INTRODUCTION
Climate change poses a significant threat to both humanity and forest ecosystems, with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reporting that deforestation contributes to approximately 17% of global greenhouse gas emissions In many developing nations, major sources of carbon dioxide emissions stem from practices such as deforestation, forest degradation, and slash-and-burn agriculture Simply relocating communities away from forests is not a sustainable solution for reducing emissions; thus, scientists aim to support the livelihoods of those living near forests In response, several countries have initiated the "Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation" (REDD) program, which offers financial incentives to maintain forest land and its benefits The expanded REDD+ strategies encompass not only deforestation and degradation but also emphasize conservation and sustainable forest management to enhance carbon stock and further reduce emissions.
In February 2008, Vietnam expressed its commitment to climate change mitigation and its interest in the REDD initiative to the UNFCCC Secretariat As one of the nine countries selected for the UN-REDD Programme, Vietnam collaborates with the Government, the UN-REDD National Programme, and the World Bank to prepare for REDD+ Since 2009, numerous activities have been undertaken to position Vietnam for the future REDD+ mechanism.
In 2010, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development launched the National REDD+ Network and REDD+ Working Group to enhance awareness and build capacity for the REDD+ mechanism at both national and provincial levels By 2011, the National REDD+ office was established to oversee the development of tools for implementing Viet Nam’s National REDD+ Program Collaborative efforts among various partners are propelling the country towards significant advancements in this initiative.
REDD+ has become a reality in Vietnam through the UN-REDD Vietnam Phase II program, which was implemented by the Vietnam Administration of Forestry from 2013 to 2015 This initiative was tested in six pilot provinces: Lao Cai, Bac Kan, Ha Tinh, Binh Thuan, Lam Dong, and Ca Mau.
Ban Cam is a commune located approximately 37 km from Bao Thang district and 15 km southwest of Lao Cai city, where many residents live near the poverty line This area boasts favorable natural conditions, geographical features, and social factors that support the effective implementation of REDD+ activities.
Once the REDD program is fully operational, the government will allocate forest land to local communities, particularly ethnic minorities To enhance forest management practices informed by the outcomes of the REDD+ project, this study aims to assess the results of the pilot initiative.
REDD+ PROJECT IN BAN CAM COMMUNE, BAO THANG DISTRICT, LAO CAI PROVINCE”.
GOAL AND OBJECTIVES
Goal and objectives
To improve the results and impacts of the pilot REDD+ project in Vietnam and to provide a scientific basic for proposing solutions for sustainable forest management in Lao cai province
• To characterize the pilot forest in the project areas
• To analyse the impacts of the natural and socio-economic factors on the pilot forest in the project areas
• To analyse the results of the pilot REDD+ project
• To propose solutions for improving the pilot REDD+ project in the project areas.
METHOD
Data collection method
The research involved a comprehensive review of documents related to policies at the study site, including published materials and previous research papers from various agencies such as the Department of Agriculture and Rural Development in Lao Cai, the People's Committee of Ban Cam Commune, and the UN-REDD Vietnam webpage This approach provided a broad overview of the research topic, with the collected information encompassing a wide range of relevant data.
Natural and socio-economic conditions in study areas;
The management and protection of forest resources in the study area are guided by relevant documents and policies, including initiatives like the UN-REDD Programme and the Poverty and Sustainable Development Impacts of REDD+ Architecture in Vietnam Additionally, the provincial REDD+ Action Plan of Lao Cai plays a crucial role in enhancing sustainable forest management practices.
3.1.2 Structured interview and Semi-structured interview
The study aimed to assess the awareness and behavior of the local community regarding the REDD+ program and the outcomes of a pilot REDD+ project in Ban Cam commune, Bao Thang district, Lao Cai province By focusing on the economic, social, and environmental benefits that the REDD+ program offers to local residents, researchers conducted a survey using a structured questionnaire (see Appendix 1) The survey involved interviews with a total of 30 randomly selected households across six hamlets.
Closed question: question with answers available (Yes or No) or some options These questions are used to assess awareness and participation of community in REDD+ project
Open questions: questions that request respondent to give the answer by themselves without available answers to take more information
Designing questionnaire: to assess objectively and accurately and accurately, part of group questionnaire was designed to answer for each separate content , including:
Part II: Information on participation in the management, protection and development
Part III: Effectiveness of a REDD+ Project
Identify beneficiaries are individuals or households have taken part in forest protection After the come to families to get information by indirect interview the local people
The interviews are focus on local people that concern about REDD+ project as the following steps:
- Step 1: Respondents: They are people in Ban Cam commune
- Step 2: Content: respondent information, closed question and open question in questionnaire (Appendix 1)
- Step 3: Location: Ban Cam commune
- Step 4: Feasibility: o Choose respondents randomly and ask them to interview o Give them questionnaire and guide them to answer question in there o Take back the questionnaire and check it out.
