Introduction
The shrimp farming industry, which began in the mid-20th century, has steadily expanded along tropical and subtropical coasts worldwide In 1950, global shrimp production was only 1,325 tons, representing just 0.3% of total crustacean production, primarily sourced from coastal and estuarine environments By 1982, production increased to one million tons, and by 2009, it surged to nearly 3.5 million tons, valued at approximately $14.6 billion, accounting for 34% of the world's shrimp production, including marine and estuarine catches (FAO, 2011).
Vietnam is a leading country in shrimp farming, with seafood production reaching $6.5 billion in 2013, primarily driven by the shrimp industry, which accounted for $3 billion or 46% of total exports The Mekong Delta region exported 588,000 tons of shrimp products valued at $2.5 billion, utilizing 666,000 hectares of shrimp breeding area, marking a nearly 33% increase and making Vietnam the third-largest shrimp producer globally This growth reflects the country's substantial economic potential Government support has enabled fisheries to adopt non-chemical breeding techniques to enhance product quality, alongside strategies to upgrade irrigation networks, improve waste treatment, ensure clean water supply, and introduce new shrimp varieties, complemented by preferential loans to expand production.
The rapid expansion of shrimp farming has sparked significant debate over its economic, social, and environmental consequences Key concerns include the loss of wetlands, heightened environmental pollution, the introduction of invasive species, and the spread of harmful diseases (Boyd and Clay, 1998; Primavera, 2006).
Shrimp farming significantly contributes to mangrove deforestation, which poses a serious threat to these vital ecosystems Mangrove forests are essential for protecting marine habitats and coastal areas, playing a key role in controlling monsoons, tides, floods, and providing coastal protection (FAO, 1994) Approximately 1.0-1.5 million hectares of coastlines worldwide are utilized for shrimp farming, with an alarming 20-40% of this area resulting in the loss of mangroves (Primavera, 2006).
In Vietnam, mangrove forests have significantly declined from over 400,000 hectares in 1943 to just over 155,000 hectares by 2006, primarily due to destructive wars and excessive exploitation Notably, Xuan Thuy National Park in Nam Dinh Province, which covers over 7,000 hectares, lost 30% of its mangrove area in the 1990s due to extensive aquaculture practices In Southeast Vietnam, the Can Gio mangrove forest in Ca Mau serves as a vital wildlife habitat, supporting a diverse wetland ecosystem and many rare species, although much of the area has been converted for shrimp farming.
Shrimp pond construction locations are typically situated near shorelines to leverage tidal advantages and natural habitats The management and technology employed depend on the farming systems adopted by local farmers, which can be categorized into three types: (1) Intensive culture systems, where shrimp are raised in high densities within tanks and ponds; (2) Semi-intensive systems, which involve moderate densities and some management in cages and ponds; and (3) Extensive systems, where shrimp are cultivated in low-density ponds or tanks with minimal management in natural water bodies.
High-density shrimp ponds contribute to increased levels of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and suspended solids due to intensified practices The combination of elevated shrimp density, along with enhanced water usage, feed, and fertilizer application, leads to a significant rise in waste production.
3 load When weather and tide appear, the result is a critical degradation of water quality in shrimp pond, wetland, adjacent and mangrove forest (Boyd and Clay, 1998)
Shrimp farming in Vietnam faces significant challenges, primarily due to diseases and natural disasters that can lead to substantial financial losses for local communities Shrimp are susceptible to various pathogens, including fungi, bacteria, and viruses, which pose serious risks to the industry Additionally, the impacts of climate change, floods, and extreme weather events exacerbate these challenges The shrimp market is also affected by the availability of indigenous species, such as Pink shrimp (Penaeus ensis), Cat Tiger (Penaeus sculptilis), and Yellow shrimp (Metapenaeus joyneri), with the Black Tiger (Penaeus monodon) and White leg shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) being the most commercially significant Furthermore, strict requirements from importing countries regarding disease-free stock and environmental standards for shrimp farming ponds create additional obstacles for producers.
Giao Thuy district in Nam Dinh Province boasts the Xuan Thuy Ramsar site, a vital staging and wintering area for migratory water birds in the Red River Delta's coastal zone, presenting significant economic opportunities for shrimp farming In 2013, Nam Dinh achieved 486 hectares of P Vannamei production, an increase of 188 hectares from 2012, primarily in Giao Thuy, Hai Hau, and Nghia Hung Districts Many farmers reported shrimp yields of 10 tons per hectare, with some achieving 14-15 tons per hectare, leading to profits of approximately 1.2 billion VND per hectare (VASEP, 2013) However, challenges such as monoculture practices and the complexities of weather conditions have resulted in issues like poor shrimp growth, disease susceptibility, and potential mass mortality, causing significant losses for households.
