Research on assessment of density and suggestion for conservation of the anotiectochilus cetaceus blume in ba vi national park

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY FORESTRY STUDENT THESIS RESEARCH ON ASSESSMENT OF DENSITY AND SUGGESTION FOR CONSERVATION OF THE Anotiectochil

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY FORESTRY

STUDENT THESIS RESEARCH ON ASSESSMENT OF DENSITY AND SUGGESTION

FOR CONSERVATION OF THE Anotiectochilus cetaceus Blume IN BA

Class: K57 Natural Resources Management Course: 2012 - 2016

Advanced Education Program Developed in collaboration with Colorado State University, USA

Supervisor: Dr Le Xuan Truong

Ha Noi, October 3, 2016

ACKNOWLEDGENTS

To achieve this research, during the implementation process, in addition to our own efforts, we have received the enthusiastic helping of Dr Le Xuan Truong, other organizations and departments On this occasion, we would like to express a gratitude to

Dr Le Xuan Truong who has directly guided us to complete this Thread We also would like to thank the teachers in Viet Nam forestry university have imparted to us the knowledge to perform this topic

Thank Management staff, rangers of the Ba Vi national park During the topic implementing process, even though we had a lot of effort, because of time and professional qualifications is limited, and the initial unfamiliarity acquainted with the actual work, so our research subject inevitable shortcomings We look forward to receive some comments

of teachers for our subject more perfect

I sincerely thank you!

Ha Noi, September 30, 2016

INDEX

ACKNOWLEDGENTS

INDEX

LIST OF TABLE

LIST OF IMAGE

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 The concept of biodiversity and biodiversity conservation 2

1.2.1 Biodiversity: 2

1.2.2 Biodiversity conservation: 3

1.3 Research overview about Anoectochilus setaceus Blum 4

1.3.1 In the world 4

1.3.2 In Viet Nam: 5

CHAPTER II NATURAL – ECONOMIC – SOCIAL CONDITIONS IN BA VI NATIONAL PARKS 7

2.1 Natural conditions: 7

2.1.1 Geographical location: 7

2.1 2 Topographic: 7

2.1.3 Climate: 7

2.1.4 Biodiversity: 8

2.1.5 Hydrology 8

2.1.6 Forest resources and forest lands 8

2.2 Economic – social conditions 8

2.2.1 Population, ethnic, labor 8

2.2.2 Agricultural production 8

2.2.3 Forestry production 9

2.2.6 Infrastructure 9

CHAPTER III GOALS AND (SPECIFIC) OBJECTIVES 10

3.1 Objective 10

3.2 Object: 10

3.3 Timeline: 10

CHAPTER IV METHOD 11

4.1 Collect existing data: 11

4 2 Fieldwork method: 11

4.2.1 Explore preliminary: 11

4.2.2 Interview Survey methods: 11

4.2.3 Make plot: 13

4.2.4 Data analysis: 14

4.2.6 Solutions proposed method: 15

From the research results and the actual situation locally collected information, assess the difficulties and advantages, opportunities and challenges in the management and conservation of the species in the study area The solution must be realistic 15

CHAPTER V RESULT 16

5.1 Morphological characteristics: 16

5.2 The diversity of the number of individuals according to the state forest: 18

5.3 The diversity of the number of individuals according elevation: 20

5.4 The diversity of the number of individuals according aspect: 22

5.5 Conservation and development solutions the number of individuals of Anoectochilus setaceus Blume in the study area: 24

5.5.1 The work of protection forest: 24

5.5.2 Advantages, disadvantages, opportunities and challenges in the conservation and development of species in Ba Vi National Park: 24

CHAPTER VI CONCLUSION, CONSTRAINS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 28

6.1 Conclusions: 28

6.2 Constrains: 29

6.3 Recommendations: 29 REFERENCE

LIST OF TABLE

Table 4.1: The list of people interviewed about Anoectochilus setaceus Blum in Ba Vi

National Park 12

Table 5.1 Distribution of Anoectochilus setaceus Blume according to the state of forest 19