Data analysis
Descriptive statistics summarize the fundamental characteristics of study data, offering straightforward insights into the sample and measurements Additionally, they facilitate the analysis of simple graphics, forming the foundation for nearly all quantitative data analyses.
SWOT analysis is a strategic planning tool that assists individuals and organizations in identifying their strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats in relation to business competition or project planning This technique aims to define the objectives of a business venture or project while highlighting both internal and external factors that can positively or negatively impact the achievement of those goals.
This method evaluates the objectives of sustainable development by integrating insights from interviews with key local government officials and community members It identifies the Opportunities (O), Threats (T), Strengths (S), and Weaknesses (W) of the pilot REDD+ project, ultimately providing solutions for enhanced management.
SWOT analysis entails gathering and assessing critical data relevant to the organization, which may encompass population demographics, community health conditions, healthcare funding sources, and the current landscape of medical technology After collecting and analyzing this data, the organization evaluates its capabilities in these key areas.
Data about an organization is categorized into strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats, with strengths and weaknesses originating internally and opportunities and threats arising externally Organizational surveys serve as an effective tool for collecting vital information regarding the organization’s finances, operations, and processes.
Strengths: Information about strengths of the organization and trengths are significant forest-related mitigation potential and local people
Weaknesses hinder an organization's ability to operate at its full potential, as limited knowledge among personnel can result in ineffective propaganda efforts, while economic restrictions can diminish conservation efficiency.
Opportunities are advantageous external elements that organizations can leverage to gain a competitive edge For instance, enhancing awareness among local leaders and community members can significantly impact organizational success.
Threats refer to factors that have the potential to harm an organization For instance, limited access to science and technology applied to produce low productivity
NATURAL - SOCIAL CONDITION AND INFORMATION ABOUT BAN
Natural condition
Ban Cam is a remote commune in the northern part of Bao Thang district, Lao Cai province, covering an area of 42.14 km² Situated approximately 15 km southwest of Lao Cai city, it is characterized by its poverty and rural landscape.
- The East and South East borders with Phong Hai town of Bao Thang district
- The West and South West borders with Ban Phiet commune
- The North borders with Muong Khuong district
Figure 1 Geographic location in Ban Cam commune, Bao Thang district, Lao Cai province
Ban Cam commune is surrounded by high rocky mountains to the North and North East, with an average elevation of approximately 600 meters above sea level and slopes ranging from 20 to 25 degrees This unique topography supports a diverse range of forests, including natural, protection, and upstream forests Additionally, a stream originating from these high mountains supplies potable water to the local community.
Ban Cam experiences a tropical monsoon climate, characterized by cold and dry winters and hot, rainy summers The region's annual average temperature ranges from 24°C, contributing to its distinct seasonal variations.
The climate in Ban Cam features an average temperature of 25°C, with peak highs reaching 36°C during June and July In contrast, the winter months of December and January see temperatures plummet to between 10°C and 15°C Notably, there are instances when temperatures drop below 10°C, posing challenges for local agricultural activities.
The average precipitation is from 1,400 mm to 1,600 mm and mostly in summer The rainfall accounts for 80% of annual rainfall In summer, the highest rainfall can reach from
Nam Tang and Ban Lot hamlets experience significant soil erosion during the summer months, with daily rainfall reaching 200 to 350 mm The dry season, spanning from October to March, contributes only 20% of the annual rainfall, resulting in water scarcity in these areas.
Soil in Ban Cam commune is mainly generally reddish brown soil, below altitude of
At an elevation of 900 meters (3,000 ft), Ban Cam boasts fertile land ideal for both annual and commercial crops, enriched with organic humus from the daily decomposition of vegetation The area is also home to valuable resources, including mika and white clay mines, as well as rare and precious wood types like iron wood Additionally, significant deposits of neohouzeaua, strong reed, and various mixed wood types contribute to the region's forestry products.
The predominant wind direction is from the Northwest, with an average annual wind speed of 2.7 m/s and peak gusts reaching 11 m/s Notably, Western winds occur in March and April, bringing warmth and dryness that significantly influence species growth.
