Assessment of the diversity of reptile and amphibian in cat ba national park hai phong viet nam

1 al, 2011 MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF FORESTRY STUDENT THESIS ASSESSMENT OF THE DIVERSITY OF REPTILE AND AMPHIBIAN IN CAT BA NATIONA

1

(al, 2011)

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF FORESTRY

STUDENT THESIS

ASSESSMENT OF THE DIVERSITY OF REPTILE AND AMPHIBIAN

IN CAT BA NATIONAL PARK, HAI PHONG, VIETNAM

Major: Natural Resources Management (Advanced Curriculum)

Code: D850101

Faculty: Forest Resources and Environmental Management

Advanced Education Program Developed in Collaboration with Colorado State University, USA

Student: Le Viet Student ID: 1253060857 Class: K57-Natural Resources Management Course: 2012 – 2016

Supervisor: Dr Dong Thanh Hai

Hanoi, October 2016

I am grateful to my supervisor, Dr Dong Thanh Hai, whose expertise, understanding, generous guidance and continuous support made it possible for me to work on a topic that I chose It was my pleasure being his student I would like to express my gratitude to Prof Lee MacDonald for spending the time to check and give advises to my proposal

I would like to express the deepest appreciation to the heads, officers of Cat Ba National park, local people there for providing me useful information and kind consideration and help

Despite spending the best efforts in the thesis conducting process, this research still has many shortcomings due to the limitations of time, finance and my ability I am looking forward to receiving comments from teachers, friends to a better thesis completion

Thank you!

Hanoi, September 2016

ABSTRACT

This study was conducted to provide the checklist of species of reptiles and amphibians in Cat Ba National Park, Haiphong, Vietnam as well as the distribution, the diversity of them in such habitats as artificial forest, natural forest, Mixed area of artificial forest and natural forest, shrub grassland A total of 80 species of reptile and amphibian was recoreded within survey during July 2016 in study site: 55 species of reptile and 25 species of amphibian Three main methods that were used for collecting data are interview, line transect survey, pitfall-trap The basic data analysis indicated that reptiles and amphibians, an important part of wildlife in Cat Ba National Park, are bringing up a lot of values to people like food, medical values Therefore, they have been hunted for different personal purposes in many various ways, especially hunting Furthermore, the living habitat of reptiles and amphibians in Cat Ba National Park also have been threatened by 3 main threats: Pet trade and overexploitation; Habitat loss and fragmentation; Environment pollution Thence, it is very necessary to find the solutions out in order to solve these problems The study have recommended solutions in terms of minimizing the threats, managing, protecting and developing the sources of reptiles and amphibians in Cat Ba National Park more effectively and sustainability

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF FIGURES

ABBREVIATION

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1

CHAPTER 2.GOAL AND OBJECTIVES 4

2.1 Goal 4

2.2 Objectives 4

CHAPTER 3 STUDY SITE 5

3.1 Geo-location 5

3.2 Climate and hydrology 5

3.3 Topography 5

3.4 Geology and geomorphology 6

3.4.1 Geologic characteristics 6

3.4.2 Soils 6

3.5 Fauna and Flora 6

3.5.1 Fauna 6

3.5.2 Flora 7

3.6 Economy-Society 7

3.6.1 Population and employ 7

3.6.2 Livelihood 8

CHAPTER 4 METHODS 10

4.1 Secondary document 10

4.2 Collecting data methods 10

4.2.1 Interview method 10

4.2.2 Line transect survey 11

4.2.3 Pitfall-Trap 13

4.3 Data analysis 13

CHAPTER 5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 15

5.1 The composition of reptile and amphibian in Cat Ba National Park 15

5.1.1 The results of investigation 15

5.1.2 Assessment of taxon diversity 17

5.2 The distribution of reptiles and amphibians by habitats 18

5.3 Conservation value of reptiles and amphibians 22

5.4 Threats to reptiles and amphibians at Cat Ba National Park 23

5.4.1 Pet trade and overexploitation 23

5.4.2 Habitat loss and fragmentation 24

5.4.3 Environment pollution 25

5.4.4 Threats ranking 26

5.6 Proposing solutions for protection and sustainable development of reptile and amphibian resources in Cat Ba NP 26

5.6.1 Solution to minimize threats to reptile and amphibian 26

5.6.2 Solutions for technique 27

5.6.3 Solutions for socio-economic 28

CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION, CONSTRANTS AND RECOMMENDATION 29

