Conservation and development of medicinal plants in pu hu nature reserve thanh hoa province

The study also provided information of ecological and distribution of Morinda officinalis How as well as the factors impact on this species and made a documentation of local people know

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF FORESTRY

STUDENT THESIS CONSERVATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF MEDICINAL PLANTS

IN PU HU NATURE RESERVE, THANH HOA PROVINCE

Major: Natural Resources Management

Code: D850101 Faculty: Forest Resource and Environmental Management

Student: Nguyen Thi Thuy Duong Student ID: 1453091257 Class: K59A - Natural Resources Management Course: 2014 – 2018

Advance Education Program Developed in collaboration with Colorado State University, USA

Supervisor: Professor Dr Hoang Van Sam

Hanoi, 2018

I sincerely thank to Vietnam National University of Forestry has given me an opportunity to apply the knowledge I learned from the school I have got new and useful experience that is helpful for my future work

I would like to extend my thanks to the Board of Pu Hu Management especially Mr

Le Duy Cuong - the vice director of Pu Hu Nature Reserve, Quan Hoa district, Thanh Hoa Province for his useful, providing helpful data and constructive recommendations on this research I am also grateful to the stuffs of Pu Hu Reserve Manager: Le Phong, Hoang Van Phu for taking good care of mine and supporting me with the enthusiastic guidance to collected data when I stayed in the ranger station

Last but not least, I would like to thank my family for supporting me spiritually throughout my life

ABSTRACT

Over three-quarters of the world population relies mainly on plants and plant extracts for health care More than 30% of the entire plant species, at one time or others were used for medicinal purposes Population rise, inadequate supply of drugs, prohibitive cost of treatments, side effects of several allopathic drugs and development of resistance to currently used drugs for infectious diseases have led to increased emphasis on the use of plant materials

as a source of medicines for a wide variety of human ailments

Vietnam is a country with 75% mountainous area where ethic groups distributed This areas have many difficult conditions to develop the community also economic of community especially transportation The goods from urban areas are transported by a difficult way including clothes, medicine…ect Therefore, they have to have their own traditional culture and experiences in the makeup and use medical plants It led to the illegal harvesting medicinal plants in the nature forest and effect to the growth and regeneration of medicinal plants in nature forest

This study aims at conservation and development of medicinal plants in Pu Hu Nature Reserve Collecting existed data, survey questionnaires were the methods used in data collection The study showed the current status of medicinal plants in Pu Hu Nature Reserve includes: ingredient, habit, part-using, therapeutic, degree of threaten and status of harvesting

and planting The study also provided information of ecological and distribution of Morinda officinalis How as well as the factors impact on this species and made a documentation of

local people knowledge and development of medicinal plants in Pu Hu Nature Reserve Last,

it gave solution for conservation and development of medicinal plants in Pu Hu Nature Reserve

TABLE OF CONTENT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i

ABSTRACT ii

TABLE OF CONTENT iii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS v

LIST OF TABLE vi

LIST OF FIGURE vii

I INTRODUCTION 1

II GOAL, SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY 2

2.1 Goal 2

2.2 Objectives 2

2.3 Methods 2

2.3.1 Secondary data collection 2

2.3.2 Collect primary data 2

2.3.3 Data analysis 5

2.3.4 Assess the level of threat 5

III STUDY SITE CHARACTERISTICS 6

3.1 Natural conditions 6

3.2 Social and economic conditions 7

3.3 Basic characteristics of forest resources 7

3.3.1 Current status of land types, forest types of Pu Hu NR 7

3.3.2 Typical types of forest vegetation 8

IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 10

4.1 Current status of medicinal plants in Pu Hu Nature Reserve 10

4.1.1 Diversity of Taxon 10

4.1.2 Usage of plant parts for medicine 10

4.1.3 Habits of medicinal plants 11

4.1.4 Disease treated with medicinal plants 11

4.1.5 Decree of threaten of medicinal plants in Pu Hu NR 12

4.1.6 Status of havesting, planting 14

4.2 Status of Morinda officinalis How in Pu Hu NR 15

4.2.1 Distribution of Morinda officinalis How in Pu Hu NR 15

4.2.2 Distribution characteristics of Morinda officinalis How in Pu Hu NR 16

4.2.3 Growth situation of Morinda officinalis How in Pu Hu NR 18

4.2.4 Factors impact on the growth of Morinda officinalis How in Pu Hu NR 19 4.2.5 Trading situation of Morinda officinalis How in Pu Hu NR 19 4.3 Local people’s knowledge and development of medicinal plants in Pu Hu NR 20 4.4 Solution proposals for conservation and development of medicinal plants in Pu Hu NR 21