Fog is commonly found throughout the province, it may be very thick in some places
In cold weather, in high mountains and valleys without windy, there is frost frog lasting 2 to 3 days.
Social conditions
The population in Ban Cam commune to March 2018 is:
Table 2 Summary of socio-economic characteristics of Ban Cam commune
Ethnic minorities Dao, Giay, H’Mong, Nung
Ban Cam commune is home to 13 diverse ethnic groups, including the Dao, Giay, H'Mong, and Nung With a total of 1,027 households, the commune supports a workforce of 2,296 individuals, showcasing a vibrant community rich in cultural diversity Notably, 87% of the population is engaged in various labor activities, highlighting the area's economic engagement and communal cohesion.
894 households depend on agriculture (data collected 2018), 642 households are allocated forest lands for agricultural and silvicultural activities The natural population growth ratio is 1.21%/year
Generally, the local people still have low cultural level so it hard to find out labor source for industrial, medicals, education
The education network is continuously improving, supported by local government investments aimed at enhancing education quality and raising awareness among community members about the importance of education Educational activities are consistently maintained and improved, ensuring that all communes have access to schools and nursery facilities Additionally, many communes are constructing schools in smaller villages, resulting in a higher enrollment ratio of students attending school from the age of six.
14 is 88% However, still about 10 to 13% primary school student are above age of student
In recent years, Ban Cam witnesses the development of some construction such as electricity, school, clinic, market
The cultivated area for rice and maize exceeds 350 hectares, yielding approximately 1,500 tonnes Additionally, the farm includes 35 hectares dedicated to Camellia sinensis and 166 hectares of fruit trees, alongside a livestock population of 30,611 chickens and 1,444 ducks.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Forest status
As of February 20, 2015, data from the forest and forestry land survey indicates that the Ban Cam commune People's Committee had not yet implemented the pilot REDD+ project The total area of forest and forestry land encompasses 2,475.0 hectares, with 1,979.6 hectares designated as forest land, representing 79.9%, while 495.4 hectares, or 20.1%, is land without forests that is planned for forestry use The distribution of forest land categories in the region is detailed in Table 3.
Table 3 Area of forest types and forest land in Ban Cam commune on February 20 th ,
The planned area for forestry Land outside the forests planned area (ha)
1.3 Mixed forests of bamboos and timber trees
II Land without forests planned for 495.4 466 179 287 29.4
The planned area for forestry Land outside the forests planned area (ha)
1 Land with forest plantations not yet constituting forest
2 Bare land without regenerated timber trees 109 109 109 - 20.4
3 Bare land with regenerated timber trees 70 70 70 - -
(Source: Ban Cam commune People’s Committee)
In 2015, the planned area for forestry has 2,445.6 hectares which account for 89.25% of the total area of agricultural land (2,740.07 hectares) in the commune
- The total area of forest land is 1,979.6 hectares in which:
1,333 ha of protection forest including 1,316 hectares of natural forest; 17 hectares of forest plantation
646.6 hectares of production forest including 425.5 hectares of natural forest and 221.4 hectares of forest plantation
- Land without forests planned for forestry is 466 hectares in which:
179 hectares of bare land is in the planning of protection forest;
287 hectares of bare land is in the planning of production forest
- Land area outside the forest planned area is 29.4 hectares, accounting for 9.8% of the total forest land area
Thanks to the effective management of the local REDD+ program, deforestation has significantly decreased, resulting in a notable increase in forested areas The following table illustrates the current status of various forest types and land.
Table 4 Area of forest types and forest land in Ban Cam communeon September 25 th ,
The planned area for forestry Land outside the forests planned area (ha)
1.3 Mixed forests of bamboos and timber trees
II Land without forests planned for forestry
1 Land with forest plantations not yet constituting forest
The planned area for forestry Land outside the forests planned area (ha)
2 Bare land without regenerated timber trees
3 Bare land with regeneration timber trees
Source: Ban Cam commune People’s Committee)
The status of forest types and forest land to 2108 show that:
The total forest land spans 2,268.54 hectares, with natural forests accounting for 1,923.15 hectares (84.77%) and plantations covering 345.39 hectares (15.23%) Protection forests play a crucial role in safeguarding water streams and soils, preventing soil erosion, and mitigating natural disasters, while production forests primarily supply timber and non-timber forest products (NTFPs) and also contribute to environmental protection Additionally, there are 71.94 hectares designated for forestry development, which includes 5.32 hectares of protection forest and 66.62 hectares of production forest In 2018, Ban Cam commune reported 1,559.99 hectares of protection forests (66.65%) and 780.49 hectares of production forests (33.35%).