6.1 Conclusion 29

6.1.1 Species composition 29

6.1.2 Species distribution 29 6.1.3 Conservation value of reptiles and amphibians in Cat Ba National Park 29 6.1.4 Threats to reptiles and amphibians 29 6.1.5 Proposing solutions for protection and sustainable development of reptile and

amphibian resources in Cat Ba NP 29 6.2 Constrants 30 6.3 Recommendation 30 REFERENCES

LIST OF TABLES

Table 5.1 Species diversity of reptile and amphibian in Cat Ba National Park 15

Table 5.2 The diversity of reptiles and amphibians species by habitats 20

Table 5.3 Conservation value of reptiles and amphibians 22

Table 5.4 Rank of threats to reptile and amphibian resource in Cat Ba NP 26

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 4.1 Line transects for collecting data in Cat Ba National Park 12

Figure 5.1 Reptile and amphibian species recorded from sources of information in Cat Ba National Park 16

Figure 5.2 The diversity of reptiles in Cat Ba National Park 17

Figure 5.3 The diversity of amphibians in Cat Ba National Park 18

Figure 5.4 The number of species detected in each habitat 19

Figure 5.5 Hunter with equipments they use for hunting reptile and amphibian (Source: Le Viet, 2016) 24

Figure 5.6 Wastes the tourist put into forest (Source: Le Viet, 2016) 25

ABBREVIATION

NP: National Park

IUCN: The International Union for Conservation of Nature

CITES: Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species NTFP: Non-timber Forest Product

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

Vietnam has an abundant of animal resources with high endemism This is a big advantage in strategies of protecting and developing biodiversity in our country This resource brought us benefit in many aspects of live Previously, rainforest wildlife are one supply of food and rare pharmaceuticals Besides, many products from wildlife animal were used to produce craft items which are very popular Another important role of wildlife is in science and medicine Some animals are extremely rare resources in understanding the principles, biomechanics, physiology to serve the prevention and medical care for people Wildlife animal resources, especially gene bank is very precious, is the origin of current domestic animals, along with the balancing factor of current ecosystem

Reptile and amphibian are other valuable resources beside birds, mammals and fishes

In natural ecosystem as well as humanity ecosystem of our nation, reptile and amphibian play

an important role in social

A serious problem now is the wildlife animal sources in general and the reptiles, resources in particular are endangered of decreasing sharply A lot of species are becoming rarely, or special rarely, some species are threatened of becoming extincted The main reason that leads to this situation is the over-exploited that made the area of forest soil decrease and some species are lost their habitat The illegal hunting with the inefficient management of functional agencies also need to be cared and adjusted

Red data list is the inventory of the global conservation status of all biological species, which is abbreviated to IUCN ( International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources) The levels of extinction risk in Vietnam red data book are similar to those in IUCN Red list Up to now, the list has evaluated over 79,800 species that may come to extinction according to categories

The latest released list in 2007 shows that there are 418 endangered species of animals according to risks of extinction The number consists of 40 of reptiles and 13 of amphibians (Vietnam Data Red Book, 2007)

CITES is The Convention on International Trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora is a multilateral treaty to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten the survival of the species in the wild CITES contains 5,000 animal species and 25,000 plant species, and is divided into 3 appendices I, II, III with different levels of being threatened to existence species

The decree No 32/2006/ND-CP dated 30/03/2006 is a government decree on Management of endangered, precious, and rare species of wild plants and animals It has classified wild, precious and rare animals into 2 groups according to the risk of extinction and the protection of law towards these species The two groups are: Group IB (Prohibiting exploitation and use for commercial purposes, including wild plants, animals, for which populations are very small in the wild or are in high risk of extinction) and Group IIB (Restricting exploitation and use for commercial purposes, including wild plants and animals, for which populations are small in the wild or are in risk of extinction) Group IB includes 62

species Of them, there are 11 species belong to class of reptilia such as Desert Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah Group IIB includes 89 species and of which are such reptile species

as Indian Rock Python, Radiated Ratsnakes, etc

In the past two decades, several herpetological surveys have been carried out on Cat

