Assessing the quality of domestic water in thuy xuan tien commune chuong my ha noi

To assess the water quality, the thesis used variety research methods such as: Method of interviewing, data processing and assessment of the domestic water quality in the commune by exam

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF FORESTRY

Advanced Education Program

Developed in collaboration with Colorado State University, USA Supervisor: Assoc Prof TRAN QUANG BAO, Ph.D

Hanoi, November – 2016

ABSTRACT

Thuy Xuan Tien, which locates in the west of Chuong My district, is a small commune of Hanoi The population is quite crowded and the economy is increasing fast Along with this development, the demand for clean water of local people is also going up However, the quality of domestic water in the village has not been properly concerned To assess the water quality, the thesis used variety research methods such as: Method of interviewing, data processing and assessment of the domestic water quality in the commune by examining some chemical indicators such as: pH, hardness, Fe The research results show that the domestic water of Thuy Xuan Tien is relatively clean except two villages: Xuan Linh, Xuan Sen There are some limestone mountains in these areas and they are the main reasons making the ground water harder than the other areas However, the water hardness of these two villages is still in the standard of QCVN 02 BYT/2009 and has not harmed to the local people’s health yet Business, increasing number of people in the commune and bad awareness of people are major socio – economic development activities that contribute to the degradation of Thuy Xuan Tien domestic water quality To contribute to improve the quality of domestic water, the thesis propose some solutions such as: using high – technology machine, applying some new policies for water management, raising awareness of local people about the importance of domestic water quality and protecting the environment

Key words: Domestic water quality, assess the water quality, drinking water,

drilling wells, digging wells, self-supplied water

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Firstly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisor Assoc Prof Tran Quang Bao for continuous support of my studt and related research, for his patience, motivation, and immense knowledge His guidance helped me in all the time of research and writing of this thesis The study would not have been possible without his support

Secondly, I would like to thank the authority of Thuy Xuan Tien commune for supporting and giving me the chance to study in the commune Besides, I also thank the local people in 9 villages for providing valuable information and data of the area

Last but not least, I wish to thank Dr Bui Van Nang and Ms Nguyen Thi Ngoc Bich

of the Center of Laboratory and Practice of Vietnam Forestry University for providing me with the measure instruments and helping me measure the initial indicators to complete my thesis

TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF FIGURES

Chapter I INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 The current domestic water situation 1

1.2 Literature Review 3

Chapter II STUDY GOAL AND SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES……….………6

2.1 Study goal and objectives 6

Chapter III METHODOLOGY……….………7

3.1 Study area……….7

3.2 Interviewing 8

3.3 Sampling methods 9

3.3 The sampling locations 10

3.4 Analytical methods in laboratory 12

Chapter IV RESULTS 16

4.1 Current use of domestic water in Thuy Xuan Tien commune 16

4.1.1 The main water resource of local people 16

4.1.2 The water supply situation 18

4.1.4 Demand for pumping water (centralized water supply) 19

4.2.1 Results of digging well samples analysis 21

4.2.3 Results of pumping water sample analysis (Be Tong Apartments và J106 Nursery School) 28

4.2.4 Rain water analysis results 31

Chapter V: DICUSSION 32

5.1 Assessing the quality of domestic water in Thuy Xuan Tien commune 32

5.2 Proposing some solutions 33

5.2.1 Technology solutions 33

5.2.2 Solutions for water management 35

5.2.3 Solutions to raise awareness of local people 35

5.2.4 The limitations of the study 36

Chapter VI: CONCLUSION 37

REFERENCES 38

LIST OF TABLES

Table 3.1 The sampling sites locations 11

Table 4.1 Water source of domestic use in Thuy Xuan Tien commune 16

Table 4.2: The assessment of local people about the amount of domestic water 18

Table 4.3: The assessment of local people about domestic water quality 18

Table 4.4: Demand of using pumping water 19

Table 4.5 Results of water sample wells analysis in Thuy Xuan Tien Commune (2016) 20

Table 4.6: The drilling water sample analysis……….….26

Table 4.7: Results of pumping water sample analysis………29

Table 4.8: The rainwater analysis results in Thuy Xuan Tien commune. 31

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 3.1 The map of Chuong My District……… …7

Figure 4.1: The amount of pH in water samples compared to the water quality standards .23

Figure 4.2: Water Hardness in water sample compared to the water quality standards 24

