Assessing current state and proposing solutions to improve waste water treatment effectively in ha bac export garment joint stock company

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT VIETNAM FORESTRY UNIVERSITY STUDENT THESIS ASSESSING CURRENT STATE AND PROPOSING SOLUTIONS TO IMPROVE WASTE WATER TREATMENT EFFECTIVELY IN

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT

VIETNAM FORESTRY UNIVERSITY

STUDENT THESIS

ASSESSING CURRENT STATE AND PROPOSING SOLUTIONS TO IMPROVE WASTE WATER TREATMENT EFFECTIVELY IN HA BAC

EXPORT GARMENT JOINT STOCK COMPANY

Major: Natural Resources Management

Code: D850101

Faculty: Forest Resources and Environmental Management

Student: NGUYEN CONG DAI Student ID: 1453091084 Class: K59B Natural Resources Management Course: 2014 - 2018

Advanced Education Program Developed in collaboration with Colorado State University, USA

Supervisor: Assoc Prof Tran Quang Bao, Ph.D

Hanoi, 2018

My sincere thanks also goes to many people for their contribution to this research; Mr Dang Van Long- Director of Ha Bac Industrial Washing Joint Stock Company; the Staves in

Ha Bac Industrial Washing Joint Stock Company who provided me many useful knowledge about washing process, wastewater treatment process and create some great opportunities for

me visit to operation areas of these processes I also would like to thank Ha Bac Export

Garment Joint Stock Company

Finally, I would further like to thank my family: my parents who always support to me and my friends who helped me in my research

Hanoi, 30 September 2018 Nguyen Cong Dai

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ABSTRACT

1 Topic of student thesis: “Assessing Current State And Proposing Solutions To Improve

Waste Water Treatment Effectively In Ha Bac Export Garment Joint Stock Company”

2 Student: Nguyen Cong Dai Student ID: 1453091084

3 Supervisor: Assoc Prof Tran Quang Bao, Ph.D

4 Objectives:

 Evaluating the quality of wastewater in Ha Bac Export Garment Joint Stock Company

 Suggesting solutions for improving wastewater quality in the company

Ha bac export garment joint stock company is one of the 50 largest garment enterprises

in Vietnam Now, the company includes 3 factories (2 garment factories and 1 industrial washing factory) and manufacture over 13 million products/ year The company also has the necessary investment for environmental protection but the efficiency is not high

Identify sources of waste (solid waste, waste gas, waste water) of the company and their impact on the environment Analysis of the sampling results from the site shows that the wastewater of the company is within the permitted level of QCVN 40: 2011 / BTNMT However, there are some indicators that exceed the allowed QCVN are organic substances containing parameters: TSS, turbidity

The Environmental Quality Control Department is responsible for planning the

environmental protection of the company and for controlling the quality and quantity of the company's wastewater before it is released into the environment

The company is interested in waste treatment and has invested in equipment and

machinery in the production process, waste water treatment process but compared to the present, the production and processing technology is quite old should not be as high as

desired Therefore, the company should upgrade and update the advanced production and processing technology in the world to achieve high economic efficiency while saving energy and protecting the environment

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1: Parameters: pre-treatment wastewater quality……….17 Table 3.1: Sampling locations……… 24 Table 5.1: The main waste water source in company……… 40 Table 5.2: Data form of the results of analyzing necessary indicators in wastewater from Ha Bac Export Garment Joint Stock Company……… 50 Table 5.3: Results of waste water analysis from washing process of Ha Bac industrial washing Joint Stock Company………51

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1: The diagram of process technology MBRR wastewater treatment………12

Figure 2.2: Aerobic tank ……… 14

Figure 2.3: Anaerobic tank………14

Figure 2.4: The diagram of the processing technology for water treatment in textile and garment industry……… 19

Figure 3.1: Wastewater collection tank………24

Figure 3.2: Sediment tank……….24

Figure 3.3: Sampling diagram in Ha Bac Industrial Washing Joint Stock Company……… 25

Figure 3.4: Some photos visiting the workspace in the company……….26

Figure 4.1: Geographic location map of Ha Bac export garment joint stock company………31

Figure 4.2: Ha bac export garment joint stock company organization chart………34

Figure 4.3: Organization chart of washing factory……… 35

Figure 4.4: Organization chart of factory 1……… 35

Figure 4.5: Organization chart of factory 2……… 36

Figure 4 6: Rate of products in company……….37

Figure 4.7: Kind of products and the markets of company……… 37

Figure 5.1: Diagram of production technology in factory………39

Figure 5.2: The drainage plan for rainfall chart………41

Figure 5.3: The amount of water for daily activities chart………42

Figure 5.4: The amount of water for production chart……… 42

Figure 5.5: Diagram of drainage system, canal, ditch after treatment to receiving source… 44

Figure 5.6: Operation diagram of wastewater treatment system……… 45

Figure 5.7: Diagram of areas in sedimentation tank……….46

Figure 5.8: Diagram of decomposition of surfactant and colorant separated from flotation device………48

Figure 5.9: Diagram of floatation tower……… 49

Figure 5.10: Temperature value of wastewater from Ha Bac industrial washing Joint Stock Company……….… 53

Figure 5.11: pH value of wastewater from Ha Bac industrial washing Joint Stock Company……… 53

Figure 5.12: TSS value of wastewater from Ha Bac industrial washing Joint Stock Company……… 54

Figure 5.13: COD value of wastewater from Ha Bac industrial washing Joint Stock Company……… 55

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Figure 5.14: N-NH4+ value of wastewater from Ha Bac industrial washing Joint Stock Company……… 56 Figure 5.15: P-PO43- value of wastewater from Ha Bac industrial washing Joint Stock Company……… 56 Figure 5.16: Cl- value of wastewater from Ha Bac industrial washing Joint Stock Company……… 57 Figure 5.17: pH value of treated wastewater from Ha Bac industrial washing Joint Stock Company……….……… 57 Figure 5.18: COD value of treated wastewater from Ha Bac industrial washing Joint Stock Company……….……… 58 Figure 5.19: DO value of treated wastewater from Ha Bac industrial washing Joint Stock Company……… 59 Figure 5.20: TSS value of treated wastewater from Ha Bac industrial washing Joint Stock Company……….…… 59 Figure 5.21: N-NH4+ value of treated wastewater from Ha Bac industrial washing Joint Stock Company……….……… 60 Figure 5.22: P-PO43- value of treated wastewater from Ha Bac industrial washing Joint Stock Company……….……… 61 Figure 5.23: Cl- value of treated wastewater from Ha Bac industrial washing Joint Stock Company……… 61