Ba Island In his zoological analysis, Bobrov (1993) recorded 18 lizard species from islands in the Gulf of Tonkin including Cat Ba Island Darevsky (1990) studied the herpetofauna of some Vietnamese offshore islands and listed seven species of reptiles for Cat Ba This number was distinctly increased by the eight-day survey conducted by Nguyen & Shim (1997), who reported of 20 species of reptiles including two species of marine turtles In view of this

increasing number of new species records on the one hand, and a still low species number compared with northern mainland Vietnam on the other, we decided to conduct additional herpetological field studies on Cat Ba Island These led to the discovery of new species of Goniurosaurus (Ziegler et al 2008) and Sphenomorphus (Nguyen et al 2011)

To protect and develop this valuable natural resources, the Government in recently have had many optimistic policy and solutions Beside the legislations, we also have special use forest system are managed by local to center and have got positive results To make basis , materials for natural resources preservation , contribute to protection and development

of wildlife animals in general and reptiles, amphibians resources in particular, I am

proceeding to research the topic " The Diversity of Reptiles and Amphibians in Cat Ba National Park, Haiphong, Vietnam"

Results collected from this study will be used for planning and preparing technical measures to manage, protect and develop the biodiversity effectively

CHAPTER 2 GOAL AND OBJECTIVES 2.1 Goal

- The goal of this study is to investigate the diversity of Reptile and Amphibian The

results gathered will be used for developing Reptile and Amphibian database and contributing

to biodiversity conservation in general in Cat Ba National Park

2.2 Objectives

- To study species composition diversity of reptiles and amphibians in Cat Ba National Park

-To study the distribution of reptiles and amphibians by habitat in Cat Ba NP

- To assess the conservation value of reptiles and amphibians in Cat Ba NP

-To assess threats to reptiles and amphibians in Cat Ba NP

-To give solutions for management, conservations and sustainable development of reptiles and amphibians in Cat Ba NP

CHAPTER 3 STUDY SITE 3.1 Geo-location

- Cat Ba National Park was founded in 1986 and located in Cat Ba island, Cat Hai district

- The geographical coordinates: From 20043 '50" to 20051' 29" north latitude

From 106058 '20" to 107010' 05" east longitude

- Area: 16,196.8 ha of which mountain is 10,931.7 ha and island is 5,265.1 ha

- Cat Ba National Park is first park that have subzones of forest and marine ecosystem

- Cat Ba National Park is divided into three functional areas: the subdivision of strict protection zone (4,914.6ha), the subdivision of ecological rehabilitation area (11,094ha), service administrative subdivision (91.3ha)

3.2 Climate and hydrology

Cat Ba National Park is located in the tropical monsoon area, influenced many of the coastal line climate - Average annual temperature: 20oC; Average annual precipitation is:

1700 - 1800mm Rainy season from April to November and dry season from December to March next year; Average annual humidity is 85%; April is wettest and January is driest; Average annual evaporation is 700mm per year; monsoon northeast wind from September to March next year, the southeast wind from April to August; an average of 2-3 storm a year

3.3 Topography

All of Cat Ba island are mountainous areas with elevations between 50-200m, the average slope is 30-40 degrees; the lowest place is Ang Tom, 10-30m below sea-level; the highest place is Cao Vong peak located in the north of the island, about 331m high Main terrain of Cat Ba is limestone alternating with many large and small valleys In terms of mineral resources, in addition to limestone, Cat Ba Island also has valuable mineral water (Xuan Dam commune has hot mineral water mine with temperature of 38oC) Cat Ba’s typical

ecosystems are tropical rain forests on limestone mountains mangroves, coral reefs, sea grass, cave ecosystem, etc

3.4 Geology and geomorphology

3.4.1 Geologic characteristics

- Cat Ba area as well as the Northeast Vietnam has a history of lasting geological development, had been a part of the folded structure Caledonia marks the end geosynclinals regime deep sea Karatzia in late Silurian

- The limestone blocks with an average age of carbon Late - Permian (250-280 million years) There is configuration blocks, sometimes stratified pretty thin, gray or white-gray alternating with silicon limestone They are full shape of a Karst domain submerged of sea, due to the impact of surface water and groundwater has created a system of caves in different heights (4 meters, 15 meters and 25-30 meters) Due to the activities of the ocean waves has created waves in all limestone foot of Cat Ba Island and the porches abrasive long shape and narrow surrounded, with the dual wave at 3.5-4.0 meters and 1.0-1.5 meters