V CONCLUSION 22 REFERENCES

APPENDIX

LIST OF TABLE

Table 2.1 Coordinate of start, end point of each trasect line

Table 3.1 Classification of vegetation

Table 4.1 Medicinal plants found in Pu Hu Nature Reserve

Table 4.2 Group of diseases treated with medicinal plants by local people Table 4.3 Endangered species of medicinal plant found in Pu Hu NR

Table 4.4 Forest status where Morinda officinalis How grow

Table 4.5 Stand information in each plot

Table 4.6 Factors impact on the growth of Morinda officinalis How in each plot

LIST OF FIGURE

Figure 2.1 Distribution map of transect line investigation in Pu Hu NR

Figure 2.2 Distribution map of transect line and plot investigation in Pu Hu NR

Figure 3.1 Map of Pu Hu NR

Figure 4.1 Usage of plant parts for medicine in Pu Hu NR

Figure 4.2 Habit of medicinal plants in Pu Hu NR

Figure 4.3 Harvesting’s frequency of local people

Figure 4.4 Situation of planting medicinal plants

Figure 4.5 The distribution map of Morinda officinalis How in Pu Hu NR

Figure 4.6 Average height of stem of Morinda officinalis How in each plot

Figure 4.7 Average height of stump of Morinda officinalis How in each plot

Figure 4.8 Local people’s knowledge about effect of harvesting method on medicinal plants Figure 4.9 Factors impact on the growth of medicinal plant

I INTRODUCTION

The medicinal source of Vietnam is abundant and diversified include plants, animals and minerals In which, plant still play an important role in this component, in terms of kinds

as well as use values

Located in the belt of tropical monsoon, Vietnam has high biodiversity and is ranked as one of the top 25 highest biodiversity countries in the world Vietnam has approximate 11,000 species of vascular plants, 800 species of fungi and more than 2,000 species of algae According to the figure of Vo Van Chi, which was published in the book “Dictionary of medicinal plants in Vietnam”, nearly 4,700 species are listed as medicinal plants However, Vietnam is also one of countries with high rate of deforestation in the world (MC Kinnon & Cox, 1991) Current stock of primeval forests was remaining about 1% of the total land area Then forest resources will be destroyed including many medicinal plants This can be considered as a challenge and mission to conserve the source of pharmaceutical material, which needed to invest in research in the current time and future

Moreover, Vietnam has 54 ethnic groups live together From time immemorial, people have known to use medicine from plants to treat health problems for human and animals Throughout our history, the capital of community medicine were accumulated, took shape and developed to become national background of traditional medicine with all databases were saved and transmitted orally to the next generation Besides, the local knowledge and experiences of each ethnic group are different and they have their own traditional culture and experiences in the makeup and use medical plants On the other hand, the old generation gradually passed away and the young generation demonstrated little interest in learning how

to make up medicine from medicinal plants and how to use it and the development of modern medicine All reasons lead to the traditional treatment is being lost day by day

Pu Hu Nature Reserve belongs to the Muong Lat and Quan Hoa districts and in the Northwet of Thanh Hoa province The area of special use forest in Pu Hu nature reserve is approximate 22.680,59 ha The whole area of the forest is a hilly area in the west, surrounded

by two major river systems, the Ma River and the Luong River and it is mainly formed by two ecosystems: highland mountain ecosystems and limestone karst ecosystems In this area, there

are many valuable medicinal herbs including Morinda officinalis This species are very

interested in producing medicinal plants and growing in many parts of Vietnam However, local planting, exploitation and trading products of this species are directly affecting the expansion or narrowing of their distribution Being aware of providing necessary scientific information for the management, conservation and development of this species in the locality, contributing to the improvement of income and living standard for local people, I decided to

conduct a thesis titled: “Conservation and development of medicinal plants in Pu Hu

Nature Reserve, Thanh Hoa province”

II GOAL, SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY

2.1 Goal

The Goal is to evaluate current status and propose solutions for conservation and development of medicinal plants in Pu Hu Nature Reserve

2.2 Objectives

- To assess the current status of medicinal plants in Pu Hu NR, Thanh Hoa province

- To assess the current status of Morinda officinalis How in Pu Hu NR

- To assess local knowledge and development of medicinal plants in Pu Hu NR

- To provide solutions for conservation and development of medicinal plants in Pu Hu NR

2.3 Methods

2.3.1 Secondary data collection

Using method to collect existing data about Pu Hu NR geographic condition, current status of fauna and flora biodiversity, forest areas; Economic and social condition of surrounded communes