Objectives
There are two conflicts occurring here, the development of shrimp farming will increase aquaculture products, income of local people, but also lead to consequences reduce
This study aims to find a balance between protecting the mangrove forest ecosystem and promoting sustainable shrimp farming in Xuan Thuy district, Nam Dinh province It highlights the importance of wetland protection and the need to support farmers' livelihoods, ensuring that conservation efforts do not come at the expense of local communities The overarching goal is to safeguard the mangrove forests while simultaneously increasing the income of shrimp farmers, fostering both environmental sustainability and economic growth.
The specific objectives of the research are:
(1) to assess the existing situation and changes of shrimp farming in Giao Thuy district, Nam Dinh province;
(2) to analyze the effects of shrimp farming to mangroves and local people’s livelihoods in Giao Thuy district, Nam Dinh province;
(3) to propose some solutions to balance between the development of shrimp farming and protecting mangrove forests in Giao Thuy district, Nam Dinh province.
Methodology
Study site selection
Giao An and Giao Thien communes which locate in the buffer zone of Giao Thuy National Park are selected as the study site
The reasons to choice these areas are relied on:
- Concentrate a lot of shrimp, fish and other mollusks
- With the total area is 1000 ha, the wetland accounts almost area which is combined shrimp farming ponds and get the large of total shrimp production in Xuan Thuy District
In these communes, local residents utilize advanced and sustainable exploitation techniques for aquatic resources, despite lacking government support or financial assistance They are able to effectively harvest resources from designated areas, demonstrating their resourcefulness and commitment to sustainable practices.
- Play an important role in the conduct and management of fishery and other activities
Collecting data and information
- Collect the changes of mangrove forest area from 2000- 2013
- Gather the changes of shrimp pond area by hectares They include the number of shrimp farming households, the shrimp pond variation statistic in 5 years (2009-2013)
- Reports of district and communal People’s Committee related to shrimp farming and mangrove management
- Almost data has been stored in the head office of local government, communes and the service centre of Xuan Thuy National Park
The interviews conducted with fisheries, local government officials, commune officers, and national park staff provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of shrimp farming and the condition of mangrove forests.
Much of time were used to interview residents in Giao An and Giao Thien Communes
The labor structure in the region is heavily skewed, with 90% of the local population engaged in agriculture and only 10% in aquaculture Challenges in developing the shrimp farming sector include low total income and high labor costs Additionally, authorities have provided insights into land cover, demographic changes, and forest management related to aquaculture The contributions of shrimp farming and other aquatic activities, along with production and exploitation data, were gathered from local government staff and farmers The involvement of local communities in protecting mangrove forests and engaging in aquaculture was also thoroughly documented To support this research, interviews were conducted with two authority officers and five households from each commune, yielding valuable documents, figures, and data for the study.
This methodology focuses on households, selecting two groups of three farmers from each commune for discussion Participants in these meetings will represent all fisheries within their respective communes.
Table 3.1 Structure of discussion group in Giao An and Giao Thien Commnues Characteristics of HH Group 1- Giao An commune Group 2- Giao Thien commune
During discussions, valuable insights were gathered about the shrimp farming situation in the commune, including its advantages and disadvantages, along with successful strategies to enhance production and profitability Local farmers shared experiences and deliberated on development strategies that balance shrimp farming with mangrove forest protection, while also addressing market control with traders to ensure sustainable production.
Table 3.2 The structure of household by survey questionnaire
N Giao An Commune Giao Thien Commune
In a comprehensive survey, 30 households from each commune were randomly selected to gather information on shrimp farming activities The questionnaire aimed to collect personal data, assess household structures, and provide an overview of aquatic production and exploitation practices.
The article highlights seven household situations while addressing the challenges posed by natural disasters Additionally, it emphasizes the crucial role of residents in mangrove protection, although it lacks substantial ideas for enhancing this initiative.