Table 5.2 Geographical characteristics of the study area 21

Table 5.4 Density of Anoectochilus setaceus Blume according aspect 23

LIST OF IMAGE

Picture 5.1: The roots of Anoectochilus setaceus Blume 17

Picture 5 2: The leave of Anoectochilus setaceus Blume (Front) 17

Picture 5.3: The leave of Anoectochilus setaceus Blume (Back) 17

Picture 5.4: Flower of Anoectochilus setaceus Blume in Ba Vi National Park 18

Picture 5.5 Map of distribution of species according the state forest 20

Picture 5.5 Map of location of 4 plots according aspect 22

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction

Manage of forest resources in the national parks is one of the methods for natural resource management together with the development of economic, cultural, and social in the ecological system Today, while the population rapid growth, the demand for human resources tends to increase Therefore, the natural resources of people are threatened

Our country is a country located in the tropical monsoon region, with favorable natural conditions, so that forest resources are very rich and diverse Many years ago, the value of forests is protecting the environment, national security etc In addition, forests are important in providing products of timber and non-timber forest products (NTFPs)

NTFPs are product not timber, is extracted from natural forests, planted forests and valuable NTFPs are functional park of forest ecosystem It is the income of local people Beside NTFPs help stability about security and economic for people's lives, create jobs, conserve indigenous knowledge and environmental values We contribute to the protection

of forests, water regulation, erosion control, biodiversity conservation However, information on NTPFs economic value is limited Hence the biodiversity conserver of the species still faces many difficulties Hence, we need to focus research with the aim of assessing diversity, conserving species diversity

Ba Vi National Parks was established in 1991, it is precious natural heritage with scenery beautiful Flora of BVNP very rich and diversified with 1201 tracheophyta to appertain 649 limb and 160 family Beside, medicinal herbs of Ba Vi National Park has

503 species: Asarum maximum, Sargentodoxa cuneata, Fibraurea tinctoria etc ne of

species has important role on medical and make livelihood for local people is

Anoectochilus setaceus Blume It belongs to the family Orchidaceae, is the herbs very rare

and precious of Vietnam The action of it is strengthening health, and treatment of

hepatitis, bronchitis In Viet Nam, Anoectochilus setaceus Blume it was purchased with price about 3.000.000đ/kg In BVNP, Anoectochilus setaceus Blume lives in elevation

from 930m, in thick forest However, we have a litter literature on the species and because

the role Anoectochilus setaceus Blume so I make this research “Research on diversity and suggestion conservation the Anoectochilus setaceus Blume in Ba Vi National Park”

1.2 The concept of biodiversity and biodiversity conservation

1.2.1 Biodiversity:

In 1989, World Wildlife Fond (WWF) was defied about biodiversity that mean:

“Biological diversity – or biodiversity – is the term given to the variety of life on Earth It

is the variety within and between all species of plants, animals and micro-organisms and the ecosystems within which they live and interact” Biodiversity has three levels: genetic diversity, species diversity, and ecosystem diversity

According Conservation on Biological Diversity in 1992, "Biological diversity" means the variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part: this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems”

According Biological diversity laws, biodiversity is abundant about genetic, species and ecosystem in the natural

Biodiversity serve for human life on development of economic - social, it offers products aimed at consumers and merchants Besides, biodiversity and the landscape also provide tourism (ecotourism), water regulation, protection of environment, especially the impact of climate change on people

But the understanding of human about biodiversity are very limited, just stop on the assessment of the diversity of life forms and their recession levels Currently, no one can

confirm how many plants and animals and microorganisms living on Earth now Can estimate about 5 to 30 million species, but most biologists think there are about 14 million species, of which only about 1.7 million species have been described and named, but some species are fully studied then very little Genetic diversity and biodiversity are not visible clearly and our understanding of this field is still very meager

1.2.2 Biodiversity conservation:

Biodiversity conservation is process of management some relationship between people with genetics, species and ecosystems to provide highest benefit for current generation and demand for the next generation

According WWF, Conserving biodiversity means ensuring that natural landscapes, with their array of ecosystems, are maintained, and that species, populations, genes, and the complex interactions between them, persist into the future Biodiversity conservation relies on a number of disciplines working together, including ecology and other biological sciences, physical sciences, mathematics, and the social sciences such as economics, law, public policy and psychology

According Biological diversity laws, biological diversity conservation is the protection of the abundance of natural ecosystems, typical or representative; protect natural habitats and seasonal routine of wildlife, landscape and environment, the beauty of nature; farming, planting, tending species on the list of endangered species, rare and protected precedence; retention and long-term preservation of genetic specimens

There are many approaches to biological diversity conservation such as:

- In-situ conservation: The conservation of ecosystems and natural habitats and the maintenance and recovery of viable populations of species in their natural surroundings and, in the case of domesticated or cultivated species, in the surroundings where they have developed their distinctive properties (Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992)

- Ex-situ conservation: Ex situ conservation literally means, site conservation" It is the process of conserving components of biological diversity by removing or restricting them from a natural habitat and then managing them in a controlled

"Off-or modified environment The degree to which humans control "Off-or modify the natural dynamics of the managed population varies widely, and this may include alteration of living environments, reproductive patterns, access to resources, and protection from predation and mortality Ex situ management can occur within or outside a species’ natural geographic range Individuals maintained ex situ exist outside of an ecological niche

- Rehabilitation: Ecological rehabilitation, that is including some work such as restoration of ecosystems in areas have been degraded by farming the native species, recreating the ecological processes, creating the material cycle , hydrological regime The important goal of conservation biology is to protect individual representative of the ecosystem and the compound of biodiversity

1.3 Research overview about Anoectochilus setaceus Blum

1.3.1 In the world

We have many researches about Anoectochilus setaceus Blume In 1810, Carlvon Blume is the first human describe Anoectochilus setaceus Blume According Sri Lanka, Anoectochilus setaceus Blume has been collecting extensively and illegally for medicinal

as well as ornamental purposes Indian humans was knows use about it in medicine In Southeast Asia, China is the countries use the most, beside is Korea, Japan etc

According magazine about Material medical and public health – in October, 2007

has some posts about the role of Anoectochilus setaceus Blume such as:

- Mr Ta Moc Huan - Chinese scholar – when studying “Trung” medicine in 2004

talked about the effect of Anoectochilus setaceus Blume

- In 1964, Mr.Can Vi Tung said that: Anoectochilus setaceus Blume is a valuable

medicine in the pharmacies of Taiwan

1.3.2 In Viet Nam:

Anoectochilus setaceus Blume was included in alert level in Viet Nam Red Book (

2007), Classify ENA a,c,d and in decree of government: 32/2006/ND-CD-30/3/2006, in the group IA-Exploitation prohibited It is lives in Lao Cai (Sapa), Ha Giang, Yen Bai,

Vinh Phuc, Quang Tri, Gia Lai Some scientists have conducted research on Anoectochilus setaceus Blume in Vietnam such as: Lecomte Fiom (1907 – 1943), Pham Quan Ho ( 1991

– 2000), Vo Van Chi etc

Moreover, when talk to Anoectochilus setaceus Blume, we can remember

Professor.Le Quang Do – Thai Nguyen Agriculture – forestry University He has many researches about species

In 2007, Ngo Van Son and Vu Manh Dam – Viet Nam Forestry university – were researched about biological characteristics, capabilities propagation and medicinal of

Anoectochilus setaceus Blume in Ba Vi National Park – Ha Noi The result of research to

evaluate biological characteristics, capabilities propagation and medicinal

In 2008, Author Ngo Van Tai - Viet Nam Forestry University was research about

biological characteristic and distribution of Anoectochilus setaceus Blume in Ba Vi

National Park – Ha Noi It is the basis for the preservation and development of species

In 13-12-2012, Doctor Phung Van Phe has done research on morphological

characteristics, distribution and diversity of Anoectochilus setaceus Blume According this

research, we can know characteristic, distribution of specie He has propagated species by natural methods in Ba VI National Park but they don’t have expense so the plating has to facing many difficulties Beside, 12/2010, Forest Inventory and Planning Institute has implemented the project "The assessment of the conservation status of endangered by decree 32/2006/ND-CD-30/3/2006 According research, distributions of species approximate 30.000km2 and area habitat of species about 1500km2 But conservation

measures in place are not effective, people in forest harvesting with large number and no ex-situ conservation

Thus, overview in the world and in Viet Nam about Anoectochilus setaceus Blume,

researches is very litter, most research mainly on morphological characteristics and distribution of the species Some studies have not found the solution of species conservation in the area research Besides, the research has not yet applied in practice

CHAPTER II NATURAL – ECONOMIC – SOCIAL CONDITIONS IN BA VI

NATIONAL PARKS 2.1 Natural conditions:

- Total area of Ba Vi National Park is 7.377 ha:

o Ecological rehabilitation area: the acreage approximately 4.646ha on elevation from 100m to 400m

o Protection area: the acreage approximately 2.140ha on elevation from 400m

o Buffer zone: the acreage is 14.144ha

2.1 2 Topographic:

- In Ba Vi National Park has several peaks over 1000m elevations such as: King Mount (1296), Tan Vien peak (1227m), Ngoc Hoa peak (1131m), South Vienna summit (1081m) and several lower peaks as Lobster Cave top 776, priced to 714m

- The average slope of the area is 250, the slope increases with increasing altitude From the elevation 400m, average slope 350

- Elevation of the study area is 900m

2.1.3 Climate:

- The average annual temperature is 23,32oC

- Average annual rainfall: 2033mm

- The average humidity: 83%

- Ability to evaporation: from 861.9 mm / year to 759,5mm / year,

- The total amount of annual solar radiation from 120-130 kilocalorie / cm2

2.1.4 Biodiversity:

In Ba Vi National Park, we have three types of fore: Forest moist evergreen tropical rain; mixed evergreen broad-leaved and coniferous forest and subtropical evergreen broadleaf tropical moist montage low

- Flora: urgently, it has been said over 1,000 species of plants, of which there are

about 200 species of medicinal plants Many precious and rare species such as Calocedrus marcrolepis, podocarpus nerrifolius…

- Fauna: 45 species of mammals, 115 birds, 61 reptiles and 27 species of amphibians, many of which are rare species listed in the Red Data Book of Vietnam and the world

2.1.5 Hydrology

The system streams in the region mainly in two main directions: the north, the northeast is a tributary of the Red River and West River is a tributary of Da

2.1.6 Forest resources and forest lands

The total area approximate 10,814.6 hectares forest and forest land Inside:

- Strict protection zone: 1.648,6 ha

- Ecological restoration zones: 8.823,5 ha

2.2 Economic – social conditions

2.2.1 Population, ethnic, labor

Population in the region is 20 569 households, 89 981 people Accounting for 77.3% of Muong ethnic; Kinh 20.4%; Dao ethnic 2.15% and 0.15% of the Thai people Total workforce is 51 558 people

2.2.2 Agricultural production

The area of agricultural land in the area is mainly forest land, accounting for 44.9%; Agricultural land accounts for 22.04% The average agricultural land per capita is

low, 996 m2 / person (including land and rice paddy crop land) Food production: average 4.55 tons / ha / year

2.2.3 Forestry production

In areas without exploiting natural forests, plantation forests managed by the park, planted forests in the communes under Program 327, 661 and other projects is not so protective forest exploitation.12.2.4 Industrial processing of agricultural and forestry products, services

2.2.6 Infrastructure

- Education: The whole area has 14.731 students with 1.309 teachers

- Traffic: communes have communal roads have been paved National grid system has to all communes

CHAPTER III GOALS AND (SPECIFIC) OBJECTIVES 3.1 Objective

- Review the variety of species in Ba Vi National park

- Determined: distribution, number of individual, characteristic of Anoectochilus setaceus Blum in Ba Vi National Park

- Suggest the conservation Anoectochilus setaceus Blum

- Proposed solutions to conservation

CHAPTER IV METHOD 4.1 Collect existing data:

- Prepare: document and map

- Inherit:

Park and other area

 Book, internet to find out the information about the object of research

 Information, data in Ba Vi National Park

4 2 Fieldwork method:

4.2.1 Explore preliminary:

- Find direction from map

- Find out the main distribution area

4.2.2 Interview Survey methods:

A personal interview survey, also called as a face-to-face survey, is a survey method that is utilized when a specific target population is involved The purpose of conducting a personal interview survey is to gather more and deeper information In this research, I have a little information about the object of study So I need the local knowledge to identify: the location of the individual distribution; individual density; elevation

The object of interview is the following:

+ Human, who live in the core area of Ba Vi National Park

+ Rangers forest

+ Management boards of National Park

I will interview 20 people Table below shows the list of people interviewed

Table 4.1: The list of people interviewed about Anoectochilus setaceus Blum

in Ba Vi National Park

Distribution by elevation: the elevation above 930m

 I with make about 4 plots base on distribution of species, area of each plot is 25m x 40m

The purpose of make plot is find the number of individuals of the species, which finds the total individuals in National Park Steps up sample plots:

Step 1: determine the location standard plot

+ Plot criteria must fit in the forest plot

+ Plot must be located away from major the trail, road, and forest cover at least 10 meters

+ Plot must not pass through slots or ridges squeezed

+ Plot must be consistent on the structural elements of terrain, land

+ Plot does not contain big gaps in cell (density of trees to spread in the entire area

of the cell)