3.4.2 Soils

- Survey results field work, mapping land II, shows the internal and external communal of Cat Ba National Park because bedrocks mostly limestone with Karst topography conditions and humid tropical climate, so have formed the main soil types are as Red-brown soil Feralit developed on limestone (Fv); Soil Feralit sepia slopes capacitors of the foot of a mountain limestone (Tv); Soil Feralit fawn develop from the product of weathered limestone mixed (Th); Alluvial sour salt (Db)

3.5 Fauna and Flora

-Terrestrial animals about 282 species, especially species of golden langur (Trachypithecus poliocephalus), this is beasts species particularly rare in the world only remains in Vietnam (about 50-60 individuals, according to the IUCN Red List)

- Marine animals: there are 98 species of zooplankton, 196 species of marine fish (including 79 species of reef fish), 177 species of coral, 532 species of bottom animals According to survey data of the Institute of Oceanography in Hai Phong, said today there are

900 fish species, 500 species of molluscs, 400 species of crustaceans In total number of marine species in the area of Cat Ba has found there are 21 rare species, including two species listed in the CITES list, 7 species in the Vietnam Red Book need protected still exist in the region

3.5.2 Flora

- Flora resources on Cat Ba island abundant with statistics of 620 species belonging to

438 genera and 123 families The typical family: Myrtaceae, Moraceae, Rubiaceae, Lauraceae, Asteraceae

-Plant composition in Cat Ba not really abundant, but still much value crops economically and science as: Fagraea fragrans, Chukrasia velutina, Aglaia spectabilis, Podocarpus fleuryi The most typical of the type of vegetation in Cat Ba Island is the type of evergreen rain moist forest on limestone, and mangroves forest vegetation type coastal, estuaries Additionally, in areas still appear some specific forest types and rare, it is kind of submerged vegetation in high mountains

- In addition to the forest vegetation, agricultural vegetation type also plays a key role in the region This vegetation including: plantation forests, perennials, agricultural crops, fruits, aquaculture and residential areas

3.6 Economy-Society

3.6.1 Population and employ

- According to statistics in 1997, the Cat Ba district population is 27,051 people, accounting 1.6% of the total population of the city of Hai Phong The average population density of the district is 80 people/km2

- The number of people in labor age is 10,500 people (1997), 12,000 (2000) and 15,000 people (2010)

- According to the Statistical Office of Hai Phong city, population increase in the area

of Cat Ba Island mainly is natural increase with an average of 0.68%/year (2011), lower than the annual average rate of Hai Phong city and the country Relatively stable population in recent years, the phenomenon of migration freely to the island Total population of the region

as of 2011 was 16,566 people, the proportion of men and women in the past years without significant changes, the percentage of women than men usually a little higher According to statistics in 2011, the percentage of women in the region accounted for 50.69%

3.6.2 Livelihood

3.6.2.1 Production of industrial and handicraft

- The small engineering works, repairing boats, stone production, mineral water, production of building materials, electricity, rapidly developing produce timely service and create Occupations for thousands of workers

- In general, industry and handicraft development less powerful, scattered and focused

in town

3.6.2.2 Agricultural production

- Cat Ba island is limestone terrain, so largely lacks surface water The commune on the island with an area not exceeding 200 ha of agricultural land The rice output is not high,

so do not meet people's demand for agricultural communes as well as people on the island

Agricultural production sector accounts a very small proportion of the economy of the district (all district only occupy 1.5% of the total production value and 2.3% of GDP in the district)

3.6.2.3 Economic forest

- Due to the forests area on the island of Cat Ba majority belonging to management area of the national park management board, so the area of forest land in the area of the buffer

zone is not much So far, FPU of district was coordination with FPU of national park guided perform some work such as: reforestation focus, scattered plantations, restored forests and

forest care Cat Ba island has a forest area of 15,200ha, of which forest land managed by the

National Park is 9,800 ha, remaining 6,400 ha is managed by the cooperative Natural wood forest has about 293 ha (shrubs forest) Plantations: resinous pine (126 ha), Acacia (66 ha),

Cunminghamia lanceolata (30 ha), Bamboo (40 ha)

3.6.2.4 Fishery Exploitation

- Cat Hai district has 288 fishing ships with a total capacity of 3120 CV, exploitation output 3,944.7 tons of shrimp, fish of all kinds (2011) For offshore fishing ships, fishing grounds mainly are offshore region