Data analysis
The study utilized secondary data on mangrove loss and shrimp pond area changes from 2009 to 2013, along with primary data collected from field research The application of ArcGIS software provided a comprehensive overview of the mangrove forest, population structure, and aquatic conditions in Giao Thuy District Data gathered from interviews and survey questionnaires were analyzed using Microsoft Excel, leading to the creation of metadata and statistical insights into household information, including the total number of fisheries and income support The findings highlighted the effects of mangrove forests, such as carbon storage capacity, biodiversity protection, and implications for climate change Additionally, the research calculated the benefits of shrimp farming, assessed disease risks, and predicted future trends in shrimp farming development.
Results
Overview of Xuan Thuy National Park and two selected communes
Xuan Thuy National Park, located in the Giao Thuy District of Nam Dinh Province, became Vietnam's first Ramsar site in January 1989, covering a total area of 7,100 hectares, including 4,000 hectares of low tide wetlands and 3,100 hectares of land This vital ecosystem, rich in mangrove forests, supports diverse aquatic species such as fish, crustaceans, and mollusks, providing essential food and livelihoods for local communities The park is home to the vulnerable "Cá Mòi Co" (Clupanodon thrissa) and serves as a critical habitat for migratory water birds, including the endangered "Cò thìa" (Black-faced Spoon-Bill) and eight other threatened species.
Figure 4.1 Xuan Thuy National Park Map in 2013
Xuan Thuy National Park is a biodiversity hotspot, housing 150 vascular plant species, with 120 found in wetland habitats, according to the IUCN Mangrove forests within the park are vital ecosystems that protect marine species and coastal areas, playing a key role in regulating monsoons, tides, and floods (FAO, 1994) However, shrimp farming has led to significant mangrove loss, with estimates indicating that 20-40% of the 1.0-1.5 million hectares of coastal shrimp farming worldwide involves the destruction of mangrove habitats (Primavera, 2006).
A total of 111 aquatic plant species have been documented, with specific seaweed varieties holding significant economic importance Additionally, over 500 species of benthos and zooplankton, including shrimp, fish, crabs, and oysters, have been identified The local population relies heavily on the harvesting of these resources for their livelihoods.
Xuan Thuy National Park hosts 219 bird species from 41 families and 13 orders, serving as a crucial resting and feeding site for migratory water birds during their journey from the north to the south, particularly in November and December This vital stopover allows thousands of birds, often numbering between 30,000 to 40,000, to recharge before continuing their extensive migrations Notably, nine endangered bird species listed in the International Red Book, including the Western Curlew, Black-faced Spoonbill, and Spoon-billed Sandpiper, have been observed in this park, highlighting its ecological significance.
Figure 4.2 Loss Forest Site Map from 2000 to 2013
The hot spots of forest degradation in Xuan Thuy National Park are primarily located along the coast, near rivers, and outside the mangrove forest These areas indicate significant forest loss due to local communities engaging in aquatic exploitation outside the buffer zone The main driver of this destruction is human activity, particularly the expansion of shrimp farming ponds and aquatic exploitation, which adversely impacts the surrounding mangrove ecosystems.
Table 4.1 Changing mangrove forest from 2000 to 2012 in Xuan Thuy National Park
The mangrove areas in Xuan Thuy National Park which are inconstant between
The data from 2000 to 2012 shows a decline in mangrove forests, but the percentage of loss has improved, decreasing from 2.04% in 2000 to 0.52% in 2008, before rising again in 2012 This reduction in forest loss can be attributed to local government initiatives and support from international organizations, which have implemented programs focused on mangrove plantation and raising environmental awareness among residents.
Figure 4.3 Total aquatic area in Xuan Thuy National Park in 2013
In 2013, Xuan Thuy National Park reported a total aquatic area of 4,885.06 hectares, highlighting significant potential for aquaculture development The long coastline provides an ideal environment for clam seeding and reproduction activities Additionally, the largest buffer region is dedicated to shrimp exploitation and the implementation of innovative aquatic systems.
Figure 4.4 Shrimp farming area in Xuan Thuy National Park in 2013
In 2013, the total area dedicated to shrimp farming reached 2,127.84 hectares, with individual farmers managing the largest shrimp pond area of 23.06 hectares Notably, approximately 85-90% of this shrimp farming area is situated within buffer zones, while local communities outside these buffers focus on harvesting and seeding natural aquatic resources This situation complicates the management and regulation of fishing activities in areas lacking mangrove protection.