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT………2

ABSTRACT……… 3

LIST OF TABLES………4

LIST OF FIGURES……… 5

TABLE OF CONTENTS……….7

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION………9

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW……….10

2.1 The generality of garment manufacture in the world……… 10

2.1.1 The history of the formation and development of the textile and garment industry in the world……….10

2.1.2 The characters of the textile industry in the world……… 10

2.1.3 The waste water treatment advanced technology in garment manufacture………12

2.2 The generality of garment manufacture in Vietnam………14

2.2.1 The history of the formation and development of the textile and garment industry in Vietnam……….14

2.2.2 The origin and characters of waste water source in garment manufacture factory…….15

2.2.3 The effects of waste water source in garment manufacture factory on environment….18 2.2.4 The generality of waste water treatment technology in garment manufacture……… 18

CHAPTER III OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY:……….24

3.1 Goal & Specific objectives…… ………24

3.2 Sampling area & Time……….24

3.3 Study methods.……….26

3.3.1 Secondary data collection……….26

3.3.2 Method of investigation……… 26

3.3.3 Analytical method in the laboratory……… 27

3.3.4 Data processing method……….…….30

CHAPTER IV INTRODUCTION ABOUT NATURAL – SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF STUDY AREA AND HA BAC EXPORT GARMENT JOINT STOCK COMPANY……….…… 31

4.1 Natural conditions.……… 31

4.1.1 Geographical location and Topography……… 31

4.1.2 Climate ……… 31

4.2 Social and economic conditions……… 33

4.3 General introduction about the company……….34

4.3.1 The established history……… 34

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4.3.2 The main business activities of the company……… ………36

4.3.3 The oriented development……… 36

4.3.4 The main product lines of the company……… 36

4.3.5 The potential and prospects of the company……… 38

CHAPTER V RESULTS AND DISSCUSSION……… 39

5.1 The production situation and discharging source in Ha Bac Export Garment Joint Stock Company……….… 39

5.1.1 The production situation and garment manufacturing process……… 39

5.1.2 The main waste water source and the characters of waste water source in company….40 5.2 The Current state of the waste water quality in Ha Bac Export Garment Joint Stock Company……….……….41

5.2.1 The waste water collection and waste water treatment technology………41

5.2.2 The drainage system into the waste water receiving source……… 44

5.3 The results of waste water analysis and the efficiency of wastewater treatment system in Ha Bac Export Garment Joint Stock Company……….49

5.3.1 Study the quality of wastewater through the treatment stages……… 49

5.3.2 Results of analyzing waste water samples……….50

5.3.3 Current situation in wastewater treatment of Ha Bac industrial washing Joint Stock Company……… 62

5.4 Suggesting solutions to improve the quality of wastewater for Ha Bac Export Garment Joint Stock Company……….63

5.4.1 The technological solutions ……… 63

5.4.2 The solutions in management ………64

CHAPTER VI CONCLUSION - LIMITATIONS – RECOMMENDATIONS……… 65

6.1 Conclusion……….65

6.2 Limitations……….65

6.3 Recommendations……… 65

REFERENCES ……….… 67

APPENDIX……… 68

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

In recent years, the textile and garment industry has been developing strongly and increasingly serving customers' demand However, the downside is that it generates large amounts of waste, including solid waste, gas and sewage, and these are also major causes of global environmental pollution

The textile and garment industry is one of the most important industries and has made a significant contribution to the improvement of people's living and income and employment

Ha bac export garment joint stock company is one of the 50 largest garment enterprises in Vietnam The company was established in September 2002, with over 3,000 experienced and skillful staffs, with advanced equipment and advanced equipment The company has a total area of 40,000 square meters The company specializes in manufacturing garment products including make products according to samples available from customer's orders and Launder

or dye the products according to samples available from customers' orders The company has played an important role in the development of neighboring areas as well as Bac Giang province The production activities of the plants are constantly developing the product volume, which makes the quality of waste increased constantly In particular, by looking at the sources, I found no one to do research to assess the quality of wastewater at the Ha Bac Garment Export Joint Stock Company Therefore, in front of the real situation of the company

I have started to implement the topic: “Assessing Current State And Proposing Solutions To

Improve Waste Water Treatment Effectively In Ha Bac Export Garment Joint Stock Company” Thereby, I want to know how the company has environmental management

policies How effective are these policies applied? What are the existing environmental management issues of the company today?

The result of the research is to make objective assessment comments together with solutions to improve the environmental protection for the plant This will contribute to the company's sustainable development and environmental friendliness

The history of textile and apparel development is also the history of shifting the textile and

apparel industry from the developed to the less developed area by the effects of comparative advantages However, this does not mean that the textile industry no longer exists in developed countries but it has grown higher with high fashion products to cater to a group of people

This change began in 1840 from England to other European countries It was followed by Europe from Japan in the 1950s Since 1960, when the cost of manufacturing in Japan increased and the labor force was lacking, the textile industry moved to new industrialized countries (NICs) Hong Kong, Taiwan, Korea Due to the shift of the textile industry, by

1980, the comparative advantage of the textile industry was declining These countries shifted

to producing high-tech and technical products such as automobiles and electronics he textile industry continues to shift to South Asian countries, China and then to other countries, including Vietnam

2.1.2.The characters of the textile industry in the world

a) On consumption:

In the world trade, textile and garment products are one of the first commodities to enter

into international trade, and textiles and clothing have particular characteristics that greatly affect production and trade Some of these features are:

 Textiles and garments have a rich and varied demand depending on consumers - different consumers in terms of culture, geographical area, climate, sex, age, etc different in costumes Market research to understand the demand of each group of people in different markets is especially important in the consumption of products

 High-fashion textiles and garments must change their designs, styles, colors and materials in order to meet the needs of new, unique and impressive consumers Therefore, to understand the trends of fashion is very important

 Labeling is also one of the prominent features of the world's textile and clothing trade Each manufacturer needs to create its own brand Product branding from a social point

of view is often a factor in certifying the quality of goods and the reputation of producers, which is a matter of concern in the product strategy because consumers not only take into account prices but also the quality of the product

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 In the trade of textile products, attention should be paid to seasonal factors Must be based on the cycle of weather change in the year in each area, the school that supplies goods accordingly This is also related to delivery deadlines

 Consumption habits are also a feature that should be noted in the textile and clothing trade as it directly affects the market for the product

b) On manufacture:

The textile industry is a labor-intensive industry, with initial capital not too large but with

high interest rates Thus, textiles and clothing production often develops and is very effective for developing countries and is in the early stages of industrialization, when a country becomes a developed industrialized country High technology, competitiveness in textile production decreased, they reached other industries with high technical content, labor cost and profitable The textile industry is promoting its role in less developed countries The history of the textile and apparel industry in the world is also a history of shifting the textile industry from the developed to less developed regions by shifting the comparative advantage It does not mean that textile production no longer exists in industrialized countries but in fact the sector goes to the higher stage, producing high added value products In recent years, Vietnam's textile and garment production has made some progress and is trying to integrate itself into the world textile and apparel industry

The impacts of trade liberalization on the textile and apparel industry in the world

The characters of the textile and garment market in the present period are evident in globalization and integration, which is the most common feature in the development of global commercialization The use of tariff barriers and protectionism will become obsolete and trade borders will be gradually eradicated In the future, deciding where to place the production will be low labor cost and where the raw material supply meets the needs of customers So any country that wants to grow must enter the world market by its own advantage with the efficient exploitation of advanced technologies in the world Integration does not mean creating the same development and resources for all nations in the world but creating an equal environment for member states to maximize their capabilities the development of textiles, so the development in each country will be different For developed countries such as EU, US, Japan, will focus on high quality goods At the same time, these countries will also transfer technology to countries with lower technology production For developing countries, technological innovation is a vital requirement for improving production capacity, creating good quality products that meet the needs of the market However, due to the low level of technology, the advantage of these countries is the low cost

of labor and the development of textiles and clothing is also significant in solving

2.1.3 The waste water treatment advanced technology in garment manufacture

MBBR (Moving bed bioreactor) technology is an activated sludge technology that applies microbiological sticking technique on moving material bed Due to the use of microbial material, the microbial density (MLVSS) in the treatment tank is higher than that of the dispersed activated sludge technique

 Process technology MBRR wastewater treatment:

Figure 2.1: The diagram of process technology MBRR wastewater treatment

Denitrification BOD/COD Nitrification O 2 Depletion

Treated wastewater

do not stick to the surface of the material will fall off into the waste water Small amounts of microorganisms on the material will continue to use organic compounds in the wastewater to form a new organism

Apart from the task of treating organic compounds in waste water, the suspended aerobic bacteria are also involved in nitrification and denitrification, which removes nitrogen and phosphorus compounds in wastewater no need to use anoxic tank Microorganisms on the surface of the filter material consists of three types: the outer layer is aerobic microorganism, followed by the microorganism gas, the inner layer is anaerobic microorganisms In domestic wastewater, nitrogen is predominantly in the form of ammonia,

an organic nitrogen compound Aerobic organisms convert nitrate to nitrite, nitrate Continuous aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms will use organic compounds in wastewater

as oxidants to remove nitrate and nitrite to the N2 form of fly ash On the other hand, part of the nitrogen process is carried out in the biological sedimentation tank Therefore, the efficiency of treatment of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds in wastewater of this project is very good

Integrated MBBR floating bed system consists of two types: aerobic and anaerobic tanks In the aerobic tank, the movement of the substrate was made possible by the diffusion

of medium sized air bubbles from the air blower In an anaerobic tank, this process is created

by mixing the substrate with the agitator

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Figure 2.2: Aerobic tank Figure 2.3: Anaerobic tank

2.2 THE GENERALITY OF GARMENT MANUFACTURE IN VIETNAM

2.2.1 The history of the formation and development of the textile and garment industry

in Vietnam

Traditional textile and garment operations in Vietnam have existed for a long time Some traditional villages still exist and developed such as Van Phuc (Ha Dong - Hanoi), Trieu Khuc (Thanh Tri - Hanoi), Tips (Hung Ha - Thai Binh) The formation of the Vietnam Textile and Garment Industry as an industry marked by the establishment of the Nam Dinh Textile Mills in 1897 In 1976, the products were exported to the countries of Vietnam Block contract Economic assistance with the first and most important customer is the former Soviet Union through outsourcing contracts Under the agreement, Vietnam imported cotton from the former Soviet Union and semi-finished products for the Soviet Union In 1986, Vietnam began to sign large volume contracts with the Soviet Union (known as the 19 May agreement), which provided the Soviet Union with all materials and design and Vietnam carry out the production stage With such outsourcing contracts, Vietnam's textile and garment industry developed rapidly in 1987-1990 Garment enterprises were established throughout the country, attracting hundreds of thousands of workers and contributing significant to State budget However, with the collapse of the former Soviet Union and the Eastern European countries, the period 1990-1992 was the most difficult period for Vietnam's textile industry both in terms of input and output

Thanks to the process of innovation and the shift of production of labor-intensive textile industries from developed countries to developing countries, Vietnam's textile and garment industry has entered a new phase of integration The international trade agreement is marked

by the Agreement on Trade in Textiles and Clothing between Vietnam and the European

to the end of the first 10 months of 2011, garment and textile has risen to the top position although the proportion of total export turnover has decreased slightly