+ To facilitate the manipulation investigation

Step 2: Make plot I will use measuring by tape, staff and twine Establish 30

2x2m- subplot in each plot to inventory the Anoectochilus setaceus Blum This is the shape

of one plot after I make it

40m

25m 2

Step 3: Determining of individuals

Step 4:

The table shows the number individuals:

Table : Number individuals each plot

We need to know about the growth of each tree, so I will show by table:

4.2.4 Data analysis:

- Measurement data in the field before processing, analysis should be conducted to calculate and check back to find errors in the process of recording

- Input data to Excel

- According Sampling method, I know that is Simple random sampling So I use the form to estimate total of trees in BVNP:

- We find: Estimate the population mean µ

Form the average of individual in each plot; I can estimate density of species I use

N = (μ * 10000) / S

N: Density of species μ: average of individual in each plot S: area of plot (1000m2)

4.2.6 Solutions proposed method:

From the research results and the actual situation locally collected information, assess the difficulties and advantages, opportunities and challenges in the management and conservation of the species in the study area The solution must be realistic

CHAPTER V RESULT

From the field trip, after making 4 plots, I determined the diversity about the

number of individuals of Anoectochilus setaceus Blume in Ba Vi National Park

Firstly, morphological characteristics of mature trees are described as follows:

5.1 Morphological characteristics:

Anotiectochilus cetaceus Blume is a herbaceous plant, growing in soil, its trunk is

succulent, has 2 – 6 leaves Leaves have egg-shaped, tip of leave is sharp – pointed and short with size of leaves about 3 – 5cm x 2 – 3cm Leaves, usually brown soil, grow around the body twists and have different size: bigger, older leaves and young leaves Network system is feather veins leaf, usually with 5 ribbed stem and emerge on the leaves.Midrib is usually yellowish while the rest are the pink veins Chard is about 0.5 cm – 1.2cm long, usually smooth and white with green Flowers grow in bunches at the tips of the tree, the axis of flower is about 5 – 20cm long, has red-brown hairy brought from 4 –

10 flowers Seasonal flowers bloom from October – December, ripening season from December – February Plant can focus into bush with 3 – 5 individuals

* Stem: The stem grows vertically with a diameter of about 2.5 - 3.5 cm, usually

2.8cm Stems have many internodes with different lengths, each tree has about 2-4 internodes with average length of about 2 - 6 cm The trunk is succulent, it usually without wool and pale blue

* Root: Roots are horizontally above the ground sometimes slightly incline, crawl

on the ground Rhizome's length is from 5 -14cm,r the average is 9.4 cm Diameter of rhizome is from 2.5 cm – 4 cm, the average is 3.05cm The number of internodes on the rhizome is 3 – 10, the average is 4.71internodes The length of each internode is 1 – 6 cm, average is 2.01cm Rhizome usually has blue and white color, sometimes reddish brown,

Picture 5.1: The roots of Anoectochilus setaceus Blume

* Leaves: The leaves are brown pink, each tree from 2-6 leaves, usually 4 leaves Leaves twisted around the body, spread on the ground Leaf surface has pile

Picture 5 2: The leave of Anoectochilus

setaceus Blume (Front)

Picture 5.3: The leave of Anoectochilus

setaceus Blume (Back)

* Flower: The flower of Anoectochilus setaceus Blume has the inflorescence

with length about 5 ÷ 7cm, has about 5 ÷ 10 flowers with the length of each flower about

2.5cm The flowering season is from October to December Anoectochilus setaceus Blume

is a beautiful flower, pink, ornamental cultivation brings to high economic value Therefore, there should be the methods in planting and crossbred genetic resources to serve the aesthetic and artistic values

Picture 5.4: Flower of Anoectochilus setaceus Blume in Ba Vi National Park

* Fruit: In the period of research, I could not observe because it wasn’t the fruiting season But the survey results from interviews, combined with the use of the material, I know that: The fruit has an oval shape or rhombus with sides, cover with a small feather wrap The fruit has Pink-purple color and when being ripens, it has red or yellow color Fruit is ripe in February and March The diameter of the fruit is from 0.4 - 0.7cm, length is about 1.8 - 2.5cm

5.2 The diversity of the number of individuals according to the state forest:

From interviewing 20 people, number of people has knowledge about species makes up approximately 90% During the period from 2005 onwards, the species has been