CHAPTER 4 METHODS

This study was conducted between January and August, 2016 The thesis proposal was written up from January to June as well as preparing equipment, knowledge, document for collecting data in the field In the period of July, 5th and 22th, the field work (collecting data) had been running Then, this study have analyzed data and finished in September, 2016

4.1 Secondary document

- Before go collecting data, the author did write thesis proposal, learn about study site

through documents, previous researchs that related to infomations of study site and amphibians such as natural conditions, maps, lists of reptiles-amphibians have published

reptiles-4.2 Collecting data methods

4.2.1 Interview method

Before going to interview, it is very necessary to prepare things following:

- Questionaires

- Pen, notebook, recorder,

4.2.1.1 Interview the rangers and Cat Ba NP staff

This study had interviewed 5 rangers and 3 staffs of Cat Ba NP

- Goal: To collect the information about the sources of reptiles and amphibians, where

they appear mostly, when they appear mostly, the status of hunting rare reptiles and amphibians

- Objects: officials working for conservation projects, scientific department, rangers of Cat Ba National Park

- Content: The interviewee would be asked with prepared questions that related to the status of reptiles and amphibians, threats to their lives

4.2.1.2 Interview the hunters and local people

The study had interviewed a total of 15 people including 4 hunters and 11 local people

- Goal: To collect the information about the species they meet daily as well as the time

and location; How they catch reptiles-amphibians and what they catch for

- Objects: Local people and hunters randomly in line transect

- Content: The interviewee would be asked with prepared questionaire that related to the reptile and amphibian species they meet; do they catch or not and for what; the price of reptiles and amphibians catched for sale

4.2.2 Line transect survey

4.2.2.1 Preparation

Transects establishment principles:

- Designing transects spend the priority on where are easy to be recognized and approached such as path, areas that have high humidity or streams

- The length of transects from 2 to 3 kilometers, the distance between transects is 500m up

to types of habitats and terrain, the distance from transects to road must be 25m at least

- The transects are created based on topographic map, vegetation and actual experiment

- The transects must include the typical and various habitats, topographic types of study site Each transect is marked by trees or others

According to principles above, in this study, researcher created 4 transects through 4 main habitats: Artificial forest; Natural forest; Mixed area of artificial and natural forest; Shrub grassland

Figure 4.1 Line transects for collecting data in Cat Ba National Park

4.2.2.2 Performance

- The investigation was carried out on schedule as the timetable above The researcher started at beginning point and moved with speed of 1-2 km/h During moving, pay attention

to look and hear sounds of reptiles and amphibians very carefully

- The investigation time was divided into 3 periods of day: 8h-11h, 13h-17h and 23h (use flashlight) to determine the appearance of reptiles and amphibians in various times

19h-of day and which period they appear the most

- If detect an individual, the researcher would use the bat or hand (up to specific

species) to catch and put into bag Note: just take only 1 specimen respresenting for 1 species

to record the info as aspect, size

- To preserve the specimen, put the trapped species into 90o alcohol Especially, with big individual, need to operate and take off all their viscera then wash by water and alcohol Then put into 90o alcohol

4.2.3 Pitfall-Trap

4.2.3.1 Preparation

To do this method, the researcher did had to prepare some tools and equipments like:

- Buckets with radius of 15-20cm and the 40cm depth

- Nylon, plastic barrier, GPS

- Buckets would be buried under the ground with top edge are parallel with the ground surface The distance between the traps is 1-2m and traps are connected by a plastic barrier

Traps are set at lot of different habitats, the distance between them is 50-100m Note: Have to

create habitat for reptiles and amphibians by putting water and dry leaves into bucket avoiding that they may jump out

- Check out the traps everyday to avoid that species could be trapped and died

- When taking the animals out of the trap, use iron pair (or gloves) to pull lumbar of the species and take them out very carefully and slowly, then specimens preserved in alcohol

90o, put on the storage awaiting classification, accreditation While the specimens are alive, researcher can take photo using as documents

4.3 Data analysis

- To analyze the raw data, this study have used some software such as Microsoft-excel,

Microsoft-Word, Arc-gis, Google earth for making table; drawing maps, chart

- Use list of endangered species like IUCN, Vietnam Redbook, Decree 32NĐ-CP in order to indentify conservation value of species