2.2.2 The origin of waste water source in garment manufacture factory

Domestic wastewater: The factories operate with a large number of workers, so this is the source of garbage sewage mainly and mainly from the toilet and kitchen Domestic wastewater containing organic substances (BOD/COD), bacteria, nutrients (N, P) and a series

of pathogenic microorganisms, … causing low levels of pollution in accordance with biological treatment

Waste water for production: For garment factories by simple processing methods, almost in the production process does not generate domestic wastewater Wastewater is generated from water absorbing the boiler Therefore, this wastewater does not contain much harmful ingredients compared to other industrial wastewater Impurities are extracted from the fabric such as grease, impurities containing nitrogen, dirt particles stick to the fiber (accounted for 6% of fiber mass) Chemicals used: Starch, H2SO4, CH3COOH, NaOH, NaOCl, H2O2, Na2CO3, Na2SO3, dyes, inert substances, infiltrators, colorants, laundry detergents The composition of the effluent depends on: the characteristics of the dye, the nature of the dye, the additives and other chemicals used Wastewater consists of the preparation of fibers, fabric preparation, dyeing and finishing Dyes are of particular interest because they are often the source of metals, salts and colors in waste water Fabrics containing high levels of BOD, COD and surfactants are the main causes of aquatic toxicity in textile dyeing wastewater In addition, the color of the waste water is very high especially in small and medium sized plants ranging from 1,500 - 3,700 Pt-Co

Rainwater overflows with sandy soils and impurities fall on the ground to the water source, and also contains feces and other wastes

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The characters of waste water source in garment manufacture factory:

In dyed fabric of fabric washing process - dyeing fabric containing ingredients: starch (COD), color (dye), chemical (color), alkaline chemicals (caustic soda, detergent) Characters

of textile dyeing wastewater are:

The temperature and color of the effluent are high and inconsistent

The composition of soluble chemicals in wastewater is very high (NaOH )

Composition of organic matter in wastewater is high: COD, BOD5 is high due to waste water

in the starch from the tank

The pH of the textile wastewater is high

The duration of a large dye batch: from 6 to 12 hours, depending on the type of dye, so it is necessary to design an air conditioner with a longer storage time

Wastewater discharged from starch paste reduces the concentration of dissolved oxygen

in water, affecting the respiration of aquatic plants In addition, wastewater containing starch

is easy to decompose the anaerobic process, generates CH4, CO2, NH3, H2S causing stink affecting public health and polluting natural water sources

H2SO4, NaOCl, Na2SO4, NaCl, Na2S, Na2S2O4, nonionic detergent, aromatic ring compounds, oil exhausted from post-dyeing Formaldehyde, K2Cr2O7, impurities containing heavy metals, NaCl, organic halogen, Na2SO4, dyes, Na2S2O4, vapor H2SO4, CH3COOH discharged from the cooking process Kerosene, spinach, emulsifiers, softeners, complexing agents, NO2, discharges from finishing All of these pollutants greatly affect the decomposition of water-purifying microorganisms Affects the photosynthesis of aquatic plants that cause the lack of oxygen dissolved in water Organics combines with metal ions to form durable, difficult to decompose complexes, causing serious damage to the environment Metal ions also participate in the food chain, from which the strands affect human health It is even more damaging that the presence of activated chlorine in waste water will combine with aromatic organic compounds to form precancerous substances The fibers and natural impurities contained in the fibers are removed during the water treatment process, causing the flow of water to be blocked

In addition, the color of the effluent is very high, especially in small- and medium-sized plants ranging from 1,500 to 3,700 Pt-Co, indicating that the amount of dyestuffs used for these facilities or the abundant residue after the process Meanwhile, in large mills, the coloration varied between 140 and 300 Pt-Co, indicating that the dye was used quite thoroughly

In the production process, waste water is 12-300 m3 / ton of fabric, mainly from dyeing and bleaching Heavy textile wastes contaminated in habitat such as color, pH,

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suspended matter, BOD, COD, temperature exceeds the standard allowable discharge into the receiving source

Parameters: pre-treatment wastewater quality

Table 2.1: Parameters: pre-treatment wastewater quality

Wastewater plays an important role in the design, operation, and quality management of the environment Fluctuations in flow and wastewater properties determine the design load for unit work

Textile wastewater will be different when using different materials Raw wool and raw cotton, for example, will release the fiber's natural contamination This wastewater has high color, alkalinity, BOD and suspended solids (SS) In synthetic fiber materials, the main source

of contamination is the chemicals used by the chemicals used in bleaching and dyeing

Textile dyeing technology: Wastewater is generally very complex and diverse There are hundreds of typical chemicals such as dyestuffs, surfactants, electrolytes, environmental agents, enzymes and enzymes oxidation, are put into use In the production process, waste water is 12-300 m3 / ton of fabric, mainly from dyeing and bleaching Heavy textile wastes contaminated in habitat such as color, pH, suspended matter, BOD, COD, temperature

exceeds the standard allowable discharge into the receiving source Waste water pollutes the discharge mainly due to turbidity, color, organic matter and high pH value Previous research

- Temperature: Effect on water quality, dissolved oxygen in water (DO) Affects biodiversity and affects the rate of decomposition of organic compounds in water

- Organic matter: Reduce dissolved oxygen concentration in water Influence on aquatic resources

Suspended solids: Effects on water quality, aquatic resources

- Nutrients (N, P): Causes eutrophication, affecting water quality, aquatic life

- Bacteria: Water contaminated with bacterial pathogens is the cause of typhoid fever, typhoid fever, dysentery, Coliform is a group of bacteria that cause intestinal disease, diarrhea,

- Color: Affects the beauty of the wastewater, as well as the ability to treat wastewater Affect the living environment of aquatic species

2.2.4 The generality of waste water treatment technology in garment manufacture a) The processing technology for water treatment in textile and garment industry

Figure 2.4: The diagram of the processing technology for water treatment in textile and

garment industry

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Waste water input

(Nước thải vào)

(Bể trung gian + khử màu)

Pressure filter tank

(Bể chứa bùn

hóa lý)

