful in understanding the field situation and collecting basic quantitative and qualitative information

From the results of investigating the study area, the thesis interviewed local people who live in the sub-zone 10, where is near Hoang Long Investment Limited Company Thesis used interview method to investigate information about the impacts of domestic solid waste on the surrounding environment and public health

In fact, preparing 2 questionnaires, each questionnaire form includes 15 questions

- For household: conducted interviews with 50 households at Luong Son town, Luong Son district, Hoa Binh province, especially people live near in sub-zone 10

- For garbage collector: Interview the garbage collectors at Luong Son town, Luong Son district, Hoa Binh province

The questionnaire related to the current state of physical and socio-economic status, demography, and educational background, information about the pollution situation in Luong Son town

b Survey technique

Direct contact (face-to-face) surveys were conducted in the research This method allows researchers to ask more questions, longer questions, more detailed questions, more opened-ended questions and more complicated or technical questions

Interviewee: households and individuals

3.2.3 Method of determining the composition of domestic solid waste

Steps to determine the composition of domestic solid waste in Luong Son town

- Throwing domestic solid waste that has been collected on the floor

- Mixing carefully the domestic solid waste

- Domestic solid waste piled in a cone

- Dividing the cone into 4 equal parts and take two cross sections: (A + C) or (B + D) after that mixing them

- Dividing each cross section (A + C) or (B + D) into two equal parts

- Taking cross sections into two parts, then from each part taking out half a piece (approximate 20 ÷ 30 kg) for physical classification

- Classification domestic solid waste into the following components:

+ Biodegradable solid waste: food scraps, rice, vegetables, leave, shell fruit

+ Non-biodegradable solid waste: plastic, brick, paper, glass, cloth, sandy soil

- Using the weight to determine the volume of each type and proportion

3.2.4 Statistical methods and data analysis

To conduct this study, the survey uses the method of data processing by Excel software

In addition, using some calculation methods such as:

a The amount of domestic solid waste generated is calculated according to the formula

M = I x N

M: Volume of waste (kg/day)

N: Population of the year (person)

I: Average waste generated (kg /person/day)

b The formula for calculating the amount of domestic solid waste generated in a year

M =

(tons)

M: Volume of waste in a year (tons/year)

N: Population of the year (person)

R: Waste generated (kg/person/day)

CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1 Current situation of domestic solid waste at Luong Son town, Luong Son district, Hoa Binh province

4.1.1 Sources of domestic solid waste in Luong Son town

Recently, the socio-economic development associated with the formation of new rural areas and standard living of people has been improved, therefore, the volume of domestic solid waste is increasing rapidly in Luong Son town

The sources of domestic solid waste are shown in figure 4.1

(Sources: Nguyen Thi Hieu, 2018)

The survey shows that domestic solid waste in Luong Son town, Luong Son district, Hoa Binh province is generated mainly from households, services, markets, industrial parks, offices and schools, hospitals and clinics

- The domestic solid waste from households, markets, services, offices and schools include mostly left-over or spoiled food, falling, leaves, spoiled fruits

- The domestic solid waste from industrial parks includes metal or rubber, paper, leather, glass, ceramics

Domestic solid waste

Households

Services

Offices and schools Hospitals and clinics

- The domestic solid waste from hospitals and clinics include syringes, bandages, medical instruments

The composition of domestic solid waste fluctuates according to a few factors:

- Population

- Socio-economic conditions

- People's awareness, etc

Analytical sampling results (20kg of solid waste) the composition of domestic solid waste in Luong Son town The results are presented in table 4.1

Table 4.1 The composition of domestic solid waste calculated according to the results of

an actual analysis in Luong Son town

Percentage

Weight (kg)

Percentage (%)

1 Food scraps, rice 1.0 16.67% Coal slag 1.5 10.7%

(Sources: Nguyen Thi Hieu, 2018)

The components of domestic solid waste after the investigation are shown in table 4.2

Table 4.2.The component of domestic solid waste in Luong Son town

Ordinal

number

1 Biodegradable solid waste (food scraps, rice, vegetable ) 27.5%

2 Non-biodegradable solid waste (plastic bottles, nylon bags ) 70%

3 Hazardous solid waste (battery, medical instruments ) 1%

(Sources: Nguyen Thi Hieu, 2018)

Figure 4.2 Proportions of different categories of domestic solid waste in Luong Son town

From this pie chart, it can be clearly seen that the domestic solid waste of Luong Son town is diverse in composition However, the largest proportion is a non-biodegradable solid waste (70%) The components of non-biodegradable domestic solid wastes consist of plastic materials, brick, paper, glass, cloth, and sandy soil If non-biodegradable solid waste can be

27.5%

70%

1% 1.5%

The component of domestic solid waste in Luong Son town

Biodegradable solid waste Non-biodegradable solid waste

Hazardous solid waste Others