5.1.3 Forest management status a Organize structure of Forest Protection Department
The Department of Agriculture and Rural Development plays a crucial role in advising provincial People's Committees on effective forest management and protection Within the department, the Forest Protection Branch is tasked with overseeing the state management of forest conservation and regulation.
At the district level, the Economic Division advises the District People's Committee on state management of forest management and protection
At the commune level, forest protection teams or boards are formed with representatives from the government, police, military, veterans, and local villages These teams are responsible for the allocation, contracting, management, and protection of forests, enabling communities and households to engage in planting, tending, and safeguarding these vital resources.
Figure 2 Organize structure of Forest Protection Department in Lao Cai
Figure 4 highlights the deficiencies in synchronized management and organizational systems for forest protection and development activities Investment in afforestation does not meet actual demand, while forest management units struggle with inadequate patrol equipment, insufficient budgets, and a lack of professional knowledge among personnel Additionally, unsatisfactory remuneration has hindered the effectiveness of forest protection and development efforts.
Department of Agriculture and Rural Development
Forest Protection Branch, Forest Division
National park, Forest Management Board, District Forest Protection
Community Contracted households b Forest management status
Before the community forests were handed over, the forest conditions were severely degraded, characterized by dead trees, softwoods, and overgrown bushes Community involvement to tackle these issues was minimal, leading to further deterioration of forest health and a decline in available products and services Uncontrolled grazing emerged as a major factor in forest degradation, causing poor regeneration and increased soil erosion Illegal hunting and poaching were prevalent, and the lack of effective monitoring made it difficult to enforce laws Additionally, forest fires were common during the summer months, exacerbated by insufficient oversight This neglect allowed smugglers to exploit the forests without regard for environmental concerns As a result of the declining forest quality, water sources rapidly dried up, reducing access to drinking water for local communities, while erosion incidents surged, creating unrest among residents Consequently, the existing preservation and management programs were ineffective.
In January 2015, the gradual negative impacts of human activity on forests showed improvement compared to previous years A total of 1,979.6 hectares of forest land was enrolled in the REDD+ program for piloting, aimed at successfully implementing the Sustainable Forest Protection and Development Plan This initiative focuses on reducing deforestation and forest degradation within the commune, leading to stricter forest protection measures and a significant increase in artificial regeneration areas after shifting cultivation Annually, tree planting efforts are taking place in designated areas, including plots 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 in sub-area 35 and plots 8, 9, 10, 14 in sub-area 33.
Impacts of the natural and socio-economic factors on the pilot forest in the project areas
5.2.1 Impacts of natural factor on the pilot forest in the project areas
Ban Cam commune, characterized by over 65.24% hill land and an average elevation of 600 meters, is surrounded by high rocky mountains to the north and northeast The region features diverse forests, including natural, protection, and upstream forests, supported by streams originating from the mountains that provide potable water for residents With a tropical monsoon climate marked by hot, humid conditions and significant rainfall averaging between 1,400 mm and 1,600 mm annually, Ban Cam enjoys optimal natural conditions for implementing REDD+ activities.
The climate in Bạn Cam presents several challenges, particularly during winter when temperatures can drop below 10°C and the dry season sees only 20% of the annual rainfall, causing water shortages Conversely, summer brings about 80% of the annual rainfall, leading to significant soil erosion These climatic conditions adversely affect agricultural and forestry productivity in the region.
5.2.2 Impacts of socio-economic factor on the pilot forest in the project areas
The interview result about the educational level of local people is recorded in the figure below:
Figure 4 Educational level of household heads in Ban Cam commune
A survey conducted in Ban Cam commune revealed that over two-thirds of the 30 respondents had only completed primary or secondary education, highlighting a significant gap in educational attainment Notably, 6% of the participants, all over 65 years old, were illiterate While some individuals had graduated from college, many did not engage in REDD+ programs, contributing to a widespread lack of awareness regarding forest protection and development Consequently, a large portion of the local population remains unaware of the true value of the forestry economy.
Educational level of household heads in Ban Cam commune
Primary school Secondary school High school or above Illiterate
Survey data indicates that the average income level in the area is low, at 27,000,000 VND per person per year Despite this, the commune boasts a high number of working-age individuals who primarily rely on agroforestry As a result, local residents are actively involved in the REDD+ program, with 85% participating in forest management within the pilot area This engagement has led to improved stability in livelihoods and economic conditions, effectively halting deforestation and enhancing forest management and protection efforts.