Chapter I INTRODUCTION

1.1 The current domestic water situation

Domestic water is the water used in every household to serve living purposes such as drinking, food preparation, bathing, washing clothes and dishes, flushing toilets, and watering lawns and gardens Domestic water use includes potable and non-potable water provided to households by a public water supplier (domestic deliveries) and self-supplied water use Self-supplied domestic water use is typically withdrawn from a private source,

such as a well, or captured as rainwater in a cistern (USGS, Domestic Water Use, 2014)

In recent years, the issues of water quality and supplying of domestic water to the people has always been the concern of the scientists, managers, distributors and users There is a phenomenon, many people are not really comfortable with the current used water, this is evidenced by the application of individual treatment methods ranging from the use of raw water filter homemade or the modern filters, water purification machines to import as RO, Kangaroo Besides, to facilitate and ensure domestic water is used as the type of bottled water available in the market Considering in this respect, there are two problems arises The first, water in prefilled and filtered water from the RO equipment is cleaned and how neccesary is it? Secondly, when considering the aspect of social justice, the family can not afford to buy bottled water or filtered modern equipment will have to use the water which is supposed to be assured of the quality and the risk of health bad effects

The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that six million people are blind due to trachoma and more than 150 million people are in need of treatment The pathogen and diseases, which are related to water, rises very fast and powerfully such as dysentery, cholera and skin diseases, have been occurring in the developed and developing countries

Organization and the World Bank, annually there are about 4 billion cases of diarrhea, which killed 2.2 million people, mainly children under 5 years of age (each 15 second, a child is killed) This figure accounts for about 15% of children die of all causes in the developing countries However, in Vietnam, as well as water quality management was not really good The water management is also separated, less focused and less expanded in most of the localities in the country

Hanoi is the biggest city of Vietnam Therefore, the domestic water quality issue is also a concern of scientists and local people A series of water treatment plants have been built in recent years to satisfy the rapidly growing demand in the city Hanoians live in fear that they may one day suffer deadly diseases because of the unsafe water Dr Pham Hung Viet, Director of the Center for Environment Technology Research and Sustainable Development, affirmed that the treated water still has arsenic, manganese and chlorine concentrations well above Vietnamese and World Health Organization (WHO) standards Also according to Dr.Viet, only the Ngoc Ha street - Ba Dinh District is churning out water with an arsenic concentration meeting the standard of under 0.01 mg per liter Meanwhile, water with high arsenic concentrations is still dispensed by other plants, including Phap Van, Nam Du, Yen Phu, Luong Yen and Thanh Tri (VietnamNet, 2014) Assessing the quality of domestic water in Thanh Xuan district, Tran Cong Khanh been studied and published in the journal Science No 7/1996 Land Vietnam There have been many studies

of the scientists on water quality, but generally they only concentrated on the inner city of Hanoi, where the population is high The scientists are not really interested in researching the suburban areas because the cost analysis is relatively high

Thuy Xuan Tien is a small commune of Chuong My District, Hanoi It has 9 hamlets: Xuan Thuy, Xuan Linh, Xuan Sen, Xuan Long, Xuan Trung, Go Cao, Tien An, Tien Truong, Tri Thuy The commune is in the progress with the development of

economic activity - society and increasingly expanding There are many offices, schools, supermarkets concentrating there Therefore, the demand of local people for domestic water is very large This is the pressure on the system of socio-economic development Domestic water supply resource is various in the area, but mostly groundwater In the process of formation and development, the local people still use groundwater for drinking and production However, due to the long exploitation period and the risk of pollution from domestic sewage, the quality of groundwater in some places can not be guaranteed, because of the increased concentrations of some environmental parameters, or the appearance of the substance, strange organism Currently, there is no concrete studies can evaluate the quality of reserves and domestic water made by the specialized agencies Although the observation was carried out every year, but this activity is only superficial, the indicators did not analyze specifically and the analysis results are not communicated to the people Therefore, we need more specific researches to improve water quality and the solutions to ensure clean water for residents in the area

For those reasons, I come up with a goal of “assessing the quality of domestic

water in Thuy Xuan Tien commune, Chuong My district, Hanoi, Vietnam” to be my

study in order to contribute in raising awareness of the users to the problem of water quality and propose solutions to the goal of providing clean water to local people

not have access to a potable source of drinking water, are being exposed to high levels of possible contamination and subsequently could result in disease conditions of various magnitudes (Mensah Thesis, 2011) Polluted waters contain significant levels of pollutants, usually at levels above WHO certified drinking water quality standards and these are able to cause significant problems when ingested by humans (Cunningham, 1999) Due to the open accessibility of surface water and hand-dug well, they easily receive foreign materials from various sources which negatively impact on the quality of the water