Periodic treatment

Methane tank

Sludge tank

(máy ép bùn)

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b) Notes to the process of technology

 Step 1: Collecting hole

Wastewater from the sources generated by the collection network flows into the receiving pit

of the treatment plant The sand trap is placed in front of the pit to remove sand and heavy objects to protect the equipment and piping technology behind, but the raw material to remove large impurities from the waste water Waste water is then pumped into the cooling tower Refuse collection equipment placed before the pit before pumping to the cooling tower to remove small trash such as: fiber, rags , reducing SS in the waste water

 Step 2: Cooling tower

Cooling tower has the function of hot water discharge evenly over the surface of the heat sink, through the flow of air and hot water circulating in contact with each other, hot water and air flow produce heat exchange together, simultaneously the hot water evaporates, the hot steam is mixed into the air, then the hot water is cooled down to the regulating tank

 Step 3: The air-conditioning tank

In the air-conditioning tank, we arranged the submersible mixer for the purpose of uniformly mixing waste water throughout the tank area, preventing sedimentation in the tank, producing unpleasant odors Air flow control is the method used to overcome the problems of flow fluctuation, improve the performance of subsequent processes Pumps are installed in the air conditioning tank to bring water to the rear

 Step 4: Reaction tank

In wastewater, dirt, dyes, inorganic products, pollutants are small in size so they are involved in thermal motion along with water molecules forming a dispersed glue system in the entire volume of water They are less durable than molecular strength, so they are easy to destroy by alum Alum is added to the wastewater to reduce the amount of natural glue in the waste water, and to create a new glue system that combines pollutants into sediments that are highly surface active The reaction process is as follows:

- Stirring alum with waste water;

- Hydrolysis of alum;

- Destroys the durability of glue (unstable glue);

- Absorbent and heat-trapping anchors due to thermal movement and stirring

At the reactor, the flocculant (PAC and Iron Al) is injected into the tank at a certain dosage and controlled strictly by electronic devices Under the effect of a large-scale agitator system installed in the tank, the chemicals are quickly mixed and disposed in the waste water

In an environment conducive to coagulation, coagulating chemicals and contaminants in

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exposed, intermittent waste water, formation of tiny deposits throughout the tank volume This wastewater mixture itself flows through a cotton-seedling tank

 Step 5: Conglomeratic tank

Fluxes are added to positive charge (+) alumina, including Al alum, Iron alum and other polymers (Polymer +) to form a positively charged gel Coagulants are polymers (-) in combination with the cationic bonding system that helps the deposition of mud flakes occur faster In the cotton coagulating tank, the coagulant (Polymer -) is injected into the tank at a certain dosage Under the influence of this chemical and the agitator system at a slow speed, the sludge from the reactor will move, collide, bind and form deposits in the coagulating pool The size and volume are many times larger than the initial scale, which facilitates settling in the settling tank The mixture of water and dregs useful self-flow to the settling tank

 Step 6: Sedimentation tank

Wastewater from the cotton flotation tank is distributed to the water distribution area of the settling tank Water and sludge move through the water distribution area into the settling zone of the sedimentation tank by gravity deposition When the mixture of water and sludge enters the tank, the muds collide, forming mud flakes of size and mass that are many times larger than the original mud These mudflats will have a higher specific gravity than water and should settle down at the sedimentation of the sedimentation tank Fresh water is collected above the trough and settled into the moving bed biological reactor (MBBR)

 Step 7: Biological tank (MBBR)

Aerobic biology uses aerobic microorganisms, which are active in continuous oxygen supply The process of decomposition of organic matter by microorganisms is called biochemical oxidation Aerobic organisms dissolve organic matter in wastewater and collect energy to convert it into new cells, only partially organic matter being completely oxidized to CO2, H2O, NO3-, SO42- Microorganisms that exist in the activated sludge of biological pools include Pseudomonas, Zoogloea, Achromobacter, Flacobacterium, Nocardia, Bdellovibrio, Mycobacterium, and Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter In addition, many fibrous species such as Sphaerotilus, Beggiatoa, Thiothrix, Lecicothrix, and Geotrichum also exist

In order to carry out bio-oxidation of dissolved organic substances, colloids and dispersions in wastewater need to move into microbial cells in three main phases:

- Transfer of contaminants from the liquid phase to the surface of the microbial cell;

- diffusion from the surface of the cell through semi-permeable membranes due to internal and external concentration differences;

- Transformation of substances in microbial cells, energy production and new cell synthesis

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The rate of biochemical oxidation depends on the concentration of organic matter, the content of impurities, the microbial density and the rate of flow of wastewater at the treatment plant At each treatment condition, the main factors influencing the rate of biochemical oxidation are hydration, oxygen content in wastewater, temperature, pH, nutrients and trace elements The organic loading of conventional aerobic bioreactors ranged from 0.32-0.64 kg BOD / m3.day Dissolved oxygen concentration in wastewater in aerobic bioreactors should always be maintained at values greater than 2.5 mg / l

The rate of dissolved oxygen use in aerobic biogas depends on:

- The ratio between the amount of feed (organic matter in waste water) and microorganism: F / M ratio;

- Temperature;

- Growth rate and physiological activity of microorganisms (activated sludge);

- Concentration of toxic products accumulated during metabolism;

- Amount of cellular substances;

- Dissolved oxygen content

 Step 8: Biological sedimentation tank

Wastewater from the MBBR tank is distributed to the water distribution area of the lamella biogas The structure and function of the lamella biological sedimentation tank is similar to the sedimentation tank Clean water is collected on the surface of the settling tank through a serrated trough The wastewater after the settling tank will automatically flow into the intermediate tank containing water, combined decontaminate and disinfect

 Step 9: Intermediate tank + Decolorization

With appropriate retention time, the tank is aerated to mix the decolorizing chemicals with waste water Currently there are many effective coloring chemicals in the market, especially the coloring chemical called HANO This is a special chemical, eliminating all colors, including difficult colors such as photosynthetic, especially HANO works well regardless of temperature factors, pH, oxidation Water After passing the intermediate tank the decoction will be pumped through the pressure filter