The commune encompasses 22 villages and features three educational institutions, including a kindergarten, primary school, and secondary school It is home to three churches and one temple, covering a total natural area of 820.56 hectares With a population of 10,231 residents, the population density is approximately 1,180 individuals per square kilometer.
Between 2003 and 2008, the Japanese government funded reforestation efforts in Xuan Thuy National Park, which enhanced environmental protection, reduced flood risks, and fostered eco-tourism This initiative not only created job opportunities but also supported local communities in developing marine aquaculture.
Local livelihoods in the area primarily depend on agriculture, with two crops harvested annually, alongside aquaculture, poultry, and fisheries Poverty is classified locally based on criteria such as housing, occupation, income, vehicle ownership, labor availability, and health, categorizing residents into wealthiest, average, and poor groups The region's flat terrain and abundant mangrove forests facilitate frequent aquaculture and fishing activities; however, these practices have significantly contributed to pollution in the wetlands.
Table 4.2 Summary socio-economic of Giao An and Giao Thien communes
Average income (person/year/ million VND) 4.7 N/A
Households are considered poor if lower income
The total number of cattle 3,197 N/A
The total number of poultry 33,115 N/A
The number of paved roads 30 45
(Sources: Communal People Committee of Gian An and Giao Thuy, 2014)
Giao Thien covers a natural area of 1,164 hectares and has a population of 10,700 people across 2,500 households, resulting in a density of 1,023 people per square kilometer The commune consists of 15 villages, with 270 households living in poverty, earning less than 200,000 VND per person per month Employment in the area includes 15% of the population working in shrimp farming, while 70% are engaged in agriculture, including rice and livestock Additionally, over 250 individuals participate in marine fishing and aquaculture, with others involved in handicrafts and various labor jobs Education is also a focus, with 1,882 students enrolled in primary and secondary schools and 300 students attending high school.
Situation of shrimp farming and aquaculture
The buffer zone of Xuan Thuy National Park offers ideal conditions for the growth of aquaculture fisheries within the lagoon Survey findings reveal that 12.7% of households engage in aquaculture, while a significant 81.3% do not participate in this sector.
Figure 4.5 Statistic of aquaculture in study areas by households
Among the aquatic farms focus mainly accounted for 51% of shrimp, fish farmers and clam were up 15% and the rest is other aquatic feed ( sea crab, seaweed, mollusk, clam farming)
The aquaculture region exhibits significant diversity, with the largest area located along the inside coast, particularly in mangrove forests used for shrimp farming, which constitutes 31.9% of the total In Con Lu, households involved in aquaculture account for 26.39%, while other areas like ponds and channels contribute 11.1% The Con Ngan area represents 13.89% of the total aquaculture space Additionally, households utilizing a mix of mangrove and plantation forests cover 8.33%, and natural mangrove forests make up 5% of the region White ponds dominate the cultivation landscape, comprising 52.05%, while approximately 30.14% of the mangrove and aquaculture areas remain unutilized Breeding times vary by species, with shrimp farming averaging 7 months, natural region fisheries around 9 months, clams growing in 1.6 to 3.6 months, and other fish and sea crab farming also averaging 7 months.
Figure 4.6 Statistic of aquatic exploitation by households
Investments for the culture of aquatic are huge Especially, because of the rehabilitation of shrimp in the lagoon, shrimp farming households often pay the average total
16 cost of 500 million VND for aquaculture It also depends on the area of the surrounded and pond
Figure 4.7 The average cost of shrimp farming
Aquatic farming requires significant investment, with the highest costs attributed to breeding stock, followed by pond renovation and feed Labor and miscellaneous expenses are comparatively lower Research indicates that shrimp farming can be time-consuming and risky due to potential natural disasters and disease outbreaks Additionally, the substantial financial outlay may deter low-income households from participating in this industry.
Table 4.3 Average aquatic production in Giao An and Giao Thien communes
No Aquatic products Average production (kg) To sold (%) To used (%)
The comparison reveals that shrimp farming yields are lower than those from natural sources, with an average yield of 750.65 kg for farmed shrimp compared to 672.5 kg for naturally sourced shrimp Interviews indicate that the highest recorded production for shrimp farming is 1 ton.
In the aquatic production sector, 870 kg of natural shrimp is primarily utilized for commercial sale, accounting for approximately 98.75% of the total, while only 10% is reserved for family consumption and other uses Additionally, the data highlights other aquatic productions, including clam farming and fish.