2.3.2 Collect primary data

2.3.2.1 Structure interview

A random sample of 100 households in 2 surrounded communes (Nam Tien commune belongs to Quan Hoa district and Trung Ly commune belongs to Muong Lat district) is selected in a survey Questionnaires are prepared before going to the field to get information about: General information of interviewees (age, gender, education level, main income, etc.); their knowledge about distribution of medicinal plants and factors effect the medicinal plants

in local area

2.3.2.2 Semi-structure interview

Interview 5 staffs who work in Management board of Pu Hu NR by using checklist to get information and data on the issues: Current population, living standard of local communes; Local awareness about forest resources management especially medicinal plants and the role and level of local community participation in forest resources management in Pu Hu NR

2.3.2.3 Establish transects

Establishing transectline in the field and on the map, especially make sure that the area which transectline was established can represent the forest type and habitat of whole area There are 6 transect lines were set up:

Table 2.1: Coordinate of start, end point of each trasect line

Name of transect line

During the survey, the route location was recorded using GPS to establish a map of transect lines

Figure 2.1: Distribution map of transect line investigation in Pu Hu NR

In each transect line, observe the appearance of Morinda officinalis How and use

binocular to increase the viewing range Information of appearance species were recorded by equipment such as camera, GPS The information collected is recorded in the form:

Form 1: Transect line investigation of Morinda officinalis How

Number of transect: Location:

Start point: End point:

Date of investigation: Investigator:

During the survey, observe the dominant layer, shrubs and vegetation

2.2.4 Establish plot

In each transect line, the sites with forest status and typical terrain characteristics for

the area where distribute Morinda officinalis How are choosed to set up plots.In 2 transect lines located in Hien Kien Commune and Phu Son Commune, we didn’t find Morinda officinalis How occur Therefore, eight rectangular plots with an area of 500m2 (25m x 20m)

are set up in 4 other transect lines The location of these plots is where Morinda officinalis

How has a concentrated distribution with no habitat fragmentation The length of the plot is set along the contour, the other side is perpendicular to the contour, using the area to determine the orientation of the plot

Figure 2.2: Distribution map of transect line and plot investigation in Pu Hu NR

* Monitoring the growth of Morinda officinalis How: In the plot, surveying is followed the form below:

Form 2: Plot investigation of the growth of Morinda officinalis How

Plot: Coordination: Forest type:

Area of plot: Slope: Slope direction:

Canopy cover: Vegetation covers: Date:

No.species Hstem (cm) Dstump (cm) Pestilent insect

situation

* Evaluating the impact of other factors on Morinda officinalis How: Incorporation of

human and natural impacts on the growth and development of Morinda officinalis How,

capture of impacts on the survey line where Morinda officinalis How is caught and impacts in the plot

2.3.3 Data analysis

- Applying descriptive statistic and using Excel to analyze the collected quantitative data, then, draw charts, graphs

- Classification of medicinal plants under the parts, utility, value and shape of live

2.3.4 Assess the level of threat

Level of threat is assessed based on the document issued for the endangered plants to assess the degree of threatened useful plant species including Vietnam Red list; Decree No.32/2016/ND-CP on management of forest flora and fauna endangered, rare and precious

It also based on the situation of exploitation, use and trafficking in local area to point out the danger of species threatened in study site

III STUDY SITE CHARACTERISTICS 3.1 Natural conditions

 Geographical locations

Figure 3.1: Map and picture of Pu Hu NR

Pu Hu NR is located in the northwest of Thanh Hoa Province and belongs to Quan Hoa district (10 villages) and Muong Lat district (01 commune) It is about 140 kilometers far from Thanh Hoa City

as Pe Tuong Peak (1,424 m) The height of eastern and southern terrain of these ranges descend along to steep slopes Ma River’s side and Luong River’s side

Due to the difficult terrain, the area is severely fragmented at the average elevation of

800 - 1,000 m and the average slope of 25-30° The terrain of this area is divided into 2 regions: High mountainous areas are distributed in Hien Chung, Phu Son, Trung Thanh communes; low mountains, high hills are located in Phu Thanh, Nam Tien, Thanh Xuan communes

 Soil Characteristics

In general, the soil in Pu Hu NR is not special, rocks are poor in nutrients, only few of the common types are found in mountainous areas such as granite, clayey, claystone and sandstone The types of soil formed in this area are usually on high sloping terrains of 16-25° and 26-35° In the past, the forest cover was quite good so the depth of soil usually at medium level (30-80 cm)