5.3 The results of the pilot REDD+ project
As of the latest collection results, the current forest land area has reached 2,268.54 hectares, reflecting an increase of 288.94 hectares, or 14.60%, since 2015 The changes in forest land area between these two years are illustrated in the figure below.
Figure 5 Area of forest land in 2015 and 2018 (hectares)
Since 2015, the total area of natural forest has increased by 181.95 hectares, reflecting a growth of 10.45% The timber forest, which is the predominant type within this category, has seen the most significant rise, expanding by 261.46 hectares or 17.16% Additionally, the mixed wood and bamboo forests have also contributed to this positive trend.
Timber forest Bamboo forest Mixed wood and bamboo
Between 2015 and 2018, the REDD+ program expanded to cover 96.49 hectares, marking a 19-fold increase since 2015 This significant growth highlights the program's positive impact on forest conservation and sustainable development Additionally, REDD+ has consistently promoted awareness and responsibility for forest protection by monitoring activities in areas that require conservation efforts.
The bamboo forest area has decreased by 57.29% since 2015, primarily due to the transformation of cultivation practices Households are cutting down bamboo species to access non-timber forest products (NTFPs) and cultivate pineapples, which has resulted in increased income for local communities.
The current plantation forest has expanded to 345.39 hectares, an increase of 107 hectares since 2015, representing a 45% growth This achievement can be largely attributed to the effective propaganda efforts of hamlet leaders, who play a crucial role in engaging local communities In a recent survey, over 25% of respondents supported REDD+ initiatives due to the influence of their hamlet leaders, who are viewed as role models within their communities While the guidance of these leaders is significant, individual decision-making also plays a vital role in fostering participation.
Compare land without forests planned for forestry and production forest between two years are shown in the figure 3:
Figure 6 Area of land without forests planned for forestry and production forest in 2015
Land without forests planned for forestry Production forest
- Total area of land without forests planned for forestry has gradually formed forests so land without forests planned for forestry decreased 423.46 hectares (85.48%)
In Ban Cam Commune, there has been a significant reduction in production forest area, with a decrease of 153.11 hectares (16.4%) compared to 2015 To address this issue, the REDD+ Action Plan aims to establish new production forests by setting a target of planting 178.93 hectares This initiative highlights the program's commitment to reversing the decline in forest cover, which is attributed to various underlying causes.
Limited understanding among local communities about the importance of forests contributes to inadequate management and protection efforts, resulting in deforestation Furthermore, a lack of awareness regarding the consequences of encroachment and improper exploitation practices leads to the degradation and death of trees.
Logging activities, essential for supplying wood, paper products, timber, and fuel, are a primary cause of deforestation This practice not only contributes to environmental degradation but also necessitates the construction of roads, allowing heavy machinery and trucks to reach remote forest areas, exacerbating the destruction of these vital ecosystems.
Deforestation is primarily driven by the increasing demand for food security and consumer crops, leading to the widespread clearing of trees and vegetation for agricultural production.
The rising demand for consumer crops such as soybeans and corn has accelerated deforestation as farmers clear forests for livestock grazing and crop cultivation Many small-scale farmers employ slash-and-burn techniques, which involve cutting down trees and burning them to make room for agricultural activities.
Table 5 The benefits that the program gives people
Benefits Number of households benefited
Support from the livelihoods fund 25
Raising awareness about management forest 28
Table 5 reveals that 83.33% of local residents have benefited from the livelihoods fund for livestock development and cage construction Additionally, the REDD+ program has increased awareness of the Law on Forest Protection and Development among 93.33% of the population, while also creating jobs for 90% of households In recent years, the program has significantly improved water quality, alleviating shortages in certain hamlets and ensuring that local residents no longer worry about water and irrigation availability The community expresses gratitude for the program's numerous benefits.
CONCLUSION
The thesis on "Assessing the Results of the Pilot REDD+ Project in Ban Cam Commune, Bao Thang District, Lao Cai Province" concluded that the project has significantly impacted local forest conservation efforts and community engagement It highlighted the importance of sustainable practices in reducing deforestation and enhancing biodiversity Furthermore, the findings emphasized the need for continued support and monitoring to ensure the long-term success of REDD+ initiatives in the region.
Since the launch of the REDD+ program, forest conditions have significantly improved between 2015 and 2018, leading to a reduction in bare land This initiative has successfully enhanced the management, protection, and sustainable development of forests by raising awareness and fostering a sense of responsibility for forest conservation, while also ensuring that monitoring is conducted in critical forest areas.