 Step 10: Pressure filter tank

The pressure filtration tank used in this technology is a multi-layer pressure filter tank: gravel, quartz sand and activated carbon to remove suspended solids, insoluble solids, trace elements , organic halogen to ensure the transparency of water Water after passage of pressure filter meets the standard of discharge to environment according to QCVN 24: 2009 column B

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 Step 11: Sludge tank

The sludge from the pit, sedimentation tank 1 and residual sludge in the sedimentation tank 2 were taken to a silt reservoir for storage at a certain time At the sludge tank, air is supplied to the tank to avoid odors due to the biodegradation of organic matter The sludge is then pumped through the slurry mold to remove the water The dried residue is stored at the mud reservoir for a certain period of time Then, the mud is collected and processed according to regulations Water from the slurry tank and slurry presses back into the collection pit for re-treatment

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CHAPTER III OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY:

3.1 Goal & Specific objectives:

a) Goal:

- Evaluating the wastewater treatment system and the quality of wastewater of Ha Bac

Export Garment Joint Stock Company

b) Specific objectives:

- Analyzing the quality of wastewater in 2 stage before and after treatment of Ha Bac

Industrial Washing Joint Stock Company

- Evaluating the effective treatment of wastewater treatment system in Ha Bac Industrial Washing Joint Stock Company

- Suggesting solutions for improving wastewater quality in the company

3.2 Sampling area & Time:

Table 3.1: Sampling locations

Figure 3.1: Wastewater collection tank

Figure 3.2: Sediment tank

1 Wastewater collection tank Untreated wastewater

2 Sediment tank Treated wastewater

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Figure 3.3: Sampling diagram in Ha Bac Industrial Washing Joint Stock Company

 Time of the sampling:

From August 15th to August 31th in 2018, I conducted to collect 6 samples in Ha Bac

Industrial Washing Joint Stock Company and divided into 3 times to collect samples

Wastewater after treatment ( at 9 : 45 a.m)

Wastewater before treatment ( at 9 : 00 a.m)

Wastewater after treatment ( at 9 : 15 a.m)

2 samples

2 samples

2 samples

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3.3 Study methods:

3.3.1: Secondary data collection

Inheritance, reference, use of knowledge, data and documents of studies and reports on the

characteristics of activated carbon, production process, characteristics of waste water produced in the textile and garment industry; characteristics, production situation, process scale production of the company, current pollution situation,

3.3.2 Method of investigation

a) Investigation of first instance

Going to localities to get an overview of the natural and social conditions, the company's

operations, the tailings storage area for the most appropriate sampling

b) Investigate the production process of the company

To work through the process of business, visit enterprises, production lines

Figure 3.4: Some photos visiting the workspace in the company

c) Investigation of wastewater quality

Investigating the company's wastewater quality before and after treatment

d) Sample

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The sampling and guiding procedures for preservation and treatment of samples shall

comply with National Technical Regulation on Indus trial Wastewater QCVN 40: 2011/BTNMT (including Vietnamese Standard 6663-1: 2000, Vietnam Standard 6663-3:

2008, Vietnam Standard 5999- 1995, Vietnam Standard 6194: 1996, Vietnam Standard 6491:

1999, Vietnam Standard 6625: 2000 and Vietnam Standard 5988- 1995) and National technical regulation on surface water quality QCVN 08-MT:2015/BTNMT (including Vietnam Standard 6492:2011, Vietnam Standard 7325:2004, Vietnam Standard 6625:2000,

Vietnam Standard 6491:1999, Vietnam Standard 5988:1995, Vietnam Standard 6194:1996,

Vietnam Standard 6494-1:2011)

To prepare a full set of sampling equipment: water bottles, ice buckets and sample preservation; sample preservation chemicals; labels; pen; notebook; tape; map; GPS locator; Rapid temperature, pH and DO; and other tools such as telephones, cameras, gloves, etc Plastic bottles and sponges should be cleaned to ensure they are not contaminated during sampling and transport

At the site, take samples of wastewater after each treatment in the wastewater treatment process in Ha Bac Export Garment Joint Stock Company, Take the sample by dipping the sample bottle into the water line at a depth of about 30 - 50 cm, towards the mouth of the bottle to the incoming water Once the water is full, close the bottle lid under the water to prevent oxygen from entering the sample

After completing the sample collection and preservation in the field, transport samples to the laboratory for analysis of pH, COD, Cl-, DO, Turbidity, TSS, PO43-, NH4+ parameters to optimize the treatment effect after each stage Selection of parameters to be analyzed based on the nature of wastewater and Vietnam Standard 40: 2011 of the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources Next, the treated wastewater samples were compared with the surface water standards in QCVN 08- MT: 2015/BTNMT

Because the selected parameters which cannot be measured directly at the field, the most common way to preserve wastewater samples are cooled to a temperature of about between

0oC and 4oC; As soon as the sample is taken, it should be about 2ml of 50% HNO3 solution in

a bottle and the remaining bottle is not added to the solution

3.3.3 Analytical method in the laboratory

a) Method of determining parameters: temperature, pH, DO, turbidity

These parameters are determined by either rapid or on-site measurement in the laboratory

Prior to the measurement, it is necessary to standardize and check the operating status of the equipment to avoid errors in the measurement

b) TSS analysis method

TSS = (m 2 – m 1 )/ V (mg/L)

In where:

m1: Mass of filter paper at 105ºC before filtration (mg)

m2: Mass of filter paper at 1050C after filtration (mg)

V: volume of water sample through filter paper (L)

C) Cl - (Chloride) analytical method

Using method of Silver nitrate titration with chromate indicator (MO method) according

to Vietnam standard 6194:1996

Chloride (Cl-) is the primary ion in natural water and wastewater The salinity of chlorine varies according to the content and chemical composition of the water For samples containing 250 mg/L Cl- one can recognize saltiness if in water contains Na+ However, when water samples are high hardness, salty taste difficult to recognize even water containing up to

