Study on the status of medicinal plants in kim son cummune kim boi district hoa binh province

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT VIETNAM FORESTRY UNIVERSITY STUDENT THESIS PROPOSAL Title Study on the status of medicinal plants in Kim Son commune, Kim Boi district, Ho

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT

VIETNAM FORESTRY UNIVERSITY

STUDENT THESIS PROPOSAL

Title Study on the status of medicinal plants in Kim Son commune, Kim Boi district, Hoa

Binh province

Major: Natural Resources Management

Code: D850101

Faculty: Forest Resources and Environmental Management

Student: Bui Thi Thanh Nhan Student ID: 1153091143

Class: K56 Natural Resources Management Course: 2011 - 2015

Advanced Education Program Developed in collaboration with Colorado State University, USA

Supervisor: Dr Le Xuan Truong

Ha Noi, November./2015

ADKNOWLEDGMENT

After a period of study and research in the university, thanks to the helping of Natural Resource Management department-Faculty: Forest Resources and Environmental Management, Vietnam Forestry University, under the instruction of Dr Le Xuan Truong,

I have conducted the topic: “Study on the status of medicinal plants in Kim Son

commune, Kim Boi district, Hoa Binh province.”

Till now have I completed the topic, to get this result in addition to the efforts of myself there is enthusiastic support of teachers in Faculty: Forest Resources and Environmental Management, the encouragement and support of family, friends and Kim Son commune people helped me to completed topic

First of all, I would like to thank Dr Le Xuan Truong has enthusiastically helped

me during the implementation of thesis

I would like to thank People's Committee in Kim Son commune, administration broad, Statistics Committe, population boards, committees, administrations and local communities have helped me in the process to implement the thesis

Sincerely thank!

Hanoi October 10th 2015

Bui Thi Thanh Nhan

TABLE CONTENT

ADKNOWLEDGMENT

TABLE CONTENT

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF FIGURES

I INTRODUCTION - 1 -

II LITERATURE REVIEW - 3 -

2.1 In the world - 3 -

2.2 In Vietnam - 4 -

2.2.1 Resources of medicinal plants in Vietnam - 4 -

2.2.2 Status of medicinal plants research in Vietnam - 5 -

III GOALS AND (SPECIFIC) OBJECTIVES: - 7 -

3.1 Goals - 7 -

3.2 Objectives - 7 -

IV METHODS AND STUDY SITE - 8 -

4.1 Field surveys - 8 -

4.2 Community survey methodology - 10 -

4.3 Data processing - 11 -

4.4 Assess the level of threat - 11 -

4.5 Natural condition - 12 -

4.5.1 Geographic location - 12 -

4.5.2 Topography - 12 -

4.5.3 Climate and Hydrology - 12 -

4.5.4 The other resources - 13 -

4.6 Socioeconomic conditions - 14 -

4.6.1 Development Status of economic sectors - 14 -

4.6.2 Population, labor, employment and income - 15 -

4.6.3 Development Status of infrastructure - 15 -

4.6.4 Education and Training - 16 -

4.6.5 Health - 16 -

V RESULT - 17 -

5.1 Diversity about medicinal plant: - 17 -

5.1.1 Diversity follows these steps classification - 17 -

5.2 Some rare species of medicinal plants in Vietnam's Red Book - 22 -

5.3 Exploitation situation of medicinal plants for use in the community - 23 -

5.4 Exploitation situation of medicinal plants for sale - 23 -

5.5 The difficulties in the cultivation of medicinal plants, knowledge, attitudes and practices of people in the conservation and development of medicinal plants - 25 -

5.5.1 The difficulties in the cultivation and conservation of medicinal plants - 25 -

5.5.2 Transfer knowledge and experience in the use of medicinal plants - 26 -

5.5.3 Knowledge, attitudes and practices of Muong communities in the conservation and sustainable use of medicinal plants in the area - 27 -

5.5.4 Solution in sustainable management of medicinal plants - 27 -

CONCLUSION, EXISTENCE AND PROPOSALS - 29 -

1 Conclusion - 29 -

2 Proposal - 30 - REFERENCES

LIST OF TABLES

Table 5.1: Distributions of medicinal plants are popular in Kim Son commune - 17 -