Table 4.4 Aquaculture system in Giao An and Giao Thien in 2014
No Aquaculture System Number of households
Local farmers predominantly utilize extensive shrimp farming systems due to lower investment costs compared to industrial methods, with 270 households practicing semi-extensive farming, while only 25 families can afford the necessary investments for industrial shrimp farming However, these farmers face significant challenges each year, including natural disasters and diseases linked to climate change and water quality issues, leading to substantial risks and potential losses For instance, in 2010 and 2013, flooding and storms resulted in nearly total shrimp losses for local farmers, causing damages estimated between 450-500 million VND.
Shrimp products are distributed across three main markets: local markets (12.12%), traders (84.85%), and external markets (3.03%) Notably, 80% of aquatic food is sold fresh, while 20% is processed by local residents prior to trading However, there are challenges associated with the consumption of aquatic products.
The primary challenge in the local market is the instability of prices, as regional traders often seek to purchase goods to sell at higher prices in their own areas Additionally, the transportation process and product storage can lead to dissatisfaction among traders, further complicating market dynamics.
Table 4.5 The location of shrimp exploitation
No Location Giao Thien (%) Giao An (%)
3 Mix of mangrove and plantation forest 5.41 63.16
Fishing locations are diverse, primarily found in natural mangrove forests, Con Lu dune, and the sea, accounting for over 20% of the area's fishing spots Giao Thien offers a greater variety of fishing sites compared to Giao due to its unique natural conditions Additionally, the long distances to these areas lead 40% of local farmers to travel by bicycle, while 50.25% utilize sailboats, and a small number opt for motorbikes.
Every year, households engage in fishing activities, particularly focusing on the peak months of March to May and September to November, while fishing efforts decrease during colder months On average, these households work approximately 14.53 days each month, with some fishing every day Fishermen typically spend around 7.6 hours daily on their activities, primarily between the hours of 2 PM to 6 PM and 7 PM to 5 AM.
Interaction of people livelihood development and mangrove conservation
To conserve biodiversity in the region, it is essential to implement measures that protect wetlands and limit development activities Recently, the Ministry of Fisheries, along with the Kien Giang provincial People's Committee, has directed district requests within the buffer zone to address these concerns effectively.
U Minh Thuong immediately deploy the damming of water salinity and shrimp prohibited in this area Households violations will be dealt with according to law
In the buffer zone of Xuan Thuy National Park, local residents derive around 50% of their income from wetland-related activities, with some households relying entirely on fishing, while others engage in dune work and aquaculture exploitation.
Table 4.6 Poor household and the percentage of income depend on wetland
Surveys reveal that 43% of low-income households rely on wetland activities for their income, while 49.7% of non-poor households depend on aquaculture Therefore, halting exploitation and fishing activities would significantly impact the livelihoods of local communities.
The analysis of fisheries in Giao Thuy presents two scenarios: the first scenario allows for sustainable exploitation of aquatic resources, benefiting local communities Conversely, the second scenario involves implementing strategies to protect wetlands, such as mangrove forests, which would require halting fishing and aquaculture activities This shift could result in 286 households facing increased poverty, raising the poverty rate from 17.6% to 27.3% among 100 households.
Table 4.7 The situation of poor households and poor households affected
Situation of poor households if prevented aquaculture exploitation
Local livelihoods heavily rely on exploitation and aquaculture, highlighting the need for sustainable development that is influenced by policy adjustments Policymakers must pay attention to this issue, as it directly impacts the communities living in the buffer zone.
Discussion
Effects of shrimp farming on mangroves and local livelihoods
By semi- structured interviews, the local people’s livelihood in the buffer region, specifically, Giao An and Giao Xuan Communes in Giao Thuy District have been shown:
The expansion of shrimp farming is leading to a significant decline in mangrove forests, particularly in Xuan Thuy National Park, where the percentage of mangrove cover has decreased (Table 4.1) This shift indicates a change in local behaviors, raising concerns about whether exploitation activities will diminish in the future.
Shrimp farming impacts both the total area and quality of mangrove forests Effluents from shrimp ponds contain high levels of suspended solids, nutrients, and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), with concentrations varying based on the management approach—extensive, intensive, or semi-intensive Increased intensification, characterized by higher stocking densities and the use of more water, feeds, and fertilizers, exacerbates these effects on mangrove ecosystems.