The REDD+ project empowers local communities by involving them in its design and implementation, leading to measurable socio-economic benefits Although the opportunities for jobs and income generated by these projects have been modest, they have contributed to improving the quality of life for local populations Furthermore, the program enhances awareness of the importance of forests, fostering a stronger sense of responsibility for forest protection and management among community members.
The study identifies key strategies to enhance participation in the REDD+ program, emphasizing the importance of land allocation, engaging hamlet leaders, and implementing educational initiatives to improve local awareness of forest area management.
1 http://www.laocai.gov.vn
2 IUCN (2010), “ REDD ở Việt Nam: Vấn đề, cơ hội, và mối liên hệ”
3 Larson, A.M (2010) “Forest tenure reform in the age climate change: Lesson for REDD+” Global Environmental Change 21: 530-549
4 Peskett, L., Huberman, D, Bowen-Jones, E., Edwards, G., and Brown, J 2008 Making REDD work for the poor A Poverty Environment Partnership (PEP) Report Overseas Development Institute (ODI), London, UK
5 Sandbrook, C., et al (2010) “Carbon, forest and REDD paxadox.” Oryx 44(03): 330-334
6 Singh, T P., et al (2015) “Implementing REDD+ as a Climate Mitigation Option in
7 Sunderlin, W D., et al (2009) “Forest trnure rights and REDD.” Realizing REDD:
8 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 2008 Report of the Conference of the Parties, on its thirteenth session held in Bali, from 3 to 15 December
9 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 2011 Report of the Conference of the Parties on its sixteenth session, held in Cancun from 29 November to 10 December 2010
10 United Nations Framework on Climate Change 2012
11 UN-REDD (2013) UN-REDD Vietnam Phase II Programme: Operationalizing REDD+ in Vietnam
12 UN-REDD PROGRAMME (2010), design of a REDD-Compliant Benefit Distribution System for Vietnam
13 UN-REDD PROGRAMME, “Principles of REDD+ Benefit Distribution System”
14 UN-REDD VIET NAM PROGRAMME, “ Xây dựng hệ thống chia sẻ lợi ích”
Chương trình UN-REDD Việt Nam đã phát triển kế hoạch sử dụng đất tích hợp cho REDD+, rút ra những bài học quý giá từ việc kết hợp phân tích không gian và tiếp cận có sự tham gia Điều này nhằm xây dựng kế hoạch hành động REDD+ cấp tỉnh tại Việt Nam, góp phần vào việc quản lý bền vững tài nguyên rừng và giảm thiểu phát thải khí nhà kính.
16 Vu Thi Hien- Luong Thi Truong 2010, “Biến đổi khí hậu v REDD”
APPENDIX APPENDIX I: SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE (Ban Cam Commune - Bao Thang district - Lao Cai province) Part I Respondent information
3 How long have you lived here?
Part II: Information on participation in the management, protection and development
1 Do you know about Greenhouse gas or not?
2 Are you aware of REDD+ programme whether or not?
3 Do you participate in forest management in the pilot area whether or not?
4 Do you feel the program is realistic?
5 How far is your house from the REDD+ pilot area?
6 Did you receive benefits from participating in forest management in the pilot area or not?
C If “yes”, what benefits are it offering?
7 Have you thinks that forest resources and policies to protect forest resources sustainably are important?
8 Do you think the policies and activities of the management, protection and development of forests are reasonable or not?
9 Have you trained on the methods to management, protection and development of forest, and use forest resources?
10 Have you listening to propaganda about the management, protection and sustainable development or forest, and used forest resources for the right purpose or not?
11 Do the program staff visit or encourage local people to participate in REDD+ programme or not?
12 Do you recognize your important role in forest management and protection and sustainable development?
Part III Information on in the REDD + pilot program
1 How many forest areas have you been allocated? How much money do you earn per year in this area?
2 How did you use the land allocated?
3 What time has the REDD + pilot area been officially started ever (Day, month, year)?
4 Do you keep records of your participation in the REDD + pilot program? What is included?
5 What are the benefits of the pilot REDD + program for you?
6 Do you think that the local people's forest destruction happens frequently?
7 Since the pilot REDD + program appears, is deforestation and forest degradation taking place in the village/hamlet or commune? Why?
8 Where do people get timber and firewood to: a For family use: b For sale
Do they have to ask for permission?
9 What can the local people exploit and use in the REDD + pilot forests?
10 What suggestions do you have to increase the practical effectiveness of the REDD + pilot program?