Table 5.2: Diversity number of plant families - 18 -

Table 5.3: Diversity of life forms of medicinal plant’s Kim Son people - 19 -

Table 5.4: Diversity of plant parts used drugs - 20 -

Table 5.5: Distribution of plant and disease group rate (%) - 21 -

Table 5.6: List of species included in the Red Book of Vietnam - 22 -

Table 5.7: List of species exploited for trafficking - 24 -

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 5.1: Diversity in the distribution of medicinal plants 19

Medicinal plants in Vietnam are largely used empirically in each ethnic community Uniqueness in the use of medicinal plants have shown in the experience of the individual or of each ethnic community This valuable experience which has helped to build up the background of traditional medicine with a history of thousands of years However, the valuable experience can gradually be lost, and resources of medicinal plants are substantial drop, many species are in danger of extinction Vietnam is a country with the large rate of deforestation in the world (McKinnon & Cox, 1991), current stock primeval forests remaining 1% of the total land area The forest will be destroyed forest resources in that loss, including many medicinal plants

If we want to survey, sustainable exploitation and rational use of resources, we need to first know what plants in that area? How much it is? Where do they grow? How is the current status? To answer these questions it is necessary to survey, assess the status and potential of medicinal resource

Kim Son commune is one of the commune in center of Kim Boi district, Hoa Binh province, mainly is Muong ethnic Kim Son commune has a high percentage of forest land

of the district, along with the resources of medicinal plants are abundant in rare species that

have or are at risk of extinction in the wild as: Ardisia gigantifolia, Peliosanthes teta,

Muong ethnic people here have a long tradition in the use of plants as medicine So far there are many known species and is written in the book of medicinal plants or statistics, but there are still many species of medicinal plants are Muong ethnic people here use traditional experience that we do not know

However, for many different reasons such as resource extraction irrational medicine plants, forest clearing, lack of interest of the younger generation that many rare medicines in

From the above reasons I propose to research topics: ”Study on the status of

medicinal plants in Kim Son commune, Kim Boi district, Hoa Binh province.”

II LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 In the world

In worldwide, the medicinal plants resources are very rich and variety It is estimated that there are about 35,000 to 70,000 of the 250,000 species of vascular plants are used in medicinal purposes (WHO, 1993) Almost of these species are distributed in Asian countries such as: China has over 10,000 species (Shan-An He & Ning Cheng, 1997), India has about 7500-8000 species (Darshan Shankar, 1996), there are about 7500 species in Indonesia, Malaysia has about 2,000 species, more than 700 species in Nepal, Sri Lanka has about 550-700 species, South Korea has about 1000 species (Lee Yong - Jong, 1998) Latin America, where 1/3 of the world's plant species have also traditionally used medicinal plants for long time, especially indigenous people The countries in Africa have fewer species such as Somalia, about 200 species (Nirmak K Bhattarai, 1997) and Botswana have over 314 species (Inga Hedberg, Frants Staugard)

Experience and local knowledge of medicinal plants used by the world communities have similarities and also differences This depends on geography, customs and cultural traditions of each nation Countries are considered to have traditional medicine developed very early (last 3000-5000 years) such as China, India, and Indonesia

Along with the trend of globalization, resources and knowledge of using medicinal plants of different cultures are being researched and thoroughly exploited to serve the health care of community and social economic development According to the World Bank (WB, 1993), at the global level, medicinal plants serve 4 main demands: the pharmaceutical industry, the health care system, individuals who practice traditional medicine and family health care In worldwide, the value of the pharmaceutical industry using plants is 800 billions per year (Gerard Boderker, 1998) Hong Kong has been identified as the largest medicinal plants market in the world, the annual pharmaceutical

inputs worth U.S $ 190 million, of which 70% is used in local and only 30% are exported, some medicines are imported in the same period was $ 80 million (Norman R Farnsworth, 1998)

re-2.2 In Vietnam

2.2.1 Resources of medicinal plants in Vietnam

Vietnam is the crossroads of many ethnic groups and cultures, in which the most important are two streams of Chinese culture and India culture Vietnam is one of the countries has high biological diversity with about 12,000 species of vascular plants, as well

as the wealth of knowledge using medicinal plants, of which there are about 6,000 species used as medicines, vegetables, timber, dye,… about 3200 species of plants and fungi are recognized as valuable or potentially medicinal Vegetation resources concentrated in 6 main biodiversity centers in the Northeast, Hoang Lien Son, Cuc Phuong, Bach Ma, Tay Nguyen and Da Lat (Tran Van On, 2003)