- Use the terms of Threat Reduction Assessment for Conservation to rank the threats to

reptile and amphibians in Cat Ba NationalParrk In order to do that, the study follow these steps below:

Step 1: Define the project area in space and time

Step 2: Develop a list of all threats

Step 3: Define the threats and what 100% reduction means for each

Step 4: Rank each threat for area

Step 5: Rank each threat for Intensity

Step 6: Rank each threat for Urgency

Step 7: Add up the ranking scores

- This study have listed 3 main threats to reptile and amphibian in Cat Ba NP: Pet trade and overexploitation; Habitat loss and fragmentation; Environment pollution

CHAPTER 5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 5.1 The composition of reptile and amphibian in Cat Ba National Park

5.1.1 The results of investigation

Based on data collected from such sources as interview, line transect survey, trap, observation in both field and specimen room, the checklist of species composition have been recorded 80 species of reptile and amphibian belonging to 21 families and 3 orders in Cat Ba National Park The detailed results of reptile and amphibian species were shown in the Appendix 5 and summaraize in table 5.1

pitfall-Table 5.1 Species diversity of reptile and amphibian in Cat Ba National Park

No

Number of species

Figure 5.1 Reptile and amphibian species recorded from sources of information in Cat

Ba National Park

5.1.2 Assessment of taxon diversity

The assessment of reptiles and amphibians diversity in Cat Ba National Park are shown in charts below:

Figure 5.2 The diversity of reptiles in Cat Ba National Park

Based on data of the pie chart, it is very easy to see that the total species of Colubridae

is the greatest (35%) Dibamidae, Lacertidae, Varanidae, Typhlopidae, Boidae,

Geoemydidae, Cheloniidae are families that have least number of species

Figure 5.3 The diversity of amphibians in Cat Ba National Park

Based on data of the pie chart, it is very easy to see that the total species of

Microhylidae and Dicroglossidae is the greatest (24%) , are families that have least number

of species

Thence, the species that have large ecological amplitude are less threatened to be prey

by hunter and vice versa It means that species with small ecological amplitude have to face with high risk of extinction

5.2 The distribution of reptiles and amphibians by habitats

At study site, this subject focus on 4 main habitats for collecting data of reptile and amphibian that are Artificial forest (H1), Natural forest (H2), Mixed area of Artificial forest and Natural forest (H3), Shrub grassland (H4) and the result is shown in the chart following:

Figure 5.4 The number of species detected in each habitat

According to the data in table, the habitats of natural forest have highest diversity with

17 species detected, the habitats that have smallest diversity are Artificial forest with 8 species detected Thence, each of species reptile and amphibian lives in different habitat adaptively Some species just found in 1 or 2 habitats For instance, Guenther’s Frog, Mao-son Frog The difference of living conditions could be the reason for the differene of species found in each habitat To be more details, natural forest, habitat with less influences from human and good living conditions, would has high diversity of species as well as shrub grassland and mixed area Artificial forests are areas that have been affected significantly by human activities such

as hunting, trapping so the diversity on species composition is very poor This means a lot

in researching the impact of environment to species living inside

*Comparison of diversity of reptiles and amphibians between habitats

The diversity of reptile and amphibian by habitat is shown in table 5.2

Table 5.2 The diversity of reptiles and amphibians species by habitats

forest (H1)

Natural forest (H2)

Mixed area (H3)

Shrub grassland (H4)

5 Thằn lằn bóng đuôi dài (Beautiful

10 Rắn roi mõm nhọn (Long-nosed

11 Rắn roi thường (Oriental

21 Nhái bén nhỏ (Hyla) x x x

23 Nhái bén Trung Quốc (Chinese

30 Ếch cây mép trắng (White-lipped

32 Nhái bầu hoa (Ornate

H2 & H3: 7 H2 & H4: 6 H3 & H4: 5

Gamma

- Diverse level Alpha: The diversity’s rank of habitat in order are H2 (Natural Forest), H4 (Shrub Grassland), H3 (Mixed area of Artificial forest and natural forest) and finally H1 (Artificial forest)

- Diverse level Beta (The difference of diversity between 2 habitats): The greatest diverse level beta is H2 and H3 (7 Species) The smallest diverse level beta are H1 & H3; H1

& H4 (4 Species)