In Vietnam, rural domestic water supply in the state is alarming due to environmental pollution, water from the industrialization, production facilities, waste water treatment in contravention of regulations The percentage of households in rural areas account for 67% (Household water, 2016) Currently in rural areas domestic water using is still the majority

of wells from underground aquifers, rivers and streams, lakes, rainwater as reported by the Centre for Water and Sanitation The province has 110 water supply projects concentrated

in rural areas Of these, six works by a number of public service unit manager; 2 works by corporate managers and 102 works by local self-management Also, in a rural area about

85 900 small water supply projects from dug wells, water tanks, water flows due to people's self-realization and exploitation According to the regulations of the Ministry of Health, with the centralized water supply projects are managed in accordance with national standards of water quality - QCVN02: 2009, the management unit works to sample water inlet water , output periodically 3-6 months / time to send the bodies function water quality tests (by the State allowed) to do the test When a sample, the test results also indicate where the test unit and know, not have any mandatory requirements management units must submit the results of clean water for the supervision and management agencies Therefore, it is difficult to know the unit management and operation of the facility with

piped timely remediation, water treatment while providing no guarantee of health indicators to the user or not

Meanwhile, the agency assigned responsibility for managing is the Center for Clean Water and Rural Environmental Hygiene, just going supervision and sampling inspection probabilistic by funding sources for the program's activities, are limited Each year, the Center is only a few hundred samples taken at both the centralized water supply facilities, water, gravity, water wells, wells in the population ( Thu Nguyet, 2014)

According to the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD), the country had 84.5% of rural residents use clean water In particular, rural areas where the population is used to clean water continues to be the highest with 94.5% Southeast, the Red River Delta (RRD) 91% and the Mekong River Delta (MRD) 88% The proportion of the population have access to clean water is lowest in the North Central region (81%), although this is the region with the second highest household in rural areas nationwide 4/7

In Hanoi, the proportion of people in rural areas use drinking water in accordance with the new standards to reach 35.5% Of these, only 7.7% is used from centralized water supply facilities investment by the city, the rest are from the urban water supply system and the people themselves with the device filter household water filters (Vo Hung, 2016) The traditional emphasis on chemical indicators of water quality must be supplemented by more comprehensive indicators based on the total properties of water body including: chemical, physical, biological and ecological parameters It must also be recognized that fresh water quality is impacted directly by natural and human activities outside the water sphere such as land use practices, erosion and deforestation Some are also tied to acid deposition or natural contamination Such problems often require monitoring and protection at the local level, while some have significant transboundary components which are addressed at national and International levels (International Conference on Water and the Environment Report, 1992)

Chapter II STUDY GOAL AND SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

2.1 Study goal and objectives

Goal: The goal of this project is to assess the water quality of local people in Thuy Xuan

Tien from the various source

Specific objectives:

 Investigating the situation of domestic water in study area

+ The form of domestic water using in Thuy Xuan Tien commune;

+ The demand of clean water use for local people

 Assessing the quality of domestic water in Thuy Xuan Tien commune through the indicators collected and measured in the lab in September:

+ Characteristics reason: odor, pH, hardness

+ Total metal: Mn, Fe

+ Other parameters: chloride, fluoride

 Proposing some technological solutions and management consistent with the exploitation and use of water in the study area in order to improve the domestic water quality for the local people

Chapter III METHODOLOGY 3.1 Study area

Figure 3.1 The map of Chuong My District

Thuy Xuan Tien commune belongs to Chuong My district, Hanoi Its geographic coordinates are 20 ° 53'10 "N and 105 ° 35'4" E, is a mountainous commune but located southwest Chuong My district It has an area of 1191.51 ha with the population size number is 16 654 people (Thuy Xuan Tien statistics, 2015) The commune is divided into 9 rural communes: Xuan Thuy, Xuan Long, Xuan Linh Xuan Trung, Tri Thuy, Tien An, Go Cao, Xuan Sen, Tien Truong