Increased waste load from agricultural, industrial, and municipal effluents often leads to a scarcity of good quality water This issue is exacerbated by adverse weather and tidal conditions, such as cloudy days, low winds, and neap tides, which contribute to the significant degradation of water quality in shrimp ponds and surrounding estuarine and lagoon waters.
Local communities around national parks continue to rely on farming and fishing, highlighting the need for policies that support job training and promote alternative livelihood development, such as the shrimp farming-mangrove model Project development programs should prioritize helping these communities enhance their livelihoods while ensuring effective protection of the national park Special attention must be given to supporting poor families, enabling them to adapt to changing environmental conditions Additionally, conservation policies should focus on those who depend on the buffer zones of national parks to ensure sustainable practices.
Solutions to balance between shrimp farming development and protect mangrove forest
Since signing the Ramsar Convention in 1989, Vietnam has established over 500 regulations for environmental preservation, yet only 10 specifically address mangrove forests With support from international NGOs and investments, the government has gradually recognized the significance of wetlands However, there are still limitations that require adjustments to enhance the effectiveness of these regulations.
The legal framework governing wetland systems is extensive yet fragmented, with regulations primarily focusing on wetland orientation This results in significant overlap among various documents, as a single issue may be addressed in multiple papers.
Sanctions against the over-exploitation and environmental degradation of mangrove forests are currently insufficient Many local residents rely heavily on fishing for their livelihoods, particularly those living near the buffer zone To address these challenges, the government must implement stronger regulations and support sustainable practices in the region.
22 must have policies to support local people developing alternative livelihood fishing restrictions
There are some management options should be applied in this case to balance between the development of shrimp farming and protecting mangrove forests:
First, increasing enforcement and punishments for environmental infractions: all activities that harmful to mangrove forests and the natural environment must be closely monitored and strictly measured
To strengthen forest management and protection, it is essential to enhance the authority of Commune People’s Committees This can be achieved by fostering close collaboration between national park management and local governments at both the communal and village levels.
Co-management of natural resources and mangroves by local communities and national parks effectively empowers local populations while enhancing their livelihoods.
Fourth, developing environmentally friendly cultivation techniques that do not harm the mangroves while ensure the productivity and income of farmers with the supports from scientists and aquaculture extension staff
Developing and expanding markets for locally made products enhances their value, ultimately increasing incomes and improving living standards for local communities This approach also helps reduce pressure on mangroves and the natural environment.
Conclusions
The livelihood sources of households play a crucial role in economic development Research conducted in two communes of Giao Thuy district indicates that the extensive coastline supports aquaculture and shrimp farming However, participation in aquaculture is primarily limited to small groups Additionally, the predominant occupations in the area include agriculture, rice cultivation, and livestock, which tend to generate low incomes for the residents.
The extensive shrimp farming model is widely favored, while the industrial shrimp farming method offers higher profits but requires significant investment and faces challenges from natural disasters Additionally, commercial fisheries struggle with product sales instability, often finding themselves pressured by traders.
The income of impoverished households is significantly reliant on wetland activities, contributing to 45% of their total earnings If these households are restricted from engaging in aquaculture or exploiting resources in the buffer zone of Xuan Thuy National Park, it is projected that 10% of them will fall into poverty.
To effectively address the relationship between mangrove conservation and the livelihoods of local communities, government policies should prioritize integrated management solutions Proposed strategies from the Giao Thuy district case study include enhancing enforcement and penalties for environmental violations, empowering Commune People’s Committees with greater management authority, implementing co-management practices for natural resources, promoting sustainable cultivation techniques, and expanding markets for local products to increase their value.
Annex
10 How many children in your family?
Number of people working and non-working
12 How is your living condition? Good Bad Normal
13 Do you get supports? From
3 Shrimp farming and mangrove forest information
14 Total area of shrimp farming (ha)
15 Total shrimp production/ year (ton/crop)
16 Length of the crop (month)
18 Which shrimp do you apply?
19 How much is the price of shrimp? (VND/ kg)
20 Total income by shrimp/year (million VND/year)
Who will collect your shrimp?
Which aquaculture system do you apply?
How about the aquaculture situation in the past and current? Could you predict in the future? (click X in the box)
How is the effect of shrimp disease in your pond
26 How often do you plant/harvest mangrove?
Do you get any supports from the government for plantation? If not, why?
Do you feel need to protect mangrove forest? If not, why?