 Climate

Pu Hu Nature Reserve is characterized by tropical and monsoon climate of Northwestern Vietnam.The average temperature is 23,1°C and fluctuating from 20°C to 25°C with two distinct seasons: rainy season from June to October and dry season from November

to May of next year Average annual humidity is 86% The average annual rainfall is relatively low, varies from 1,400 mm to 1,600 mm

There are two main types of wind in this area: the southeast monsoon and the northeast monsoon In April and May every year also appear 2 to 3 winds of Laos which are hot and dry, easy to cause forest fires

Pu Hu Nature Reserve borders with the North West, so the typhoon mainly affects this area through heavy rains, which can cause rainfall of 1,000 mm/time cause flood

3.2 Social and economic conditions

Socio-economic development in the buffer zone of Pu Hu NR is in the area of 02 districts of Quan Hoa and Muong Lat which are undergoing new development The economic structure is shifting and orienting economic sectors, especially forestry and service are growing Material life and spiritual life is raised Infrastructure has been invested and brought into use The land use potential is high and is being exploited Basically ethnic minorities have settled down sedentary, promoting the potential of each region for economic development

The ethnic diversity of the people living in the NR is an advantage in promoting knowledge in conservation, which is one of the intangible values that should be conserved

The social security situation in the NR area is ensured and the politics maintained, creating a good premise for the management, protection and development of forest resources

of Pu Hu Nature Reserve

3.3 Basic characteristics of forest resources

3.3.1 Current status of land types, forest types of Pu Hu NR

Pu Hu NR has a total forest land area of 22,680.59 ha, covering 39 sub-zones distributed over 11 communes Including:

- The forest land area is 21,500.26 ha, the forest cover is 94,7%, mainly natural forest

- The area of un-forested land is 1,180.33 ha (accounting for 6.6%)

- Area of 7.78 ha, including the area of the office in Ban Kham and the Forest Protection Station in Trung Ly, Phu Son, Trung Thanh and Nam Tien Communes

In Pu Hu Nature Reserve, there are two typical ecosystems that are highland mountain ecosystems and limestone ecosystems The limestone ecosystem occupies 0.97% of the total forest land allocated to the management The high mountainous ecosystem is located in the other sub-zones

The total reserve of forest types is 1,452,094 m3; Bamboo: 160,133 trees, of which; rich forest: 65,124 m3, average 180 m3/ha; Average forest area is 627,509 m3, average 130

m3/ha; Poor forest is 464,056 m3, average 70 m3/ha; Recovery forest 65m3/ha; Mixed forest: 295,045 m3; bamboo: 160,113 trees: 50-60m3/ha, Neohouzeaua: 3,000 trees/ha In general, the forest ecosystems in this area are quite good, with the proportion of rich and medium forests accounting for 22.5% of the NR

3.3.2 Typical types of forest vegetation

According to the ecological view of populations and vegetation classification system of Vietnam by Dr Thai Van Trung (1978), forest vegetation in Pu Hu Nature Reserve is divided into the main forest types as follows:

Table 3.1: Classification of vegetation

1.3 Savan herbal after burnt-over land and forest fire 512.61

2.1 The evergreen broad-leaved forest with subtropical broadleaf

trees

7349.56

(Source: Viện ĐTQH rừng 1998 và điều tra, bổ sung năm 2012 của Phân viện ĐTQHRTBB)

 Flora

Through surveys on plant species of Pu Hu Nature Reserve, Thanh Hoa province, 894 species, 575 genera and 143 families of 6 vascular plant species have been identified Most species are concentrated in Magnoliophyta with 117 families (81.81%); 527 genera (accounting for 91.65%); 779 species (87.14%), Polypodiophyta with 21 species (14.69%), 42 genera (accounting for 7.30% and 105 species (11.75%) In 894 plant species in Pu Hu, 355 species have one function (39.71%), 205 species have two (22.93%) A number of

representative species were found such as Litsea cubeba, Antiaris toxicaria Particularly, the

number of species has more than two uses up to 86 species (representing 9.62%) with

representatives such as: Sterculia lanceolata, Trema orientaris, Dioscorea cirhosa, Madhuca pasquieri, ect… for medicinal purposes, for wood, for food or for dyeing, etc… The value of

the species indicates that higher plant species in the protected area are rich and varied in value

In addition, Pu Hu Flora has a total of 24 species recorded in the Vietnam Red Book (2007), accounting for 2.7% of total species and accounting for 5.7% of the total species, rare

in the Red Book of Vietnam

+ In 6 rare and endangered species, 3 species are precious medicinal plants such as:

Drynaria fortunei, Acanthopanx trifoliatus, Anoectochinus calcareus

+ 18 rare and endangered species (VU) such as Markhmia stipulata, Protium serratum, Strychnos umbellata

 Fauna

According to a study by Do Tuoc and Le Trong Trai in 1998, there were 8 sets, 20 families and 62 species of animals identified Classes of birds are 13 sets, 41 families, 162 species; Amphibians have 01 set, 04 families, 14 species and reptiles have 02 sets, 14 families and 28 species

In that study, 47 species of rare species are listed in the Vietnam Red Book and 20 species listed in the IUCN Red List 2009; 29 species listed in Appendix IB, IIB Decree 32ND / 2006 of the Government

IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Current status of medicinal plants in Pu Hu Nature Reserve

4.1.1 Diversity of Taxon

There are 362 species, 113 families, 56 classes and 8 orders which belong to 6 phylum: Psilotophyta, Lycopodiophyta, Equisetophyta, Polypodiophyta, Magnoliophyta have been found in Pu Hu NR (Table 4.1)

Table 4.1: Medicinal plants found in Pu Hu Nature Reserve

Quantity (%) Quantity (%) Quantity (%) Quantity (%)

of Polypodiophyta phylum was much lower than the Magnoliophyta’s It shows that Magnoliophyta plays an important role in medicinal and tropical flora

4.1.2 Usage of plant parts for medicine

After studying the parts of plants which were used as medicinal materials in Pu Hu

NR, a statistic has been made as shown in Figure 4.1:

Figure 4.1: Usage of plant parts for medicine in Pu Hu NR

The figure 4.1 shows information about amount of plant parts used for medicine.The amount of leaves and roots used as medicinal materials was much higher than other parts In contrast, branches and tubers were lesser used

According to the chart, the root is the dominant used part (154 species) There were

140 species which have leaves used as medicinal material Barks and whole plant followed with medium amount of use with 70 and 88 species respectively The amount using of fruit, seed, and stem was lower with 49 species, 38 species and 35 species respectively Slightly lower was the amount using of flower (21 species) and branch (14 species) The least one was tuber part with only 7 species have this part used as medicinal material Beside, a plant can has several of its parts used as medicinal materials

4.1.3 Habits of medicinal plants

The medicinal plants in Pu Hu NR are mainly belong 4 habits include herb, shrub, vine and tree

Figure 4.2: Habits of medicinal plants in Pu Hu NR

The bar chart shows the proportion of habits of medicinal plants in Pu Hu NR The proportion of each habit is not much different The highest percentage is tree habit with 36% Stand in the second is herb habit with 27% With 24% the shrub habit followed in the third and the last one is vine habit (13%)

4.1.4 Disease treated with medicinal plants

The traditional medicine has proved that a plant can be used to treat several diseases and a disease is only completely treated when using many species of plants Following Vo Van Chi (2012), Do Tat Loi (2011), the usage of medicinal plants of Pu Hu NR is devided based on groups of diseases as below:

Table 4.2: Group of diseases treated with medicinal plants by local people

4.1.5 Decree of threaten of medicinal plants in Pu Hu NR

According to the Vietnam Red List 2007, IUCN 2013 and Decree 32/2016 on management of forest flora and fauna endangered, rare and precious, 26 medicinal plant species which need priority for conservation were determined in mountainous areas of Pu Hu

NR (Table 4.3)

Table 4.3: Endangered species of medicinal plant found in Pu Hu NR

name

Endangered level IUCN

2013

Vietnam Red list

8 Cinnamomum parthenoxylon (Jack)

10 Dendrocnide urientissima (Gagnep.)

EN Bx+2c

11 Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R Br ex

12 Fallopia multiflora (Thunb.)

Axa,c,d+2

c,d

21 Strychnos umbellata (Lour.) Merr Mã tiền hoa

Bx+2a,b,c

Following the IUCN 2013, Pu Hu NR has 4 species belong to the threatened region including 1 critical endangered species, 1 endangered species and 2 vulnerable species There are 9 species belong to lower risk region and 1 data deficient species On the other hand, there are 14 species belong to the threatened region including 1 critical endangered species, 5 endangered species and 8 vulnerable species according to the Vietnam Red list 2007 Following the Decree 32/ 2006 of Vietnamese government, Pu Hu NR has 3 species belong to group IIA which restricting the exploitation and use for commercial purposes, including forest plant species of high scientific and environmental value or of high economic value, with a small number of wild populations or are at risk of extinction

4.1.6 Status of havesting, planting

 Harvesting

After review the local people about harvesting medicinal plants in Pu Hu NR, a

statistic has been made and shown below:

Figure 4.3: Harvesting’s frequency of local people

33

67

Harvesting's Frequency

Regular Irregular

Figure 4.3 shows the percentage about harvesting’s frequency of local people This graph indicates the local people are not harvest medicinal plant regularly There were only 33% local people go to the forest regularly to harvest medicinal plants wheares irregular’s percentage was more than two times The quantity of medicinal plants were harvested depend

on the demand of each family They only harvest the species that needed to treat when their relative contracted a disease The quantity of species where each family was harvested every year is from 20 to 50 species This showed that local people in Pu Hu NR mainly harvested medicinal plants for use purposes and far less of the commercial purposes

 Planting

Arcording to the review the local people about harvesting medicinal plants in Pu Hu

NR, a statistic has been made and shown below:

Figure 4.4: Situation of planting medicinal plants

The figure 4.4 indicates the proportion of situation of planting medicinal plants in Pu

Hu NR With 76% the proportion of local people who planted medicinal plants much higher than this proportion of who did not plant medicinal plants Due to amount of medicinal plants

in Pu Hu NR were enough or even higher than demand for use purpose, there was a small number of local people choosing to plant medicinal plant Moreover, they only choosed to

plant some medicnael plants which have high economic value like Drynaria fortune, Eleutherococcus trifoliatus, Amomum longiligulare, Morinda officinalis How …ect

4.2 Status of Morinda officinalis How in Pu Hu NR

4.2.1 Distribution of Morinda officinalis How in Pu Hu NR

Through the process of surveying and processing data, the updated map of Morinda officinalis How has been set up according to the map scale of 1 / 125000, the quality

24

76

Situation of planting medicinal plants

Plant Not plant

according to map editing standards, editing on VN2000, color map The map illustrates the map and coordinates of species encountered as follows:

Figure 4.5: The distribution map of Morinda officinalis How in Pu Hu NR

In these locations, Morinda officinalis How are often found along the survey trails,

clinging to small trees at low altitudes or small shrubs

4.2.2 Distribution characteristics of Morinda officinalis How in Pu Hu NR

a Forest status

Based on the data collected from the field surveys, results of the appearance of Morinda officinalis How in Pu Hu NR were found in the forest status as follows:

Table 4.4: Forest status where Morinda officinalis How grow

Table 4.4 shows that Morinda officinalis How in Pu Hu NR appear in forest status IIIa2, IIIa1, IIb, G-Nu, Nu In which, the best forest status with the distribution of Morinda officinalis How under investigation is IIIa2 This forest status is quite simple species

composition, mainly small and medium timber species These are all strongly preferred species, indicating that the forest in the area is in restoration process This is a good condition for conservation and development of this species Due to the favorable light conditions under the forest canopy, in most of the forest conditions, the composition of shrubs, fresh mats, and botanic fauna in the surveyed area is very varied, most of which are medicinal plants and spices or yarn The development of good fresh soils plays a major role in increasing humidity

under the forest canopy, which is a good condition for the growth of Morinda officinalis How

But at the same time, it is also a challenge for this species of medicinal plants, because of the strong competition for nutrition as well as living space

These plots have canopy cover distribute from 0.4 to 0.85, vegetation cover from 65%

to 89%, mainly concentrated in the northeast, southeast, north In which, the southeast direction receive more amount of light than the other two directions, this directly affects the growth of plants, especially the upper ones Thus, it influences the amount of light falling

under the canopy, where Morinda officinalis How appear However, in the study area, the plot

in this drying direction has low forest cover because this is the area of bamboo species, which strongly affects the natural regeneration of the tree floor In addition, they create a large area

of land cover similar to that of a tree, which adversely affects the expansion of the range of

Morinda officinalis How which also requires the medium amount of light

4.2.3 Growth situation of Morinda officinalis How in Pu Hu NR

Figure 4.6: Average height of stem of Morinda officinalis How in each plot

The figure 4.6 shows stem’s average height of Morinda officinalis How in each plot

The plots had average height distribute from 110cm to 180cm Stem’s average heigh were almost equally represented in each plot In plot 1 and 6, there were the highest stem’s average height with 180cm The second were stem’s average heigh of plot 3 and 8 which are slightly lower with 167cm Stem’s average heigh of plot 4 and plot 5 were followed with 160cm and 155cm This indicator of plot 2 was lower with only 135cm Stem’s average heigh of plot 7 was the lowest with 110cm

Stump’s average diagram of the plots were also equally which were shown in figure 4.7 The distribution of average diagram of the plots was from 0.67cm to 0.9cm Plot 7 also

had lowest stump’s average diagram with 0.67cm

Figure 4.7: Average height of stump of Morinda officinalis How in each plot

Two figure above were shown that Morinda officinalis How in the plots which was growing