According to the pharmacological industry, there are about 40 hospitals of traditional medicine, there are 5000 peoples practicing traditional medicine and nearly

4000 consulting of oriental medicine , there are about 700 species commonly referred in the oriental books, books on medicinal plants, 120 species are often use as medicinal plants

to cure common diseases in family The herbal demand for traditional medicine around 30,000 tons per year In the pharmaceutical industry sector, the country has about 286 pharmaceutical manufacturing facility is producing goods from plants, including 170 separate production facilities oriental medicines 1294 drugs have been produced from plant materials or extracts from plants, accounting for 23% of 5577 permitted drug production and circulation from the year 1995-2000, 435 species of plants were used Demand for pharmaceutical industry sector is about 20000 tons and 10000 tons for export annually

2.2.2 Status of medicinal plants research in Vietnam

Traditional medicine of Vietnam has longstanding From the Hung Vuong (2900 BC) had use plants as spices in culinary and treatment There are hundreds of medicines from Giao Chi of the Chinese were introduced and used such as Y Di (Coix lacrymal-jobi), Hoac Huong (Pogostemon cablin)

Many well-known physician in the study of plants and medicinal plants such as: Monk Nguyen Minh Khong as know as Nguyen Chi Thanh (Ly Dynasty: 1010-1224) used many medicinal plant to treat for the people and the king

- In 1937, Vu Nhu Lam mentioned about medicinal properties, uses, dosage way, the taboo of some traditional medicines

- When Vietnam is an independent country, Professor -Dr Do Tat Loi has researched and compiled "Pharmacognosis and medicines of Vietnam" and later published the "Medicinal plants and remedies of Vietnam"

- In 1966, pharmacists Vu Van Chuyen published "The summary of family characteristics of medicinal plants" In 1980, Do Huy Bich and Bui Xuan Chuong introduced 519 species of medicinal plants; including 150 new species discovered in the

"Handbook of medicinal plants in Vietnam" and in 1993 published the "Resources of medicinal plants in Vietnam."

- In 1973, Phan Ke Loc published “The list of plants contains tamin in North Vietnam."

- Le Tran Duc who published 4 episodes of "Growing and harvesting of medicinal plants" with many research about ethnic medicines

- In 1994, Le Nguyen Khanh and Tran Thien Quyen published "The remedies esoteric experiences of herbalist"

- In 1995, Vuong Thua An released "Good medicines around us"

- In 1996, Vo Van Chi released the "Dictionary of medicinal plants in Vietnam" described Vietnam’s 3200 medicinal plants This is a significant science project and has great practical to serve the pharmaceutical industry and the botanists

- To talk about the medicinal plants of ethnic groups, we must mention about

“Botany of Thai ethnic minority in Con Cuong, Nghe An " by Nguyen Nghia Thin, Nguyen Thi Hanh, Ngo Truc Nha (1999) evaluated the biodiversity resources of medicinal plants in the regional flaura, the use of medicinal plants and especially evaluated the extent and effectiveness of the medicinal plants that the Thai ethic group used

Thus, the experiences of using medicinal plants of our people are very rich and diverse This is a long process accumulating experience from generation to generation of the nation To bring into play the nation’s traditions, as well as contribute to the protection

of biodiversity, genetic resources conservation, preserve the precious knowledge of our ancestors, we have duty to take inventory, complement and organize systematize the medicinal plants scientifically to research and develop this resource in a good way

III GOALS AND (SPECIFIC) OBJECTIVES:

3.1 Goals

To identify the current status of medicinal plant resources in the study area to conservation and sustainable management of medicinal plants in Kim Son commune, Kim Boi district, Hoa Binh province