Please give us some ideas to manage shrimp pond and protect environment
1.Depositing sediment, filtering and treating water before to the pond
2 Treating water before discharge to the river
4 Apply mangrove- shrimp system or planting mangrove
Annex 2 List Local Peple In Questionaire Survey
1 Pham Van Phuong Tan Hong Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune
2 Tran Van Nguyen Tan Hong Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune
3 Nguyen Thi Hang Tan Hong Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune
4 Tran Van Thuy 18 Hamlet, Giao An Commune
5 Cao Thi Soi 10 Hamlet, Giao An Commune
6 Tran Thi Hue 18 Hamlet, Giao An Commune
7 Hoang Thi Na 19 Hamlet, Giao An Commune
8 Nguyen Viet Cam 12 Hamlet, Giao An Commune
9 Doan Dinh Khang 9 Hamlet, Giao An Commune
10 Le Nang Tinh 11 Hamlet, Giao An Commune
11 Nguyen Thi Trang 16 Hamlet, Giao An Commune
12 Tran Van Quang 9 Hamlet, Giao An Commune
13 Pham Ngoc Hung 19 Hamlet, Giao An Commune
14 Nguyen Van Cam 19 Hamlet, Giao An Commune
15 Le Quang Dan 18 Hamlet, Giao An Commune
16 Tran Thi Dung 20 Hamlet, Giao An Commune
17 Cao Van An 19 Hamlet, Giao An Commune
18 Nguyen Van Thanh Tan Hong Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune
19 Dinh Thi Anh Xa Chau Hamlet, Giao Thien Commnue
20 Vu Thi Trang Tan Hong Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune
21 Le Dinh Ngoc Lac Nghiep Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune
22 Vu Kim Xuyen Tan Hong Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune
23 Doan Van Phuc 18 Hamlet, Giao An Commune
24 Do Thi Lua Tan Hong Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune
25 Nguyen Van The Tan Hong Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune
26 Tran Manh Luc 19 Hamlet, Giao An Commune
27 Vu Thi Ha Luc Thuy Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune
28 Bui Cao Xuan Tan Hong Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune
29 Nguyen Thi Tuyet 19 Hamlet, Giao An Commune
30 Nguyen Van Quyet Luc Thuy Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune
31 Truong Thi Dinh 18 Hamlet, Giao An Commune
32 Tran Van Khoi Tan Hong Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune
33 Do Dinh Chien Tan Hong Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune
34 Tran Van Chung Tan Hong Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune
35 Bui Quang Minh 19 Hamlet, Giao An Commune
36 Do Viet Anh Tan Hong Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune
37 Bach Mai Linh Luc Thuy Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune
38 Phung Thi Lieu 18 Hamlet, Giao An Commune
39 Hoang Thuy Luu Tan Hong Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune
40 Nguyen Thi May Tan Hong Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune
41 Nguyen Dinh Dam Luc Thuy Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune
42 Dang Thi Thuy 9 Hamlet, Giao An Commune
43 Ngo Van Son 12 Hamlet, Giao An Commune
44 Le Thi Tuoi 19 Hamlet, Giao An Commune
45 Tran Dinh Quynh Tan Hong Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune
46 Vu Tien Dung 12 Hamlet, Giao An Commune
47 Ngo Thi Dinh Luc Thuy Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune
48 Pham Thi Tra Tan Hong Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune
49 Dang Tran Ba Khoi Luc Thuy Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune
50 Vu Ngoc Anh 19 Hamlet, Giao An Commune
51 Vu Thi Tung Tan Hong Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune
52 Le Thi Uyen Tan Hong Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune
53 Tran Van Minh Tan Hong Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune
54 Tran Van Nam 19 Hamlet, Giao An Commune
55 Vu Tien Dat 18 Hamlet, Giao An Commune
56 Nguyen Thi Nhung 19 Hamlet, Giao An Commune
57 Bui The Thanh Luc Thuy Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune
58 Nguyen Van Cong Tan Hong Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune
59 Tran Thi Quynh Tan Hong Hamlet, Giao Thien Commune
60 Do Van Nam 19 Hamlet, Giao An Commune
Annex 3 Statistic Of Aquaculture Exploitation And Production In Giao An Commune
2 Total area of aquaculture Ha 609.55
Annex 4 Some pictures in the fieldwork in Giao Thuy District, Nam Dinh Province
People’s Committee Office of Giao An Commune
A small shack to exploit aquatic in small river, Giao An Commune
An intensive shrimp farming pond has been improved in Giao Thien Commune