Therefore, providing the solution to protect and promote their growth was necessary requiments

4.2.4 Factors impact on the growth of Morinda officinalis How in Pu Hu NR

Table 4.6: Factors impact on the growth of Morinda officinalis How in each plot

NTFPs harvesting

coversion

Grazing livestock

Timber harvesting

At the monitoring sites of Morinda officinalis How , forest fires have not occurred, but

the sneaky to collect firewood and exploit some species of medicinal plants of the local people directly affect the growth of this species The issue of grazing livestocks in the areas of

Morinda officinalis How has also been observed in some monitoring lines However, the

effects of grazing are negligible The villagers sneak into the forest to collect medicinal plant,

including Morinda officinalis How also affect the development and distribution of Morinda officinalis How Especially, digging the whole tree for tubers (for perennial crops) reduced

their regeneration and also reduced the density of trees / ha in the conservation forest

4.2.5 Trading situation of Morinda officinalis How in Pu Hu NR

The situation of trading and selling products of Morinda officinalis How for

commercial purposes still occurs Buyers are often collectors from other provinces, even Chinese traders The linkages are mainly for some households living in the forest near the forest, which traders order They take advantage when exploit the products in their own

production forest to illegally exploit Morinda officinalis How from the Pu Hu special forest For Morinda officinalis How, people harvested all year round to collect the bulbs of bushes

with a living time of 2 years or more and sell them at prices ranging from 100,000 VND to 150,000 VND / kg of fresh roots This collector sells to traders at prices ranging from 150,000 VND to 200,000 VND / kg

4.3 Local people’s knowledge and development of medicinal plants in Pu Hu NR

Figure 4.8: Local people’s knowledge about effect of harvesting method

on medicinal plants

The figure 4.8 demonstrates the percentage of local agreement about the impact of harvesting method on the growth of medicinal plant There are 54% of interviewers think that harvesting method did not affect the medicinal plant’s growth This percentage of agreement interviewer is slightly lower with 46% They think that there was another cause which effect

to the growth of medicinal plants, including: timber harvesting, non – timber havesting, land conversion, infrastructure architecute, livestock’s grazing The opinions of local people about factors impact on medicinal plant’ growthwere shown in figure below:

Figure 4.9: Factors impact on the growth of medicinal plant

46%

54%

Local people's knowledge about effect of harvesting

method on medicinal species

Agree Disagree

The figure 4.9 shows the amount of interviewee’s agreement about factors impact on the growth of medicinal plant in Pu Hu NR Almost interviewees agree that gazing livestock was the main cause lead to the narrow down of medicinal plant distribution The factor which have second highest agreement were non-timber harvesting with 86 per 100 agreements Another factors had much lower agreement The next were land conversion and timber havesting with 27 and 25 agreements The lowest was infrastructe archicture with only 9 agreements Hence, grazing livestock and non-timber harvesting were two main factors affect the growth of medicinal plant in Pu Hu NR

4.4 Solution proposals for conservation and development of medicinal plants in Pu Hu

NR

To preserve and develop a species that can not be separated from the management and protection of their habitat Derived from the factors that affect the development of medicinal plants at Pu Hu Nature Reserve and the Government's regulations on forestry, the advantages and disadvantages of development, a proposal of solutions for sustainable development were maked, including:

 Management solutions: First, Strengthening the management and effective monitoring

of forest activities: Frequently patrolling, controlling and detecting illegal activities of timber forest products, including medicinal plants Second, Sending staff to participate in training courses on surveying and techniques for plantation, development and plant protection for medicinal plants

non- Technical solutions: First, Carry out zoning activities to promote natural regeneration

of the medicinal species in the authorized area Second, Establish nurseries, select provenances of high yielding and good quality seedlings for replanting and modeling of medicinal plants under forest canopy Invest in modern equipment for research and propagation of each species

 Social policy solutions: First, Raise people's awareness about the value and benefits of

biodiversity conservation in general and exspecial the medicinal plants, by organizing propaganda activities at each commune Second, set up training materials and open training courses for farmers to propagate and plant some species Encourage local people to participate in the development of some species in the household garden, plantation forest or community-managed forest

V CONCLUSION

The thesis determined that there are 362 species, 113 families, 56 classes and 8 orders which belong to 6 phylums: Psilotophyta, Lycopodiophyta, Equisetophyta, Polypodiophyta, Magnoliophyta have been found in Pu Hu NR In which, 26 medicinal plant species were determinded that need priority for conservation in mountainous areas of Pu Hu NR.The amount of leave and roots were used as medicinal material were much higher than other part