- Propose some solutions for sustainable management of medicinal plant resources

in Kim Boi, Hoa Binh base on real situation about plants of the study subjects

IV METHODS AND STUDY SITE

4.1 Field surveys

Conduct a survey the transect and establish a typical plots represents the area

- The surveys were conducted with 3 transects in area where the terrain is favorable for moving in line transect in the Kim Son Commune All transects were determined on the map and established in secondary forest, from the elevation of with length of 3-4km/transect

Transects were prepared and marked one month before survey for convenience during the movement

When investigating the transects should have the participation of local people (may thanks to or hire people to go along) to ask them about the plants they are often used as medicinal, local names and where they appear

The plant can not be determined, take the sample and determine name later

The survey information is recorded on Form 4.1.a

Form 4.1.a Statistics medicinal plants under transect

Transects: Date of investigation:

In plots survey also similar to the transect survey and investigate the situation distribution of medicinal plants Information from plots survey recorded in the following forms:

Form 4.2.b Investigation trees in sample plots Number plots: Forest status:

Date investigation: Investigator:

% Covered by species

Life form

Parts used

Utility Noted

4.2 Community survey methodology

During the community survey using Participatory Rural Appraisal Methods (PRA) Some techniques commonly used in PRA:

- Interviews: Use some questions for those who are selected

- Interview open: The free interview format, we can ask any questions with questions depending on the context in which the order of the content can ask arbitrary changes based on answer the question before the people providing information

- Semi-structured interviews: Some questions were prepared in advance and some questions may be added depending on the specific situation

- Structured interview (depth interview) is interviewed using a questionnaire given to the person providing information selectively engaged

The information is recorded in the following forms:

Form 4.3.a Situation in planting, harvesting, parts used, utility and prices

- Interviewers: Date:

- No householder name:

- Plant Name:

- Situation:

- Parts:

- Utility:

- Price:

- Planting Harvesting:

Form 4.3.b Season harvest, processing and preservation of medicinal plants - Interviewers: Date:

- NO:

- Household name:

- Plant Name:

- Parts:

- Season harvest:

- Processing :

- Storage:

4.3 Data processing

 Determine the name of the unknown samples of medicinal plants by asking people who have expertise in medicinal plants

 Synthesizing data obtained from real and relevant documents to analyze and

to comment the results

 Classification of medicinal plants under the parts, utility, value and shape of lives

4.4 Assess the level of threat

Based on the document issued for the endangered plant to assess the degree of threatened useful plant species The documents were: Vietnam Red Data Book; Decree No 32/2006 / ND-CP on management of forest flora and fauna endangered, rare and precious Also based on the situation of exploitation, use and trafficking in local to point out the danger of species threatened in the study area

The East adjacent Luong Son commune

The West adjacent to Lap Chieng commune

The Southwest adjacent to Hop Kim commune

The South adjacent to Nam Thuong commune

4.5.2 Topography

Kim Son is a mountainous commune of Kim Boi district, Hoa Binh province The topography of the commune is made up of mountains stretching from the West North-East South, the terrain descending from north to south and from west to east tilt The terrain is mainly the field surrounded by mountains, low hills

4.5.3 Climate and Hydrology

Kim Son commune has climate as the same regime with Kim Boi district, which is the nature of the tropical monsoon climate, is divided into two seasons:

- The rainy season lasts from April to October, rainfall is concentrated from July to September, usually rain and thunderstorm lasted more affected by hurricanes and southwest winds

- The dry season from November to March next year, the dry climate, low humidity, frost, fog and cold drizzle

- Average annual temperature is 21 degrees celsius, the hottest month is July temperatures can reach 37- 38 degrees celsius, the coldest month is January temperatures typically can down 5 to 6 degrees celsius

- Average annual rainfall is 1500 to 1700mm Every year during the rainy season usually occurs floods, impacted significantly on the lives and production of people

- The wind regime: mainly has 3 main types of wind

+ North East wind prevailing wind direction in the dry season from November to appear in March next year, often accompanied by cold and dry air

+ Wind Southeast appear from April to October, the humidity and the wind carries more water vapor, wind intensity