In recent years, rapidly increasing population and economic and educational developments of the city brought a huge stress on natural resources including ground

water, land use, farmland etc Economic growth is increasing, the economic structure has shifted Infrastructure investment is concerned, upgraded, rehabilitated and built capacity

to serve the transportation system, post offices, schools Because of the speed of development, the needs of using clean water of people as well as factories, businesses, schools are increasing also In addition, water resources have not been tight management and quality assurance The treatment and improve the quality of domestic water is essential for the economic development However, current research has not yet been carried out to assess and improved the quality of domestic water in the commune Majority of the people have used electric pumps to extract water while few people used hand pumps

Thuy Xuan Tien, where majority of the residents have various standard of life and poor housing conditions In this commune, mix standard of living exists Sixteen water samples have been taken from each villages of the study area and got tested in Center of Laboratory and Practice of Vietnam Forestry University to find out the quality status of selected physical and chemical parameters of the water The samples were collected from electric pumps the most common source of domestic water in Thuy Xuan Tien After that, the results of these parameters were compared and discussed with QCVN 01: 2009/BYT, QCVN 02: 2009/BYT and ADWG, 2006 (Australia Drinking Water Guideline) In addition, in order to discover the overall physical quality of water in study areas, a field survey was conducted and data was gathered through questionnaire using random cluster sampling Results were portrayed in graphs prepared in MS Excel

3.2 Interviewing

The project interviewed 80 households in 9 hamlets: Xuan Thuy, Xuan Long, Xuan Linh, Xuan Trung, Tri Thuy, Tien An, Go Cao, Xuan Sen, Tien Truong The purpose of this interview was to identify initially the main water source used most in the region and have correctly identify the people's awareness about the importance of using clean water

Therefore, investigating the amount of domestic water in the whole commune and the demand of local people for using clean water

of extraction and water tanks

The request of water sampling method appropriate for each indicator:

- Water samples are taken directly from the water department of the family with the following procedure:

- Step 1: Unscrew the drain hose, the water runs out about 5-6 minutes to remove all the water available in the tube

- Step 2: Using a polyethylene plastic bottle was washed and coated with water sample preparation, grab bottles of about 2-3 liters to ensure that the process of analyzing all the parameters analyzed Then, depending on the requirements of the criteria analyzed that appropriated methods of preservation for each sample For the samples for analysis of heavy metals such as Fe, Mn preserved by adding ml HNO3 acid in the sample Over the full sample record information such as: Symbol samples, sampling locations, sampling days, the weather characteristics of the sampling days, samplers After that the samples were packed into crates and transported to porous laboratory to analyze samples not be

longer than 10 hours outside When shipping samples of the room, all of information such as: locations, dates, form of water storage were recorded carefully on the bottle and in the notes

- Also, borrowed some tools to measure indicators such as pH, temperature at the time of sampling locations and to get the most accurate results

Using litmus paper to measure, put it directly into the water sample Wait about 10 seconds until the displayed results on paper, and recorded the results

Using hand-held meter HI98129, embedded directly locomotive into water, wait about

20 seconds until the displayed results and recorded parameters to be measured

3.3 The sampling locations

In order to make the initial assessment of water quality in Thuy Xuan Tien commune, after fieldwork study, subjects were randomized sampling conducted at 16 sites in five areas These places is the location with the high population density as well as the economic development is increasing Those places are Xuan Thuy, Xuan Trung, Xuan Sen, Xuan Long, Xuan Linh, with representatives of all four types of water use and the number of samples is as follows: 7 digging well samples, 4 drilling well samples wells, 2 pumping water samples and 2 samples of rain water

Sampling locations are described in Table 3.1:

Table 3.1 The sampling sites locations

No

Symbol

Sample

3.4 Analytical methods in laboratory

a Measure the total amounts of Fe in the water

Determination of Fe total by sunfoxalixilic acid reagent, as this is highly selective

reagent for Fe and mitigate interference agents of some divalent metals in the water

Oxidation of iron in the sample is completely on form Fe3+. This ion reacts with acid reagents sunfoxalixilic alkaline forming yellow complex

- Step 1: Get 0; 1; 3; 5; 10 ml Fe3+ concentration of 1mg / ml pour into to 100ml volumetric flask and denoted respectively S01, S02, S03, S04, S05

- Step 2: Add about half of the amount distilled water in the bottle, 2 ml NH4Cl solution, 2ml Sunfoxalixilic acid solution and 2 ml NH3 solution, and shake