In contrast, Branchs and tubers were fewer uses The medicinal plants in Pu Hu NR are mainly belong 4 habits include herb, shrub, vine and tree Moreover, local people used many plant species to treat diseases about causes by poisoning, and then diseases because of weather and cutaneous diseases Due to amount of medicinal plants in Pu Hu NR were enough or even higher than demand for use purpose, there was a small number of local people choosing to plant medicinal plant

The survey results shows that Morinda officinalis How in Pu Hu NR appear in forest

status IIIa2, IIIa1, IIb, G-Nu, Nu The data of average of diameter of stump and average height of stem show thatMorinda officinalis How in the plots was growing There are 2 main factors impact on the growth of Morinda officinalis How including: Non-timber forest

products harvesting and livestock grazing The local people take part in their own forest land

to illeagally harvest Morinda officinalis How to sell for the trading from other provinces

More than a half of interviewees think that the harvesting method did not effect to the growth of the medicinal plants and they mention that livestock grazing and non-timber forest products were two main factors that effect to the growth of the medicinals plants

Derived from the factors that affect the development of medicinal plants at Pu Hu Nature Reserve, a proposal of solutions was showed including: management solutions, technical solutions, social policy solutions

3 Do Tat Loi (2005), Vietnamese medicinal plants, Medicine Publishing House, Hanoi

4 Vo Van Chi, Tran Hop (1999), Useful plants in Vietnam

5 Pham Hoang Ho (1991-1993), Vietnamese herbs, Book III Young Publishing House,

Ho Chi Minh City

6 Institute of Medicine (1993), Vietnam Medicinal Plant Resource, 2nd edition, Hanoi Science and Technology Publishing House

7 Do Huy Bich (2004), Medicinal plants and animals in Vietnam

8 Vo Van Chi (1997), Dictionary of medicinal plants in Vietnam, Medical Publishing House, Hanoi

9 Le Tran Chan et al (1978), Some basic characteristics of the flora of Vietnam, Science and Technology Publishing House, Hanoi

10 Tran Ngoc Hai, Pham Thanh Ha, Phung Thi Tuyen (2009), NTFP syllabus (Vietnam National University of Forestry) Agricultural Publishing House

11 Vietnamese Government, 2006 Decree about regarding management of plants of forests, rasks, rare and preservations

12 Ngo Xuan Nam et al., The biodiversity status of pu hu nature reserve, Thanh Hoa province

13 Nguyen Thuong Hai, 2014 Using of medicinal plants by the Thai ethnic minority in

Pu Hoat nature reserve area, Nghe An province, Vietnam

14 Kerala Agriculture University, 1988 Arometic and medicinal plants research station

15 Plant resources of South-east Asia Book 2: Medicinal and poisonous plants

PHOTO APPENDIX

1 Distribution of Morinda officinalis How

2 Photos of factors which impact on Morinda officinalis How growth

3 Photos of investigation activities

APPENDIX Appendix I Questionnaire for interview:

(1) Could you tell us how many species are currently harvested locally?

Less than 20 species

From 20 to 50 species

More than 50 species

(2) How often do you harvest the medicinal plants?

1.3 Trading situation of Morinda officinalis How

(1)What are the collections chained through which links?

If yes, what are they? ………

1.4 Knowledge of local people about conservation and development medicinal plant: (1) Does the current harvesting method affect the growth and development of these species in the wild?

Yes

No

(2) Which factors affect the number of species of medicinal? Does the current harvesting method affect the growth and development of these species in the wild? Wood harvesting

Commune committee and local forest ranger

Propaganda

(5) Do you think the programs and policies efficiency?

Yes

No

APENDIX II: Interview the staffs about the recommendations and solutions

(1) What is the current situation of preserve and develop medicinal plant in Pu Hu NR? (2) What policies/programs of preserve and develop medicinal plant are applied in Pu Hu NR?

(3) How about the awareness of local people in conservation and development medicinal plant?

(4) How/what kind of activities do people take part in conservation and development medicinal plant?

(5) According to you, in order to preserve and develop Morinda officinalis How species

locally, what should the authorities consider?

(6) Do you have any idea or suggestion to develop Morinda officinalis How species and

bring income to the local people?

Sincerely thank you for your valuable comments!

APPENDIX III No.

1 Psilotum nudum (L.) Beauv Không hạt lá thông

Rheumatism, sciatic nerve, internal hemorrhage

2 Huperzia carinata (Desv ex Poir.)

7 Dicranopteris linearis (Burm.)