+ Southwest wind, usually occurs from May to June Southwest wind very hot and dry, it is a cause for climate vagaries here between the months of the year, affecting agricultural production

4.5.4 The other resources

a) Land resources

In commune mostly hilly land affected by the process of feralit often sour soil, has slope

or soil erosion, land capable of producing great agricultural, forestry and have an important role

in determining the moisture content of the soil and the water regime of the region

In the commune, there are major soil groups follows:

- Yellow red soil on clay stone

- Reddish brown soil on magma

- Land with sour reaction medium to less sour

- Land fawn on ancient alluvial stones

- Land sour valley

- Land feralit know change due to rice cultivation

b) Water Resources

Kim Son is in regions deep artesian water, from 8 to 10 meters depth in the dry season and 13 meters in the wet season The water level is quite stable, groundwater quality is generally quite good, guaranteed to provide clean water for people

In the commune there are many rare animals like: wild pig, wild chicken, python, snake, pangolins, civet but due to indiscriminate hunting sites, natural forest area shrunk

so much wildlife as there are very few like: wild chicken, snakes, pangolins

d) Resources humanities

In the commune there are two ethnic groups living together include 95% Muong and Kinh 5% with one common characteristic is the revolutionary tradition, patriotism, diligence, creativity in work active, loving tradition, unite and help each other in life, production and combat

4.6 Socioeconomic conditions

4.6.1 Development Status of economic sectors

Agricultural economic sector is the sector still occupies an important position in the economic structure of the commune In 2014, the production value of agro-forestry, seafood sector reached 23.82 billion, accounting for 82.94% of the value of social production

a Agricultural production

Production agriculture is an important role essential contribution to the economy of the whole commune

+ Cultivation: The total planted area of 194.82 ha reaching 107% The total food production is estimated at 500.1 grouts tonnes to 108.7% compared with 2014 production plan and by 125.9% compared with 2013

b Forestry: In recent years, the government has implemented the policy of socialization, forest land allocation associated with the cultivation, settlements, build infrastructure projects 5 million hectares of forests, the program 327, 661 forest area is 216.50 hectares in 2014 accounted for 89.02% of the natural area The production value of the forestry sector in 2013 reached 2.5 billion, accounting for 10.50% of the production of the agricultural sector

4.6.2 Population, labor, employment and income

Material life and spirit of the people of Kim Son commune increasingly improved and enhanced, in 2005 per capita income of 4.3 million, in 2010 reached 6.5 million, in

2012 reached 7, 8 million and in 2013 to reach 7.98 million

Poverty alleviation has also changed significantly step On holidays, the mass organizations have support for poor families is VND300,000 / household for Tet, supporting rice for poor households, have policies to support poor households to economic development 2012 commune still 213 poor households, accounting for 26.83%; by 2013 the number of poor households dropped to 181 households, down 4% compared to 2012

4.6.3 Development Status of infrastructure

Kim Son commune, attaches great importance to maintaining and maintenance of rural roads is 26.1 km, the new open platform 1.650m public roads, repairing bridges, bamboo, wood However, new communes have two hamlets are Mo and Bai hamlets is about 2km route road plastic and concrete, while two hamlets are Muon and Lot are dirt roads in the rainy season very difficult to move

There has 12B route passing communes have roads to facilitate the movement and external and internal traffic

4.6.4 Education and Training

Education and training at Kim Son commune relatively quite Education is concerned, the commune has three schools: one preschool, one elementary, one junior high school Among them, 261 preschool children, 231 primary school children, secondary school 165 students The quality of training and teaching have much variation, number of students tested proficient student district and province, passing the professional schools increases Number provincial excellent teachers have 4 teachers, the district has 11 teachers

4.6.5 Health

Successful implementation of the national program on health care and health care for the people In 2014 the number of people in primary care clinic was 3,033 people reached 142% compared to 2014 The program plans to expanded vaccination had injected enough vaccine for 63 7 children under 1 year old and pregnant women vaccinated tetanus Held on for nutrients, immunization, vitamin A for 231 children of 100% of the plan Also maintain good operational health programs such as Prevention Program malaria program

of reproductive health care, prevention programs and programs goitre media health education