1000 mg/L Cl- High chloride content will adversely affect the growth of the crop Chloride content was determined by the Mohr salt titration method

Principle: Based on titrimetric method, standard substance is AgNO3 solution, using K2CrO4 When Cl- was precipitated with Ag+, an excess of AgNO3 was immediately reacted with CrO42- forming a reddish precipitate, the solution turning from lemon yellow to brick red

React: Ag+ + Cl -  AgCl white

2Ag + + CrO 4 2-  Ag 2 CrO 4 brick red

Chemicals: Sample volume: V = 100ml; solution of AgNO3 0.02N: dissolve 3.398g of AgNO3 in 1L distilled water, titrate with 0.015 NaCl solution; NaCl solution 0.02N: dissolve 1.1689 g of pure NaCl (drying at 140oC) in 1L of water; K2CrO4 color indicator solution: dissolve 5 g K2CrO4 in 1L water

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X = [ (a 1 – a 2 )*N*35.45*1000]/V (mg/L)

In where:

a1: Volume of AgNO3 solution used for sample titration (ml)

a2: Volume of AgNO3 solution used for white sample titration (ml)

N: Equivalent concentration of standard solution AgNO3

V: Sample volume analysis

35.45 is equivalent of Cl-

d) COD analytical method

COD is determined according to Vietnamese standard 6491: 1999

To determine the COD of the subject using an oxidizer used is K2Cr2O7 The reaction takes place in the presence of Ag2SO4 and the reflux for 2 hours at 150°C When the reaction occurs:

COD = [(a – b) * N*8000]/ V sample (mg/L)

In where:

a: The number of ml of Fe2+ used for the white sample titration

b: The number of ml of Fe2+ used for the sample titration

Vsample: The number of ml of samples taken for analysis

N: Equivalent concentration of Fe2+ solution

e) P-PO 4 3- analytical method

P-PO43- is determined according to Vietnamese standard TCVN 6202: 2008

PO43- is determined based on the principle of complex formation between PO43-and ammonium molybdate solution (NH4)6Mo7O24.4H2O blue complex in pH = 8.5

Analysis sequence:

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Filter 100 ml of water sample for analysis, take 10 ml dilution 20 times Accurately add 2 ml

of diluted sample and add 1ml of ascorbic acid solution C6H8O6 and 2 ml of ammonium molybdate solution (NH4)6Mo7O24.4H2O, for 1 hour and then compare to 891nm (colorimetric sample) If it is too concentrated with distilled water to 50 ml

Calculate the result: PO43- concentration is calculated by the formula:

C o = (C p * V ca )/V o

In where:

Cp: Phosphorus concentration in the second waste water sample(mg/L)

Co: Phosphorus concentration in the first waste water sample (mg/L)

Vca: Volume of the solution which was did colorimetric analysis (the second sample) (mg/L)

Vo: volume of the first waste water sample (ml)

Measure the optical density of the solution on a UV-VIS colorimetric machine

The content of N-NH4+ is calculated according to the following formula:

C N-NH4 + = C d * (V/V pt ) (mg/L)

In where:

Cd: N-NH4+ concentration calculated according to directrix

V: volume of solution which appear color

Vpt : The volume of filter solution which is used to perform the colorimetric reaction

3.4 Data processing method

Mathematical processing of quantitative information, discrete representation, data tables, graphs and graphs, to find the relationship between the parameters, the survey index to build

4.1 Natural conditions:

4.1.1 Geographical location and Topography

The factory for production and facilitating construction owns the area of 1.856 m2

The factory site of the project borders some places as follows:

 In the north: bordering the market at Dinh Tram crossroad

 In the south: bordering Dinh Tram industrial area

 In the west: bordering national road 37

 In the east: bordering the paddy field

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Figure 4.1: Geographic location map of Ha Bac export garment joint stock company

Generally viewing, the area surrounding Dinh Tram industrial area, Hong Thai commune owns low and flat topography The highest in elevation is the nation road 37 with + 1,2 meters, cultivation field own mean elevation with +0.7 meters Dinh Tram industrial area was established and had project investing in infrastructure (covering the flat ground, building factory for production) to avoid inundation in the rainy flooding season

According to result of investigating underground water, geological stratum of the construction around Dinh Tram industrial area is listed as follows:

Cropping soil layer: has a slight change in thickness, only ranging from 0.3 – 2 meters; the main component is clay with gray brown or yellow brown

Red-browned clammy clay soil layer: the depth ranges from -2 m to -5.2 m The main component is red-browned clammy clay

Bright blue clammy clay soil layer: just can be seen within the height range from -0.5 m to 3

m or from -5.3 m to -9 m in the end of the layer

Hard white-grayed clammy clay soil layer: can be seen within the height range from -9.1 m

to -10.2 m The main component is hard white-grayed clammy clay layer

4.1.2 Climate

Viet Yen district as well as Bac Giang province belongs to the climatic region of the north delta, so have all specific climatic features of the north delta and tropical monsoon climatic characteristics: heavily raining and wet hot in the summer; cold with little rain in the winter

The hot season last from the May to October The cold season last from the November to April of the next year The climatic factors have a relation and affect directly on the process

of spreading and metabolism of the air pollutants The higher temperature, stronger wind, more rain corresponds to a decrease in the storage time of the air pollutants in an area In recent years, there are various complex change in climate: heat increase, lots of storm

4.1.3 The system of rivers, streams, canals, ponds and lakes in the waste water receiving area

Based on the preliminary investigation, I found that in the impact area the company had the following wastewater sources:

 Beside the company, there are no rivers, canals, ponds or lakes near the waste water receiving area

 About 1.5 - 2km of irrigation canals serve agricultural production in the area Canal characteristics are very small channel width, the amount of water depends on the rain

4.2 Social - economic conditions

Hong Thai commune has a total area of 5.65 km² in km2, with a total population of 7092 people in 1999 with a population density of 1255 persons / km²