- Step 3: Add distilled water to the mark norms, then the amount of Fe 3+ concentration in the flask were: 0; 0:01; 0:05; 0.1mg / l, after 5 minutes the optical density

of the solution on the wavelength λ = UVIS 430nm

- Step 4: Determine the maximum absorbance and road construction standards show

a correlation between concentration and optical density measured by the equation:

Y = Ax + B Y: The amount of Fe in the sample X: optical density measured

 Analysis method for the sample and calculating results

Because of the amount of Fe in domestic water is small so I have to conduct sample enrichment, the process is as follows: Take 1L concentrated water samples brought to 80 - 300ml (this is the stage enriched form), then proceed act like a standard road construction template Calculation Results: Based on the equation Y = ax + b to calculated using the formula:

C0 V0 = C1 V1 C0: the initial concentration (mg / l)

V0: the initial volume (ml)

C1: The following concentration calculated from the calibration curve (mg / l) V1: the volumetric flask (100ml))

b Measuring the total chloride in the water

Take 100ml of water samples (Va) ch into conical flask or beaker HNO3 or NaOH used the pH in the range of 5 - 9.5 and record the volume used if the pH <5, then it is better

to adjust using NaCO3 Add 1 mL K2CrO4, titration solution by adding AgNO3 solution drop by drop until the color of the solution changes to brownish red record volume of solution used in this titration (volumetric), after adding a drop of NaCl, the color disappears

Do the same for white (distilled water sample) and record the volume of solution AgNO3 does not exceed 0.2ml

Calculation results:

Chloride concentrations in the water is calculated by milligrams / liter by the formula:

CCL = (Vc - Vb) C35453 / Va CCL: local chloride concentration in mg / l

Va: volume of the sample in ml (100ml)

Vb: volume of AgNO3 solution used to titrate the blank (ml) Vc: volume of AgNO3 solution used to titrate sample (ml) C: concentration of AgNO3 solution used to titrate (mg / l)

c Determine the total hardness in water

Samples must be taken labs on polyethylene bottle, do not use average glass

- Analysis of the samples as soon as possible, if the samples need to be stored before distribution the sample area to keep in 2 ~ 6oC

- If the sample is acidified for preservation, the need to neutralize the test portion with a volume of 2M NaOH was premeditated When calculating the results, should pay attention

to any dilution of the sample, and the test portion by the addition of acid or alkali

- Shake the bottle and sample preservation must make sure that the pharmaceutical form of homogeneous binhf taking part samples analyzed

Smoking exactly 10 ml of 10 mmol CaCO3 / l to 250 ml in a flask, dilute to 50 ml with distilled water Continue to implement similar titration form part identified

d Measure the total amount of mangan in water

Get two conical flask, 250 ml capacity (if doing multiple samples, for example 8 + 1

samples are taken for 8 conical flask)

Pour 100 ml water sample into the first conical water, 1 ml of sulfuric acid, 1ml 10% silver nitrate was boiling until getting 50ml left Filter, remove precipitate, rinse with pure water to the original volume (100 ml) Boil, add 10 ml of potassium which pesunfat saturated, continue to boil more minutes, the solution is colored pink

- Pour 5 ml of 75% sulfuric acid and 10 ml of saturated potassium pesunfat into the second conical flask, boil one minute more, let cool and norms with 100 ml of distilled water enough

- After both conical flask (1) and (2) has cooled, using burette basket to pour slowly 0.01 N solution of potassium permanganate into the second bottle (2), just shaking its basket until the water in the second conical flask had the same color as the color of the water sample

then stopped Record number ml potassium permanganate was used (n)

e Measure the total amount of Fluoride in the water

Step 1: Fill a 20ml (beaker/small plastic container) about half-way with the water sample (about 10ml)

Step 2: Add 20 hydrochloric acid drops The pH value must be below 1 Step 3: Remove one fluoride test disc from ziplock bag Close bag immediately Step 4: Pierce the round test disc in the middle with the enclosed needle! Step 5: Throw test disc into the water sample and submerge completely Step 6: after 5 - 7 minutes the test disc is saturated with the solution, i.e it does not absorb any more liquid At the latest 2 minutes after saturation remove the test disc from the sample and compare the size of the bleached zone with the disc color scale This test will give you a reaction when the sample water has at least 2 parts per million of fluoride Otherwise no changes will be observed