Working Population, Family and Children: Always interested in the propagation Population, Family and Children 2014 with 522 users of contraception, 6 people have a third child, the rate of natural population growth in 2014 was 1.5%, down 0.59% compared with 2013

V RESULT

5.1 Diversity about medicinal plant:

5.1.1 Diversity follows these steps classification

Follow the number of medicinal plants collected classify according to the system's evolution Takhtajan (2009)

a Phylum taxonomy

The research results have identified 108 species of plants, which are used for

medicine by popular in Kim Son commune; belong to 55 families of 2 in 7 phylum plants: Polypodiophyta, Magnoliophyta The research results are presented in Table 5.1

Table 5.1: Distributions of medicinal plants are popular in Kim Son commune

NO

Scientific name

Vietnamese name

Number

Ratio (%)

Number

Ratio (%)

1 Polypodiophyta Dương xỉ 2 3.64 2 1.85

2 Magnoliophyta Hạt kín 55 96.36 106 98.15

2.1 Magnoliopsida

Lớp Hai lá mầm

42 76.36 92 83.61

2.2 Liliopsida

Lớp Một lá mầm

11 20.00 14 14.54

The results show that the majority of plant medicine of choice are belong to Magnoliophyta with 98.15% total species and species belong to Polypodiophyta only have 1.85% This suggests that Magnoliophyta plants in the industry are rich and diverse

Number ( N L )

Ratio (%)

Medicinal plant’s Muong people 55 100 108 100 Number of Families have NL > 3 6 10.91 43 39.81 Number of Families have NL ≤ 3 12 21.82 28 25.93 Number of Families only have 1species 37 67.27 37 34.26

In Kim Son, there are 55 plant families used for medicinal plants with 108 species, average species for each families is 3, 6 families have a larger the number of species occupy 10.91%, there are 12 families have equal and less than average number species accounting for 21.82% and 37 families only have one species accounting for 67.27% From the last review criteria can be concluded that medicinal plant’s Muong people are diversity

in family

c Life forms taxonomy

Based on the survey results of the life forms of medicinal plant’s Muong people in Kim Son commune, we divided into 4 forms of life (by: Ministry of Agriculture and Rural

Development (2000) " Tên cây rừng Việt Nam", Hoang Chung (1980).) are: Wood, Shrub,

Herb and Liana The research results are shown in the form of life tables 5.3

Follow this table shows that medicinal plants are popular in Kim Son commune mainly use are herbs, lianas and shrubs corresponding ratio is 34.78%, 23.19% and 23.19% The research results on life forms show that herbs are the most often used,

because follow the concept and heirloom experience of people in Kim Son almost herbs is medicine, herbs are many and easy to reborn (“growing fast like the grass”), especially herbs have tuber (all good material hold on tuber Ex: ginseng) Show that we need to provide solutions to guide the search for medicinal plants resources, utilization associated with the conservation of this resource

Table 5.3: Diversity of life forms of medicinal plant’s Kim Son people

d Diversity in the distribution of medicinal plants according to the habitat

Distribution of medicinal plants habitat is divided into 3 main categories: wild (W), were planted in the garden (C) and the medium has grown wild and in the garden (WC) The research results are shown in Figure 5.4

From the chart above can see the number of wild plants used by local people the most, accounting for 44.44% The numbers of plants exploit in wild and planted in the garden also a high proportion (40.74%) The numbers of plants are planted in the garden is really small 14.82% This shows that mainly derived medicinal plants that people use are growing wild

e Diversity of used parts

The research results of used parts are assembled in Table 5.5

Table 5.4: Diversity of plant parts used drugs

f Diversity of function uses

Based on the treatment uses of medicinal plants, the healers in Kim Son will be used separately or combination multiple species to treat Accordingly the function of medicinal plants the healers divided into 23 groups of using for 23 kinds of diseases Results are shown in Table 5.6

Table 5.5: Distribution of plant and disease group rate (%)

(Order by descending order of number of species)

13 Sedation, headache, hard sleep 4 4.167

14 Toxicity and Detoxification 4 4.167