Hong Thai is a midland commune located in the east of Viet Yen district, Bac Giang province, about 4 km from Bich Dong town center; The commune has 5 villages (Nhu Thiet, Duc Lien, Hung Lam 1, Hung Lam 2 and Hung Lam 3) which are divided into 12 hamlets Land area of 590.4 ha; East: adjacent to Tan Tien commune and Tan My commune, Bac Giang city; in the north, Nghia Trung commune; in the south, it borders on Hoang Ninh commune; Bich Son Commune and Bich Dong Town;

The commune has important traffic routes running through the area: Highway 37; Provincial Highway 295B; Ha Lang railway about 5 km

Economy: mainly farming In addition to two rice crops with a yield of 60-70 quintals /

hectare, there is a vegetable crop in winter with a planted area of nearly 100 hectares Income from fruits and vegetables such as melon, pumpkin, corn, beans, sweet potatoes, potatoes, etc The winter helps many people overcome hunger and reduce poverty

In addition, local authorities encourage people to raise livestock and poultry on the scale of small and medium farms, focusing on raising pigs, goats, buffaloes, cows, bees and poultry The commune is close to the Dinh Tram Industrial Park, so it creates jobs for local people and also attracts labor from neighboring areas

Socio – culture:

In history, Hong Thai is a locality rich in traditional culture The system of religious culture, religious beliefs - temples - churches - churches complete the diversity, rich cultural values Attached to the material culture values are the cultural values of spiritual identity The village

of the neighbors, love the homeland of the country, cherish the national hero, custom or beautiful lifestyle is converging in the wedding, funeral and festivals

Every year, in addition to the holidays and holidays, villages in the commune organize worship offerings, worship the Buddha at the communal house, the pagoda (3 Hung Lam village on the 4th of January, Germany on January 15, on January 17th) for rain, fresh air, good harvest, good villagers On 11/8 lunar month, the local people celebrate the Han Dynasty of Cong Than Cong Than Cong - the official of the court of Le Trung Hung - the public figure in the market of Ky Lua market, develop economic and trade border Vietnam -

4.3 Introduction About Ha Bac Export Garment Joint Stock Company

4.3.1 General introduction about the company

a) The established history

Ha bac export garment joint stock company is one of the 50 largest garment enterprises in

Vietnam The company was established in September 2002, with over 3,000 experienced and skillful staffs, with advanced equipment and advanced equipment The company has a total area of 40,000 square meters

The company's products have been popular with customers such as: Gap, Wal-Mart, Mango, Levi's, Zara Basic, Macy's, Carter / Oshkosk, Chico's, Dollar, JCP, Sears, Gymboree The technical facilities and working environment of the employees have been evaluated

by customers in the United States The company has been assessed by the ITS organization as

a certification body of the US Department of Customs

The annual export turnover of the company reaches tens of millions of USD, has been selected by the provincial business association as a typical enterprise of the province and the Ministry of the province, the Ministry awarded many certificates of merit Especially, the company was selected by the Ministry of Industry and Trade of Vietnam as one of 37 garment enterprises that have been awarded the title of Exporter of Prestige in 2012-2015

Being the fastest growing business and achieving the Best Business Growth in

2010-2015 according to FAST500

Business Registration Code: 2003 000 028 dated September 19th, 2002

- Company Organization:

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Figure 4.2: Ha bac export garment joint stock company organization chart

- Organization of washing factory:

Figure 4.3: Organization chart of washing factory

- Organization of factory 1:

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Figure 4.4: Organization chart of factory 1

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- Organization of factory 2:

Figure 4.5: Organization chart of factory 2

4.3.2 The main business activities of the company

The company specializes in manufacturing garment products including:

 Making products according to samples available from customer's orders

 Laundering or dyeing the products according to samples available from customers' orders

4.3.3 The oriented development of the company

 Applying the 5S model in company (“Sort”, “Set In Order”, “Standardize”, “Sustaint” and “Self-Discipline”)

 Applying advanced technology and modern machinery and equipment to the production process to increase productivity, especially applying technology 4.0 into production

 Increasing community responsibility, controlling and protecting the environment

 Orientation follow the form of self-check - self-export

4.4 The main product lines of the company

- Jackets/Coats: 200,000 pcs; Dress: 150,000 pcs; Blouse: 100,000 pcs; Pants/Shorts: 150,000 pcs; Knit wear: 1,500,000 pcs; Children wear: 400,000 pcs

- Monthly Capacity: 2,500,000 pcs

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Figure 4 6: Rate of products in company

Figure 4.7: Kind of products and the markets of company

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4.5 The potential and prospects of the company

 At present, the turnover of each enterprise in the company is $ 1.3 million and the turnover of each worker in the company is 8-13 million VND / month

 In the future, the turnover of each enterprise in the company is $ 1.5 million and the turnover of each worker in the company is 10-15 million VND / month

 With the current potential, the company has established some branches such as Ha Phong company and Minh Duc company Since then, the company is looking forward

to building a Ha Thinh industrial cluster with many branches for large-scale production reaching the international level

 Ha Phong company was located in Hiep Hoa district with 6000 workers and Minh Duc company was located in Viet Yen district with 2500 workers

 Striving for the top 1 in the textile and garment industry of the country

 Become a potential customer of many famous fashion brands in the world such as Gucci, Chanel, Dolce & Gabbana, Prada, …

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CHAPTER V RESULTS AND DISSCUSSION

5.1 The production situation and releasing source in Ha Bac Export Garment Joint

Stock Company

5.1.1 The production situation and garment manufacturing process

The main production activity of the company: Processing laundry garments for export

 Production technology:

Notes:

Figure 5.1: Diagram of production technology in factory

 Product output: 12 million/ year

Laundry

products

dry cleaning machine

steam

filter system

Products after laundering

drye

r condensing

tower

water separator

Water

Clean solvent container Chemicals

Active carbon absorption system

condensing tower

Solvent after steam system (including water)

Solvent

water separator Water

condensing tower

machine to heat up impurities

Heat

Solvent after filtering

distillation section

Heat of the steaming process

water separator

container of impurities after distillation

residue

residue after distillation Residue of

Impurities

Residue container residue Solvent

Heat

Impurity

Steam

Solvent